AP European History Rulers ENGLAND Henry VIII could not have a male heir with Catherine of Aragon, so he broke

e away from the Catholic Church in 1534 with the Act of Supremacy so that he could legally divorce Catherine and marry Anne Boleyn Elizabeth I aided the Protestant Netherlands to avoid Spain gaining too much power and invading England; modified the Anglican church to have both Catholic and Protestant elements so that there were no religious divisions to create disputes; 15581603 James I divine-right monarch who hated Puritans; fight for power between him and Parliament Charles I divine-right monarch who hated Puritans; passed the Petition of Right in 1628 in exchange for money grants, which said that Parliament must approve of all taxes Oliver Cromwell Puritan military dictatorship; gained power in a revolution due to the struggle between the crown and the Commons Charles II not really significant, but went back to the Anglican Church and whatnot James II overthrown in Glorious Revolution because he tried to return England to Catholicism William of Orange Protestant ruler who signed the English Bill of Rights upon joining the throne AUSTRIA Charles V opposed Luther for fear of losing power; abdicated in 1556 Charles VI did not have a male heir, so he drew up the Pragmatic Sanction to ensure that all Habsburg territories would pass to his daughter Maria Theresa Joseph II abolished serfdom; abolished forced labor; religious tolerance; abolished torture Francis Joseph created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867 due to minority vocalists SPAIN Philip II in 1609, forced to recognize the independence of the Netherlands, granting them religious autonomy FRANCE Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598, granting Huguenots (French Calvinists) the right to private and public worship; more concerned with internal stability than religious purity Louis XIII Cardinal Richelieu, his chief minister, increased both the power of the French monarch and the power of France among Europe through the intendant system Louis XIV absolute king who weakened the power of the nobles and strengthened the bourgeois; his finance minister Colbert employed mercantilism; experienced the Fronde, a nobility rebellion; revoked the Edict of Nantes; War of Spanish Succession, which really weakened France, ended up with Philip V remaining king of Spain as long as the thrones of Spain and France were not united

Louis XVIII became king after Napoleon was dethroned Charles X reactionary; vigorously opposed republicanism, liberalism, and constitutionalism; 1830 riot Louis Philippe bourgeois monarchy; refused to respond to demands for reform, leading to the 1848 Revolution Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) champion of nationalism and industrialization PRUSSIA Frederick William 1640-1688; "Great Elector"; put military values into society, creating a standing army and efficient bureaucracy; Junkers (Prussian nobility) comprised his army's officer caste; Junkers exempted from taxes and fully controlled peasants on their land Frederick I patron of the arts and learning instead of a military ruler Frederick William I expanded Prussia's army tremendously, but sought to avoid war Frederick the Great kept Silesia in the Seven Years' War, which he prior had invaded and captured (against the Pragmatic Sanction) Otto von Bismarck unified Germany and set up an elaborate alliance system in Europe William II kicked Bismarck out, naval expansion that angered Britain RUSSIA Ivan the Terrible first Russian czar Peter the Great westernization of Russia; St. Petersburg glorified the state, nobles were required to build their palaces there; created a strong army with compulsory life service in it; gained warm water ports from Sweden; exploited the serfs who paid excessive taxes; widened the gap between the upper class and the peasants Catherine the Great supported Russia's first printing press; limited religious tolerance; however, after a serf rebellion, she became authoritative again Alexander II autocrat who emancipated the serfs and introduced zemstvos (elected assemblies for regional self-government) Nicholas II took control of the army and had his wife rule, which was a huge mistake; Rasputin's influence on government