Fig. 8-CO, p.

171

Eiwitten Vetten polysacchariden

aminozuren glycerol, vetzuren monosacchariden

CO2 ATP H2O

Hoofdstuk IV De Cellulaire Respiratie

De synthese van ATP door afbraak van moleculen

Aerobe respiratie: afbraak voedingsmoleculen tot CO2 en H2O met produktie van ATP en met verbruik van zuurstof (sommige prokaryoten, protisten, eukaryoten). Anaerobe respiratie: idem maar in afwezigheid van zuurstof (sommige prokaryoten). Fermentatie: afbraak voedingsmoleculen zonder elektronentransportketen met produktie van ATP (sommige prokaryoten en fungi).

De aerobe respiratie

Glucose + 6 H2O + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Energie

p. 172

Fig. 8-1, p. 172

Vier stappen in de arobe respiratie 1. 2. 3. 4. Glycolyse: Glucose pyruvaat (ATP, NADH) Vorming van acetyl CoA + CO2 (NADH) Citroenzuurcyclus: CO2, ATP, NADH en FADH2 Elektronentransport: NADH en FADH2 ATP

Energy investment phase and splitting of glucose Two ATPs invested per glucose

Glucose
ATP ADP Hexokinase

1 Glycolysis begins with preparation reaction in which glucose receives phosphate group from ATP molecule. ATP serves as source of both phosphate and energy needed to attach phosphate to glucose molecule. (Once ATP is spent, it becomes ADP and joins ADP pool of cell until turned into ATP again.) Phosphorylated glucose is known as glucose-6phosphate. (Note phosphate attached to its carbon atom 6.) Phosphorylation of glucose makes it more chemically reactive.

Glucose-6-phosphate Phosphoglucoisomerase

Fig. 8-4a, p. 176

2 Glucose-6-phosphate undergoes another preparation reaction, rearrangement of its hydrogen and oxygen atoms. In this reaction glucose-6-phosphate is converted to its isomer, fructose-6-phosphate. Fructose-6-phosphate ATP ADP 3 Next, another ATP donates phosphate to molecule, forming fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. So far, two ATP molecules have been invested in process without any being produced. Phosphate groups are now bound at carbons 1 and 6, and molecule is ready to be split. Phosphofructokinase

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Aldolase

Isomerase

4 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is then split into two 3-carbon sugars, glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

5 Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is enzymatically converted to its isomer, glyceraldehyde-3Glyceraldehydephosphate, for further metabolism 3-phosphate (G3P) in glycolysis. Fig. 8-4a, p. 176

Glucose + 2 ATP

2 glyceraldehyde 3-fosfaat + 2 ADP

Two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) from bottom of previous page 2 NAD+ 2 NADH

Energy capture phase Four ATPs and two NADH produced per glucose

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

6 Each glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate undergoes dehydrogenation with NAD+ as hydrogen acceptor. Product of this very exergonic reaction is phosphoglycerate, which reacts with inorganic phosphate present in cytosol to yield 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Two 1,3bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP Phosphoglycerokinase 2 ATP 7 One of phosphates of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate reacts with ADP to form ATP. This transfer of phosphate from phosphorylated intermediate to ATP is referred to as substrate-level phosphorylation.

Two 3-phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyceromutase Fig. 8-4b, p. 177

8 3-phosphoglycerate is rearranged to 2-phosphoglycerate by enzymatic shift of position of phosphate group. This is a preparation reaction.

Two 2-phosphoglycerate 2 H2O Enolase

9 Next, molecule of water is removed, which results in formation of double bond. The product, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), has phosphate group attached by an unstable bond (wavy line). Two phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP Pyruvate kinase 2 ATP

10 Each of two PEP molecules transfers its phosphate group to ADP to yield ATP and pyruvate. This is substrate-level phosphorylation reaction. Two pyruvate Fig. 8-4b, p. 177

2 glyceraldehyde 3-fosfaat + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP

2 pyruvaat + 2 NADH + 4 ATP

2 pyruvaat + 2 NAD+ + 2 CoA

2 acetyl CoA + 2 NADH + 2 CO2

Vitamine B5

Per glucose zijn er twee Krebs-cycli nodig: dit leidt tot 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 en 2 ATP Per glucose bij acetyl CoA vorming : 2 CO2 en 2 NADH Per glycolyse (dus per glucose): 2 ATP en 2 NADH Volledige cyclus, per glucose: 4 ATPs, 10 NADHs, 2 FADH2s en 6 CO2s

Oxidatieve fosforylatie

Symphocarpus foetidus
p. 182

Chemische verbranding van glucose 2870 kJoule/mol Vrije energie van de fosfaatbinding in ATP 31,8 kJoule/mol 36 ATP 1146 kJoule/mol 1146/2870 40% rendement (+warmte)

Deaminatie van aminozuren Alanine pyruvaat Glutaminezuur -ketoglutaarzuur Asparaginezuur oxaloacetaat

Ook regulatie van: Hexokinase: inhibitie door glucose-6 fosfaat

ADP

Pyruvaat kinase: inhibitie door ATP Pyruvaat dehydrogenase Drie enzymen van de citroenzuur-cyclus

Anarobe respiratie en fermentatie Anarobe respiratie: alternatieve elektronenacceptoren SO42-, NO3-, Fe3+, CO2 H2S, NO2-, N2, Fe2+, CH4 Fermentatie: anaroob proces zonder elektronentransport Regeneratie van NAD+ door reductie van organische moleculen

Credit: Cleve Hickman Jr./Visuals Unlimited Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans).

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