amjk 10 - 1

EC-O
Optical Communication Technology
Optical Communication Technology
Lecture 4 WDM Concepts and Components
Lecture 4 WDM Concepts and Components
Dr. Huug de Waardt (sheets prof. Ton Koonen)
Textbook Keiser: Chapter 10
TTE-ECO group, COBRA Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology
e-mail: h.d.waardt@tue.nl
Feb 15, 2004
COBRA
amjk 10 - 2
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Content
Content
Ch. 10
WDM Concepts and Components
z operational principles
z passive WDM components
z tunable sources
z tunable filters
amjk 10 - 3
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Typical WDM network
Typical WDM network
Transporting multiple wavelength channels through a single fibre
Spectral
Selectivity
to avoid X-talk
z wavelength multiplexer: low-loss combining
z wavelength demultiplexer: low-loss separation and good isolation (typ. > 30 dB)
z passive devices, no external control; split/combine/tap signals
z active devices, external control; tunable sources/filters, amplifiers
amjk 10 - 4
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Key system features of WDM
Key system features of WDM
zCapacity upgrade
N times capacity of a single wavelength channel
zTransparency
any transmission format on each channel
zWavelength routing
use wavelength as another dimension (in addition to time
and space) for networking, by wavelength-sensitive static
routing
zWavelength switching
reconfiguration of the optical layer, with optical add/drop
multiplexers, optical cross connects, wavelength converters
amjk 10 - 5
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Transmission windows of
Transmission windows of
fibre
fibre
( 3.4 THz)
O-H peak
1310 nm window:
1270 - 1350 nm
1550 nm window:
1480 - 1600 nm
1 nm 125 GHz
DFB laser:
CW linewidth 10 to 50 MHz
ITU-T G.692:
ref. 193.100 THz
equiv. to 1552.524 nm
channel spacing 100 GHz
(alternatives 50 and 200 GHz)

=
2
c
1 ppm O-H causes 65 dB/km, at =1.39 m
amjk 10 - 6
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AllWave
AllWave

fibre
fibre
*
*
Removal water peak
required for Raman pumping!
Water-free

window 1200 - 1650 nm

equiv. to 68 THz
* from Lucent Technologies
(/Optical Fiber Solutions)
amjk 10 - 7
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Wavelength multiplexing
Wavelength multiplexing
is the multiplier for capacity
is the multiplier for capacity
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Data rate per channel (Gb/s)
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
'80
'83
'86
'87
'89
'91
'93
'95
'95
'96
'98
'98
'00
'00
10Gb/s 100 Gb/s
1 Tb/s
10 Tb/s
Total
Capacity
'00
OFC00
OFC00
320 Gb/s
3.28 Tb/s
7 Tb/s
ECOC00
1.28 Tb/s
ECOC00
OFC01
10.92 Tb/s
OFC99
3 Tb/s
1000
RETINA
4.48 Tb/s
100 Tb/s
40 Gb/s
TDM
160 Gb/s
OTDM
amjk 10 - 8
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and Optical Amplifiers for distance
and Optical Amplifiers for distance
Conventional High Speed Transport - 40 Gb/s
Conventional High Speed Transport - 40 Gb/s
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
TERM
40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
TERM 1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
TERM 1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
TERM 1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
TERM 1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
TERM 1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
TERM 1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
TERM 1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
TERM 1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
TERM 1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
TERM 1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
TERM 1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
TERM 1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
TERM 1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
TERM 1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
TERM
Fibre Amplifier Based Optical Transport - 40 Gb/s
Fibre Amplifier Based Optical Transport - 40 Gb/s
Less Fibre
Fewer mid-
span sites
One OA
for all 16
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OLS
TERM
OLS
RPTR
OLS
RPTR
OLS
TERM
120 km
120 km
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
120 km
amjk 10 - 9
EC-O
Passive optical devices
Passive optical devices
z to split and combine signals
z when dependent on the light wavelength:
useful for wavelength (de-)multiplexing
z e.g.
- N x N coupler (N 2 )
- power splitter (1 x N)
- power tap (non-uniform 2 x 2 coupler)
- star coupler (N x M)
z made from
- optical fibres
- planar optical waveguides (LiNbO
3
, InP)
- bulk micro-optics (with lenses, filters, .)
amjk 10 - 10
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Basic star coupler (
Basic star coupler (
lossless
lossless
)
)
z E.g., by fusing together cores of N single-mode fibres over a few
millimeters
amjk 10 - 11
EC-O
2x2 fused
2x2 fused
biconical
biconical
tapered
tapered
fibre
fibre
coupler
coupler
z Coupler draw length 2L + W
z Evanescent field coupling
z Directional coupler (P
3
and P
4
are -50 to -70 dB below P
0
)
amjk 10 - 12
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Fibre
Fibre
coupler characteristics
coupler characteristics
P
2
/ P
0
Coupler draw length (mm)
P
1
/ P
0
P
2
/ P
0
P
1
/ P
0
wavelength (nm)
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
s
e
d

p
o
w
e
r
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
s
e
d

p
o
w
e
r
( )
( )

t coefficien coupling with

cos
: lossless) (if energy of on conservati
sin
2
0 2 0 1
2
0 2
z P P P P
z P P
= =
=
Variation of with
(15 mm long coupler)
amjk 10 - 13
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Performance specifications
Performance specifications
dB log 10 Crosstalk
dB log 10 loss Insertion
0
3
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
P
P
P
P
j
i
dB log 10 loss Excess
% 100 ratio Splitting
2 1
0
2 1
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
P P
P
P P
P
e.g.
3 dB coupler:
P
1
= P
2
amjk 10 - 14
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Scattering matrix (or Propagation matrix)
Scattering matrix (or Propagation matrix)
P
o1
= (1-) P
i1
P
o2
= P
i1
(

=
(

=
(

= =
22 21
12 11
2
1
2
1
matrix scattering and and with
s s
s s
a
a
b
b
S a b a S b
z Reciprocity s
12
= s
21
z Conservation of energy b
1
*
b
1
+ b
2
*
b
2
= a
1
*
a
1
+ a
2
*
a
2
z with s
11
= 1- follows
(

=


1
1
j
j
S
= 0.5 for
3dB coupler
}
11
= 0,
12
= /2
amjk 10 - 15
EC-O
2x2
2x2
Waveguide
Waveguide
couplers
couplers
Uniformly symmetric coupler
Uniformly asymmetric coupler
(i.e., one waveguide wider)
Interaction between guides:
dep. on width w, gap s, index
n
1
between guides
amjk 10 - 16
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Symmetric
Symmetric
waveguide
waveguide
coupler characteristics
coupler characteristics
(1/2)
(1/2)
( )
( )
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
0 2
direction - y in
t coefficien extinction and
2
t coefficien coupling with
sin
: theory mode Coupled
k q
q
q w
e q
e z P P
y
y z
qs
y
z
=
+
=
=

Complete power transfer at guide length L = (m+1)/2 with m=0, 1, 2, ..
amjk 10 - 17
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Symmetric
Symmetric
waveguide
waveguide
coupler characteristics
coupler characteristics
(2/2)
(2/2)
( )
z
e z P P

=
2
0 2
sin
and
is roughly proportional to
periodic wavelength dependence
Guide loss considered negigible, = 0
amjk 10 - 18
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Asymmetric
Asymmetric
waveguide
waveguide
coupler characteristics
coupler characteristics
Amplitude of coupled
power dep. on
( )
direction - in guides between
difference phase with
2
where
sin
2
2 2
2
2
2
0
2
z
g
e gz
g P
P
z

|
.
|

\
|

+ =
=

Flattened response at lower with <100% coupling ratio
amjk 10 - 19
EC-O
N x M star couplers
N x M star couplers
z Combine powers from N inputs, divide equally among M outputs
z N x N : e.g. by fusing fibres
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ =

=
N
i
i out
in
P
P
N
1
,
log 10 log 10
loss excess loss splitting loss total
z E.g., excess loss 0.4 dB for 7x7 coupler
z coupling ratios difficult to control in fabrication
amjk 10 - 20
EC-O
Star coupler by cascading 3 dB
Star coupler by cascading 3 dB
-
-
couplers
couplers
z N = 2
n
with n integer
z number of 3 dB - couplers needed is (N/2)
2
log N
z excess loss = - 10 log ( F
T
^ 2
log N) dB,
where 1-F
T
is fraction of power lost per 3 dB - coupler
8x8
star coupler
amjk 10 - 21
EC-O
Mach
Mach
-
-
Zehnder
Zehnder
Interferometer
Interferometer
-
-
layout
layout
in 1
in 2
out 1
out 2
z in planar integrated optics
z Many important applications: external modulators, wavelength convertors
wavelength (de)multiplexers
amjk 10 - 22
EC-O
Mach
Mach
-
-
Zehnder
Zehnder
Interferometer
Interferometer
-
-
analysis (1/3)
analysis (1/3)
( )
( )
| |
| |
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ) ( 2 / sin ) ( 2 / cos
) ( 2 / cos ) ( 2 / sin
0 2 cos 2 sin using and With
2 sin ) ( 2 cos ) (
2 cos ) ( 2 sin ) (
/ 2 and , at and at with ,

2 sin 2 cos
2 cos 2 sin

2 / exp 0
0 2 / exp



1
1
2
1
matrix n propagatio
2 2 , 2
2
1 1 , 1
2
*
2 , 2 , 2 ,
2 2 , 2
2
1 1 , 1
2
*
1 , 1 , 1 ,
2 1
,
,
2
, ,
2 2 2 , 1 1 1 , 2 ,
2 2 2 , 1 1 1 , 1 ,
x 2 2 , 1 1 ,
2 ,
1 ,
2 ,
1 ,

in in out out out

in in out out out
x out
x out x out x out
in in out
in in out
x in in
in
in
coupler coupler
out
out
coupler
P L k P L k E E P
P L k P L k E E P
) / L k ( ) / L k ( E E E P
) / L k ( E ) / L k ( E j E
) / L k ( E ) / L k ( E j E
k E E
) / L k ( - ) / L k (
) / L k ( ) / L k (
j
E
E
E
E
L jk
L jk
j
j
+ = =
+ = =
= = =
=
+ =
=
(

=
(

=
(

=
(

power output
ng multiplexi Wavelength
M M M
M : shifter phase
M : coupler dB 3
Introduces frequency beyond detector bandwidth
amjk 10 - 23
EC-O
Mach
Mach
-
-
Zehnder
Zehnder
Interferometer
Interferometer
-
-
analysis (2/3)
analysis (2/3)
( )
hs. wavelengt two the of spacing freq. is where
2
1 1
2

1 1
2 i.e. , integer with
) 1 2 ( 2 / 2 / and ) 1 ( 2 /
0

1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
1

=
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ = + =
=

eff
eff
eff
out,
n
c
n L
L n L k k m
m L k m L k
L
P
arms MZI in difference length
that such need we then
, thus and 2 port output to inputs both multiplex to designed If
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ) ( 2 / sin ) ( 2 / cos
) ( 2 / cos ) ( 2 / sin
2 2 , 2
2
1 1 , 1
2
*
2 , 2 , 2 ,
2 2 , 2
2
1 1 , 1
2
*
1 , 1 , 1 ,


in in out out out
in in out out out
P L k P L k E E P
P L k P L k E E P
+ = =
+ = =
amjk 10 - 24
EC-O
Mach
Mach
-
-
Zehnder
Zehnder
Interferometer
Interferometer
-
-
analysis (3/3)
analysis (3/3)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
(T12)^2
(T11)^2
in 1 out 1
( in 2 out 2 )
in 1 out 2
( in 2 out 1 )
m+2
m
m+1 m+
L /
amjk 10 - 25
EC-O
Four
Four
-
-
channel wavelength
channel wavelength
multiplexer
multiplexer
( )

= =
=

=

= =

eff
j n
j stage
n
eff eff
n
c
L N N
L
n
c
L
n
c
L L
2
: 2 r with multiplexe 1 - to - For
2
2 2 2
1 3 2 1
amjk 10 - 26
EC-O
Reflection grating
Reflection grating
Different
wavelength
Different angle
of diffraction
z Grating equation
( sin
i
+ sin
d
) = m with integer order m
z Separation of many wavelengths by a single element
amjk 10 - 27
EC-O
Grating
Grating
demultiplexer
demultiplexer
lens
normal to
grating
surface

i
focal length f

1
,
2
lens
grating
amjk 10 - 28
EC-O
Practical grating
Practical grating
demultiplexers
demultiplexers
From:
Fibre Optic Communication Devices, N. Grote et al., Springer Verlag, 2001,
Ch. 7 Wavelength selective devices, M. Smit, T. Koonen, H. Herrmann, W. Sohler
amjk 10 - 29
EC-O
Bragg grating formation within a
Bragg grating formation within a
fibre
fibre
z All-fibre
low cost,
low loss (ca. 0.1 dB),
easy coupling,
pol. insensitive,
low temperature
coeff.,
simple packaging
z Narrow-band reflection
filter, reflecting at

Bragg
Local increase in n
Grating writing
with UV beams
fibre
( )
gratings strong .. for weak 1 .. 5 . 0 s with
2
bandwidth FWHM
modulation index sinusoidal uniform for ) 1 ( coeff. coupling with tanh ty reflectivi Peak
2 h wavelengt reflection Bragg
2
2
Bragg
2 2
max
Bragg

|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=

L n
n
s
V n L R
n
core
Bragg FWHM
eff

V number, modes a fibre can support, K 2-27

Photo-induced refractive
Index change
amjk 10 - 30
EC-O
Add/Drop
Add/Drop
multiplexer
multiplexer
with FBG
with FBG
circulator or
3 dB coupler
FBG
for
x
circulator

1
..,
x
, ..
N

1
..,
x
, ..
N
drop
x
add
x
Rx Tx
FBG = Fibre Bragg
Grating
z notch-type filtering
no bandpass narrowing when cascading
z not tunable (except with tunable FBG)
amjk 10 - 31
EC-O
Phased Array (PHASAR),
Phased Array (PHASAR),
or Arrayed
or Arrayed
Waveguide
Waveguide
Grating (AWG)
Grating (AWG)
Generalization of MZ interferometer
Lengths of adjacent
waveguides differ by
L

n
s
n
c
Multiplexer M
in
= N, M
out
= 1
Demultiplexer M
in
= 1, M
out
= N
Starcoupler M
in
= M
out
= N
Act as lenses
d
z Grating equation (phase matching) n
s
d sin + n
c
L = m (interference order m )
z Pass wavelength for center input to center output waveguide
c
= n
c
L / m
z Channel spacing proportional to 1 / L (narrow channel spacing, large AWG !!)
z Periodic Free Spectral Range for opposite ports
FSR
= c / n
g
L
amjk 10 - 32
EC-O
Add/Drop node with PHASAR
Add/Drop node with PHASAR
Tx
Tx
Tx
Rx
Rx
Rx
data in
data out
Phased
Array
EDFA
Add/Drop
Switch Matrix
fibre

1
,
2
,
3

1
,
2
,
3

2
z add/drop on channel 2 (i.e.
2
,
2
)
amjk 10 - 33
EC-O
Tunable sources
Tunable sources
Options:
z Series of discrete DFB or DBR laser diodes
- Expensive
- Extensive monitoring and control circuitry
z Wavelength-tunable laser
- By changing temperature (ca. 0.1 nm/K) or injection current (1 to 5 GHz/mA)
z Multi-wavelength laser array
z Spectrally sliced source (e.g., LED + wavelength demux + ext. modulators)
Applications:
z Spare laser for DWDM
z Dynamic wavelength setting (e.g., for wavelength routing)
amjk 10 - 34
EC-O
Number of channels
Number of channels
z To avoid crosstalk:

channel
10
signal
z Max. number of channels in tuning range N
tune
/
channel
amjk 10 - 35
EC-O
Tunable 3
Tunable 3
-
-
section DBR Laser
section DBR Laser
z Tuning by changing
effective refractive index
typ. index change up to 1%
tuning range 10 to 15 nm
eff
eff
tune
n
n
=

amjk 10 - 36
EC-O
Wavelength
Wavelength
-
-
switchable
switchable
laser diode array
laser diode array
z integrated with EA modulator and amplifier
Ref.: AT&T Bell Labs,
Young et al.,
ECOC95
amjk 10 - 37
EC-O
Spectrally sliced source
Spectrally sliced source
LED

FWHM

1
modulator
modulator

demux
data 1
optical
amplifier

mux
data N
amjk 10 - 38
EC-O
Tunable optical filter
Tunable optical filter
z Mostly based on same principles as static filters
amjk 10 - 39
EC-O
System parameters for Tunable optical filters
System parameters for Tunable optical filters
z tuning range
z maximum number of resolvable channels
=tuning range / minimum channel spacing;
channel spacing 3 to 10 times channel 50%-bandwidth, dep. on
modulation scheme + filter char.
z tuning speed
ms speed enough for circuit-switched networks,
sub-s for packet-switched
z attenuation
z polarisation dependence
z stability : filter characteristics should shift less than a few % of filter
bandwidth during the lifetime or during environmental changes
z size
z costs
amjk 10 - 40
EC-O
Tunable 2x2 directional coupler
Tunable 2x2 directional coupler

1
, ..,
i1
,
i+1
, ..,

. .

1
,
2
, ..,

M electrodes
..

i
z change refractive index of waveguide select wavelength
z tuning range: about 60 nm
z bandwidth: around 1 nm
z fast (electro-optic tuning, on LiNbO
3
)
amjk 10 - 41
EC-O
Tunable multi
Tunable multi
-
-
stage MZI
stage MZI
z tuning range: 5 - 10 nm
z bandwidth: < 0.1 nm
z slow (thermo-optic tuning, on silica), fast (electro-optic, on LiNbO3)
z complex multi-stage tuning process
amjk 10 - 42
EC-O
Tunable
Tunable
Fibre Fabry
Fibre Fabry
-
-
Perot filter
Perot filter
fibre
highly reflective
coating
+ V
piezo-electric
crystal
housing
z tuning range: around 50 nm (dep. on mirror spacing)
z bandwidth = tuning range / finesse, typ. 0.5 nm
z slow (piezo-electric crystal)
z low loss (few dB)
amjk 10 - 43
EC-O
FP
FP
-
-
operating principles (1/3)
operating principles (1/3)
input
beam
E
i
reflected
beams
E
r
transmitted
beams
E
t
parallel
reflective
plates
n

d
lens
z multiple beam interference
( )

cos
4
cos
2 2
1
...
...
0 0
0
2 2 2
2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2

=


= =
+
+ + + =

c
d n n
d
e R A
T a
E e AR a T E
E e r a t a
E e r a t a E e r a t a E t a E
i
i
k
k i
k
i
i
k i k k
i
i
i
i
i t
with
where
: phase shift during one cavity roundtrip
: light frequency
T=t
2
: intensity transmission coeff. of plate
R=1-T : intensity reflection coeff. of plate
A=a
2
: intensity loss coeff. of cavity
amjk 10 - 44
EC-O
FP
FP
-
-
operating principles (2/3)
operating principles (2/3)
z transmitted intensity
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
+

=


= =

c
d n
AR AR
R A
I
AR AR
R A
I
AR R A
T A
I
e AR e AR
T A
I E E I
i
i i
i i
i t t t



2
sin 4 1
1
2
sin 4 1
1
cos 2 1
1 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
*
z FP power transfer function periodic, with period Free Spectral Range
] m [
2
[Hz]
2
2
2
d n
c
FSR FSR
nd
c
FSR

= = =

or
(note that
d / d = -c /
2
)
E.g., for d=120 m, =1.55 m, n=1, is FSR

=10 nm
amjk 10 - 45
EC-O
FP
FP
-
-
operating principles (3/3)
operating principles (3/3)
[Hz]
1
2
R
R
d n
c
FWHM

=

z -3 dB bandwidth
(Full Width at Half
Maximum; for R1)
R
R FSR
F
FWHM

=

=
1

z Finesse
2
min
max
1
1
|
.
|

\
|

+
= =
R A
R A
T
T
C
z Contrast factor
z E.g., for A=1 and R=0.9
is C=361=25.6 dB and F=29.8
amjk 10 - 46
EC-O
Acousto
Acousto
-
-
optic tunable filter
optic tunable filter
z input wavelengths matching the grating Bragg condition are TETM converted,
and coupled to other branch
z grating set up by SAW
z multi-wavelength dropping
z very wide tuning (400 nm)
z slow (several s needed to fill interaction length with SAW)
z bandwidth around 1 nm
amjk 10 - 47
EC-O
Tunable add/drop
Tunable add/drop
mux
mux
with FBG
with FBG
z tuning range: limited, nm range
z bandwidth: narrow (< 1 nm)
z slow (stress-tuning, with PZT)