Code: EI0202

BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
1 T.Krishna

Teja

R.Shiva Prasad

ABSTRACT Biomedical instrumentation is the application of engineering principles and techniques to the medical field . It combines the design and problem solving skills of engineering with the medical and biological science to help improve patient health care and the quality of life of healthy individuals. As a relatively new discipline, much of the work in biomedical engineering consists of research and development, converting an array of fields. Examples of concrete applications of biomedical instrumentation are the development and manufacture of biocompatible protheses , medical devices, diagnostic devices and imaging equipment such as MRIs and EEGs, and pharmaceutical drugs.

key words
Biomedical instrumentation, medical devices

Conclusion:
We can conclude that, Biomedical instrumentation is an emerging field.

1.B.Tech 2nd year (EIE) krshfriends@gmail.com

2.B.Tech 2nd year (EIE) shivaisprasad@gmail.com Hitech College of Engg & Tech

BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION Abstract

Biomedical instrumentation is the application of engineering principles and techniques to the medical field . It combines the design and problem solving skills of engineering with the medical and biological science to help improve patient health care and the quality of life of healthy individuals. As a relatively new discipline, much of the work in biomedical engineering consists of research and development, converting an array of fields. Examples of concrete applications of biomedical instrumentation are the development and manufacture of biocompatible protheses , medical devices, diagnostic devices and imaging equipment such as MRIs and EEGs, and pharmaceutical drugs.

Introduction
Biomedical instrumentation is the application of engineering principles and techniques to the medical field . Biomedical instrumentation science is emerging as an exciting branch of study. The application of these bioinstruments is on the on increase in areas of teaching, research and extension activities.The Biomedical Instrumentation division (BIT) at the Department of biomedicalEngineering, Linkping University, advances theoretical and experimental research that relates to biomedical engineering systems for future diagnosis and therapy. BIT was established in 1987 by professor Gert Nilsson. Activities include modelling and simulation, signal acquisition and processing, experimental in-vitro and in-vivo prototype development as well as method and instrumentation performance evaluation in clinical settings. The projects are typically driven by clinical needs and in close collaboration with industry and clinical researchers.An area of particular interest is biomedical optics including models for light-tissue interaction, laser Doppler flowmetry, spectroscopy, microscopy and photo physics. The main application areas are: skin engineering where methods to analyse and interpret skin data captured from tumours, skin reactions and ulcers are developed and renewed. Cardiovascular applications include methods for perfusion and oxygenation measurements on the myocardium on the beating heart. In the neuro-engineering field the applications are directed towards instrumentation in stereotactic and functional neurosurgery using optical, thermal and electrical methods.Biomedical equipment technicians and clinical engineers benefit most, because of the combination of topics in physiology, safety, medical instrumentation, electronics, and microprocessors. Those topics are clearly important in providing and maintaining safe and effective instruments for use by clinicians and researchers.

Flexibility
In order to understand linkages between the life sciences and engineering techniques, it is necessary for engineers to have a fair understanding about the anatomy and physiology of the human body. A brief description of the important physiological systems, namely cardiovascular system. Respiratory system and nervous system is provided. Special physiological systems are also described, wherever it was felt necessary.

History
During the last two decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of electronic equipment in the medical field for clinical and research purposes The field of biomedical engineering is fast developing and new departments are being established in Universities, technical colleges, medical institutes and hospitals all over the world With the widespread use and requirements of medical electronic instruments, it is essential to have knowledgeable service and maintenance engineers. Besides having a basic knowledge of the principles of operation, it is important for them to know the details of commercial instruments from different manufacturers. The human body is a source of numerous signals, highly significant for diagnosis and therapy. These signals are picked up from the surface of the body or from within. This requires electrodes of different sizes. Shapes and types. Also there are some parameters like temperature , blood flow, blood pressure, respiratory functions etc., which are to be routinely monitored. These parameters, which are basically non-electrical in nature, are converted into corresponding electrical signals by various transducers. Electrodes and transducers constitute the first building blocks of most of the diagnostic

medical instruments and are therefore, described in the first part of this book. After picking up the signals of interest from the body, they are processed and presented in a form most convenient for interpretation. Display is generally on a picture tube for quick and visual observation or a record on graph paper. Such records facilitate a detailed study by specialists at a later convenient time .

Basic medical instrumentation system

The primary purpose of medical instrumentation is to measure or determine the presence of some physical quantity that may some way assist the medical personnel to make better diagnosis and treatment. Accordingly, many types of instrumentation system are presently used in hospitals and other medical facilities. The majority of the instruments are electrical or electronic systems, although mechanical systems such as ventilators or Spiro meters are also employed. Because of the predominantly large number of electronic systems used in medical practice, the concepts explained hereafter are mostly related to electronic medical instruments. Certain characteristic features, which are common to most instrumentation systems, are also applicable to medical instrumentation system . In the broadest sense , any medical instrument would comprise of the following four basic functional

Components:
Measurand: The physical quantity or condition that the instrumentation system measures is called the measurand. The source for the measurand is the human body which generates a variety of signals. The measurand may be on the surface of the body (electrocardiogram potential) or it may be blood pressure in the chambers of the heart. Transducer/Sensor: A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. Because of the familiar advantages of electric and electronic methods of measurement, it is the usual practice to convert into electrical quantities all non-electrical phenomenon associated with the measured with the help of a transducer. For example : a piezo-electric crystal converts mechanical vibrations into an electrical signal and therefore, is a transducer. The primary function of the transducer is to provide a usable output in response to the measured which may be a specific physical quantity property or condition . In practice two or more transducers may be used simultaneously to make measurements of a number of physiological parameters. Another term. Sensor is also used in medical instrumentation systems. Basically a sensor converts a physical measured to an electrical signal. The sensor should be minimally invasive and interface with the living system with minimum extraction of energy. Signal Conditioner : Converts the output of the transducer into an electrical quantity suitable for operation of the display or recording system. Signal conditioners may vary in complexity from a simple resistance network or impedance matching device to multi-stage amplifiers and other complex electronic circuitry . Signal conditioning usually include functions such as amplification filtering (analog or digital ) analogto-digital and digital-to analog conversion or signal transmission circuitry. They help in increasing the sensitivity of instruments by amplification of the original signal or its transducer form. DISPLAY SYSTEM Provides a visible representation of the quantity as a displacement on a scale, or on the chart of a recorder, or on the screen of a cathode ray tube or in numerical form. Although, most of the displays are in the visual form, other forms of displays such as audible such as signals from alarm or fetal Doppler ultrasonic signals are also used. In addition of the above the processed signal after signal conditioning may be passed on to: Alarm system: With upper and lower adjustable thresholds to indicate when the measured goes beyond preset limits. Data storage: To maintain the data for future reference. It may be a hard copy on a paper is on magnetic or semiconductor memories. Data transmission: Using standard interface connections so that information obtained may be carried to other part of an integrated system or to transmit it from one location to another. In most of the medical instrumentation systems, some from of calibration in necessary at regular intervals during their operation. The calibration signals is usually applied to the sensor input or as early in the signal conditioning chain as possible. In

many measurements in the medical field, some form of stimulus or energy is given to the patient and the effect it has on the patient is measured. The stimulus may be visual in the form of flash of light or audio tone or direct electrical stimulation of the part of the nervous system. A typical example is that of recording of the evoked response with EEG machine when visual / audible stimulus is given to the subject under test .In some situation, it is required to have automatic control of stimulus or signal conditioning part of the system. This is achieved by using a feedback loop in which part of the output form the signal conditioning or display device is fed back to the input stage.Control and feedback may be automatic or manual. Almost all measuring and recording equipment is now controlled by microprocessors as this makes it possible to design equipment that requires minimum user intervention, calibration and set up procedure. Measurements on the human body can be made at several levels on the functional systems and subsystems. For example, it is easiest to make measurements on human body as a whole due to accusable environment. examples of measurement made on the human body are recording of electrocardiogram and measurement of temperature. The next level of measurements can be made on the major functional systems of the body such as cardiovascular system, the pulmonary systems so on. easurements in medical can be classified into two types: in VIVO and VITRO. In vivo measurement is made on or with in the living organism itself, such as measurement of pressure in the chambers of heart. On the other hand, in vitro measurement is performed out side the body. For example, the measurement of blood glucose level in sample of blood drawn from the patient represent in vitro measurement.

Applications
Artificial heart An artificial heart is a prosthetic device that is implanted into the body to replace the biological heart. It is distinct from a cardiopulmonary bypass machine (CPB), which is an external device used to provide the functions of both the heart and the lungs. The CPB oxygenates the blood, and therefore does not need to be connected to both blood circuits. Also, a CPB is suitable only for a few hours use, while artificial hearts have been used for periods longer than a yeaAn artificial heart is a prosthetic device that is implanted into the body to replace the biological heart. It is distinct from a cardiopulmonary bypass machine (CPB), which is an external device used to provide the functions of both the heart and the lungs. The CPB oxygenates the blood, and therefore does not need to be connected to both blood circuits. Also, a CPB is suitable only for a few hours use, while artificial hearts have been used for periods longer than a year (as of 2007). Electrocardiogram 12 Lead ECG of a 26 year old male. An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG, abbreviated from the German Elektrokardiogramm) is a graphic produced by an electrocardiograph, which records the electrical activity of the heart over time. Its name is made of different parts: electro, because it is related to electronics, cardio, Greek for heart, gram, a Greek root meaning "to write". The heart muscles create electrical waves when they pump. These waves pass through the body and can be measured at electrodes (electrical contacts) attached to the skin. Electrodes on different sides of the heart measure the activity of different muscle s. An ECG displays the voltage between pairs of these electrodes, and the muscle activity that they measure from different directions. This display indicates the overall rhythm of the heart, and weaknesses in different muscles. It is the best way to measure and diagnose abnormal rhythms of the heart[1], particularly abnormal rhythms caused by damage to the conductive tissue that carries electrical signals, or abnormal rhythms caused by levels of salts, such as calcium, that are too high or low.[2] In myocardial infarction (MI), the ECG can identify damaged heart muscle. But it can only identify damage to muscle in certain areas, so it can't rule out damage in other areas.[3] The EKG cannot reliably measure the pumping ability of the heart; ultrasound is used for that.

Evolution
The penetration of microcontrollers and PCs in medical instrumentation has resulted in the integration of automation and built-in intelligence in medical instruments to a great extent. This has resulted in eplacement of long-established recording techniques and display systems. The advantages of the PC architecture in terms of its high storage capacity of data and large screen displays have been fully exploited in clinical and research applications of biomedical instruments. Therefore, wherever it was felt necessary, reference to the use of PCs as an integral part of the medical instruments has been made in this edition.

Future scope
The success and future of academic programs in engineering technology are often related to the employment of its graduates as educational curricula needs to balance theoretical and practical fundamentals with skills that are in demand by technology programs is also affected by the future employability of its graduates, as these academic programs are often sought by adult and returning students who need or desire to acquire newer and more practical skills to respond to the demands of the workplace. This paper analyzes the current nationwide demands for graduates of biomedical engineering technology (BMET) and clinical engineering (CE) programs, based on collecting 219 job advertisements during a 12-month period. These job advertisements were collected from professional listservers, Websites of BMET professional organizations, and printed trade and professional publications focused on BMET. The majority of advertised positions required an associate's degree in BMET or similar programs, although some others required additional certification or a minimum number of years of experience. The article analyzes and discusses the technical, professional, and interpersonal skills as well as educational requirements and certifications required for future BMET graduates based on employer's demands. The paper also will discuss the geographical distribution the majority of BMET employers, the description of their job and related duties as well as their compensation packages when these are stated in the advertisement. The snapshot of the employment market for BMET graduates that is presented in this paper can be seen as an important tool for BMET instructors and institutions that offer this program to tailor their course content and objectives toward the current needs of the industry.

Conclusion
We can conclude that, Biomedical instrumentation is an emerging field.

Reference books
1. Medical Instrumentation by John. G. Webster John Wiley. 2. Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation by Goddes & Baker John Wiley 3. Biomedical Instrumentation & Measurement by Carr & Brown-Pearson 4. Biomedical Instrument by Cromwell-Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi 5. Hand book of Medical instruments by R.S. Khandpur TMH, New Delhi 6. Medical Electronics and Instrumentation by Sanjay Guha University Publication 7. Introduction to Biomedical electronics by Edwand J. Bukstein sane and Co. Inc.USA 8.www.Wikipidia.com 9.www. instrumentationnews.com