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http://www.epanorama.net/documents/telecom/adsl_filter.html
signals that they would ne "disconnected from the main line". line. The ADSL POTS splitter is simply a series of coupled inductors and parallel capacitors forming a low pass filter that attenuates the higher frequency ADSL data and permits only the voice frequencies to reach the telephone. The series inductor shows high impedance to high freuqencies, so the ADSL signals on the line are not attenuated. General design specifications for an ADLS filter should be somethign like this: Return loss at voice frequencies (against 600 ohms) would be should be good enough. Should not alter voice band freuqncy response too much Should not have too high series resistance (commercial filters seems to have between 50 and 100 ohms for whole loop resistance) Filter must pass the POTS tip-to-ring dc voltages (typically o-72V) Filter must pass ring voltages well (40V to 80V rms at any frequency from15.3Hz to 68Hz with a dc component in the range from 0V to 72V) Filter must All requirements must be met in the presence of POTS loop currents (usually around 0-40 mA, can be up to 120 mA in some cases) The ADSL output from filter (if it has such thing) is generally unfiltered line signal (normal home ADSL devices are not to be bothered with line voltage and voice signals. ADSL splitters at the central office When the operator install ADSL system to the central office, they install ADSL splitter filters on the central office end of the telephone wire. The filters at the central office have basically the same functional needs as the home units, they need to be able to keep different signals separate, and separate those two signals to different outputs. Typical central office ADSL splitter filter is a device that ghas many filters built into one package. For each outgoing line there is one PSTN connection (goes to centeral office telephone central equipment) and one for ADSL connection (goes to DSLAM rack that terminates ADSL connections). Typical ADSL splitter in central office has series capacitors (blocks telephone line DC well, attenuates ring signal sonciderably, but passes ADSL signals well) between line and ADSL output going to DSLAM. Because ADSL splitter filter connects directly to the subscriber's loop media, it must also provide some surge protection from externally induced voltage which could damage any attached equipment or endanger humans interacting with the installed equipment. The ADSL splitters in the central ofice typically include overvoltage protection components to protect the ADSL DSLAM agains overvoltages on the line. Some filtered ADSL outputs provide protection from the high frequency transient and impedance effect that occur during POTS operations (ringing transients, on-hook, off-hook transient and so on). Here are some specifications related to ADSL splitters at central office: Ref. 1 : ETS 300 001 Attachment to Public Switched Telephone Network Ref. 3 : ITU-T K21 Resistibility of subscribers terminal to over-voltage and over-currents Commercial ADSL filter example: ELEXI ADSL filter The following photos, circuit diagram and text try to describe how ADSL filter sold by ELEXI (product number 440072 "ADSL puhelinsovitin USA/USA GP4C") works. This ADSL fitler is picked as example because I happened to own one and the construcion of this filter is quite simple (=easy to understand).
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http://www.epanorama.net/documents/telecom/adsl_filter.html
Photo 2: Close-up of the circuit board iside the filter. The telephone line connecting wires go to top right and the wires going to telephone connector leave at bottom left.
Figure 1: Circuit diagram of the filter circuit board electronics. The phone line to central office (that carries ADLS and PSTN signals) goes to the left side of this filter and the phone goes to right side. This filter consists of an LC low pass filter made of the series connected coil (total impedance of 10.260 mH per wire) and the 22 nF capacitor across the wires. Those form the actual filter. There are resistors after this LC filter to make the filter properties have proper impedance matching for voice frequencies (should be around 600 ohms). This filter seemed to have one 1A fuse on the output to protect the circuit agains some catastrophic damage (what this would protect agains..). The total series resistance this kind of filter cause to one telephone wire was around 45 ohms, meaning that having this filter adds around 100 ohms to the telephone wire resistance. The series resistors and internal coil resistance reduces the impedance mismatches that just putting a capacitor across telephone, wires would cause. If we take a look at the circuit construction with only resistances and capacitances in it, it is pretty close to a simple model of 0.5 km of 0.5 mm telephone cable wire. The coil impedance at voice frquencies would be at 20-200 ohms, causing some mismatch and attenuation at high telephone frequencies. The capacitor has impedance of aroudn 250-2500 ohms at voice frequencies. Return loss at voice frequencies (against 600 ohms) would be acceptable with this kind of circuit. The coils in this circuit are built to ferrite cores, boppin cores for highest inductance values and the 40 uH coils are wound to small ferrite toroids. My quess is that the coil part is constructed from three separate coils to make the filter to work well at high freuquencies. The 10 mH coil has lots of turns, so at high freuquencies it's perfomrance might not be best (potential coil resonances etc.), but at those high freuquencies those smaller value coils have already attenuted the signal enough. Getting three different coils in series gives best performance on all freuquencies. Information sources and links
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The contents in this document are based on my own knowledge on the field, laboratory measurements on commercial ADS filter and and following documents: ADSL POTS SPLITTER for Customer Premises FILTRAN 7200 - 24 CHANNEL POTS SPLITTER FOR ADSL Tutorials & FAQs: ADSL: Wiring and Filters M-ADSL-FILTER Microfilter & Splitter for ADSL Lines Product Specification sheet K2320 ADSL Filter/Splitter - hyv kaavikuva impedansseeista
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