2011

edition
 Zero Carbon Compendium
Who's doing what in housing worldwide

NHBC Foundation
NHBC House
Davy Avenue
Knowlhill
Milton Keynes
MK5 8FP
Tel: +44 (0)1908 746739
Fax: +44 (0)1908 747255
E-mail: info@nhbcfoundation.org
ww.nhbcfoundation.org

Copyright © NHBC Foundation 2011.

Please contact the NHBC Foundation if you wish

to reproduce, publish or electronically store
any part of this document.

Researched and published by PRP Architects

on behalf of the NHBC Foundation

September 2011

2
3
 FOREWORD
Climate change is the biggest threat we face
globally, but all too often it is discussed in the
abstract, and can appear disconnected from
our daily lives. And yet there are very real
and immediate links. Across the globe, as in
the UK, our homes account for between 20%
and 25% of all man-made CO2 emissions.
So how homes are designed, built and used,
can make an enormous difference. For
many governments, cutting emissions from
Nick Raynsford Paul King
Chair, NHBC Foundation Chair, Zero Carbon Hub housing is regarded as central to their ability
to meet national and international emissions
reduction targets. As a result, a wide range
of approaches and policies directed at
housing have developed or are emerging in
different countries with the common aim of
facilitating low carbon living. Some of these
are already providing powerful examples
which are informing international thinking.
Originally published in 2009, and now
updated to include five additional countries,
this Compendium provides a broad
synthesis of international activity in this
field. It gives a unique snapshot of how
20 different countries are demonstrating
leadership in low carbon technology, culture
change, policy development and change
management. For each country, headline
energy consumption and climatic data
have been assembled to provide context. the significant contribution being made
This is accompanied by an analysis of by our own housing sector and policy
progress against national aspirations and makers to international progress on
policy targets for emissions reductions. As low carbon housing.
in the 2009 Compendium, the information
has been organised to facilitate easy We hope that the 2011 Compendium, like
comparisons between countries, providing its predecessor, will make a valuable
clarity for those wishing to learn from contribution by building international
international experience and those seeking awareness of the global importance of
to build international links and collaboration. low and zero carbon housing in tackling
climate change.
For the UK, where meeting the 2016
zero carbon target requires rapid and
challenging performance improvements,
there is an obvious need to learn key lessons
from overseas. While every country has
unique domestic circumstances, the 2011
Compendium, with its expanded scope and
additional insight gained over time, helps Nick Raynsford Paul King
us all to save time by learning from others,
whether on policy, process, technology or
construction practice.
While the global market can bring powerful
international perspectives to our decision
making, we rarely have the time to step
back and take in the significant progress
that is being made across the world. The
Compendium both helps provide that
perspective and enables us to appreciate
1
 ABOUT THE NHBC FOUNDATION
The NHBC Foundation was established
in 2006 by the NHBC in partnership with
the BRE Trust. Its purpose is to deliver
high-quality research and practical
guidance to help the industry meet its
considerable challenges.
Since its inception, the NHBC Foundation’s
work has focused primarily on the
sustainability agenda and the challenges
of government’s 2016 zero carbon homes
target. Research has included a review of
microgeneration and renewable energy
techniques and the groundbreaking
research on zero carbon and what it means
to homeowners and housebuilders.
The NHBC Foundation is also involved in
a programme of positive engagement
with government, development agencies,
academics and other key stakeholders,
focusing on current and pressing issues
relevant to the industry.
Further details on the latest output from the
NHBC Foundation can be found at
www.nhbcfoundation.org
2
NHBC Foundation Advisory Board
The work of the NHBC Foundation is guided
by the NHBC Foundation Advisory Board,
which comprises:
Rt. Hon. Nick Raynsford MP, Chairman
Dr Peter Bonfield, Chief Executive, BRE
Professor John Burland CBE, BRE Trust
Imtiaz Farookhi, Chief Executive, NHBC
Richard Hill, Executive Director, Programmes
and Deputy Chief Executive at the Homes
and Community Agency
Neil Jefferson, Chief Executive, Zero Carbon
Hub
Rod MacEachrane, NHBC Director (retired)
Robin Nicholson, Senior Partner, Edward
Cullinan Architects
Geoff Pearce, Group Director of
Development and Asset Management, East
Thames Housing Association
David Pretty CBE, Former Group Chief
Executive, Barratt Developments PLC
Professor Steve Wilcox, Centre for Housing
Policy, University of York
 ABOUT the ZERO CARBON HUB
The Zero Carbon Hub was established in
the summer of 2008 to support the delivery
of zero carbon homes from 2016. It is a
public/private partnership drawing support
from both Government and the industry and
reports directly to the 2016 Taskforce.
The Zero Carbon Hub has developed five
workstreams to provide a focus for industry
engagement with key issues
and challenges:
• Energy Efficiency
• Energy Supply
• Examples and Scale Up
• Skills and Training
• Consumer Engagement
To find out more about these workstreams,
please visit www.zerocarbonhub.org
If you would like to contribute to the work of
the Zero Carbon Hub, please contact
info@zerocarbonhub.org
Zero Carbon Hub Management Board
The work of the Zero Carbon Hub is directed
by its Management Board which comprises:
Paul King, Chairman
David Adams, Director, Zero Carbon Hub
Imtiaz Farookhi, NHBC
Mike Freshney, HBF/Robust Details Ltd.
Neil Jefferson, Chief Executive, Zero Carbon
Hub
Bob Ledsome, Communities and Local
Government
Ray Morgan OBE, Local Government
Association
Stephen Muers, Homes and Communities
Agency
Rob Pannell, Director, Zero Carbon Hub
John Tebbit, Construction Products
Association
Chris Pearsall Photography
3
 ABOUT PRP
A progressive multi-disciplinary architectural
practice with 48 years' experience in the
built environment across the UK, Eastern
Europe, Middle East and Asia. PRP's
services include architecture, urban design,
landscape design, planning, interior
design, environmental consultancy, project
management and research.
PRP is an industry leader in the design and
delivery of sustainable places and buildings
where people love to live, work and play.
Passionate about place making, PRP's
portfolio spans the residential, specialist
housing, mixed use, commercial, retail,
health, education and leisure sectors.
PRP is committed to research and
development, continually seeking new
issues to investigate and projects to study
while keeping abreast of European and
world wide housing approaches to help
PRP Environmental provides sustainability
consultancy services for clients in the
development, construction and asset
management sectors. Our multidisciplinary
team of architects, engineers and
sustainability consultants understand the
complexities of development design, delivery
and operation. We combine expertise with
commercial awareness to develop bespoke
proposals which are responsive to project
requirements whilst considering economic
viability, environmental performance and
social wellbeing.
We provide services to developers,
contractors, housing providers, Government,
Local Authorities and NGO's in relation to
building design, environmental performance
and assessment, sustainable operation and
procurement, knowledge dissemination,
corporate policy and promotion.
MILTON KEYNES - WHAT KIND OF CITY?
Defining the City
Private Car
2.55
Air
0.76
Water Infrastructure Rail
0.20 0.18 0.17
Buses
& Taxis
0.13
YOUR TRAVEL
3.98

inform UK best practice.

Milton Keynes to London: 100 trains a day

Carbon footprint Health

Telecoms
Social Financial Recreation & Postal Land &
SHARED SERVICES
A Low carbon lifestyle Population
Governance Services Education Services Services & Culture Services Buildings
tonnes of CO2 per person per year 0.81 0.60 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.09 0.53 2.87 How do we compare? 2006 vs 2026: an evolving demographic

South East
CARBON Compared to the rest of
FOOTPRINT Milton Keynes the Southeast, a Milton
Age
6.5
of a typical Keynes resident has a
Argentina Group
2026
smaller carbon footprint,28.6
Water & Meat
MK resident
Catering Fruit
& Veg Dairy Beverages Bread
Equipment
Fish Sweets & Facilities YOUR FOOD & DRINK
17.7 16.9 16.2
although at 16.9 tonnes of
90+ 2026
2006 Yesterday’s yuppies:
Energy Use Materials Sanitation Maintenance YOUR HOME 85-59
0.82 0.53 0.31 0.26
(in tCO /person/year) 0.21 0.17 0.09 0.05 0.14 2.58 CO2 per person per year, An aging population emerges -
3.00 0.59 0.35 0.14 4.08 2
80-84 how will we address their needs?
3.1stillChina
slightly higher than the
75-79
UK average, roughly five
70-74
1.1 and-a-half times that of a

For more information, visit

typical Chinese resident, 65-69
Uganda 60-64
South East UK and fifteen times that of
USA
someone living in Uganda! 55-59
Buses Clothing & Personal Home Home Recreation
Milton Keynes 50-54
Private Car Air Water Infrastructure Rail & Taxis YOUR TRAVEL Footwear Care Appliances Furnishings & Leisure YOUR CONSUMER ITEMS 2006
0.45 0.33 0.30 0.29 0.17 1.77 6.5 45-49
2.55 0.76 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.13 3.98 Milton Keynes is generally
Argentina 40-44
17.7 16.9 16.2 28.6 composed of a youthful
35-39
population: young professionals,
30-34
families with young children
25-29
3.1 China 20-24
Telecoms
Health Social Financial Recreation & Postal Land & 15-19 Milton Keynes today is made up of a young and
Governance Services Education Services Services & Culture Services Buildings SHARED SERVICES Accommodation Holidays YOUR HOLIDAYS 1.1
10-14 dynamic demographic that has given the city its
0.81 0.60 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.09 0.53 2.87 Abroad
0.81 Uganda 5-9
0.15 0.67 energy and vibrancy. But what will the population be
Based on data from the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) REAP Programme, 2006
UK USA 0-4 like in 2026? The general trend predicted for Milton
Keynes as well as the rest of the country, is one

www.prparchitects.co.uk.
Sources of Data:
0 2 4 6 8
This graphic shows the components of the carbon footprint of a typical Milton Keynes resident. YOUR INDIVIDUAL towards a more mature population - by 2026, the
UK data from the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) REAP Programme, 2006 % of Population
The biggest carbon footprint from the six main categoriesEquipment
comes from our homes, followed by OTHER CARBON FOOTPRINT International data from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), current generation will turn into an older population
Fruit
transport.
Meat
Catering
The use of&energy forBeverages
Veg Dairy lighting,Bread
heating
Fishand & Facilities accounts forYOUR
appliances
Sweets FOOD
18% of & DRINK
our total 0.81 16.91 tonnes of CO2 Carbon Footprint for Nations Programme
with very different needs and lifestyles. With fuel
per person per year
0.82
footprint, and 0.53
driving0.31 0.26
around in a 0.21 0.17
car accounts for 15%. The0.14
0.09 0.05 2.58 to
size of each icon is proportional prices predicted to increase, will we have designed
the amount of CO2 emitted, and looking at it this way does reveal some interesting patterns - today’s homes so that heating will be affordable
through carbon goggles, cars in Milton Keynes are much bigger than buses or trains. for the elderly? Will we have provided enough
infrastructure and community amenities that will
support the needs of an older population? We need
to future-proof our city so that it can meet the needs
Housing Job growth A healthy lifestyle? Mode of transport of present and future communities.
Dwelling age and gas consumption thousands 151 cycles per household How do people in Milton Keynes get to work?
Clothing & Personal Home Home Recreation
Footwear Care Appliances Furnishings & Leisure YOUR CONSUMER ITEMS
Not0.45
only does
0.33 Milton
0.30Keynes0.29
have 0.17 1.77
innovative energy-efficient estates and 25000

Average Gas Consumption per dwelling (kWh per year)

Each house represents MK
developments, all Milton Keynes housing one postcode sector in 1.79
Tren
built after 1970 was designed to better 24000 but ds sho Milton Keynes 82.1
is it w
levels of efficiency than the required imp that
rovin our
Building Regulations of the time. In g quic hou 51.5 China 9% work from home
23000 sing
1.43
addition, there is some evidence that the kly
eno stock
actual energyHolidays
Accommodation YOUR HOLIDAYS
consumption for heating in ugh is imp
? 21 28.3
Abroad
0.81 22000 rovin
Milton0.15Keynes 0.67
houses is lower than the g...
USA
UK average. 0.86
21000 7% walk to work (national av. 10%)
1960 1970 1980 1990 2007
In 1999, English Partnerships announced
YOUR INDIVIDUAL
that all new houses built in Milton Keynes FOOTPRINT 20000
OTHER CARBON There are currently more than 5,200 Curious Milton Keynes factoid: a typical
must have an energy efficiency rating of tonnes of CO2 000 71% drive to work
0.81 16.91 Approximately 1,600 houses
10/10, compared to the national average 19
per person per year have been built each year in employment establishments in Milton Keynes resident owns more bikes
3% cycle, 1% ride a motorbike
(national av. 61%)

of 4.3/10. Milton Keynes since 1998 with Milton Keynes, and 151,000 jobs. on average than a typical Chinese person,
18000 an energy efficiency rating of 9 Unemployment stands at less than 2% of and twice as many bikes as a typical
(out of 10)
Milton Keynes houses used 6 to 10% less the workforce, and 29% of this workforce American person!
gas energy per dwelling than the average 17000 is in skilled, managerial and professional
Today’s most energy efficient homes categories. Milton Keynes is considered 1% take a cab
UK house in 2006 - this despite the fact have been around since the 1970’s -
that Milton Keynes residents are generally 16000 The UK’s first active solar house was built to be an ‘enterprise city’ with 80% of the 4% take the bus

more affluent than the UK average, which in Bradville in 1972! workforce employed in companies of 10
normally results in higher rather than 15000 employees or less.
lower energy use!
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
All new homes in Milton Keynes are built Average Dwelling Age (year of construction) 4% take the train
to energy specifications which are well Data: The UCL Energy Institute
in excess of the Building Regulations how can we get
requirements. to ZERO CARBON? This graphic shows how people in Milton Keynes
get to work, compared to the rest of the country. The
patterns are roughly the same for people working
and streams from home, cycling, taking a bus, and riding a
60 km rivers
225 km motorbike. But people in Milton Keynes use cars
Redwa
ys
10% more, use trains 3% less, and walk to work
3% less!
500 km pu
blic rights
of way

Milton Keynes
22 million trees (that’s 95 trees per person!)

Milton Keynes has over 550 km of The Parks Trust estimate that they are managing over 22 million trees in Milton
footpaths and cycle ways, including Keynes - this is a staggering number of trees (almost a hundred trees per
225 km of well-maintained Redways. person!) Milton Keynes has a well-founded reputation for its open spaces,
An excellent infrastructure to encourage which are jointly maintained by the Milton Keynes Council and the Parks Trust,
greater cycle use as part of a sustainable, comprising around 3,000 ha of open space, 565 play areas, 550 km trails
healthy lifestyle. New York
and pathways, 250 ha of woodland, 60 km rivers and streams, 900 ha of 5.2 million trees (0.27 trees per person)
grass, 210 km of hedges, and 21 km of canals and towpaths.

4
 CONTENTS
Foreword Country Case Studies
About the NHBC Foundation Australia����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16
About the Zero Carbon Hub Austria��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18
About PRP Brazil���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20
Canada������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 22
China���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24
Introduction��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7
Denmark���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26
Zero Carbon Housing Worldwide������������������������������������������������8
France�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 28
Guide to the Country Case Studies�������������������������������������������� 15
Germany ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 30
India����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32
Ireland�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 34
Japan��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36
Netherlands���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 38
New Zealand�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40
Russia�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 42
Singapore�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 44
South Africa����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 46
Sweden������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 48
Switzerland������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 50
UK��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 52
USA������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 54
20 Countries, 7 Themes: Lessons Learned�������������������������������������� 56
Sources of Information������������������������������������������������������������������������ 58

5
 INTRODUCTION
The 1997 Kyoto Protocol (born out of the
World Summit in Rio de Janeiro 1992) was
the world's first collaborative initiative to
reduce carbon emissions on a global scale.
Buildings, with housing in particular, play a
major part in the emissions of the world's
developed and rapidly-developing nations
and as such, have been the subject of
increased regulation since the early 1990's.
The challenge of improving coordination
between the Kyoto signatories and meeting
the tougher targets set at Copenhagen and
Cancun, as well as the rapid approach of
the end of the first commitment period for
the agreement in 2012 mean that these
issues remain at the forefront of
global concern.
In 2009, PRP were asked to provide a
snapshot view of the position countries
around the world have taken in addressing
the carbon emissions in their respective
residential sectors. That study, published
as the 2009 edition of this Compendium,
proved a valuable international reference.
It was reprinted in 2010, by which time
other countries were registering interest
in being included.
The 2011 Compendium continues the work
established with the first edition and has
been updated to include new exemplar
projects, updates of national targets,
and further assessment of programmes,
government policy and incentives. In
addition to the original fifteen country case
This Compendium aims to
create a better understanding
of the issues surrounding
the delivery of zero carbon
housing, improve the
quality of the debate, and
set out a basis for better
international comparisons and
collaboration.
studies, five new countries – Brazil, India,
Russia, Singapore and South Africa – have
been added. Each country has been
assessed against a framework of questions
and presented in a standard format for easy
comparison. These case studies provide
information on the geographic, climatic,
and statistical indicators for each country
as well as a brief review of each country's
approach to low and zero-carbon housing.
They also include an overview of policy and
incentives to achieve environmental targets,
mandatory requirements in terms of building
energy and design, and an exemplar project
that features good practice, innovation and
the potential for deployment on a medium to
large scale.
We knew a comparative study would
prove to be difficult as factors of lifestyle,
climate and carbon intensity of national
grids have a significant impact on carbon
emissions. For example, a country often
experiencing -10°C temperatures in winter,
such as Austria or Canada, requires more
heating energy overall compared to those
of temperate countries like France or the
UK. A country running mainly on nuclear
power would have lower carbon emissions
overall compared to a country running
mainly on coal. This would influence the
carbon emissions of that country whilst
not necessarily reflecting improvements in
building energy efficiency. Any statistical
data must always be analysed with the local
socio-political context in mind.
This Compendium aims to create a better
understanding of the issues surrounding the
achievement and delivery of zero carbon
housing, improve the quality of the debate,
and set out a basis for better international
comparisons and collaboration. While
the data from the country case studies do
identify a lack of harmony of approach to
assessing building performance, they do
provide a basis for more detailed evaluation
of specific energy and carbon emissions
criteria on an international level.
7
 ZERO CARBON HOUSING WORLDWIDE
Figure 1
Global Drivers Kyoto Protocol Commitments: Who's on Target?

It has been six years since the Kyoto Sweden UK

Target: 4% Target: -12.5%
Protocol (under the United Nations 2009: -17.7% 2009: -18.3%
Framework Convention on Climate Change) beyond target beyond target

came into force for ratifying countries. As Russia

Target: 0% (no change) France
the first commitment period ends in 2012, it 2009: -38.9% Target: 0% (no change)
2009: -4.6%
is clear that the major Annex I emitters will beyond target
beyond target
not meet their commitments. While the EU Australia
Target: 8%
is expected to achieve its collective target, 2009: 43,9% Germany
Target: -21%
a number of countries, including Canada, need 35.9% reduction by 2012
2009: -24.28%
Australia, New Zealand and Austria, New Zealand beyond target
Target: 0% (no change)
will need to purchase a significant number 2009: 33.8%
Japan
of CDM credits to fulfil their commitments need 33.8% reduction by 2012
Target: -6%
(see Figure 1). Canada 2009: 0.30%
need 6.3% reduction by 2012
Target: -6%
2009: 18.2%

BEY
In a time of increasingly high fuel prices, need 24.2% reduction by 2012 Switzerland

ON
Target: -8%
energy efficiency and the integration of Austria

OF
AR

D
2009: -1.65%
Target: -13%

T
renewable energy will become progressively GE

FT
need 6.3% reduction by 2012
2009: 8.81% RG T

A
ET
more important, both in terms of affordability need 21.8% reduction by 2012
O N TA R G ET
Netherlands
and security. Many countries have become Ireland Target: -6%
Target: 13%
more import reliant (see Figure 2), and 2009: 31%
2009: 6.63%
need 12.6% reduction by 2012
gradually more affected by the problems need 18% reduction by 2012

associated with fuel poverty. Geopolitical USA Denmark

Target: -7% Target: -21%
events continue to increase fuel prices, 2009: 8.0% 2009: -8.23%
as well as drive volatility, and fuel prices need 15% reduction by 2012 need 12.8% reduction by 2012
LEGEND
globally are expected to increase by 60% by
2020. Country Name
Kyoto Protocol reduction target
(% reduction based on 1990 levels
from 2008 - 2012) Canada
By 2050, global temperatures are Progress as of 2009 Target: -6%
2009: 18.2%
anticipated to continue to rise and (latest available data)
need 24.2% reduction by 2012
Distance to target
greenhouse gas emissions are expected Country Flag
to more than double if we carry on with
'business as usual'. To minimise future Data source: UNFCCC (2009). 'Total CO2 Equivalent Emissions without Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry' data tables

8
 Figure 2
Energy Imports and Exports (% of Energy Use)

climate change, mitigation is a crucial goal,

12%
but adaptation will also be essential in

nd -
numerous sectors, not least in building and

%
-16
la
housing. Designing for a future climate is

De

Zea

ds
Brazil -8%
Ca 0%

nm
important, as this will not only help to avoid

lan
Chin
na -2

ark

New
da om

er
fuel poverty, but also minimise risk of homes 53 d

th
a -6
ing

40
%

Ne
overheating and alleviate flood risk. Russ K

%
ia 83 ted

%
% i
Un
This means that future-proofing houses
is essential, to meet both today's and -21%
A frica
tomorrow's needs. South

How Does Housing Fit In? Australia 132% Energy

Imports India -25%
Reducing energy use in homes has become & Exports
a significant issue with the rise of climate
change concerns. CO2 emissions arising USA
-25%
from energy use account for more than 30
%
billion tonnes each year (nearly half of which re -100
apo
are the result of energy use in homes). This Sing
Sw
is an area of concern, given that the number ed

Fra
en
of households is expected to grow by 67%

Swit

nc
-3
3%

e-
globally by 2050. LEGEND

zerl

49
0%
-9
Country Net Energy

%
Name Imports/Exports d

and
lan

Germany -60%
For most of the countries in this Ire

-52%
Australia 132%
Compendium The most significant use of

67%
Country

%
Flag

82
energy in housing is for space heating and

ria -
Exported Imported

n-
Energy Energy

pa
cooling, as well as hot water (see Figure 3).

Aust
A growing understanding of the factors Ja
that affect energy use in these areas (and Country
Boundary
particularly owner/occupier behaviour)
offers significant opportunities for reducing Data source: World Bank, 2008

9
 Figure 3
Summary of Energy End Uses, Different Countries

energy consumption. It is already clear

that through a combination of appropriate 100%
technology and consumer engagement, low
and zero‑carbon housing can play a crucial 90%
role in reaching global targets, ensuring
long-term energy security and reducing the
80%
impacts of climate change worldwide.
70%
Energy Efficiency Standards

Most of the countries in our study have well 60%

established energy efficiency standards built
into their building regulations and building 50%
codes, some dating back to the 1970's,
which were developed as a response to 40%
the 1973 oil crisis. Over the years these
minimum standards have progressively 30%
improved and developed, along with a set
of aspirational standards that set the scene 20%
for innovative solutions to low-energy homes
and consequently inform the evolution 10%
of regulatory standards (see Figure 4 for
an illustration of average U-values in the 0%
countries featured in this Compendium).
Germany

Switzerland

Austria

France

Ireland

Netherlands

UK

Denmark

Sweden

Canada

Russia

USA

Australia

China

Singapore

South Africa

New Zealand

Japan

India

Brazil
The 2011 Compendium also includes
countries which are in the early stages
of their low energy/low carbon building
programmes. As these programmes LEGEND Space Heating and Cooling Water Heating Cooking Appliances and Lighting
are still in their infancy, the targets are
not as stringent as their more developed Various data sources: World Energy Council, 2010 (Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Sweden); SFOE, 2008 (Switzerland); Austrian Energy Agency, 2009 (Austria); ADEME France, 2001 (France); Canadian
Office of Energy Efficiency, 2008 (Canada); IEA, 2004 (Denmark); UK Department of Business, Innovation and Skills, 2004 (UK); Russian Centre for Energy Efficiency (CENEf), 2005 (Russia); US Department
counterparts but represent a significant first of Energy (USA); Australian Government, 2008 (Australia); IPCC, 2000 (China); University of Cape Town, 2002 (South Africa); E2 Singapore, Government of Singapore, 2008 (Singapore); EECA, 2007 (New
step in the dissemination and promotion of Zealand); World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2009 (Japan, India) and SINPHA Brazilian Program for Electricity Conservation, 2005 and IEA, 2008 (Brazil).
the low carbon agenda.

10
 Germany Passivhaus
Figure 4
U-values for Walls, Roofs and Floors (W/m2K)
Switzerland MINERGIE-P

Denmark 2010 Building Regulations

Sweden 2010 Building Regulations

UK 2016 Part L Building Regulations based on Zero Carbon Hub FEES (detached home)

UK 2008 Code for Sustainable Homes Level 6

UK 2016 Part L Building Regulations based on Zero Carbon Hub FEES (semi detached home) LEGEND
Country Flag
UK 2010 Part L Building Regulations Country
What is Low and Zero Carbon?
Name Germany Passivhaus
Ireland 2010 Building Regulations

USA Energy Star Zone 2

Name of Standard Average U-value*
The countries included in the Compendium
Switzerland MINERGIE
Aspirational Standard adopt different approaches to defining
low and zero carbon buildings. This has
USA 2006 IECC Zone 8 Target Future Standard
led to a variety of terms to describe such
USA 2006 IECC Zone 5 *Average U-values are calculated based on minimum U-value requirements
for walls, floors and roofs and are in W/m2K. buildings, including low energy, low
Germany 2012 Building Regulations
carbon, zero carbon, Passivhaus, high-
France 2007 Building Regulations performance, energy positive, eco-homes,
Germany 2009 Building Regulations sustainable homes and green homes. The
USA Energy Star Zone 1 recommended standards, as well as the
Canada 1997 Model National Energy Code
way they are expressed and measured, are
different from country to country.
Russia 2003 Thermal Performance of Buildings

Austria 2007 Building Regulations

This diversity of terminology and definition
China 2007 Building Energy Standard for Residential Buildings (Severe Cold) is not surprising, given the range of climatic
USA 2006 IECC Zone 1 and regulatory conditions across countries,
Japan Design and Construction Guidelines Region 1 as well as differences in housing stock,
The Netherlands 2006 Building Regulations energy sources and cultural influences
Japan Design and Construction Guidelines Region 6 One of the main factors influencing carbon
USA Energy Star Zones 5 - 8
emissions is the carbon intensity of the grid,
which is dependent on the mix of fuels
Australia 2010 Building Code of Australia
each country uses to generate energy (see
Japan Design and Construction Guidelines Region 2
Figure 5).
India 2005 National Building Code of India

New Zealand 2004 New Zealand Building Act Until recently the UK zero carbon definition,
China 2007 Building Energy Standard for Residential Buildings (Cold) to be introduced in 2016, was possibly the
USA Energy Star Zones 3-4 most stringent in the world, requiring all
Japan Design and Construction Guidelines Regions 3-5
carbon emissions (including those from
unregulated energy use such as cooking
South Africa 2009 National Housing Code
and plug-in appliances) to be addressed.
China 2007 Building Energy Standard for Residential Buildings (Hot Summer Cold Winter)
However, in the March 2011 Budget the UK
China 2007 Building Energy Standard for Residential Buildings (Temperate)
Government announced that zero carbon
Singapore 2008 Code on Envelope Thermal Performance for Buildings would be redefined to only require zero
China 2007 Building Energy Standard for Residential Buildings (Hot Summer Warm Winter) emissions from regulated energy use (i.e. the
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 energy required to heat and cool a home,
U-Values (W/m2K) and provide hot water and lighting). This is
11
 Figure 5
Carbon Emissions per Unit of Energy, Different Countries (kgCO2/kWh)

still a very challenging target for mainstream

delivery, requiring considerable innovation
Switzerland
over and above current practice, and,
typically, the need for measures (Allowable
Sweden Solutions) which mitigate the emissions that
France cannot normally be achieved by the design
Brazil
of the home. The new UK definition is now
much closer to the requirements set out
Canada
by the European Energy Performance of
Austria Buildings Directive.
New Zealand
The UK remains a leader in the development
Denmark
of aspirational codes, which have provided
Russia a stimulus for the design of homes to the
Netherlands most exacting sustainability standards.
These homes, and in particular those built to
Japan
Levels 4, 5 and 6 of the Code for Sustainable
Germany Homes, provide valuable insight to inform
Ireland the development of national standards in the
UK and other countries.
UK
Singapore The overarching ambition is that all energy
USA requirements of homes can be met in future
decades by low-cost, non-polluting sources.
China
Research and development, and experience
South Africa thus far, is showing this as a realistic, rather
Australia than impractical, possibility. However,
over the next few years, the rate of growth
India
and diversification of the non-fossil fuel
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 energy technologies, and their contribution
kgCO2/kWh
to the decarbonisation of each country’s
electricity grid will be critical to success (see
Figure 6). Much can be learned and shared
internationally from those countries which
Data source: IEA (2010) 'Emissions per kWh of electricity and heat output', IEA CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Statistics.
have pioneered different technologies, to
12
 Figure 6
Non-Fossil Fuel Sources in the Residential Sector, Different Countries

ensure that sound investment strategies are Predominantly Biomass

made by others. The contribution of wind
and waste sources, which are both relatively
new, are notable in these charts.

Certification Systems
and Aspirational Targets

All the countries in this Compendium have China 57% India 78% South Africa 48% Australia 19% Denmark 28% Netherlands 4% Germany 20%
established or emerging Green Building
Councils, as well as aspirational certification
schemes such as LEED, BREEAM, Green
Star or independently developed national Predominantly Hydro 50-50 Mixed Sources
systems. The development of these
standards is important in promoting more
stringent building efficiency standards
and encouraging consumer demand for
sustainable housing.

This Compendium shows how prototypes

Brazil 78% Canada 41% New Zealand 63% Austria 53% Switzerland 33% Sweden 60% Russia 4%
have been encouraged through research
programmes and special development
projects on a larger scale over many years in
the period leading up to market acceptance.
However, the majority of these schemes Mostly Nuclear Mostly Wind LEGEND
remain voluntary and a number lack Nuclear Solar Thermal
residential rating systems, so there remains Waste to Energy Solar PV
substantial room for improvement. Biomass Hydro
Geothermal Wind
Today the German Passivhaus standard Country
Flag
Country
Name
% of total energy from
non-fossil fuels
sets probably the most stringent energy
efficiency requirements in the world. Sweden
has made this standard mandatory for USA 9% France 19% UK 2% Japan 7% Ireland 7% Switzerland 33%
all buildings – in Germany there are over
Data source: OECD/IEA (2011).Renewables and Waste and Energy Balances 2008 data, various countries
2,000 PassivHaus buildings and a number
13

of German cities have now adopted it as a
mandatory standard for building on publicly-
owned land. The number of completions
of Passivhaus dwellings in Austria and
Switzerland also number in the thousands.
Many of the Passivhaus and low energy
schemes have been monitored, and there is
a substantial body of data made available,
originally through the CEPHEUS Project and
from many of the certifying agencies such as
Minergie and Passivhaus. Some standards
incorporate post-occupancy evaluation for
up to 3 years as part of the certification. With
respect to costs, some national standards,
such as Minergie in Switzerland, have a
requirement to show cost effectiveness.
Buildings must lie within 10% of base costs
to qualify for the Minergie certification.
This has helped dispel the misconception
that delivering enhanced standards is not
economically feasible.
14
Emerging Economies
The five new countries to the Compendium
are of particular interest, as a result of the
mixture of challenges and opportunities they
present in terms of low carbon housing.
Three of the five, Brazil, Russia and India,
are part of the ‘Big Four’ (or BRICs), a group
of countries at a similar stage of newly
advanced economic development. The
fourth is China, which was included in
the first edition of the Compendium. The
BRICs are expected to continue to become
larger forces in the global economy, and
to provide opportunities for countries
with advanced low-carbon technologies
to share their knowledge and expertise
through collaboration and mentoring
activities. Success in this kind of international
exchange would mean an accelerated take
up of non-fossil fuel energy sources and,
The Case Studies
crucially, less reliance on fossil fuels as the The following case studies illustrate recent
BRICs countries strive to meet their energy developments in zero carbon housing
needs. worldwide. The aim was to give a taste of
how the issues are being tackled in these
South Africa is neither part of the Big Four, twenty countries, to highlight differences in
nor the Next-11 (other countries who are approach and to present a range of factors
considered to have the potential to become that could affect each country's carbon
major economies in the 21st century). performance.
However, the country's goals to achieve
universal electrification, as well as improved The following page presents an overview of
housing standards, means it faces similar each case study page, which covers a range
concerns for energy and sustainable of issues that relate to zero carbon housing
building as Brazil, Russia and India. worldwide.
Singapore is not an emerging economy,
as a result of its strong financial centre
and internationally significant port. There
are however interesting challenges for the
country, as a result of its high population
density, position as a major oil-refining
centre and circumstances that require 100%
of its energy to come from imports.
 GUIDE TO THE COUNTRY CASE STUDIES
1 4
'Rapid industrialisation and
mass electrification programs
in South Africa have meant
demand has regularly
SOUTH AFRICA
outstripped supply'
2 As a result of the shortage of affordable
Key Facts
Country Population 49 million
Capital Pretoria
Capital Population 1.4 million
Area 1.2 million km2
Density 41 people/km2
Urbanisation 62%
3 Exemplar Project
Community Energy and Environmentally Friendly
Human Settlement Project5
Witsand, Cape Town
The Witsand Project was initiated by the City of
Cape Town, and by the end of 2003, the project
had already built 400 new homes. The second phase
aims to construct an additional 1,600 homes by 2013
on the site of a former informal settlement on the
outskirts of Cape Town.
The project includes a range of housing models,
ranging from singles to multi-family duplexes and
will ultimately house 2,400 families. On average,
each home will save 0.24 tonnes of CO2 per year
when compared to standard low-income homes.
46
1 Flag and Name of Country
2 Key Facts including demographic data
on population, area, density and level of
urbanisation (percentage of population
living in cities).
Data source: United Nations 2009 'World Urbanisation
Prospects (population density), United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2008
Demographic Yearbook (population data)
3 Exemplar Project contains a description
and image of a low- or zero-carbon
house or housing development built
or developed in that country, chosen
primarily for its low-carbon performance,
but also for its overall combination
of sustainability measures and suitability
for larger scale production.
National Carbon Overview Policy and Targets 5 6 Existing Frameworks 8 Energy & Environment
As of 2006, coal accounted for 67% of
South Africa's primary energy supply,
Under the UNFCCC and the subsequent
Kyoto Protocol, South Africa is classified
South Africa's Green Building Council was launched in
2007 and has subsequently adopted Australia's Green
Residential energy consumption How is this energy used? Where does this energy come from?
11
10 million
the majority of which is converted as a developing country and is not Star rating program. The rating system currently applies
required to commit to quantifiable to offices and retail developments, while a multi-unit
homes
for electricity. The cost of electricity in
South Africa is one of the lowest in the targets in the first phase of the program residential rating scheme is being tested in a number
world. Rapid industrialisation and mass between 2008 and 2012. However, of pilot projects.
electrification programs in South Africa considerable amount of energy required the government released the Vision,
have meant demand has regularly for the country's large-scale intensive Strategic Direction and Framework for Much of the building in both urban and rural settings 5
persons per household
Climate Policy in 2008, which aims to remains informal and unregulated. Programs such as
outstripped supply. As such, there are mining and primary mineral extraction
stop GHG emissions from growing by Breaking New Ground, initiated by the Department of
plans to double generating capacity in industries. However, large scale solar
2020-2025, stabilise for up to 10 years, Human Settlement in 2004, will address these problems
the next two decades, of which nuclear and wind farms are currently under
and then finally decline in absolute as it aims to supply urgently-needed housing, which is
power is expected to contribute to half construction. 1.31
terms. high quality and sensitive to the surrounding environment.4
of the total supply. The government aims tonnes per household
Residential Space Heating and Cooling Coal & Peat Hydro
to achieve universal access to electricity The updated National Housing Code was released in
housing for millions of residents, efforts The Department of Energy is the all other sectors Water Heating Oil Wind
in the country by 2012.1 By 2009, the 2009, and sets formal requirements for energy efficient
have centred on creating sustainable primary government actor involved Cooking Nuclear
country achieved 75% electrification, with
88% in urban and 55% in rural areas. developments through home ownership in encouraging household efficiency. materials and technology. The updated version also Appliances and Lighting Biomass
One initiative to assist households in outlines passive thermal design recommendations and Solar PV 4,030
Renewables could help in extending and providing technical and financial
becoming more energy efficient is minimum standards for housing products that aim to kWh per household
electrification across the country.2 support. Despite these efforts and Climate Data for Johannesburg
the Appliance Labelling campaign improve sustainability.
the building of 1.83 million subsidised
which was launched in 2003 to inform J F M A M J J A S O N D
12
7
The country is currently the 14th highest houses, the backlog in housing has
consumers about the energy efficiency 200 40 100 0
emitter of greenhouse gases. This is the continued to grow between 1996 Support, Incentives and Grants
of appliances.
9
48%
Solar Radiation (kWh/m2)
result of the high carbon intensity of coal and 2005.3
With guidance from Eskom, South Africa's state-owned energy from renewables
Temperature (°C)
and other liquid fuels, as well as the
energy utility, the government launched the Solar Water
Relative Humidity (%)
Heating Programme in 2008. The scheme is driven by the
Rainfall (mm)
government's target for renewable energy to contribute
The initiative also earns carbon off-set credits, with the
10,000 GWh of final energy consumption by 2013. The
programme provides direct rebates to purchasers, the 15.6°C
average temperature
amount of which depends on the type of system installed.
carbon income earmarked for the additional costs for 0
DIFFUSE
DIRECT
the installation of ceiling insulation in the homes. South Africa's first Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariff
(REFIT) was introduced in 2009, which requires Eskom to 0 -10 0 150
The site layout is designed to maximise passive 64%
purchase output from qualifying generators. A number average humidity
measures, including passive solar and wind benefits.
10
of types of energy are covered under the scheme and
The houses are designed with careful placement of References 4 South African Government Information. (1994). A New Housing
the cost of the tariff is passed through to Eskom electricity
shadow lines and windows to avoid overheating, Policy and Strategy for South Africa. http://www.info.gov.za/
customers. 1 Infrastructure: South Africa's Energy Supply. http://www.southafrica. whitepapers/1994/housing.htm.
while roof overhangs and site plan maximise solar info/business/economy/infrastructure/energy.htm#sources.
benefits. 5 City of Cape Town. (2010). SA's 'greenest' RDP houses are 3,135
In March 2011, the '49M' energy efficiency campaign 2 International Energy Agency. (2010). Comparative Study on Rural being built in Atlantis. http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/ hours of sunlight per year
Beth Besset, Green Communities.
was launched by Eskom. The campaign encourages Electrification Policies in Emerging Economies. SAsgreenestRDPhousesarebuiltAtlantis.aspx.
The development also includes two prototype
double storey units that are fitted with solar geysers, small steps such as the use of compact fluorescent 3 Department of Human Settlements. Strategic Statement of the
Department. http://www.dhs.gov.za/Content/The%20Department/
PV modules for lighting and cell phone charging, and lamps instead of incandescent globes, keeping unused Strategic%20Statement.htm.
a roofwater/storm water recovery system. appliances switched off and reducing overall electricity
wastage. 724
mm of rainfall per year
SOUTH AFRICA 47
4 The National Carbon Overview sets 6 Existing Frameworks describes 9 Climate Graphs for the most populated 11 Housing Statistics Icons including
the scene by providing a background established mandatory and aspirational city, illustrating the annual variations housing stock figures, persons per
for the country's domestic energy and building standards that may be applied in temperature, humidity, rainfall, household and data pertaining to carbon
housing situation, and information about to domestic buildings. daylight hours, and solar radiation. emissions and energy consumption per
its recent history that may have shaped Three temperature lines are shown household.
government policy and strategy today. 7 Support, Incentives and Grants contains corresponding to maximum, average Data sources: World Bank 2005 'World Development
information about financial incentives, and minimum monthly values. Two sets Indicators (housing stock and persons per household
5 Policy and Targets describes the grants and funding for energy efficiency of bars are shown for solar radiation, data); ENERDATA 2008 (carbon emissions and energy
consumption per household data)
country's global carbon reduction and carbon emissions reduction in the an orange series representing direct
commitments, and gives an overview domestic sector. solar radiation and a yellow series 12 Climate Summary Icons for average
of current strategies and government representing diffuse solar radiation. annual temperature, humidity,
programmes that drive and inform 8 Housing Energy statistics, including Humidity is shown as a series of green sunlight hours and rainfall for the
the promotion of low- and percentage of residential energy bars in the background of the graph. most populated city.
zero-carbon housing. use, residential end-uses and the
10 References for the country texts. Data
mix of sources for residential energy
sources for the graphs and charts are
generation.
consolidated in a separate section at the
end of this Compendium.
15
 20 Countries, 7 Themes: Lessons Learned
Driven by Change
Each country is experiencing significant change,
economically, socially and politically, which will
impact on the direction and extent of low carbon
measures. There has been a positive impact on
recognising the problems associated with poorly
built housing and the importance of renewable
energy by policy makers. Earlier initiators such
as Germany are forging forward in terms of low
energy building and conservation:
'The 2009 revision of Germany's EnEV (Energy
Conservation Regulations) is one of the most stringent
codes in the world and includes a commitment to meet
15% heating, hot water or cooling energy demand from
renewables'
Other countries, such as Singapore, are in the
early stages of recognising the importance of
energy efficiency in housing and energy supply:
'As a result of its place as a net energy importer,
Singapore has been progressive in reducing its
dependency on foreign energy through improved
energy efficiency, especially in building and households'
Many countries have been motivated by global
concerns over energy security, while others
have been driven by national issues. As climate
change and reduced dependence on fossil fuels
become increasingly important among the public,
both governments and private bodies have
reacted accordingly, though to varying degrees.
56
Aspirations
Nearly all the countries in the compendium
have plans to reduce energy consumption
and improve energy efficiency in the housing
and building sector. China has set admirable
aspirations for the future with regular reviews,
which in other countries are often overlooked
once national targets have been set. Also
important is the clear commitment of funding to
achieve these goals, such as in the United States.
Aspirations are only as strong as the plan to
achieve them:
'As part of the 11th Five Year Plan on Energy
Development, China plans to reduce the energy
consumption of residential and public buildings by 65%
by 2020'
'The New Energy for America plan has committed $150
billion over the next ten years to catalyse private efforts
for building a clean energy future, ensure that 10%
energy generation comes from renewable energy by
2012, and reduce GHG emissions 80% by 2050'
While many of the countries have similar targets
for carbon emissions, renewable energy, and
building efficiency, few have developed novel
goals. A change in thinking in the construction
industry may be required if current targets prove
insufficient. However, France has proven to be
innovative with its national goals for 2020:
'Of particular significance is France's agenda for
technological change to ensure that new buildings
should be energy positive, producing more energy than
they consume by 2020'
Future Growth
While low carbon renovation and retrofit have
become the norm in many countries, a shortage
of adequate housing and growing populations
have raised concerns regarding new construction
and energy use. This is particularly an issue in
developing countries, though all the compendium
countries are tackling the energy concerns
associated with the provision of new housing.
'Rapid industrialisation and mass electrification
programs in South Africa have caused demand to
regularly outstrip supply'
Ensuring new homes are built to a very high
standard will help us achieve our targets
and drive innovation and industry to make
technologies more readily available for existing
stock. Russia provides a good example of the
importance of promoting quality in addition to
quantity, while large scale developments or
prefabricated homes offer major opportunities for
the implementation of low carbon measures:
'Established in 2009, Russia's Green Building Council
has been instrumental in promoting energy efficiency
and low carbon building, as the country continues to
experience a boom in construction'
'Roughly one out of seven newly built houses in Japan is
a prefabricated house'
Energy Supply
Ensuring energy security and meeting future
energy demands remain the key issues on the
majority of global national agendas. This is the
case in both developed and developing countries,
where a range of influences including lifestyle,
available natural resources, industrialisation and
the drive for universal electrification:
'Canada has the world's third-largest installed
hydroelectricity capacity as of early 2011'
'Until recently, Switzerland has been self sufficient and
able to export energy in the summer months, with one
of the lowest energy per capita figures in the developed
world. More recently it has become a net annual
importer, as demand has outpaced generation'
Ensuring a sustainable long-term energy supply
has potentially major positive impacts on
national economies and the strong development
of national residential sectors, and in many
countries the growth of renewable energy
installations is accelerating.
'As of 2010, renewables contributed to 38% of New
Zealand's total primary energy supply and recent years
have witnessed increased interest in the development
of solar, wind and bioenergy systems'
'With regard to energy imports and exports, the
Netherlands is the second largest natural gas producer
in Europe and the ninth overall worldwide.'
Acceptance and Diffusion
There is a high degree of acceptance and drive
for improved housing standards, particularly
at the policy level. This has coincided with the
proliferation of green building councils worldwide
and the spread of certification systems such as
LEED, BREEAM and Green Star, as well as the
development of bespoke national programs:
'Based on the BREEAM rating scheme, Australia's Green
Star is a perfectly adapted national standard that is
suited to the Australian climate, and has since been
adopted by New Zealand and South Africa'
With improved overall public awareness, many
countries could afford to implement more
stringent, binding goals. Both the UK and Sweden
can act as leaders in this regard:
'The UK's renewable energy goals are directed by the
Renewable Energy Strategy 2009. The strategy has set
a legally-binding target of increasing renewable energy
contribution to 15% by 2020'
'The proportion of renewable energy used in Sweden
has increased from 34% in 1990 to 44.4% in 2010, and
today has the highest proportion of renewable energy
in the EU, with a goal to reach 49% by 2020'
Clear Strategies
With issues as large and complex as global
energy security and climate change, national
plans will need to be tailored to national
circumstances and be effective in incentivising
a low carbon economy. Strategies must be
integrated and applicable in specific national
circumstances, hence the quite different
strategies displayed for example by the
Netherlands and Ireland:
'More than 60% of all dwellings are connected to a
district heating network in which the heat is produced
from decentralised CHP, running mainly on a mix of oil,
natural gas and renewables.
'Ireland's Microgeneration Support Programme was
established in 2008 with an allocation of €2 million
to identify the potential and establish the necessary
infrastructure for small and micro-scale wind, solar and
hydro in the domestic and commercial sectors'
Clear and focused strategies for improved
housing standards can help consolidate
efforts and engage the public. Incentives for
both individuals and the private sector have
an important role to play in promoting energy
efficiency policies. Countries with well established
low carbon strategies can also provide important
guidance for others who are just beginning to
improve their housing stock and reduce their
reliance on fossil fuels:
'In terms of researching efficient building solutions and
energy efficiency across all sectors, Austria has proved
an early pioneer and model for many environmental
initiatives'
Technology
While present programmes should ensure the
uptake of proven technology, others should be
geared towards new technology as it develops.
An effective balance must be advanced so
that renewable technology becomes more
widespread and reliable for consumers and
industry alike. This can only be achieved through
government investment in advancing low carbon
technologies:
'Rapid expansion in India is expected to outpace current
fossil fuel capacity and as a result, the need for the
development of alternative sources such as nuclear,
wind and solar power has become increasingly
apparent'
While the role of innovation and research is
essential to the decarbonisation of the national
grid and improving renewable technologies,
there are less complex steps to be taken that
are often overlooked. This is especially true in
housing, where many houses can be improved
through improved insulation, more efficient
services and passive design measures, as
evidenced in a number of case studies. Brazil is a
strong example of small opportunities that have
the potential for big benefits:
'Brazil's Green Building Council initiated the 'One
Degree Less' project in 2009 in an attempt to reduce the
planet's temperature by one degree to combat climate
change and reduce the urban heat island effect'
57
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Kaan, H., et al. (2006). Passive Houses Worldwide:
International Developments. Energy Research
Centre of the Netherlands.
Laustsen, J. (2008). Energy Efficiency Requirements in
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Levine, M., et al. (2007). Residential and Commercial
Buildings. In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation.
Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University
Press.
Contacts Credits
The Compendium is based on information gathered from a range of sources and contacts.
While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, we welcome any feedback and comments.
Report Authors and Information Graphics
Marylis Ramos PRP
NHBC Foundation
NHBC House Kirsten Burrows PRP
Davy Avenue
Knowlhill
Milton Keynes Project Advisors
MK5 8FP Neil Jefferson Zero Carbon Hub
Clive Turner Zero Carbon Hub
Tel: +44 (0)1908 746739 Robert Macdonald NHBC Foundation
Fax: +44 (0)1908 747255 Chris Wilford PRP
E-mail: info@nhbcfoundation.org Andrew Mellor PRP
ww.nhbcfoundation.org

Zero Carbon Hub

Layout and Design
NHBC House
Rebekah Lock PRP
Davy Avenue
Knowlhill
Milton Keynes
MK5 8FP

Tel: +44 (0)845 888 7620

Fax: +44 (0)845 813 0569
E-mail: info@zerocarbonhub.org
www.zerocarbonhub.org

PRP
10 Lindsey Street
Smithfield
London
EC1A 9HP

Tel: +44 (0)20 7653 1200

Fax: +44 (0)845 813 0569
E-mail: lon.prp@prparchitects.co.uk
www.prparchitects.co.uk

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