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DESIGNING AND PLANNING MICROWAVE FILTER

jghn, (Sect) Email: kkj@yahoo.com Reg. No.87878
We can then make the following transformations: Abstractfilters play a significant role in microwave communication systems. Bandstop filters are important components in microwave and millimeter-wave applications to reject higher harmonics and spurious pass bands. The conventional method to design bandstop filter involves the use of shunt stubs or lumped elements. Furthermore, with the recent advances in microwave integrated circuits, there is a great demand for compact filters . Transmitted and received signals have to be filtered at a certain center frequency with a specific bandwidth. In designing of microstrip filters, it is required to carry out an approximated calculation based on using of resolute components. Key words wireless microwave link, line of sight, signal to noise ratio, multipath fading, signal strength , free space loss.

FIGURE 1 Two-port network showing network variables.

Where Re denotes the real part of the expression that follows it. Therefore, one can identify the complex amplitude V1 defined by Then the power is

Icrowave filter is a network that provides perfect transmission for signal with frequencies in certain passband region and infinite attenuation in the stopband regions. Such ideal characteristics cannot be attained, and the goal of filter design is to approximate the ideal requirements to within an acceptable tolerance. RF and Microwave filters can be implemented with transmission lines. Filters are significant RF and Microwave components. Transmission line filters can be easy to implement, depending on the type of transmission line used. There are different transmission lines due to different RF and Microwave applications. The characteristic impedance and how easy it is to incise precise lengths are two important characteristics of transmission lines; thus they are used to investigate which transmission line to use to implement filters. A low-pass filter should pass low frequency signals. It is easy to figure out that the characteristic of merit is frequency. Because of their importance, there is an immense amount of theory dedicated to the design of filters but here in this report only a specific description can be mentioned. Most RF/microwave filters and filter components can be represented by a two-port network, as shown in Figure 1 where V1, V2 and I1, I2 are the voltage and current variables at the ports 1 and 2, respectively, Z01 and Z02 are the terminal impedances, and Es is the source or generator voltage. Note that the voltage and current variables are complex amplitudes when we consider sinusoidal quantities. For example, a sinusoidal voltage at port 1 is given by

I. INTRODUCTION II.PROCEDURE OF THE FILTER Wave traveling in microstip line not only travel in the dielectric medium they also travel in the air media above the microstrip line. Thus they dont support pure TEM waves. In pure TEM transmission, the waves have only transverse component and the propagation velocity only depends on the permittivity and the permeability of the substrate. But in the case of microstrip line the magnetic and electric field also contain a longitudinal component, and their propagation velocity is dependent on the physical dimensions of the Microstrip as well. If this longitudinal component is much smaller than the transverse component then the microstrip line can be approximated to TEM model. And this is called quasi TEM approximation. A. Theory Description: The general structure of a microstrip is illustrated in Figure 2. A conducting strip (microstrip line) with a width W and a thickness t is on the top of a dielectric substrate that has a relative dielectric constant _r and a thickness h, and the bottom of the substrate is a ground (conducting) plane. Transmission characteristics of microstrips are described by two parameters, namely, the effective dielectric constant _re and characteristic impedance Zc, At frequency below 1.0GHz, filters are usually implemented using lumped elements such as resistors, inductors and capacitors. For active filters, operational amplifier is sometimes used. There are essentially two low-frequency filter syntheses techniques in common use. These are

2 referred to as the image-parameter method and the insertionloss method. Implementing the Low-pass Filter using Microstrip Line a relatively easy way to implement low-pass filters in microstrip or stripline is to use alternating sections of high and low characteristic impedance (Zo) transmission lines. Such filters are usually referred to as stepped-impedance filter and are popular because they are easy to design and take up less space than similar low-pass filters using stubs. However due to the approximation involved, the performance is not as good and is limited to application where a sharp cutoff is not required (for instance in rejecting out-of-band mixer products). The image-parameter method provides a relatively simple filter design approach but has the disadvantage that an arbitrary frequency response cannot be incorporated into the design. The IPM approach divides a filter into a cascade of two-port networks, and attempt to come up with the schematic of each two-port, such that when combined, give the required frequency response . Where is the reflection coefficient looking into the filter (we assume no loss in the filter). A short length of transmission line of characteristic impedance Zo can be represented by the equivalent symmetrical T network shown below Z11 - Z12
Z11 - Z12

Z12

Figure 3 Equivalent T network for a transmission line with length l. Again we will ignore the image parameter method and only concentrate on the insertion loss method, whose design procedure is based on the attenuation response or insertion loss of a filter. The insertion loss of a two-port network is given by:

PIL =

Power available from the source P 1 = inc = 2 Power delivered to load Pload 1 ( )

Here Z11 and Z12 are the Z parameters of the two port network. Z11 = Z 22 = jZ o cot ( l ) (5.1a) (5.1b) and is the propagation constant of the transmission line. For EM wave propagation that is of TEM mode or quasiTEM mode, the propagation constant can be approximated as: o e o = e k o (5.2)
FIGURE 2. General microstrip structure.

Z12 = Z 21 = jZ o cosec ( l )

The parameters of microstrips are then determined from the values of two capacitances as follows

where e is the effective dielectric constant of the transmission line structure. When l < /2, the series element of Figure 5.1 can be thought of as inductor and the shunt element can be considered a capacitor. This is illustrated in Figure 5.2 (a) with:

Z 11 Z 12 =
When the longitudinal components of the fields for the dominant mode of a microstrip line remain very much smaller than the transverse components, they may be neglected. In this case, the dominant mode then behaves like a TEM mode, and the TEM transmission line theory is applicable for the microstrip line as well. This is called the quasi-TEM approximation and it is valid over most of the operating frequency ranges of microstrip. B. Relations Description: . The insertion-loss method begins with a complete specification of a physically realizable frequency characteristic, and from this a suitable filter schematic is synthesized.

X l = Z o tan 2 2 1 1 =B= sin ( l ) Z 12 Zo

(5.3a) (5.3b)

Assuming a short length of transmission line (l < /4) and Zo=ZH >> 1: X ZH l (5.4a) (5.4b) B0 Assuming a short length of transmission line (l < /4) and Zo=ZL 1: (5.5a) X 0

1 l ZL

(5.5b)

The ratio ZH/ZL should be as high as possible, limited by the practical values that can be fabricated on a printed circuit board. Typical values are ZH=100 to 150 and ZL=10 to 15 Since a typical ow-pass filter consists of alternating .

3 series inductors and shunt capacitors in a ladder configuration, we could implement the filter on a printed circuit board by using alternating high and low characteristic impedance section transmission lines. Using (5.4a) and (5.5b), the relationship between inductance and capacitance to the transmission line length at the cutoff frequency c are:

e =

r +1 r 1 + 2 2

1 1+ 12 H W
(6.1)

c L ZH CZ L lC = c
lL =

(5.6a) (5.6b)

Zo =

60

W 8H W ln + for 1 H r W 4H 120 for W >1 H

Designing with Microstrip line Cross section of microstrip and strip transmission line on printed circuit board (PCB) is shown in Figure 6.1. For stripline the propagation mode is TEM since the conducting trace is surrounded by similar dielectric material. Hence e = r, the dielectric constant of the medium. For microstrip line the propagation mode is a combination of TM and TE modes. This is due to the fact that the upper dielectric of a micostrip line is usually air while the bottom dielectric is the printed circuit board dielectric. A TEM mode cannot be supported as the phase velocities for electromagnetic waves in air and the PCB are different, resulting in mismatch at the airdielectric boundary. However at frequency of 6GHz or lower, the axial E and H fields are small enough that we can approximate the propagation mode as TEM, hence the name quasi-TEM applies. For microstrip line the effective dielectric constant e falls within the range 1 and r. At low frequency most of the electromagnetic field is distributed in the air, while at high frequency the electromagnetic field crowds towards the PCB dielectric. This result in the curve shown in Figure 6.2, thus the microstrip line is dispersive.

r ( W + 1.393 + 0.667 ln( W + 1.444) ) H H

Implementing the 4th Order Butterworth Low Pass Filter using Step Impedance Microstrip Line Consider the schematic of Figure 4.2 again. The filter parameters are as follows: Cutoff frequency fc = 1.5GHz. Required ZL = 15 . Required ZH = 110 . L1=4.061nH, L2=9.083nH, C1=3.921pF, C2=1.624pF.

A typical FR4 fiberglass PCB with r = 4.2 and H = 1.5mm is used. Then the following trace parameters are obtained: III. CONFIGURED ANALYSIS To extract an equation for the resonant frequency of the resonator, the coupling effect in the transmission line model is ignored because of very narrow physical width of the
Zo = 15 Zo = 50 Zo = 110 W/H 10.0 2.0 0.36 H/mm 1.5 1.5 1.5 W/mm 15.0 3.0 0.6 e 3.68 3.21 2.83

e
Region where (6.1) applies.

microstrip coupled lines.

1 f Figure 6.2 Effective dielectric constant of microstrip and strip transmission line. Effective Dielectric Constants and Characteristics Impedance The microstrip line to implement the low pass filter designed. Microstrip line is popular, as it is easily fabricated and low cost as compared to stripling. There is no closed form solution for the propagation of electromagnetic wave along a microstrip line. The solution for wave propagation is usually obtained through numerical method. Parameters such as the effective dielectric constant, characteristic impedance and line attenuation are then obtained from the numerical solution as a function of frequency. Empirical formulas are obtained from the numerical solution by the methods of curve fitting. Assuming the conductors and dielectric are lossless, and ignoring the effect the conductor thickness t, an example of the empirical formulas for e and Zo are given by:

Figure 2. The full-wave simulated scattering parameters of proposed filter.

4 Optimum wideband stub filtersOptimum filters Driven by applications and emerging device technologies, many new and advanced microstrip filters have been developed and their designs are available in open literatures.

Figure 4. Lossless transmission line model of corresponding resonator.

Considering the Fig. 4 and based on the lossless transmission line model, the transmission coefficient of the filter is

The filter creates transmission zeros at the frequencies where

This condition yields to the following equation:

the fundamental resonant frequency will be dened as:

Where c = 3 x 10^8 m/s and e is effective microstrip permittivity. IV. APPLICATIONS Recently, using Split Ring Resonator (SRR), Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR), Defected Ground Structures (DGS) and Defected Microstrip Structures (DMS) for designing of compact bandstop filters have become attractive in microwave circuits Proposed filter demonstrates better bandstop characteristics compared to existing reported structures retaining the compactness A simple and cheap method has been developed to prepare band-stop filters for the frequency region 30-200 GHz with a typical attenuation in the stop band of more than 27 dB. This filter consists of periodic metallic structures deposited on a thin substrate. The preparation is achieved by applying a commonly used chemical etching technique on a commercially available thin print board. summary Microstrip filter designs involve a number of considerations, including careful choice of topologies and substrates. Some design examples of new topologies with advanced filtering characteristics have been described, including OpenOpen--loop resonator filtersloop filters Multilayer filtersMultilayer filters Extract pole, Trisection, CQ and CQT filtersExtract filters

[1] Matthaei, L. Young, and E. M. T. Jones, Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1980. [2] Zverev, A. I. Handbook of filter Synthesis, Book, Publisher John Wiley & sons, 1967 . [3] Pozar, D. Microwave Engineering , Third Edition, Wiley, 2005. pp. 416-438.