References

90
80
YANG, H.Y., CASTANEDA, J.A., and ALEXOPOULOS, N.G.: 'The RCS of a microstrip patch on an arbitrarily biased ferrite substrate', IEEE Trans., 1993, AP41, pp. 1610-1614 POZAR, D.M.: 'Radiation and scattering characteristics of microstrip antennas on normally biased ferrite substrates', IEEE Trans., 1992, AP-40, pp. 108&1092 ROY, J.S., VAUDON, P., REINEIX, A., JECKO, F., and JECKO, B.: 'Circularly polarized far fields of an axially magnetized circular ferrite microstrip antenna', Microw. Opt. Technol. Left., 1992, 5, pp. 228-230 HENDERSON, A., JAMES, J.R., and FRAY, A.: 'Magnetised microstrip antenna with pattern control', Electron. Lett., 1988, 24, pp. 4547 TZUANG. c.K.c.,CHOU, G.J., and LO, w.T.: 'A new quasi-planar leakywave antenna structure'. 19th Int. Infrared and Millimeter Waves Conf. Dig., Sendai, Japan, 1994, pp. 518-519 LIN, Y.D., SHEEN, J.w., and TZUANG, c.K.c.: 'Analysis and design of feeding structures for microstrip leaky wave antenna'. IEEE MTTS Intl. Microwave Symp. Dig., Orlando, USA, 1995, pp. 149-152, Section TU3B TZUANG, c.K.c., and CHOU, G.J : 'An active microstrip leaky-wave antenna employing uniplanar oscillators'. 1995 European Microwave Conf., Bologna, Italy, 1995, Section B3.1 BORBURGH, I.: 'The behaviour of guided modes on the ferrite-filled microstrip line with the magnetization perpendicular to the ground plane', Arch. Elek. Ubert., 1977, 31, (2), pp. 73-77 OLINER, A.A., and LEE, K.s.: 'The nature of the leakage from higher modes on microstrip line'. IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., 1986, pp. 57-60

Q
x
N

70
60

k
E

50

a a 40 m

E 30

20

IO
2-90

2-94

2.98

3 02
Ho / M s

3 06

3.10

Fig. 3 Bias-dependent beam angle 8, on z-x plane

angles on the z-x plane for various DC magnetic bias conditions are mapped to Fig. 3. The results show that the angle of maximum radiation agrees well with the approximate 0, = COS^^(!^/^,) and the discrepancy at lower bias field is caused by the insufficient length of microstrip. Referring to Fig. 2, the attenuation constant (x increases as the DC magnetic bias field increases, resulting in the observed widened beam width in Fig. 4.

Single-layer single-patch wideband microstrip antenna

T. Huynh and K.-F. Lee
Indexing terms: Microstrip antennas, Antennas
A coaxially-fed single-layer single-patch wideband microstrip f antenna in the form o a rectangular patch with a U-shaped slot is discussed. Measurements showed that this antenna can attain 10-40"h impedance bandwidth without the need of adding parasitic patches in another layer or in the same layer.

\
~

Fig. 4 Theoretic bias-dependent radiation patterns on i-x plane

The length of the microstrip line is assumed to be five free-space wavelengths at 14.9GHz and the terminal is matched. HJM, = 2.92 -. .- HJM, = 2.96 ......... . HJM, = 3.00 _. ._ HJM, = 3.05 HJM, = 3.10
Conclusion: A new gyromagnetic microstrip leaky-wave antenna capable of DC magnetic bias control of beam scanning is presented and validated by a rigorous spectral domain approach. The results show that the proposed antenna is a viable approach for beam scanning applications. Acknowledgment; This work was supported by National Science Council under Grants: NSC 84-2221-E009-010 and NSC 84-2623D-009-008 5 June 1995 0 IEE 1995 Electronics Letters Online No: 19950951 Kuen-Fwu Fuh and Ching-Kuang Tzuang (Institute o Electrical f Communication Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, No. 1001, Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu. Taiwan, Republic o China) f

Introduction: Microstrip antennas offer the advantages of thin profile, light weight, low cost, and conformability to a shaped surface and compatibility with integrated circuitry. In addition to military applications, they have become attractive candidates in a variety of commercial applications such as mobile satellite communications, the direct broadcast (DBS) system, global positioning system (GPS), remote sensing and hyperthermia. This is due in large measure to the extensive research aimed at improving the impedance bandwidth of microstrip antennas in the last several years. The basic form of the microstrip antenna, consisting of a conducting patch printed on a grounded substrate, has an impedance bandwidth of 1-2%. One way of improving the bandwidth to IO-20% is to use parasitic patches, either in another layer [I] (stacked geometry) or in the same layer [2, 31 (coplanar geometry). However, the stacked geometry has the disadvantage of increasing the thickness of the antenna while the coplanar geometry has the disadvantage of increasing the lateral size of the antenna. It would therefore be of considerable interest if a single-layer single-patch wideband microstrip antenna could be developed. Such an antenna would better preserve the thin profile characteristics and would not introduce grating lobe problems when used in an array environment. In this article, we report the experimental results of a rectangular patch with a U-shaped slot which appears to have wide bandwidth characteristics. Experimental results: The rectangular patch antenna with a Ushaped slot used in our experiment is shown in Fig. 1. The patch has dimensions 8.65" x 4.90". The dielectric medium between the patch and the ground plane is air. The patch is fed at the centre by a 50Q coaxial probe, the outer and inner diameters of which are

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U slot

patch

trasted with the single looped characteristics of the rectangular patch without the slot. The measured VSWR against frequency is shown in Fig. 3 . The bandwidth (VSWR = 2) is -47%. It is important to note that, although this is an electrically thick probe-fed patch, there is no appreciable inductive component associated with the input impedance. This is vastly different from the case without the slot, in which a large inductive reactance is present for substrate thicknesses exceeding 0.03h [4]. e .o'
n AR

1-2 975-c 2 7 0 ' --I

a

ground $lane

0.365" and 0.120", respectively. A 0.4" - 0.35" wide U-shaped slot of dimensions 2.70" x 3.235" is cut at the centre of the patch. The input impedance of the antenna is measured with an HP8510 network analyser.

180'

Fig. 4 Measuredpattern in x-zplane ut 900MHz for h = 1.06" The measured radiation patterns in the two principal planes at 900MHz are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. The pattern in the x - z plane is symmetrical with respect to the zenith (e = 0") while the pattern in the y-r plane has an asymmetry of -10" with respect to the zenith. The backlobes are due to finite ground plane effects. The patterns were found to be stable: the halfpower beamwidths in the x-z plane were 59" at 812MHz and 57" at 1.1GHz and in the y - z plane they were 65" at 812MHz and 70" at I.1GHz. The heamwidths are narrower than those of the rectangular patch without the slot.

'eo' m m Fig. 5 Measuredpattern in y-z plane at 900MHz for h = 1.06"

f , GHz
.0 1 )11

Fig. 3 Measured VSWR versus frequency for h = 1.06"

Marker Marker Marker Marker

1: 812MHz 2: 829MHz 3: 1227MHz 4 1282MHz

We have also measured the impedance loci when the patch was 0.53" above the ground plane, other parameters remaining the same. This corresponds to h = 0.044h at the new centre frequency of 990MHz. The VSWR = 2 bandwidth for this case was found to be -12.4% which is still considerably larger than for the patch without a slot. The input impedance again does not have an appreciable inductive component. For brevity, we do not show the impedance loci here.
Discussion: The results reported in the preceding Section showed that a rectangular patch with a U shaped slot has a double looped impedance characteristic and can attain large bandwidth without

Fig. 2 shows the Smith chart plot of the measured impedance loci when the patch is 1.06'' above the ground plane. This corresponds to h = 0.081 at 900MHz. The impedance loci of the antenna shows a double looped characteristic, which is to be con-

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the need of adding parasitic patches in another layer or in the same layer. It is thus a single-layer single-patch wideband microstrip antenna. The widehand behaviour is probably due to the fact that the currents along the edges of the slot introduce an additional resonance, which, in conjunction with the resonance of the main patch, produce an overall broadband frequency response characteristic. The slot also appears to introduce a capacitive reactance which counteracts the inductive reactance of the probe. However, the exact mechanism responsible for the wideband behaviour is not well understood at the present time. Much experimental and theoretical study is needed to characterise this antenna. Such studies are currently in progress.
2 June 1995 0 IEE 1995 Electronics Letters Online No: 19950950 T. Huynh (Decibel Products, 8635 Stemmons Freeway, Dullas, TX 75247, USA) K . F . Lee (Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA)

q g =++w + y
DC offset 16

phasedetector

I-,

filter

demodulated I~baseband

T i i n frequency w,,
Fig. 1 Phaselocked loop with DC offset

References
LEE, R.Q., LEE. K.F., and BOBINCHAK,I.: Characteristics of a twolayer electromagnetically coupled rectangular patch antenna, Electron. Lett., 1987, 23, (20). pp. 1070-1072 2 GUPTA, K.c.: Multiport network approach for modelling and analysis of microstrip patch antenna and arrays in JAMES, J.R., and HALL, P.S. (Eds.): Handbook of microstrip antennas (Peter Peregrinus, London, 1989) 3 CHEN. w., LEE, K.F., and LEE, R.Q.: Spectral-domain moment-method analysis of coplanar microstrip parasitic subarrays. Microw. Opt. Technol. Left., 1993, 6, (3), pp. 157-163 4 CHEN, w., LEE, K.F., and LEE, R.Q.: Input impedance of coaxially-fed rectangular microstrip antennas on electrically thick substrate, Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., 1993, 6 , (6), pp. 387-390

cast quality FM, this technique is quite successful. However, at low SNRs, limiters are themselves a source of noise because of their own DC offsets.
Phaselocked loop anulysis: Consider an FM signal y ( t ) which has amplitude modulation r(t), given by

Y ( t ) = T ( t )cos(wot + $+J(t))
where g ( t ) is given by

(1)

d t ) = Km l s ( t ) d t

(2)

and s ( t ) is the baseband signal and Km a constant gain. We assume that the model of eqn. 1 above is applied to the PLL of Fig. 1. Without loss of generality, it is assumed that the PLL is of type I (a single integrator PLL). The output of the phase detector p ( t ) is given by

At) = y(t)v(t) + 6
where ~ ( t ) the VCO output defined by is

(3)
(4)

Analysis of phase detector DC offset in phaselocked loop

T.J. Moir
Indexing terms: Phaselocked loops, Circuit theory
In analogue phaselocked loops, the phase detector is often a linear multiplier. The author shows that if amplitude modulation is present, a DC offset in this kind of phase detector can give rise to an additive noise signal in the demodulated baseband signal.

v(t) = sin(&
The phase
I(/) of the

+O(t))

VCO is governed by
(5)

where k, is the VCO constant or gain. Substituting y ( t ) and U(/) into eqn. 3 gives the following expression for the phase detector output:

p ( t ) = r(t)cos(wot + ( t )sin(wo(t) )
A trigometric identity expands eqn. 6 to give p ( t ) = -{sin(2wot r(t) .

+ O(t))+ 6

(6)

Introduction: One of the most common methods for demodulating frequency modulation (FM) is by using a phaselocked loop (PLL). A classical PLL shown in Fig. 1 consists of a phase detector, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and a filter. The VCO has a free running frequency w, defined by the intermediate frequency of the receiver. The phase detector is not ideal and has a DC offset of magnitude 6. In this Letter it is shown that if the incoming FM signal has residual amplitude modulation (AM) then the DC offset has the effect of adding a noise term at the demodulated output. This noise term is a function of the residual AM. With no AM, the noise term vanishes. An FM carrier with AM is known in the literature as multiplicative noise and can arise in a number of ways, such as through scintillation effects in FM radio, and movement of the tape or head in magnetic recording on tape or disk drives. Similarly, for satellite communications, movement of the ground station antenna or variable attenuation of the uplink owing to motion of the satellite can produce multiplicative noise [l]. In the physical sciences, multiplicative noise has been observed in macroscopic kinetics [2]. A discrete algorithm for the demodulation of signals with both additive and multiplicative noise is given in [3]. The usual approach of removing multiplicative noise is to use a hard limiter or zero crossing detector and filter before FM detection. At high signal to noise ratios (SNRs), for example in broad-

+ O(t) + $ ( t ) ) - sin($(t) - O ( t ) ) }+ 6
(7)

Since the sine term in 2w,t will he filtered by F, the demodulated signal will (ideally) become

T ( t ) sin($(t) - e ( t ) ) + 6 . f ( t ) = -2
or, in linearised form

(8)

f(t)

-F[$(t)

- O(t)]

+6

(9)

Substituting At) from eqn. 5, the differential equation of the loop becomes

With all servo systems, the loop gain must be as high as possible (k, + -) indicating that eqn. 10 can be reduced to
e(t)

$(t)-

26 r(t)

(11)

Eqn. 5 can now be applied to eqn. I1 and rearranged to give the demodulated output

f ( t ) = IC,

1 d$+J(t) d -26 dt k, dt

(-)t ) r(
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