2010 KPTrumble

MSE 230

1. (a)
0.155 nm

HW10 Solutions (04/09)

Spring 2010

H C H

H C H

mer H C H

H C 109 H C H

H C H

0.155 nm sin (109/2) = 0.126 nm

One carbon and two hydrogens per C-C bond length. The next larger structural unit is the mer or repeat unit, which has the mass of the monomer, but two C-C bond lengths (a half-bond length on each end).

To find the length, divide the molecular weight of the molecule by the molecular weight of a structural unit.

10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000 g/mol x 0.126 nm = 90, 900, 9000 nm (12.01 +2.02) g/mol

(= ~0.1 to 10 m)

Note that the mer unit mass is two times larger, but its length is also two time larger, so we would get the same molecule length. Polyethylene has the lightest structural unit of any polymer, so this estimate is liberal for the average polymer. (b) The number of molecules in 1 cm3 (= 1 g) of polyethylene is,

No. =
2.(a)

m NA 1 g 6.023 10 23 No./mol = = 6 1019 , 6 1018 (6 billion billion), 6 1017 MW 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000 g/mol

2010 KPTrumble
(b) Assuming the average molecular weight in each range is the average of the range limits, the average molecular weight of the distributions is calculated as,

MW number = MW range x i = 49,800 g/mol MW weight = MW range w i = 55,200 g/mol

The weight-average MW is always larger that the number average, as the larger (heavier) molecules constitute a larger fraction of the total mass. Although the weight-average MW can be easier to measure, it can also be misleading compared to the actual or number-average MW when trying to correlate MW with properties. (c) The buyer has the goal of a lower price and should use the actual or number-average MW, which is smaller than the weight-average MW for the same polymer. The seller wants the highest price possible and would thus favor the weight-average MW. 3.

H C H

H C

C H

C H

CH3

Polymer Polyethylene Polypropylene Polyvinylchloride Polytetrafluoroethylene

TM (C) 137 175 212 327

C C C F H Cl F H H 4. (a) Mainly differences in degree of crystallinity and degree of cross-linking (thermosets) and to a lesser extent, MW distribution. Also, due to the sensitivity of E to temperature and strain rate, differences in the testing conditions (e.g., variations in room temperature). (b) The degree of crystallinity, which can be up to 95% in HDPE, is usually no greater than about 60% in LDPE and can be as low as about 10%. (c) The yield strength corresponds to the stress for unraveling the folded chains in the crystals (drawing), which should not depend strongly on the MW. The degree of crystallinity may depend modestly on MW (Fig. 15.14) and thus influence the yield strength indirectly. Yield strength increases with degree of crystallinity; more stress required for unzipping crystalline chain arrangements. Yield strength in the drawing direction increases dramatically due to molecular alignment.

F H C

The melting temperature trends with the energy of the weak or secondary bonding between the molecular chains (intermolecular bonding), which increases with the size, number, and electronegativity of the side groups on the chains

2010 KPTrumble
5. (a) The elastic modulus up to a strain of 3 measures ~0.62 MPa and,

d0 =

4 A0 8mg ( + 1) 8(75 kg)(9.8 m/s2 ) (3 + 1) = = = 0.037 m = 3.7 cm (~ 1.5 in) E 2 (0.0006 GPa) 32

(b) From the curve, (3) = 2 MPa and TS = 20, for a safety factor of 10X (Ill take it!) Another way to improve safety would be to divide the total cross-section into multiple strands. Why is this safer? 6. From Fig. 15.27, the relaxation moduli at the various times (a)-(d) give the following stresses: (a) (0.001 h) = 2.4 GPa (0.005) = 12 MPa (b) (1 h) = 1.6 GPa (0.005) = 8 MPa (c) (24 h) = 1.1 GPa (0.005) = 5.5 MPa (d) (720 h) = 0.24 GPa (0.005) = 1.2 MPa (e) Stress relaxation in the washer will eventually cause the bolt head to lose tightness.

7. (a) E longitudinal = E f V f + E mVm = 72 GPa 0.25 + 3.4 GPa 0.75 = 21 GPa The polymer becomes nearly an order of magnitude stiffer for 25% fibers. (b)

E transverse = Ef(

E f Em E f Em ; Vm = 1 V f ; E t = ; E mV f + E f Vm E f + V f (E m E f )

Em 1) 72 GPa ( 3.4 GPa 1) Et 21 GPa Vf = = = 0.88 (E m E f ) 3.4 GPa 72 GPa

(c)

c = f V f + mVm = 2.58

g g g 0.25 + 1.2 3 0.75 = 1.54 3 cm cm cm3 E l 21 GPa GPa cm3 E steel 207 GPa = = 13.6 or 13.6 GPa*; = = 26.4 GPa c 1.54 g steel 7.85

2010 KPTrumble
and for Al 1100:

E Al 69 GPa = = 25.4 GPa Al 2.71

*Dividing the density by 1 g/cm3 gives the dimensionless density known as the "specific gravity," which simplifies the units of the specific stiffness. This simplification will be used from here on. Steel still has twice the specific stiffness in uniaxial loading. In order to support the same load at a given strain (or provide the same resistance to strain at a given load), the composite bar has to have about 10 times the cross-sectional area (= ratio of moduli). But its density is about 1/5 that of the steel so the mass of the composite bar will be about twice that of the steel bar. 8. (a) Properties values: Ef = 476 GPa; rf = 1.96 g/cm3; Em = 3.4 GPa; rm = 1.2 g/cm3 E longitudinal = E f V f + E mVm = E f V f + E m (1 V f ) = V f (E f E m ) + E m = 473 V f + 3.4 (GPa)

E transverse =

E f Em E f Em 1618 = = (GPa) E mV f + E f Vm E f + V f (E m E f ) 476 473 V f

(b) E random = KE f V f + E mVm = E f V f + E m (1 V f ) = V f (KE f E m ) + E m = 177 V f + 3.4 (GPa) (c) epoxygraphite, = 1.96 0.35 + 1.2 0.65 = 1.47
random

For uniaxially aligned fibers, Vf, max = Vclose-packed cylinders and volume fraction = area fraction:

Elongitudinal

r 2 2 = = 0.91 2 r 3 2 3

Erandom Etransverse

For randomly oriented in-plane fibers, Vf, max = 0.35 volume fraction = area fraction

2010 KPTrumble
E l 169 GPa = = 115 GPa c 1.47
E t 5.2 GPa = = 3.5 GPa c 1.47

E longitudinal = 473 V f + 3.4 (GPa) = 473 (0.35) + 3.4 = 169 GPa;

E transverse =

1618 1618 (GPa) = = 5.2 GPa; 476 473 V f 476 473 (0.35)

E random = 177 V f + 3.4 (GPa) = 65 GPa; E Al 69 GPa = = 25.4 GPa Al 2.71

E r 65 GPa = = 44 GPa c 1.47

(d) For Al 1100:

Specific stiffnesses in bending:

3

E l 3 169 GPa = = 3.8 GPa1/ 3 ; c 1.47 E Al 3 69 GPa = = 1.5 GPa1/3 ; Al 2.71

3

E t 3 5.2 GPa = = 1.2 GPa1/ 3 ; c 1.47

E r 3 65 GPa = = 2.7 GPa1/ 3 c 1.47

E steel 3 207 GPa = = 0.75 GPa1/3 ; steel 7.85

Uniaxial Loading Specific Stiffness (GPa) 115 3.5 44 25.4 26.4 Panel Bending Specific Stiffness (GPa1/3) 3.8 1.2 2.7 1.5 0.75

Material Aligned Composite longitudinal transverse Random Composite Al 1100 Steel

Significance: The aligned composite in the longitudinal direction is the highest and in the transverse direction the lowest. Even the in-plane, isotropic random composite beats bulk Al and steel. The specific stiffness in bending depends more strongly on the density than the modulus; in axial loading, Al and steel are comparable but in bending Al offers a 2-fold advantage over steel and a steel panel providing the same bending resistance would be 3.6 time heavier than the in-plane random composite panel. (e) Isotropic elastic modulus in the plane of the sheet. Transverse to the sheet, the randomly oriented composite will still have a lower modulus than the in-plane value. This type of anisotropy, where the property is the same in two directions, but different in the third direction, is a special case referred to as orthotropy (the composite is orthotropic).