2010 KPTrumble

MSE 230

HW6 Solutions (02/26)

Spring 2010

1. (a) At 400C the phase (-brass) is saturated with Zn at 38.4 wt.% Zn; if we add more Zn, the phase forms, which contains 46.4 wt.% Zn at 400C. (b) At 400C the phase is saturated with Cu at 2.9 wt.% Cu; if we add more copper, the phase forms, which contains 12.8 wt.% Cu at 400C. (c) 927C, 968C, T = 41C.

2. (a) 1000C: L (50 wt% Ag), wL = 1. 800C: (8% Ag) + L (67 wt% Ag), wL=(50-8)/(67-8)=0.71, w=(1-0.71)=0.29 600C: (3% Ag) + (96 wt% Ag), w=(50-3)/(96-3)=0.51, w=(1-0.51)=0.49 (b)

780C: (8% Ag) + L (71.9 wt% Ag), wL=(50-8)/(71.9-8)=0.657, w=0.343 778C: (8% Ag) + (91.2 wt% Ag), w=(91.2-50)/(91.2-8)=0.495, w=0.505

L (71.9 wt% Ag) 780C (8 wt% Ag) + (91.2 Ag) wt% 778C (d) The alloy consists of 34.3 wt% primary and 65.7 wt% eutectic ( + ); the proportion of eutectic must be the same as the proportion of liquid just above TE. The total is 49.5 wt%, as given by the lever balance just below TE. So the eutectic is 49.5% - 34.3% = 15.2%. The fraction of in the eutectic can be calculated directly, by applying the lever balance to an alloy (c) of composition CE just below TE. w= (91.2 - 71.9)/(91.2 - 8) = 0.231, w = 0.769. The proportion of the total alloy that is eutectic is thus 0.657 (0.231) = 0.152.

2010 KPTrumble
3. (a) Cooling a 0.2 wt% C alloy from the field, below the solvus temperature the lower-temperature form of iron, (bcc) begins to form. Just above the eutectoid temperature (727C) the formation of this primary is complete and it exists in equilibrium with of eutectoid composition (0.76 wt.% C). The weight fraction of primary or ferrite is given by the lever balance just above TE:
w primary = C E C alloy C E C = 0.76 0.20 = 0.74 , 0.76 0.02

the balance is 26 wt% austenite containing 0.76 wt% C, which transforms to (26 wt%) pearlite upon cooling below TE.

+
0.02 727C 0.76

+ Fe3C

Fe3C
6.7 wt% C
Because the densities of all the phases are about the same, the weight fractions calculated by the lever balance are approximately equal to the volume fractions of the phases. The volume fractions of phases are equal (exactly) to their area fractions on a plane section, as we normally draw them or photograph them in a microscope.

CAlloy = 0.2 wt% C

+ Fe3C
Pearlite (~26%)

Ferrite (~74%)

2010 KPTrumble
4. (a) Hypereutectoid, because it contains primary cementite; a hypoeutectoid alloy would contain primary ferrite, whereas a eutectoid alloy would contain no primary phase (all pearlite). (b) Consider an arbitrary hypereutectoid alloy cooling from the field. Eventually it reaches a temperature below which its carbon concentration exceeds the solubility limit of the and Fe3C precipitates, and accommodates carbon that the can no longer hold in solution. Just above the eutectoid temperature (727C) the Fe3C is in equilibrium with containing 0.76 wt% C. This Fe3C is the primary or proeutectoid Fe3C. Upon cooling below 727C, the remaining undergoes the eutectoid transformation to a characteristic lamellar mixture of + Fe3C (pearlite) but nothing happens to the primary Fe3C that formed before the pearlite forms. The overall alloy composition necessary to give 15 wt% primary Fe3C is given by the lever balance:
w primaryFe 3C = C alloy C E C Fe 3C C E ; C alloy = 0.15 (6.7 0.76) + 0.76 = 1.65 wt% C

2.1 wt% C @ 1147C

+
0.02 727C 0.76

Solubility limit of C in

+ Fe3C

Fe3C
CAlloy = ? wt% C 6.7 wt% C

+ Fe3C

(c) Below TE the alloy consists of a two-phase mixture of + Fe3C. Some of the Fe3C is primary Fe3C, which formed on cooling over a range of temperatures above TE, and the rest formed together with (to make pearlite) on cooling through TE. But this does not matter, as the total Fe3C in the alloy is given by the lever balance just below TE:
wTotal Fe 3C = C alloy C C Fe 3C C = 1.65 0.02 = 0.244 6.7 0.02

By difference, the proportion of Fe3C in the pearlite must be 0.244 - 0.15 = 0.094 (of the total alloy).