Book ST

Green Energy Development Model in the St.
Martins Island and Energy from Coconut palm biomass
Green Energy Development Model in the St. Martins Island and Energy from Coconut palm biomass
Green Energy Development Model in the St. Martins Island And
Energy from coconut palm biomass
Md. Tazmilur Rahman
Copyright Md. Tazmilur Rahman, 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized or distributed in any form or by any means, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior permission in writing from the author.
Published by
First edition July 2006
Cover design:
ISBN : 984 8323 02 - 3
Price US $ 20 BDT 450 Printed in Bangladesh
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Dedicated to my Parents
Md. Tamiz Uddin Akand and Nurun Nahar Begum
Table of contents
List of figures .................................................................................................................v List of tables ................................................................................................................ vii List of worksheets ........................................................................................................ ix Preface........................................................................................................................ xiii Abstract ....................................................................................................................... xv Executive summary................................................................................................... xvii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. xix Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... xxi CHAPTER 1...................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................1 1.1 Background information ......................................................................................3 1.1 Aims ...................................................................................................................10 1.2 Objectives...........................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 2.................................................................................................................11 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN THE ST. MARTINS ISLAND .......11 2.1 Solar energy........................................................................................................13 2.2 Wind energy .......................................................................................................13 2.3 Biomass energy ..................................................................................................14 2.4 Tidal energy........................................................................................................15 CHAPTER 3................................................................................................................17 ENERGY FROM COCONUT PALM BIOMASS ......................................................17 3.1 The tree of life ....................................................................................................19 3.1.1 Coir.............................................................................................................21 3.1.2 Copra ...........................................................................................................22 3.1.3 Coconut water .............................................................................................22 3.1.4 Coconut milk ...............................................................................................23 3.1.5 Energy from a mature coconut ....................................................................23 3.1.6 Recoverable coconut oil and biodiesel per nut ...........................................23 3.2 History of the coconut cultivation......................................................................24 3.3 Coconut cultivation method ...............................................................................25 3.4 Coconut hybrids for the higher return ................................................................28 3.5 Coconut harvesting.............................................................................................29 3.5.1 Free falling method .....................................................................................30 3.5.2 Pole method.................................................................................................30 3.5.3 Climbing method.........................................................................................30 3.5.4 Using trained monkey .................................................................................31 3.6 Making Copra....................................................................................................32 3.6.1 Solar drying .................................................................................................33 3.6.2 Direct smoke kiln drying.............................................................................33 3.6.3 Semi-direct smoke kiln drying ....................................................................34 3.6.4 The modified Kukum hot-air dryer .............................................................35 3.6.5 Cocopugon hot-air brick copra dryer ..........................................................35 3.7 Extraction of Coconut oil ...................................................................................36 3.8 Direct Micro Expelling (DME) .........................................................................36 3.8.1 DME steps ...................................................................................................37 3.8.2 Electric energy requirement for the DME process......................................38 3.8.3 Advantages of DME process.......................................................................38 i
3.9 Properties of Coconut oil....................................................................................39 3.9.1 Physical properties ......................................................................................39 3.9.2 Nutritional properties ..................................................................................39 3.9.3 Energy related properties ............................................................................40 3.9.4 Chemical composition of coconut oil..........................................................40 CHAPTER 4................................................................................................................45 BIO-DIESEL............................................................................................................45 4.1 What is Bio-diesel? ............................................................................................47 4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bio-diesel ....................................................47 4.3 Bio-diesel production process ............................................................................48 4.4 Biodiesel from Coconut oil ................................................................................49 4.4.1 Energy requirement to produce biodiesel from coconut oil........................50 CHAPTER 5................................................................................................................53 Biomass Gasification................................................................................................53 5.1 Basic principle of biomass gasification.............................................................55 5.2 Gasification Process ...........................................................................................56 5.3 Different types of biomass gasifier ...................................................................58 5.3.1 Updraft gasifier ...........................................................................................58 5.3.2 Downdraft gasifier.......................................................................................59 5.3.3 Twin-fire gasifier.........................................................................................59 5.3.4 Cross-draft gasifier......................................................................................60 5.3.5 Fluidised bed gasifier ..................................................................................61 5.4 Retort approach ..................................................................................................62 5.5 The major constituents of producer gas ............................................................62 5.6 Producer gas drive engines.................................................................................63 5.7 Basic operation principle of dual-fuel engine ...................................................64 5.8 Different types of gas-air mixing methods........................................................65 CHAPTER 6................................................................................................................67 Alternative fuels in the IC engine ............................................................................67 6.1 Use of Coconut oil fuel in the IC engine............................................................69 6.2 Technical difficulties..........................................................................................69 6.3 Remedies to overcome the problems .................................................................69 6.3.1 To fit a heat exchanger ................................................................................69 6.3.2 Proper Filtration of coconut oil ...................................................................70 6.3.3 Blend of coconut oil with petroleum diesel or kerosene.............................70 6.3.4 Water-washed coconut oil...........................................................................73 6.3.5 Transesterification.......................................................................................73 6.3.6 Use of COME, COEE and COIL in diesel engine ......................................73 6.3.7 Engine Emissions using coconut oil based fuel ..........................................75 6.3.7.1 CO2 concentration................................................................................75 6.3.7.2 CO concentration..................................................................................76 6.3.7.3 Hydrocarbon concentration (HC).........................................................76 6.3.7.4 NOx concentration ...............................................................................77 6.3.7.5 Hartridge Smoke Units (HSU) .............................................................77 CHAPTER 7................................................................................................................79 Spread sheet model for the St. Martins Island ........................................................79 7.1 Brief description of the model............................................................................81 7.2 Financial analysis of the model..........................................................................82 7.2.1 Influence of NPV, IRR, Payback periods ...................................................82 7.3 How does the model work?................................................................................85 ii
7.3.1 Important assumptions and limitations of the model ..................................85 7.3.2 Brief description of the worksheets used for analysis................................86 CHAPTER 8................................................................................................................89 Results of Spread sheet model .................................................................................89 8.1 Annual electricity demand .................................................................................91 8.2 Output from the PVSys ......................................................................................92 8.3 Output from the wind turbine...........................................................................119 8.4 Output from the tidal energy ............................................................................122 8.5 Battery bank .....................................................................................................125 8.6 Electricity generation from the coir .................................................................127 8.7 Electricity generation from the coconut fronds................................................128 8.8 Electricity generation from the coconut shell ..................................................129 8.9 Annual yield of coconut oil..............................................................................130 8.9.1 Electric energy requirement for the DME process...................................130 8.10 Annual yield of biodiesel ...........................................................................130 8.11 By-products from the model ..........................................................................131 8.12 Electricity generation from the different options ...........................................132 8.13 Influence of subsidy on the NPV curve .........................................................134 8.14 Effect of subsidy on the IRR, NPV, Investment and payback period............135 CHAPTER 9...............................................................................................................187 Discussion ..............................................................................................................187 9.1 Electricity demand in the St. Martins Island...................................................189 9.2 The PVSyst parameters ....................................................................................189 9.3 Selection of wind turbine .................................................................................189 9.4 Exploring the tidal power in the St. Martins Island ........................................189 9.5 Battery bank .....................................................................................................190 9.6 Gasification of the Coconut palm feedstock ....................................................190 9.7 Biodiesel production from the coconut oil.......................................................190 9.8 The use of coconut oil based fuel in the IC engine ..........................................190 9.9 Use of dual-fuel engine for better performance ...............................................191 9.10 Possibility of fulfilling the electricity demand from only coconut palm .......191 9.11 Cultivation of the hybrid coconut palm .........................................................192 9.12 Using the trained monkey to harvest coconuts ..............................................203 9.13 Food or Fuel? .................................................................................................203 9.14 Selling of the by-products to recover the cost of feedstock ...........................203 9.15 Empowerment of Women and Professional training .....................................204 9.16 Conservation of biodiversity and development of ecotourism.......................204 9.17 Renewable energy demonstration unit ...........................................................205 9.18 Replication of this model to the other offshore island of Bangladesh ...........207 9.19 Possible hybrid options in the St. Martins Island .........................................207 9.20 Economic sensitivity of the model .................................................................207 9.21 The best selection for the St. Martins Island.................................................210 CHAPTER 10.............................................................................................................211 CONCLUSIONS....................................................................................................211 10.1 Conclusions: ...................................................................................................213 GLOSSARY...............................................................................................................215 APPENDIX-A : Glossary .......................................................................................217 REFERENCES...........................................................................................................219 INDEX .......................................................................................................................231
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List of figures
Figure 1.1. 1 Panoramic view of the St. Martins Island Figure 1.1. 2 Coral reef at the St. Martins Island Figure 1.1. 3 Marine turtle in the St. Martins Island Figure 1.1. 4Maps showing the project location Figure 1.1. 5 Base map of St. Martins Island Figure 1.1. 6 A Coastal area map of Bangladesh Figure 2.3. 1 Coconut biomass resources in the St. Martins Island Figure 2.4. 1 A tidal monitoring station in the St. Martins Island Figure 3.1.5. 1 flow diagram shows energy from a mature coconut Figure 3.2. 1 Coconut producing areas of the world, Source : Pssc, 2001 Figure 3.3. 1 Germination of coconut palm, Figure 3.3. 2 speed Coconuts spacing in nursery rows, Figure 3.3. 3 Planting coconuts in seedbeds, Nyimberembe, Tanzania Figure 3.3. 4 Coconut seedling on the nursery bed Figure 3.4. 1 Hybrid coconut palm Figure 3.4. 2 Hybrid coconut palm Figure 3.5. 1 Free falling of mature coconuts Figure 3.5. 2 A woman harvesting coconut in Vietnam using pole method Figure 3.5. 3 A man is climbing to harvest coconut Figure 3.5. 4 Coconut harvesting by trained monkey Figure 3.6. 1 Solar drying of copra Figure 3.6. 2 Direct smoke kiln copra dryer Figure 3.6. 3 Semi-direct smoke kiln copra dryer Figure 3.6. 4 Modified Kukum hot-air copra dryer Figure 3.6. 5 Cocopugon hot-air brick copra dryer Figure 3.8. 1 one DME unit in operation ; Figure 3.9.4. 1 Chemical structure for saturated Lauric acid triglycerides Figure 3.9.4. 2 Chemical structure for unsaturated Oleic acid triglycerides Figure 3.9.4. 3 Chemical structure for Oil molecule (Oleic acid triglycerides) Figure 4.3. 1 transesterification reaction Figure 4.4. 1 flowchart of biodiesel production process from Coconut oil Figure 5. 1 CO2 balance of biomass Figure 5.2. 1 block diagram of gasification system stages Figure 5.2. 2 Conversion process of biomass into producer gas, v 3 4 5 7 8 9 15 16 23 25 26 26 27 27 28 29 30 30 31 32 33 34 34 35 35 37 42 43 44 48 49 55 56 57
Figure 5.3. 1 Updraft gasifier Figure 5.3. 2 Downdraft gasifier Figure 5.3. 3 twin-fire gasifier Figure 5.3. 4 Cross-draft gasifier Figure 5.3. 5 Fluidised bed gasifier Figure 5.5. 1 components of producer gas Figure 5.5. 2 heating value and density of producer gas components Figure 5.7. 1 Dual-fuel cycle in action, Figure 5.8. 1 Gas-air mixing methods Figure 6.3. 1 The main components of the heat exchanger Figure 6.3.3. 1 specific fuel consumption versus engine speed, Figure 6.3.3. 2 brake power versus engine speed, Figure 6.3.3. 3 Relative emissions versus % of coconut oil, Figure 6.3.6. 1 Bmep versus engine speed, Figure 6.3.6. 2 Specific fuel consumption versus speed, Figure 6.3.7. 1 CO2 concentration versus engine speed, Figure 6.3.7. 2 CO concentration versus engine speed, Figure 6.3.7. 3 HC concentration versus engine speed, Figure 6.3.7. 4 NOx concentration versus engine speed, Figure 6.3.7. 5 Smoke opacity versus engine speed, Figure 7.2.1.4. 1 NPV versus discount rate curve,
58 59 60 60 61 62 63 64 65 70 71 72 72 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 84
Figure 8.13. 1 effect of subsidy on the NPV curves purchase coconut feedstock 134 Figure 8.13. 2 effect of sub1sidy on the NPV curves- cultivate coconut feedstock 134 Figure 8.14. 1 Effect of subsidy on the NPV , IRR, Investment and payback period 135 Figure 9.11. 1 effect of investment on the coconut palm cultivation 192
Figure 9.20. 1 Model economic sensitivity to the cost of coconut palm feedstock 208 Figure 9.20. 2 Model economic sensitivity to the increase of equipment cost 208 Figure 9.20. 3 Model economic sensitivity to the amount of subsidy 209 Figure 9.20. 4 Model economic sensitivity to the increase of electricity selling price 209 Figure 9.20. 5 Model economic sensitivity to the increase of annual O&M cost 210
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List of tables
Table 1.1. 1 Existing flora and fauna in the island 3 Table 1.1. 2 Basic elements of the five renewable options in the St. Martins Island 6 Table 2.1. 1 Global Solar irradiation data for the St. Martins Island 13
Table 2.2. 1 Monthwise hourly average wind speed (m/s) in the St. Martins Island 14 Table 2.4. 1Calculation for tidal energy in the St. Martins Island Table 3.1. 1 Annual yield of coconut per hectare Table 3.1. 2 energy content of different nutty fruits Table 3.1. 3 Energy density of coconut palm biomass Table 3.1.2. 1 Ingredients of copra cake Table 3.1.3. 1 Nutrient values per 100 gm coconut water Table 3.2. 1 Major areas under coconut cultivation Table 3.4. 1 Annual yield of hybrid coconut Table 3.9.4. 1 Chemical composition of Coconut oil Table 3.9.4. 2 Elementary and constitutional formula Table 3.9.4. 3 : Melting point and IV for some vegetable oil Table 6.3.3. 1 Fuel compositions of blended coconut oil Table 6.3.3. 2 Properties of coconut blended and ordinary diesel fuel Table 6.3.4. 1 composition of water-washed coconut oil and diesel fuel Table 6.3.5. 1 Properties of coconut oil and its biodiesel Table 6.3.6. 1Elemental composition of COME, COEE and diesel Table 7.1. 1 Energy sharing and dual-fuel mode for the options Table 7.1. 2 Items need to purchase or sell for a particular option Table 7.3.2. 1: Brief description of the worksheets Table 8.4. 1 Tidal data in the St. Martins Island Table 8.5. 1 Effect of DOD on battery life Table 8.12. 1 Annual electricity generation from the five different options Table 8.12. 2 Effect of subsidy on the IRR, NPV and payback period Table 9.20. 1 Equation of the NPV trend lines vii 16 20 21 21 22 22 24 28 41 41 43 71 71 73 73 74 81 81 86 122 125 132 132 207
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List of worksheets
Worksheet 8. 1 Electric energy demand in the St. Martins Island Worksheet 8.2. 1 Monthly electricity generation Worksheet 8.2. 2 PVSYST- Geographical parameters of site Worksheet 8.2. 3 PVSYST Characteristics of PV module Worksheet 8.2. 4 PVSYST- Characteristics of a battery Worksheet 8.2. 5 PVSYST Simulation parameters Worksheet 8.2. 6 PVSYST- Detailed users needs Worksheet 8.2. 7 PVSYST- Main results Worksheet 8.2. 8 PVSYST- Specific results- A Worksheet 8.2. 9 PVSYST- Specific results-B Worksheet 8.2. 10 PVSYST- Specific results- C Worksheet 8.2. 11 PVSYST- Specific results- D Worksheet 8.2. 12 PVSYST- Specific results- E Worksheet 8.2. 13 PVSYST- Specific results-F Worksheet 8.2. 14 PVSYST- Specific results-G Worksheet 8.2. 15 PVSYST- Specific results- H Worksheet 8.2. 16 PVSYST- Specific results-I Worksheet 8.2. 17 PVSYST- Specific results-J Worksheet 8.2. 18 PVSYST- Specific results-K Worksheet 8.2. 19 PVSYST Specific results-L Worksheet 8.2. 20 PVSYST- Specific results- M Worksheet 8.2. 21 PVSYST Specific results-N Worksheet 8.2. 22 PVSYST Specific results-O Worksheet 8.2. 23 PVSYST Specific results-P Worksheet 8.2. 24 PVSYST Specific results-Q Worksheet 8.2. 25 PVSYST Specific results-R Worksheet 8.2. 26 PVSYST Specific results-S Worksheet 8.3. 1 Calculation of wind energy-A Worksheet 8.3. 2 Calculation of wind energy- B Worksheet 8.3. 3 Calculation of wind energy-C Worksheet 8.4. 1 calculation of tidal power in the St. Martins Island Worksheet 8.5. 1 calculation of battery bank Worksheet 8.6. 1 electricity generation from coir energy Worksheet 8.7. 1 Electricity generation from coconut frond Worksheet 8.8. 1 Electricity generation from coconut shell Worksheet 8.11. 1By-products from the model 91 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 124 126 127 128 129 131
Worksheet 8.15.A. 1: Monthly electricity generation from renewable resources option A 136
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Worksheet 8.15.A. 2 : Financial analysis and cash flow Purchase coconut palm feedstock-Option A 137 Worksheet 8.15.A. 3 Brief cost analysis Purchase coconut palm feedstockoption A 138 Worksheet 8.15.A. 4 Financial analysis and cash flow cultivate coconut palm feedstockoption A 140 Worksheet 8.15.A. 5: Brief cost analysis Cultivation of coconut palm feedstockoption A 141 Worksheet 8.15.A. 6 Model sensitivity -Option A 143 Worksheet 8.15.A. 7 Brief sensitivity cost analysis Purchase coconut palm feedstockoption A 144 Worksheet 8.15.B. 1: Monthly electricity generation from renewable resources Option B 146 Worksheet 8.15.B. 2: Financial analysis and cash flow Purchase of coconut palm feedstock -Option B 147 Worksheet 8.15.B. 3: Brief cost analysis -Purchase of coconut palm feedstock Option B 148 Worksheet 8.15.B. 4: Financial analysis and cash flow Cultivation of coconut palm -Option B 150 Worksheet 8.15.B. 5: Brief cost analysis -Cultivation of coconut palm -Option B 151 Worksheet 8.15.B. 6 Model sensitivity -Option B 153 Worksheet 8.15.B. 7: Brief sensitivity cost analysis -Option B 154 Worksheet 8.15.C. 1: Monthly electricity generation from renewable resources Option C 156 Worksheet 8.15.C. 2: Financial analysis and cash flow Purchase of coconut palm feedstock -Option C 157 Worksheet 8.15.C. 3 Brief cost analysis Purchase of coconut palm feedstock -Option C 158 Worksheet 8.15.C. 4 Financial analysis and cash flow Cultivation of Coconut Palm Option C 160 Worksheet 8.15.C. 5 Brief cost analysis Cultivation of Coconut Palm -Option C 161 Worksheet 8.15.C. 6 Model sensitivity Cultivation of Coconut Palm -Option C 163 Worksheet 8.15.C. 7 Brief sensitivity cost analysis Purchase of coconut palm feedstock -Option C 164 Worksheet 8.15.D. 1 Monthly electricity generation from different renewable resources Option D 166 Worksheet 8.15.D. 2 Financial analysis and cash flow Purchase of coconut palm feedstock- Option D 167 Worksheet 8.15.D. 3 Brief cost estimate Purchase of coconut palm feedstockOption D 168 Worksheet 8.15.D. 4 Financial analysis and cash flow Cultivation of coconut palm - Option D 170 Worksheet 8.15.D. 5 Brief cost estimate Cultivation of coconut palm - Option D 171 Worksheet 8.15.D. 6 Model sensitivity Purchase of coconut palm feed stock - Option D 173 Worksheet 8.15.D. 7 Brief sensitivity cost estimate Purchase of coconut palm feed stock - Option D 174 x
Worksheet 8.15.E. 1 Monthly electricity generation from different renewable resources Option E 176 Worksheet 8.15.E. 2 Financial analysis and cash flow Purchase of coconut palm feedstock - Option E 177 Worksheet 8.15.E. 3 Brief cost analysis Purchase of coconut palm feedstock Option E 178 Worksheet 8.15.E. 4 Financial analysis and cash flow Cultivation of coconut palm Option E 180 Worksheet 8.15.E. 5 Brief cost analysis Cultivation of coconut palm - Option E 181 Worksheet 8.15.E. 6 Model sensitivity Purchase of coconut palm feedstock - Option E 183 Worksheet 8.15.E. 7 Brief Sensitivity cost analysis Purchase of coconut palm feedstock - Option E 184 Worksheet 9. 1 Financial comparison among the models with 0% subsidy Worksheet 9. 2 Financial comparison among the models with 10% subsidy Worksheet 9. 3 Financial comparison among the models with 20% subsidy Worksheet 9. 4 Financial comparison among the models with 30% subsidy Worksheet 9. 5 Financial comparison among the models with 40% subsidy Worksheet 9. 6 Financial comparison among the models with 50% subsidy Worksheet 9. 7 Handicrafts made from coconut shells Worksheet 9. 8 Handicrafts made from coconut shells Worksheet 9. 9 Handicrafts made from coconut fronds and shells Worksheet 9.17. 1 Schematic diagram of Wind-Solar-Biomass hybrid in the St. Martins Island 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202
206
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Preface
This book is mainly based on postgraduate research work completed in 2004 on Green Energy Development Model in the St. Martins Island at The University of Reading in England. Dr. David Fulford, of School of Construction Management and Engineering was the supervisor. This research work was aimed to investigate the feasibility of fulfilling the electricity demand in the St. Martins Island of Bangladesh from the available renewable resources and the scope of this research was to develop an Excel spreadsheet model to identify the sustainable renewable options for the island. The study is structured in the following manner. The first chapter has briefly outlines the background information, aims and objective of the study. The second chapter has illustrated renewable energy resources in the St. Martins Island. The third chapter describes elaborately Energy from Coconut palm biomass. Indeed due to geographical location, Bangladesh has the prospect of coconut growing. Coconut oil can be directly
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Abstract
The scope of this research is to develop a sustainable electricity generation model in the St. Martins Island. Five renewable resource options have been considered for detail analysis. The outputs of this model indicate that all the options are capable of fulfilling the requirement but under specific criteria some of them would never payback.
This model indicates that it is possible to provide green electricity in the island from only coconut palm biomass, but this option is only financially viable when the energy entrepreneur cultivates the coconut palm and subsidy on the investment is granted.
The best option for the St. Martins Island has been found as the wind-solar-biomass hybrid system, in spite of purchasing the coconut palms feedstock. On the other hand if the energy entrepreneur cultivates the coconut palm, Wind and Biomass hybrid system will be the best option.
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Executive summary
This research aims to investigate the feasibility of fulfilling the electricity demand in the St. Martins Island of Bangladesh from the available renewable resources and the scope of this research is to develop an excel spreadsheet model to identify the sustainable renewable options for the island. Five different electricity generation options have been considered for the detail analysis.
However the coconut palm feedstock is not free. So two basic choices for the biomass have been considered, one is to purchase the coconut palm feedstock and the other is to cultivate the coconut palm. In the second option, the land value and the cost of plantation have been taken into account. Again by-products from the system have been considered for selling. Further more the effect of subsidy on the IRR, NPV and payback periods and the sensitivity of the model have been critically analysed.
The main results from this model have been illustrated in table A-1. It is seen that every option is capable of fulfilling the electricity demand in the island but some of them would never payback due to their negative NPV. However the coconut palm cultivation criterion has shown the higher IRR and NPV but the lower payback period in compared with the coconut palm feedstock purchase criterion.
This model indicates that it is possible to fulfil the electricity demand in the St. Martins Island from only coconut palm biomass, but this option is financially viable when subsidy on the investment is granted and the energy entrepreneur cultivates the coconut palm. Moreover It is seen that this model is very economically sensitive to the cost of coconut palm feedstock, the cost of equipments and the amount of subsidy.
The best option for the St. Martins Island is found as the Wind-Solar-Biomass hybrid system i.e. option A, when there is no subsidy but need to purchase of coconut palm feedstock. On the other hand without subsidy but cultivation of coconut palm, option E i.e. Wind and Biomass hybrid power generation system has been found the best selection.
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Green Energy Development Model in the St. Martin's Island

Table A-1 Main results obtained from the model ; illustrates the effect of subsidy on the Investment, NPV, IRR and payback period
% of Subsidy on investment Option Electricity Demand fulfilled IRR % 14 -ve -ve -ve 16 22 -ve -ve -ve 24 31 -ve -ve 2.53 34 43 2 -ve 13 45 57 15 -ve 25 60 78 28 -ve 40 81
Option 'B' Option 'E'
Purchase of coconut palm feedstock

NPV in 1000 66 -173 -118 -119 50 118 -119 -112 -66 82 171 -66 -106 -12 114 223 -12 -101 41 146 275 42 -95 95 178 328 96 -90 149 210 Investment in 1000 514 529 55 526 313 462 476 49 473 282 411 423 44 421 251 360 370 38 368 219 308 317 33 315 188 257 264 27 263 157 Payback period in year 7.2 Never payback Never payback Never payback 6.4 4.7 Never payback Never payback Never payback Never payback 3.5 Never payback Never payback Never payback 3.2 2.5 Never payback Never payback 7.6 2.4 1.9 7.1 Never payback 4.4 1.8 1.4 3.8 Never payback 2.7 1.3
Option 'C'
Cultivation of coconut palm

IRR % 20 2 9 7 23 28 11 17 15 31 38 20 26 24 41 50 30 37 34 53 65 43 51 48 69 87 60 70 66 92 NPV in 1000 206 -34 27 20 195 302 64 77 118 271 399 162 127 216 347 495 260 177 313 423 591 358 226 411 499 688 456 276 509 575 Investment in 1000 947 963 489 960 747 853 866 440 864 673 758 770 391 768 598 663 674 342 672 523 568 578 293 576 448 474 481 244 480 374 Payback period in year 5.4 Never payback 9.9 12.1 4.8 3.9 9 6.1 6.9 3.6 2.9 5.5 4.1 4.6 2.7 2.2 3.7 2.9 3.2 2 1.6 2.5 2.1 2.3 1.5 1.2 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.2
10
20
30
40
50
A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Option 'A' Option 'D'
Solar + Wind + Biomass + Diesel Solar + Wind + Biomass + Coconut oil
Solar + Wind + Biomass + Biodiesel Wind + Biomass + Coconut oil
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100% coconut palm feedstock
Abbreviations
BCSIR BPDB BUET CFL COEE COIL COME DME DOD FAME FFA GED GHG GOB GS HDL IV IRR KGOE LCFA LDL LGED MCFA MOEF NEP NPV OEE PAH PV RE REB REDA SEMP Sp SRE UNDP WFT
Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Bangladesh Power Development Board Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Compact Fluorescent Lamp Coconut oil ethyl esters Water-washed coconut oil Coconut oil methyl esters Direct Micro Expelling Depth of Discharge Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Free Fatty Acid Green Energy Development Green House Gases Government of Bangladesh Grameen Shakti High Density lipoprotein (good-cholesterol) Iodine Value Internal Rate of Return Kilogram Oil Equivalent Long Chain Fatty Acids Low Density Lipoprotein (bad- cholesterol) Local Government Engineering Department Medium Chain Fatty Acids Ministry of Environment and Forest National Energy Policy Net Present Value Oil Extraction Efficiency Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Photo Voltaic Renewable Energy Rural Electrification Board Renewable Energy Development Agency Sustainable Environment Management Programme Species Sustainable Rural Energy United Nations Development Programme Wildlife Fund of Thailand
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Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank to Mr. Md. Shahidul Hasssan, Chief Engineer for Local Government Engineering Department for nominating him in the MSc taught programme at the University of Reading, in England. Thanks to Ms. Shireen Kamal Sayed, Assistant Resident Representative, UNDP and Dr. Babar Kabir, Programme coordinator SEMP, funded by the UNDP for their sponsorship. Special thank to the Sustainable Rural Energy project for conducting the electricity demand survey in the St. Martins Island and providing huge logistic supports. The author also acknowledges the innovative ideas provided by Dr. David Fulford, Dr. Anne Wheldon, Dr. Maria Vhadati, Mr. David Teal and Dr. Dan Etherington. The author is very grateful to his family members who had shown a great patience during his study in England. Finally thanks to my brother in-law Dr. A.N.M. Abu Bakar who has inspired me in writing this research book.
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22
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background information

St. Martins is the only island in Bangladesh that has coral reef (Coral reefs, 2000). It lies between 92018' and 92021' E longitudes and 20034' and 20039' N latitudes. It is almost flat and is 3.6m above the mean sea level (Banglapedia ). The population of the island is 5196 and most of them are fishermen belonging to the 778 families (SRE,
2004). The island is resource rich with the enormous Biodiversity. The existing flora
and fauna in the island is listed in table 1.1.1

Table 1.1. 1 Existing flora and fauna in the island
Name of species
Coral Mollusk Fish Amphibian Turtle Snail Mammals Birds Source : Stmartinsbd, 2002-b
Amount
66 Sp 300 Sp 150 Sp 5 Sp 5 Sp 5 Sp 20 Sp 200 s
Figure 1.1. 1 Panoramic view of the St. Martins Island
The island was named St. Martins after a British provincial Governor but the local people called it Narikel Jinjira. Which means the Coconut Island (Holiday, 2004). Coconuts are the important cash crop on the island. Despite considerable fish resources, the island is poorly developed due to the lack of electricity. However every year a significant number of tourists visit the island because of its unique landscape. But the uses of diesel generator and kerosene lamp make the island environmentally fragile and do threaten to the ecosystem and biodiversity.
Figure 1.1. 2 Coral reef at the St. Martins Island
Moreover St. Martins Island is famous for breeding place of marine turtle. The main characteristics of marine turtle are: They are highly migratory and travel great distance during lifetime from ocean to ocean, around the globe They are excellent navigator and can recognize their own nesting beach They transport massive nutrient and increase productivity of coastal habitat They must have to breath in air & lay eggs on sandy beach for reproduction Feed on jellyfish, crab, shells, squids, sponge, sea grass etc
Marine turtle return in maturity to the same beach where they hatched long time before Female marine turtle lay eggs on the sandy beaches in 50-100 cm depth those hatch by sand heat provided by sunshine after 45-70 days Mother turtle has no duty regarding hatching after laying and the babies find their own ways in the open ocean. The sexes of the hatchlings are determined by the incubation temperature.
Figure 1.1. 3 Marine turtle in the St. Martins Island
However the Government of Bangladesh has a noble vision to provide electricity to the whole country by the year 2020 (NEP, 2004). But only 30% of the total population in Bangladesh has received the grid electricity (GS, 2001). There is no possibility in the near future to connect all the remote villages and the offshore islands within the national grid system. Expanding the national grid in those isolated areas are also very expensive and not cost effective. Therefore renewable energy could be an effective alternative to fulfil the electricity demand in the off-grid areas.
The scope of this research project is to develop an Excel spreadsheet model to find out the sustainable electricity generation option for the St. Martins Island. Therefore NPV, IRR and payback periods of each option need to be analysed. Five different renewable resources options have been considered for the detail analysis. The basic elements of those options have been illustrated in table 1.1.2
Table 1.1. 2 Basic elements of the five renewable options in the St. Martins Island
Option A B C D E Solar Yes Yes No Yes No
Energy sharing from Wind Coconut palm Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Dual-fuel mode in a biomass gasifier Diesel Bio-diesel Coconut oil Coconut oil Coconut oil
The electricity demand survey in the St. Martins Island was conducted by the Sustainable Rural Energy Project of LGED (SRE, 2004). Solar irradiation, wind and tidal data were obtained from the Energy Park (Sumon, 2004), the BCSIR (Zaman et al,
2001) and the BUET (Sadrul, 2004) respectively.
This research project will investigate the feasibility of fulfilling the electricity demand from the available renewable resource in the St. Martins Island in a cost effective way. The maps showing project location is included in figure 1.1.4) and the base map of St. Martins island is included in figure 1.1.5 Furthermore there are many off-shore islands at the southern part of Bangladesh (Banglapedia). A Coastal map of Bangladesh showing the off-shore islands is included in (figure 1.1.6). Similar renewable energy scenario exists in those off-shore islands. So the model has some adaptation options to fit in to the other island.
Figure 1.1. 4Maps showing the project location : Source : Banglapedia
Figure 1.1. 5 Base map of St. Martins Island Source: GIS 2004
Figure 1.1. 6 A Coastal area map of Bangladesh showing the major off-shore islands source: GIS 2004
1.1 Aims
The aims of this research project are to investigate the feasibility of fulfilling the electricity demand in the St. Martins Island from the available renewable resources in a sustainable manner, to conserve bio-diversity, to develop eco-tourism and to replicate this model in the other offshore islands of Bangladesh.
1.2 Objectives
The specific objectives of this dissertation project are: To assess the available renewable resources [Solar, wind, Biomass and Tidal] To make plans for Renewable Energy demonstration unit To make plans for clean electricity to the consumers in a reliable and cost-effective manner To develop an excel spreadsheet model for selecting the components of renewable resources [Wind, Solar, Biomass, and Tidal], which is technically and financially sustainable To calculate NPV, IRR, Payback period and the relevant analysis of each option for selecting the best one suitable for the St. Martins Island
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CHAPTER 2
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN THE ST. MARTINS ISLAND
11
12
2.1 Solar energy

There are good prospect of solar energy resource in the St. Martins Island. Average global solar irradiation on the horizontal surface was found 4.8 Kwh m-2day-1 and on the 300 inclined surface it was 5.2 Kwh m-2day-1 (Sumon, 2004). These data indicate the bright prospect for the solar thermal and photovoltaic application in the Island. Monthly average solar irradiation data have been illustrated in table 2.1.1
Table 2.1. 1 Global Solar irradiation data for the St. Martins Island in Kwh m-2day-1
Jan
Feb
Mar 6.4 6.9
Apr 6.4 6.0
May 5.8 5.0
June 3.5 3.0
July 3.4 3.0
Aug 3.6 3.3
Sep 4.2 4.2
Oct 4.6 5.1
Nov 4.4 5.8
Dec 4.6 6.0
Av. 4.8 5.2
Horizontal 5.1 5.6 surface 300 Inclined 6.8 6.8 surface Source: Sumon, 2004
2.2 Wind energy

A comprehensive feasibility study has been conducted by the BCSIR to explore wind energy potential in the St. Martins Island (Zaman et al, 2001). The report has been included in Appendix D-2. Month wise hourly average wind data have been illustrated in table 2.2.1. It has been obtained that a considerable amount of time wind speed in the island is between 3-4 m/s. Therefore low cut-in speed wind turbine is suitable for the power generation in the island.
13
Table 2.2. 1 Monthwise hourly average wind speed (m/s) in the St. Martins Island [ Jan-Dec 2000]
10h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 20h 21h 22h 23h 5 6 4 3 4 6 5 6 4 4 3 7 24h 5 6 4 3 5 6 5 6 4 4 4 8 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 5 5 3 3 5 6 6 6 4 4 3 7 9h 4 4 4 3 5 6 6 6 4 4 3 7
J F M A M J J A S O N D
5 6 4 4 5 6 5 6 4 4 4 7
6 6 4 4 5 6 5 6 4 4 4 7
6 5 4 3 5 5 5 6 4 4 4 8
6 6 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 9
6 6 3 3 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 8
5 5 4 3 5 5 6 5 4 4 4 8
5 5 4 3 5 5 6 5 4 4 4 8
4 4 3 4 5 6 6 6 4 3 3 8
4 4 3 4 5 6 6 6 4 3 3 8
3 4 4 4 5 6 5 6 4 3 3 7
3 4 4 4 6 6 5 6 4 4 3 6
3 5 4 4 6 6 6 6 4 4 3 6
4 5 4 4 6 6 6 6 4 4 3 7
4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 4 4 3 8
4 5 4 5 5 6 6 6 4 4 3 8
4 5 4 5 5 6 5 6 4 4 3 9
5 5 4 4 5 6 5 6 4 3 3 8
5 6 4 4 5 6 5 6 4 3 3 9
6 6 4 4 4 6 5 6 4 3 3 9
5 6 4 4 4 6 5 6 4 4 3 8
Source: Zaman et al, 2001
2.3 Biomass energy

Coconut palm is the main biomass resource in the St. Martins Island. There are 9127 coconut trees in the island; however some of the households cultivate other variety of fruit tree. There are also 467 fruit trees in the island (Stmartinsbd, 2002-a). The coconut fronds, coir and shells have been successfully used as raw materials for a biomass gasifier. Again good quality coconut oil is obtained from the coconut meat. Furthermore Coconut oil methyl or ethyl esters, usually known as biodiesel can be produced from the coconut oil. Coconut oil based fuels have been successfully used to run a diesel engine. Figure 2.3.1 is a panoramic view of coconut biomass resources in the St. Martins Island
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Figure 2.3. 1 Coconut biomass resources in the St. Martins Island
2.4 Tidal energy

In order to explore the tidal power in the St. Martins Island, seven tidal gauge stations have been established by the BUET (Sadrul, 2004). Figure 2.4.1 shows a tidal monitoring station at the St. Martins Island. The tidal data for the island have been included in table 8.4.1 average power that could be extracted from the each station is illustrated in table 2.4.1. The average tidal heights for the seven gauge stations have been obtained between 1-2 meters. A mean head of at least five meters is usually considered to be the minimum for viable tidal power generation (Boyle Godfrey, 2004). Therefore there is no potential prospect of tidal resource in the St. Martins Island.
15
Table 2.4. 1Calculation for tidal energy in the St. Martins Island Station no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location Av. tidal head, R (m) 1.70 1.61 0.69 1.28 1.32 1.54 1.58 Catchment area, A 2 (m ) 500 450 450 600 500 400 650 Energy (Watt) 159 128 24 108 96 104 178
Cheradia Cheradia-2 Golachipa Golachera-2 Zadir bill Konapara Uttar char
Source: Sadrul, 2004
Figure 2.4. 1 A tidal monitoring station in the St. Martins Island
16
CHAPTER 3 ENERGY FROM COCONUT PALM BIOMASS
17
18
3.1 The tree of life

The botanical name for the coconut palm is Cocos nucifera. Cocos meaning monkey-faced or grinning face referring to the three eyes on husks and nucifera meaning nut-bearing plant. Coconut tree has been called the most versatile tree in the world. There is an Indian proverb He who plants a coconut tree, plants for food, drink, vessels, clothing, a heat source, habitation for himself and a heritage for his children (Foodsite, 2003). In Sanskrit the coconut palm is called Kalpa vriksha which roughly means The tree of life (starship,). Coconut palm is very cold sensitive. The green leaves of tree damaged at -10C, serious damage occurs at -30C, but most death occurs from the tree weakening with the cold and then rotting (Desert, 2003).
Besides drink, food and shade, coconut offers the possibilities of housing, thatching, hats, baskets, furniture, mats, cordage, clothing, charcoal, brooms, fans, ornaments, musical instruments, shampoo, containers, implements and oil for fuel, light, ointments, soap and more. Two major classes of coconuts are typically recognized on the basis of stature: tall and dwarf. The ones most commonly planted for commercial purposes are the tall varieties. The dwarf varieties may have originated as a mutation of tall types. The dwarf variety may grow to a height of twenty-five to thirty feet and begin flower after three years, being only about three feet tall. Their life span is only about thirty years. Although highly difficult to grow, the dwarf varieties are valued because they bear early and are resistant to lethal yellowing disease. On the other hand tall variety palm can grow approximately 32 meters to 100 meters. Its leatherish trunk is topped by a crown of large featherlike of about 25 to 30 large primate leaves. Each leaf may grow to a length of at least 20 feet or 6 meters. The leaf consists of a petiole, strong fibrous leaf stalk and rachis, a midrib from where extend many leaflets and the compound flower stalks from which the nuts, its fruits develop.
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The flowering of a tall variety coconut palm usually begins when it is 7 to 10 years old. A flower cluster, classified botanically as a spadix is produced in the axil (the angle between the upper surface of the leaf-stalk and stem) of each leaf. The tree can live as long as 100 years producing an annual yield of 50 to 100 coconuts. Coconut palms are found throughout the tropics, and can also be successfully grown in areas that receive only mild frosts. 90% of the world's coconut production for export sources from the Asia-Pacific region, though coconut products are an increasing source of revenues for many other developing areas. Coconut palms cannot bear more than a brief cold and are seriously damaged by even a light freeze. They need full sun and do not survive very long inside a house. Coconuts take 5 to 6 months to germinate. The annual yield of coconut per hectare is illustrated in table 3.1.1
Table 3.1. 1 Annual yield of coconut per hectare
Coconut trees per ha Nuts per tree Flesh per nut (kg ; 50% moisture) Shell per nut (kg) Flesh per ha (kg ; 50% moisture) Copra per ha (kg ; 5% misture ) Recoverable oil per kg Copra , kg Recoverable oil per ha ,kg Recoverable oil per ha, liter
Source : ICCEPT, 2003
Low 151 50 0.276 2084 1146 0.3 344 378
Medium 254 80 0.34 0.200 7004 3852 0.4 1541 1693
High 351 120 0.416 17522 9637 0.55 5300 5825
Energy density of different nutty fruits is illustrated in table 3.1.2 and energy density of coconut palm biomass is furnished in table 3.1.3
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Table 3.1. 2 energy content of different nutty fruits Name Average Weight Protein portion (g) (g) 12-15 4 medium 15 2.8 Fat (g) 8.1 Carbohydrates Calories Calories (g) (kcal) (kJ) 2.9 90 378
Almonds Brazil nuts, shelled
15
2.2
9.9
1.7
97
407
Chestnuts, 3 small fresh Coconut, fresh Coconut water 1 piece
15
0.4
0.2
6.2
29
122
15
0.5
5.2
2.1
54
227
1 glass
240
0.2
0.2
10.8
46
193
Source: http://www.indiadiets.com/foods/food_groups/Body_building/nuts_and_dried_fruits.htm
Table 3.1. 3 Energy density of coconut palm biomass
Name of component
Coconut shells Coir Coconut fronds (Green wood) Coconut oil Biodiesel from coconut oil Source : Hypertextbook, 2004 and Eidn,
Energy density in MJ/kg

17.9 9.8 10 40 41.2
3.1.1 Coir
Coir is the fibrous husk of the coconut shell that has usually been removed from the fruit we buy in the supermarket. Being tough and naturally resistant to seawater, the coir protects the fruit enough to survive months floating on ocean currents to be washed up on a sandy shore where it may sprout and grow into a tree, if it has enough fresh water, because all the other nutrients it needs have been carried along with the seed. These characteristics make the fibers quite useful in floor and outdoor mats, aquarium filters, cordage and rope, and garden mulch.
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3.1.2 Copra
Copra is the dried meat, or kernel, of the coconut. The name derives from khopra, the Hindi word for coconut. Copra is the commercial form of coconut from which coconut oil is extracted by boiling and pressing. Dried coconut contains about 70% of oil. It is extensively used in the preparation of vegetable ghee and margarine. About 73% of coconut oil fatty acids are saturated, which tends to increase HDL cholesterol. Copra cake is the by-product of coconut oil processing from copra. It is normally used as an animal feed. Ingredients of copra cake is illustrated in table 3.1.2.1
Table 3.1.2. 1 Ingredients of copra cake
Dry matter 90.28
Crude protein 17.53
Crude fat 8.75
Crude fiber 12.19
Ash 6.12
NFE 46.63
Source : Fao-b, 1997
3.1.3 Coconut water

The lightly flavoured liquid inside a coconut is water and is typically drunk straight from the coconut for a very refreshing and nutritious drink. It loses nutritional value quickly and will begin to ferment once removed from the shell. Nutrient value of mature and tender coconut water is furnished in table 3.1.3.1
Table 3.1.3. 1 Nutrient values per 100 gm coconut water
Components Energy, Kcal Moisture,gm Protein, gm Fat, gm Sugars,gm Potassium, mg Iron, mg Vitamin C, mg
Source: Mercola, 2004
Mature 22 92 0.3 0.2 5 310 1.1 2
Coconut water Tender 16 97 NA NA 4.1 NA NA NA
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3.1.4 Coconut milk

Coconut milk is made from shredded or grated coconut pulp mixed with hot water to extract the oils and flavors.
3.1.5 Energy from a mature coconut

Energy density of coconut components are illustrated in figure 3.1.5.1
Juice,1 glass, 240 gm
Coir, 75 gm From one mature Coconut (About 810 gm)
9.8 MJ/Kg (Biofuel,2004) 17.9 MJ/Kg (Biofuel,2004)
Shell, 150 gm
Flesh, 345gm
Copra, 189.6 gm
Coconut oil 83 ml
40 MJ/Kg (Shaheed & Swain 1998) 41.2 MJ/Kg (Shaheed & Swain 1998)
Bio-diesel 67 ml
Figure 3.1.5. 1 flow diagram shows energy from a mature coconut
3.1.6 Recoverable coconut oil and biodiesel per nut

Assuming medium yield of Coconut , 80 nuts per tree/year and 254 trees per hectare Therefore Flesh per nut = Copra per nut
7004 = 0.3447 kg = 344.7 gm [50% moisture ] 254 * 80 3852 = 0.1896 kg = 189.6 gm [5% moisture ] = 254 * 80
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Recoverable oil per nut =
1541 = 0.0758 kg = 75.8 gm 254 * 80 1693 = 0.0833 liter = 83.3 ml 254 * 80
Recoverable oil per nut =
Bio-diesel yield = Oil yield X 0.8 (App.) Recoverable coconut oil per nut = 83.3 ml Biodiesel yield = oil yield X 0.8 approx (Journey 2004-a)
Recoverable bio-diesel per nut = 83.3*0.8 = 66.64 ml
3.2 History of the coconut cultivation

A Sandy well-drained soil near the coastal areas is the most suitable environment to grow the coconut palm. However, coconuts are adaptable to other soil types including coral atolls and soils with moderate salinity. Philippines has the first position in the world coconut cultivation (Woodroof J.G., 1979). The major area under coconut cultivation in the world is illustrated in table 3.2.1
Table 3.2. 1 Major areas under coconut cultivation
Asia
Africa America Pacific Islands

Source: Pssc, 2001
Country India Indonesia Philippines Tanzania Ivory Coast Mexico Jamaica Kiribati Others
Area in million hectares 1.18 3.05 3.27 0.26 0.03 0.11 0.05 0.04 0.02
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Coconut is widely distributed throughout a band of 200N and 200S latitude (Pssc,
2001). This wide distribution is primarily due to floatation of coconut fruit in
seawater, where once washed ashore, they readily establishes themselves on the sandy beaches. Additionally, man has contributed to its transportation and cultivation. A map showing major coconut producing area of the world has been illustrated in figure 3.2.1
Figure 3.2. 1 Coconut producing areas of the world, Source : Pssc, 2001
3.3 Coconut cultivation method

Coconut seedlings are normally grown in the nursery bed. It takes about five to six months to germinate (Desert, 2003). A photo illustration of germinated coconut has been included in figure 3.3.1
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Figure 3.3. 1 Germination of coconut palm,: Source: Waynesword,
Seed coconuts are placed in rows of 0.25m apart. Distances between the seeds are also kept 0.25m apart (Pssc, 2001). Planting coconut seeds in the nursery bed has been illustrated in figure 3.3.2 and 3.3.3
Figure 3.3. 2 speed Coconuts spacing in nursery rows, : Sorce: Pssc, 2001
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Figure 3.3. 3 Planting coconuts in seedbeds, Nyimberembe, Tanzania (Lake Victoria) Source: Pssc, 2001
Coconut seedlings are transplanted to a prepared soil when they are about one- two years old. They need full sun and do not survive very long in shade or inside a house. Depends on the variety within five to six years they will have matured into a graceful coconut palm tree (Starship ). Figure 3.3.4 shows coconut seedlings on nursery bed.
Figure 3.3. 4 Coconut seedling on the nursery bed :source : Tamilnet ,2004
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3.4 Coconut hybrids for the higher return

The first coconut hybrid in the world was developed in India in 1930. It was developed from West Coast Tall as the female parent and Chowghat Green Dwarf as the male parent (Hindu, 2004). In coconut cultivation, special attention should be paid in selecting the appropriate coconut hybrids, which are ideally suited to the agroclimatic conditions of the area. In India, about eleven coconut hybrids have been commercialised for cultivation. The famous coconut hybrids are Chandra Sankara, Kera Sankara, Chandra Laksha, Laksha Ganga, Kera Ganga, Kera Sree, Kera Sowbhaagya, VHC-1, VHC-2 and Godavari Ganga. Annual yield of some hybrid coconut palm is illustrated in table 3.4.1
Table 3.4. 1 Annual yield of hybrid coconut
Sl. No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Variety
West Coast Tall VHC-1 VHC-2 Godavari Ganga Laccadive ordinary Philippine ordinary Laccadive micro Chandra Sankara and Kera Sankara Chandra Laksha , Laksha Ganga, Kera Sree, Kera Sowbhagya
Annual yield of nuts per palm

80 98 107 140 141 107 205 210 116-186
Source : Woodroof J.G., 1979 and Hindu, 2004
The photographs of hybrid coconut Palms with hefty bunches are attached in figure 3.4.1 and figure 3.4.2 Hybrid coconut produces good quality copra with about 70% oil content (Hindu, 2004).
Figure 3.4. 1 Hybrid coconut palm :Source : Lakshadweep,
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Figure 3.4. 2 Hybrid coconut palm : Source: Primaldefense, 2004
3.5 Coconut harvesting

Coconut palms produce nuts throughout the year. Its yield may vary with the season. Generally a mature palm produces at least one mature ready-to-harvest bunch of coconuts every month. Depending on the species, nuts per bunch may vary from five to fifteen. Number of bunches that can be harvested annually from a tall variety tree is about fourteen and that of a dwarf variety tree is about sixteen. Normally it takes about twelve months for a nut to mature from pollination to harvest ( Fao ). Coconut harvesting cycle varies from 45 to 60 day intervals. Two to three bunches of coconuts could be harvested from each palm if this cycle is properly maintained However there are many coconut harvesting methods, out of which followings are the most popular (Fao):
Free falling method Pole method Climbing method Using trained monkey
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3.5.1 Free falling method

Coconut growers from some countries specifically in the pacific the farmers usually do not harvest their coconuts, they let the mature coconuts to fall on the ground and collect them as shown in figure 3.5.1
Figure 3.5. 1 Free falling of mature coconuts : Source: Fancy 2004
3.5.2 Pole method

In the pole method a harvesting scythe is attached to the end of a long bamboo pole is used as shown in figure 3.5.2 it is faster, more efficient, less tedious and less dangerous when compared with climbing.
Figure 3.5. 2 A woman harvesting coconut in Vietnam using pole method :Source : Terragalleria
3.5.3 Climbing method

Harvesting coconuts by climbing needs good professional skills. In this method there is a risk of falling from the tree. But main advantage is that, the climber could clean and inspect the crown of the palm for pest and disease attack.
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However, the cuts made to construct steps in the trunk in certain countries to facilitate climbing make the trees less suitable for timber and the fractures serve as entry points for pests. Harvesting coconuts by climbing method is shown in figure 3.5.3
Figure 3.5. 3 A man is climbing to harvest coconut : Source : Fao
3.5.4 Using trained monkey

Coconut harvesting by using trained monkeys is considered efficient and costeffective method specially in areas where labour has become scarce. This method is practiced in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. Monkey school at Surat Thani, Thailand offer training to wild monkeys to help picking up mature coconuts. Most students are pigtailed monkeys, captured in local forest. Training usually takes around three months (Dusit). The monkey schools, charge about 100 US$ to teach the animals to choose only fully ripe coconuts and shun unripe green ones. Usually they are at least two years old when training begins and males are favoured because they are more obedient. The monkeys work for lower wages and pluck more coconuts, than any human. According to Pisit Na Pattalung, the Secretary General, Wildlife fund of Thailand (WFT) Several hundred monkeys are working, Picking coconuts. A monkey can pick 800 to 1000 coconuts in a day depending on its skill (Geocities -1). Harvesting coconuts by trained monkeys is shown in figure 3.5.4
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Figure 3.5. 4 Coconut harvesting by trained monkey : Source: Geocities-1
3.6 Making Copra

Copra is the dried coconut meat. The name derives from Khopra, the Hindi word for
coconut (Copra). Copra is the commercial form of coconut from which coconut oil is extracted by boiling and pressing. It is an oil-rich pulp with sweet and nutty flavour. Coconut flesh is 50% water, 34% Oil and 16% fats & proteins whereas copra is 5% moisture and 64% Oils (ICCEPT 2003). After expelling oil from copra the residue is called copra cake. These by-products are valuable protein sources in animal feed.
Special attention should be paid during the drying process and transportation of copra. Unhygienic drying, humid tropical conditions, bulk and long distance shipment some times leads to aflatoxin contamination of copra. Aflatoxin is harmful both for man and animals. Unhygienic copra means that the resultant oil is normally of low quality with a Free Fatty Acid (FFA) level of 3% or more. The rancidity of vegetable oil is measured by FFA content (Kokonut).
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There are several methods for copra drying (Fao): 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.6.4 3.6.5 Solar drying Direct smoke kiln drying Semi-direct smoke kiln drying The modified Kukum hot-air dryer The Cocopugon or the Brick hot air dryer
3.6.1 Solar drying

Continuous sun drying for the periods of four to five days can produce good quality, white and edible copra. This method is used only in the dry season and when quantity of copra is not huge. It is the most inexpensive way of copra drying. Figure 3.6.1 shows the solar drying of copra.
Figure 3.6. 1 Solar drying of copra :Source : Fao
3.6.2 Direct smoke kiln drying

In this process, the drying area is made of split bamboo platform. Halved nuts are placed on this grill. Underneath the platform, coconut shells and husks are burned slowly to provide the heat for vaporising the moisture from the coconut meat. The coconut meat shrinks upon drying and may be removed or scooped out from the shell. The main features of this process are, simple design, low construction cost and inexpensive fuel
33
(coconut shells and husks). However, copra produced from this dryer are usually dark and smoky. The direct smoke copra drying process is shown in figure 3.6.2
Figure 3.6. 2 Direct smoke kiln copra dryer : Source : Fao
3.6.3 Semi-direct smoke kiln drying

In this process the dryer has a combustion pit located about three feet away from the drying bed. The hot flue gas supply heat to the drying bed through an underground channel. The pit floor of the firing chamber is slightly upward towards the end portion to ensure adequate air flow. Dry coconut husks are used as fuel. This is economically feasible for small farmer (Fao) as all the locally available construction materials are used. This method has better performance than direct smoke kiln. Figure 3.6.3 shows the semi-direct smoke kiln drying process.
Figure 3.6. 3 Semi-direct smoke kiln copra dryer : Source Fao
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3.6.4 The modified Kukum hot-air dryer

This is an indirect natural draught dryer. Its heat exchanger is made up of three standard oil drums welded together with five semi-circular baffles installed alternately inside the drums at distance of 0.46m (Fao). About thirty hours are needed to dry one batch nut. This process produces very good quality copra but it has a higher maintenance cost. Figure 3.6.4 shows the modified Kukum hot-air copra dryer.
Figure 3.6. 4 Modified Kukum hot-air copra dryer : source : Fao
3.6.5 Cocopugon hot-air brick copra dryer

Cocopugon is the further improvement of modified Kukum hot-air copra dryer. Instead of metal drum heat exchanger it uses bricks. Bricks are durable and needs less maintenance. This dryer needs pre-heating. Firing should be done first before loading the split nuts. The heat stored in the bricks will be released slowly after the last firing. Figure 3.6.5 shows Cocopugon hot-air brick copra dryer.
Figure 3.6. 5 Cocopugon hot-air brick copra dryer : Source : Fao
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3.7 Extraction of Coconut oil

Coconut oil extraction from the copra requires large-scale, expensive and energyintensive equipment. It also needs refining, bleaching and deodorising to create a commercially acceptable product. Oil production from copra needs the following steps (ICCEPT, 2003): The copra is chopped into pieces about one centimetre square by copra cutter or milling machine Chopped copra passes through extraction machine to ensure all oil is removed Heats oil and boils away water Oil is then centrifuged to remove any solid particles water and cholesterol Oil is then filtered Add extra heating to remove moisture Storage of coconut oil Bi-product can be used as an animal feed
However the poor standard of the initial copra processing in the field has in turn affected the quality of coconut oil produced by the copra mills. If copra was not properly dried oil will contaminated by aflatoxins. Furthermore copra making is a time consuming and costly process. To avoid this problem DME can be the best solution to extract virgin coconut oil at the village level.
3.8 Direct Micro Expelling (DME)

Direct Micro Expelling (DME) process has been developed in Australia as a possible solution to copra problems. This process completely bypasses the tedious copra making stages. The DME process concentrates on small, manageable, daily batches instead of producing large batches of copra which take many weeks to ship and process. According to Dr. Dan Etherington, Managing Director, Kokonut Pacific Pty Ltd With DME we take small-scale processing unit to the nuts rather than taking the nuts to a large-scale processing plant. The overall goal of DME is to raise the income levels of poor rural families
36
in the coconut production region (Dan E and Roland L 1999). It gives direct local employment in rural areas in nut collection and oil production.
In eight hours per day one DME unit can yield between 30 40 litres of virgin coconut oil. The Oil extraction efficiency (OEE) is over 85% of available oil (Kokonut).
3.8.1 DME steps

Figure 3.5.1 shows one DME unit in operation.Coconut oil extraction by DME process is associated with the following steps (Dan E and Roland L 1999): Step 01 : Collection of enough ripe coconut, about 300-500 nuts per day Step 02 : Dehusking the coconut Step 03 : Split the nut with large bush knife or machete and drain out water Step 04 : Grating the halves with manual operated or motorised graters Step 05 : Solar drying of grated materials (9%-12% moisture needed) Step 06 : Semi heat the grated materials to about 600C Step 07 : Loading the cylinders Step 08 : Pressing out the oil Step 09 : Filtering of coconut oil Step 10 : Removing the press-cake
Dehusking coconut
Grating of coconut halves
Solar drying of grated materials
Figure 3.8. 1 one DME unit in operation ; : Source: Kokonut
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3.8.2 Electric energy requirement for the DME process

In one DME unit Two electric graters ( 230V and 180 watt) (Hilton, 2004) Daily operation time = 8 hours Daily average yield of coconut oil = 40 litres So to produce 40 litre coconut oil, electric energy requirement = 2*180*8/1000 KWh = 2.88 KWh Therefore to produce 1 litre coconut oil electric energy needed = 2.88/40 KWh = 0.0720 KWh During filtering of oil Electricity requirement about 7% of that for the grating, i.e. = 0.005 KWh So total electricity requirement to produce one litre coconut oil = 0.077 KWh
Production process of one litre coconut oil needs about 0.077 KWh electricity
3.8.3 Advantages of DME process

The advantages of DME process are as follows: Saving transport cost : DME is the quickest and easy way to get virgin coconut oil within one and half hours of opening a coconut. It avoids the bulk and high costs of shipping copra to far away mills.
Saving energy : The mechanical process of oil extraction from copra requires large amount of energy from fossil fuels, whereas the DME process mainly uses labour and renewable energy. The finely grated coconut flesh needs much less energy to dry than conventional copra drying.
High quality oil : In the DME process oil is produced directly from fresh coconut meat so the problems of contamination are eliminated. Pure coconut oil without rancidity is obtained from this method. Cold pressing also avoids the cooked odours and loss of keeping qualities.
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Increased value adding : In DME process the maximum value is added to the coconut meat at the point of production. The oil is not only the final products but there are also great potential to make locally soap, shampoo, detergents and other products. These output value greatly exceeds that of copra. Local use of oil and press-cake : The produced oil can be used at the village level as a cosmetic body-oil or substituted for imported cooking oils and diesel fuel. This oil can be directly used in a diesel engine to run a vehicle or to generate of electricity. The by-product press-cake is the best animal feed.
3.9 Properties of Coconut oil

3.9.1 Physical properties
Coconut oil has been widely used in food, toiletry and industrial sectors because of its unique characteristics (Coconutboard 2000). The main physical properties of coconut oil are as follows: Natural source Biodegradable Low viscosity Saturated and stable High resistance to oxidative rancidity Maximum glycerine content Ingredients for the production of toilet soaps, shaving cream, liquid soaps, shampoo and other cosmetics
3.9.2 Nutritional properties

Nutritional properties of Coconut oil is as follows (Coconutboard 2000): Contains Vitamin E Easy digestibility and absorbability Contain omega -6, (Essential fatty acids) Increase blood HDL (good cholesterol) Does not elevate blood LDL (bad cholesterol) Coconut oil is less likely to cause obesity compared to other oils (Oleofats 2003) Rich content of lauric acid, the source of disease fighting fatty acid
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3.9.3 Energy related properties

Energy related properties of Coconut oil is as follows: Energy content Density at 40 C Cetane number Iodine number Melting Point Viscosity Freezing point Cloud point Pour point Dielectric strength Flash point
0
37 43 GJ/t 0.9-0.94 Kg/l 70 8-10 250C 28.58 mm2/s 25.10C 27 C 200C 60 KV 2250C
0
(ICCEPT 2003) (Greencottage 2001) (Journey 2004) (Journey 2 ) (Shortcircuit) (Bst 2000) (Newton 2004) (Ncbi 2000) (Bst 2000) (Elect 2001) (Elect 2001) (Journey 2 ) (Coconutboard 2000) (Shaheed A and Swain E 1998)
Saponification number 246-260 Effective heat transfer agent Can be converted into bio-diesel Blends well with other fuel oils (Diesel/Kerosene) Good lubricant
(Tve 2001) (Tve 2001)
3.9.4 Chemical composition of coconut oil

Coconut oil contains short and medium chain fatty acids as the main constituent. All fatty acids contain Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O) arranged as a carbon chain skeleton with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end (Scientific 2004). They differ from one another in the number of Carbon atoms in each molecule and the proportion of Carbon to Oxygen & Carbon to Hydrogen molecule (Journey 2). Major chemical composition of coconut oil is shown in table 3.9.4.1
40
Table 3.9.4. 1 Chemical composition of Coconut oil
Average Composition in fatty acids Lauric acid Myristic acid Caprylic acid Palmitic acid Capric acid Oleic acid Stearic acid Linoleic acid Source : Greencottage 2001
% 39-54 15-23 6-10 6-11 5-10 4-11 1-4 1-2
Elementary and Constitutional formulae for the chemical composition of coconut oil is shown in table 3.9.4.2
Table 3.9.4. 2 Elementary and constitutional formula
Common name
Carbon atoms
Double bonds
Elementary Formula
Constitutional Formula
Caprylic acid Capric acid Lauric acid Myristic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Oleic acid Linoleic acid
8 10 12 14 16 18 18 18
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
C8H16O2 C10H20O2 C12H24O2 C14H28O2 C16H32O2 C18H36O2 C18H34O2 C18H32O2
CH3(CH2)6COOH CH3(CH2)8COOH CH3(CH2)10COOH CH3(CH2)12COOH CH3(CH2)14COOH CH3(CH2)16COOH CH3(CH2)14 (CH)2 COOH CH3(CH2)12 (CH)4 COOH
Source: Scientific 2004
Saturated fatty acids have all the Hydrogen that the Carbon atoms can hold and therefore have no double bonds between the Carbons. Monounsaturated fatty acids have only one double bond and Polyunsaturated fatty acids have more than one double bond. From table 3.9.4.2 it is evident that among the constituents of coconut oil only Oleic acid is Monounsaturated and Linoleic acid is Polyunsaturated. Coconut oil is 92% Saturated (Runningtimes 2004). This allows the chains of fatty acids to be straighter and more pliable, so they harden at lower temperatures (Journey 2004)
41
Indeed fats and oils are the mixture of triglycerides in varying proportions. Triglycerides have lower densities than water, so they float on water. At ambient temperature they may be solid or liquid. They are called fats, if found at the solid state and called oils, if found at the liquid state. Triglycerides are chemical compound constituents of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol (Scientific 2004). Coconut oil has major proportion of saturated Lautic acid triglycerides and minor portion has unsaturated Oleic acid triglycerides. Their chemical structure is shown below. This is one oil molecule. Each oil molecule consists of three fatty acid chain bound to a glycerol molecule as shown
Figure 3.9.4. 1 Chemical structure for saturated Lauric acid triglycerides :Source (Journey 2).
42
Figure 3.9.4. 2 Chemical structure for unsaturated Oleic acid triglycerides :. Double bond indicates the unsaturated oil. Source: Journey 2004
Degree of unsaturation of a oil is determined by its Iodine number or Iodine value. Iodine value (IV) is determined by adding iodine to the oil. The amount of iodine in grams absorbed per 100 ml of oil is called the IV of that oil. Iodine value for some common oils is shown in table 3.9.4.3
Table 3.9.4. 3 : Melting point and IV for some vegetable oil
Oil Coconut oil Mutton tallow Palm oil Olive oil Rapeseed oil Sunflower oil Soybean oil Linseed oil Source : Journey 2004
Melting point 0C 25 42 35 -6 -10 -17 -16 -24
Iodine Value 10 40 54 81 98 125 130 178
When one oil molecule is saturated by iodine there is no more double bond in the carbon chain. This is shown below
43
Figure 3.9.4. 3 Chemical structure for Oil molecule (Oleic acid triglycerides) saturated by Iodine Source: (Journey 2004)
IV is the most important characteristics of vegetable oil. It limits the use of vegetable oil as a fuel for direct use in the internal combustion engine. An IV of less than 25 is required if the net oil is to be used for long term application in an unmodified diesel engine (Journey 2004). The higher the IV the more unsaturated the oil is (the greater the number of double bond) and the higher is the potential for the oil to polymerise (gum up) when used as a fuel in and engine. From table 3.6.4.3 it is clear that only coconut oil has an IV low enough to be used without any potential problems in an unmodified diesel engine. However the melting point of coconut oil is 250C (Shortcircuit). Therefore the use of Coconut oil in the cooler area will lead to problem.
44
CHAPTER 4
BIO-DIESEL
45
46
4.1 What is Bio-diesel?

The Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) or Biodiesel is the biodegradable diesel obtained from the transesterafication of vegetable oil or animal fat. Transesterification is the process in which vegetable oil or animal fat reacts with methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst (Normally NaOH) to produce methyl or ethyl esters and glycerine. Biodiesel can be used in neat form or blended with petroleum diesel to use in unmodified diesel engine (Greentrust, 2000). Rudolf Diesel developed the first engine to run on peanut oil. He demonstrated the engine at the World exhibition in Paris in 1900. Unfortunately R. Diesel died in 1913 and after his death vegetable oil was forgotten as a renewable source of power (Cyberlipid, ) for long time.
4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bio-diesel

Advantages The main advantages of biodiesel are as follows (Earthsci): Biodiesel is biodegradable and non-toxic It has a relatively high flash point which improves safety in fuel handling Biodiesel has about 11% Oxygen by weight and contains no sulfer. Biodiesel reduces the emission of harmful pollutants from diesel engine (about 80% less CO2 and 100% less SO2 emission, substantial reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, CO and Particulate matter) The high Cetane numbers of biodiesel assist easy cold starting and low noise level It is more lubricant than petroleum diesel, so increase the life span of Engine It can be used alone or blend with petroleum diesel in the conventional diesel engine without modification. This completely eliminates the chicken-and egg dilemma that the other alternatives have (Unh, 2004) Small scale biodiesel production unit is economically feasible by using waste cooking oil, Coconut oil, Soybean oil etc Disadvantage of biodiesel Energy density of Biodiesel is about 5-8% less than the petroleum diesel. However It has greater lubricant than fossil fuel. On the other hand Oxygen content and higher Cetane number of biodiesel leads to complete combustion. Therefore the over all efficiency of biodiesel is about 2% less than the petroleum diesel (Unh, 2004). So we need more biodiesel to get the same output in the diesel engine.
47
4.3 Bio-diesel production process

Transesterification is the process to convert vegetable oil into biodiesel. In this process triglycerides of vegetable oil reacts with methanol or ethanol in presence of a strong base catalyst (NaOH or KOH). The reaction requires additional heat. Output from the reaction i.e. Methyl or Ethyl esters is commonly known as bio-diesel. The simplified reaction process is shown below.
NaOH or KOH
Triglycerides + Free Fatty Acids (<4%) + Methanol or Ethanol

Heat
Methyl or Ethyl esters +Glycerine However feedstock with more than 4% free fatty acids [ inedible animal fats and recycled greases] needs acid esterification process. In this step feedstock is reacted with an alcohol (methyl or ethyl) in presence of a strong acid catalyst (H2SO4) and convert the free fatty acids into biodiesel. The remaining triglycerides are converted to biodiesel in the transesterification reaction (Eere, 2004). The simplified reaction of acid esterification is shown below.
H2SO4
Triglycerides + Free Fatty Acids (>4%) + Methanol or Ethanol

Heat
Triglycerides +Biodiesel Transesterification is the simple process to convert vegetable oil or fat in to bio-diesel. this reaction process is illustrated in figure 4.3.1 (David Teal, 2004- a)
Figure 4.3. 1 transesterification reaction
48
4.4 Biodiesel from Coconut oil

Flowchart for the Biodiesel production from Coconut oil is illustrated in figure 4.4.1
Coconut Oil
Filtered and Pre-processed to remove water and contaminants
Methanol
NaOH
HEAT
Transesterif ication
Methanol recovery
Crude Biodiesel
Refining
Refining
Crude Glycerine
Purification process to remove excess alcohol, residual
catalyst and
Glycerine
Further purification Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic use
Biodiesel
Storage & Fuel to run engine
Figure 4.4. 1 flowchart of biodiesel production process from Coconut oil
49
4.4.1 Energy requirement to produce biodiesel from coconut oil

The amount of energy needed in terms of heat and electricity to make biodiesel mostly depends on the particular biodiesel production process. There are four different steps which uses heat energy (David Teal, 2004-b) Step one :Drying the oil if it has a water content > 0.5% Step two :Heating the oil to reaction temperature of about 600C Step three :Distilling by-product or biodiesel to recover the excess methanol Step four :Re-heating the biodiesel to 500C to remove moisture after washing and settling (Sometimes) Let the ambient temperature is 250C Specific heat capacity of vegetable oil, Cp = 1.67 KJ/Kg.K (Eng.toolbox,) Latent heat of vaporisation for methanol is = 896 KJ/Kg (Eng.toolbox,) Boiling point of methanol is = 64.70C (David Teal, 2004- b) Specific heat capacity of methanol = 2.51 KJ/Kg.K Let initial moisture content of Coconut oil is about 5% Amount of Coconut oil = 1Kg
Step one: Drying of Coconut oil to moisture <= 0.5% To reduce moisture to 0.5% amount of water need to expel 1*(0.05-0.005) =0.045kg Amount of energy requirement to expel 0.045 Kg water = 0.045*4.2*(100-25) + 2257*0.045 = 115.74 KJ . . [1] Step two : Heating oil to reaction temperature 600C Amount of energy requirement = m C T = (1-0.045) * 1.67 * (60-25) = 55.82 KJ Step three : Distillation process
[2]
Assume 10% of the mass of oil is available as recoverable methanol So amount of recoverable methanol = (1-0.045)*0.10= 0.0955 kg Energy requirement to recover 0.0955 Kg methanol by distillation = 0.0955 * 2.51*(64.7-25) + 0.0955*896 = 95.1 KJ . . 0 Step four : Re-heating biodiesel to 50 C Energy requirement = (1-0.045-0.0955) * 2.51*(50-25) = 53.93KJ .
[3]
[4]
50
So total energy requirement for the heating process = Step one to four = 115.74+55.82+95.1+53.93 = 321KJ = 0.321 MJ Electric energy requirement to pump and mixing fluid = 0.0132 KWh/litre(David Teal 2004 b) = 0.0151 KWh /kg = 0.0542 MJ [ Density of biodiesel = 0.877 kg/litre] Total energy needed in the system = 0.321+0.0542 =0.3752 MJ = 0.1042KWh = 0.1042 * 3.6 = 0.374 MJ
Therefore to produce bio-diesel from one liter coconut oil it needs about 0.374 MJ energy.
51
52
CHAPTER 5
Biomass Gasification
53
54
5.1 Basic principle of biomass gasification

Solid biomass fuels, which are not convenient to use and have low efficiency of utilization, can be converted in to a high quality gaseous fuel. The process is called biomass gasification. The basic principle of biomass gasification is described below. Plants store solar energy as chemical energy by the photosynthesis process. In this process it releases O2 and produces glucose (Boyle Godfrey, 2004). The chemical reaction is as follows 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
On the other hand during the combustion process, biomass releases its energy in the form of heat and produces CO2 and H2O(vapour). This CO2 replaces the amount, which was absorbed while the plant was growing. Therefore the energy obtained from biomass is a form of renewable energy. Utilising this energy recycles the carbon and does not add carbon dioxide to the environment. So biomass gasification based power plants are CO2 neutral and therefore save the emission of Green House Gases into the atmosphere. Schematic diagram of this process is shown in figure 5.1
Figure 5. 1 CO2 balance of biomass Source : Desipower, 2003-a
For the complete combustion of biomass the stoichiometric air quantity is about 66.5kg per kg of biomass and the end products are CO2 and H2O (Desipower, 2003-a). During gasification process biomass is subjected to very high temperature but air quantity is sub-stoichiometric, about 1.5-1.8 kg of air per kg biomass and the output is the producer gas, which is a mixture of H2, CO, CO2, N2, CH4 and small quantity of other hydrocarbons. The lower calorific value of producer gas is about 5.5 MJ/m3. Heating value of producer gas is poor in compared to natural gas (50 MJ/m3) as there are large amount of CO2, N2 in the mixture (Fulford David, 2004).
55
Therefore solid biomass fuels, which are usually inconvenient and have low efficiency of utilization, can thus be converted in to a high quality gaseous fuel. A diesel engine can be operated on dual fuel mode by using producer gas. Alternatively, a gas engine can be operated with producer gas on 100% gas mode with small modification on air/fuel mixing and control system.
5.2 Gasification Process

Gasification is a thermochemical process of converting biomass in to gaseous fuel. Block diagram of gasification system stages is shown in figure 5.2.1
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 5
Harvesting
Processing Chopping Briquetting Gasification Gas Cle anin
End use Motor Turbin Boiler
Biomass
Dehydration
Drying
Figure 5.2. 1 block diagram of gasification system stages Source: Cturare,1997
Inside the gasifier unit biomass is converted to producer gas in four stages called Drying, Pyrolysis, Oxidation and Reduction (Cturare,1997) Drying: In this stage all the moisture from biomass is removed. At temperature above 1000C, the water is converted into steam. Biomass does not experience any decomposition during drying process. Pyrolysis: Thermal decomposition of biomass occurs in absence of oxygen in the pyrolysis stage. Three types of pyrolysis products are obtained from this stage called solidoften known as char or charcoal, liquid- known as tar and gases-such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen. Proportion of the products depends on chemical composition of biomass fuels and the operating conditions.
56
Oxidation: Air is supplied in this stage. Oxidation occurs at very high temperature at about 70020000C. Chemical reactions in this stage are follows (Cturare, 1997)
C + O2
= CO2 + 406 [MJ/Kmol]
H2 + 1/2 O2 = H2O + 242 [MJ/Kmol] Reduction: In this stage a number of chemical reactions occur in the absence of oxygen(Cturare1997). CO2 is converted to CO Water vapour reaction Water shift reaction Methane production : : : : CO2 + C = 2CO 172.6 [MJ/Kmol] C + H2O = CO + H2 - 131.4 [MJ/Kmol] CO2 + H2 = CO + H2O + 41.2 [MJ/Kmol] C + 2H2 = CH4 + 75 [MJ/Kmol]
If complete gasification occurs, all the carbon is burned or reduced to CO, a combustible gas and the remains are ash and some char or unburned carbon. Formation of producer gas in the different sections of gasifier is shown in figure 5.2.2 Drying 1500C Pyrolysis 150-7000C Oxidation 700-20000C Reduction 800-11000C P r o d u c e r Smoky gas
B i o m a s s
Vapour
Pyrolysis products
Wood
Charcoa l Heat supply
g a s
Heat supply
Air supply
Heat supply
Figure 5.2. 2 Conversion process of biomass into producer gas, source: Cturare, 1997
A diesel engine can be operated on dual fuel mode by using the producer gas. Alternatively, a gas engine can be operated with producer gas on 100% gas mode with small modification on air/fuel mixing and control system.
57
5.3 Different types of biomass gasifier

There are two approaches of biomass gasification (Fulford D. 2004) Kiln approach, where heat is applied within the container Retort approach , where heat is applied outside the container
Kiln approach
5.3.1 Updraft gasifier

(Fulford D. 2004) Diagram of an Updraft gasifier is illustrated in figure 5.3.1 Main features are: Air is introduced at the bottom and act as counter current to fuel flow Heat of producer gas is used to preheat and drying biomass Leaves fine ash in the grate Limitations: Excess amount of tar in raw gas Gas is too dirty Gas is not suitable to run an internal combustion engine
Figure 5.3. 1 Updraft gasifier Source : Members 1997
58
5.3.2 Downdraft gasifier

(Fulford D. 2004) Diagram of a downdraft gasifier is illustrated in figure 5.3.2 Main features are: Air is introduced into downward flowing fuel and gas is drawn off at the bottom Can remove tars and pyrolysis products by passing gases through combustion and reduction zones Limitations: There is ash in producer gas Producer gas is high temperature, so needs cleaning and cooling before use in engine
Figure 5.3. 2 Downdraft gasifier Source: Members 1997
5.3.3 Twin-fire gasifier

(Members 1997) Diagram of a twin-fire gasifier is illustrated in figure 5.3.3 Main features are: There are two defined reaction zones. Drying, low-temp. carbonisation and cracking of gases occur in the upper zone, while permanent gasification of charcoal takes in lower zone Limitation: Gas temperature lies between 460-5200C This process produces fairly clean gas
59
Figure 5.3. 3 twin-fire gasifier
Source: Members 1997
5.3.4 Cross-draft gasifier

(Fulford D. 2004) Diagram of a cross-draft gasifier is illustrated in figure 5.3.4 Main features are: Gas is removed directly opposite air inlet Very small combustion and reduction zones with very high temperatures Light weight and often used with vehicles Limitations: Only useful for small engine<50Kw Tars not completely broken down, so usually used with charcoal rather than coal
Figure 5.3. 4 Cross-draft gasifier Source : Members 1997
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5.3.5 Fluidised bed gasifier

Diagram of a fluidized bed gasifier is illustrated in figure 5.3.5 Main features are (Energy): Air is blown through a bed of solid particles at a sufficient velocity to keep these in a state of suspension. Bed material can be either sand or char Biomass is converted to gas within the bed. High bed temperature and slow heating allow good conversion efficiencies Fluffy and fine grained materials (saw dust, rice husk) can be used without pre-processing Limitations: Instability of the bed and fly-ash sintering in the gas channels can occur with some biomass fuels High gas velocity
Figure 5.3. 5 Fluidised bed gasifier Source : Energy
61
5.4 Retort approach

The main features of retort approach are (Fulford D. 2004)
Biomass materials are loaded into the fuel hopper Biomass is mixed with hot sand and produces silva gas and char. Steam introduced from the bottom enhances the mixing Cyclone separators are used to separate residual char and sand Sand is reheated in the combustor by adding air and burning the residual char After cleaning the silva gas it can be used for a variety of applications Flue gas can be used for biomass drying
5.5 The major constituents of producer gas

Producer gas is the mixture of combustible and non-combustible gases. Its quality mostly depends on the feed stock and gasification process. Heating value of producer gas may vary from 4.5-6MJ/m3 depending upon the quantity of its constituents. Among the different components of producer gas there are 45-60% N2 and 15-30% CO and 6-8% water vapour which are non-combustible (Member 1997 b). This is the main reason for low heating value of producer gas. Components of producer gas is shown in figure 5.5.1
Figure 5.5. 1 components of producer gas Source : Member 1997 b
Heating value and density of producer gas components is shown in figure 5.5.2 Carbon monoxide is the poisonous component of producer gas. Its concentration of 50ppm produces no effect but as the concentration increases, there arises problems of headache, dizziness and even death. 62
Figure 5.5. 2 heating value and density of producer gas components Source : Member 1997 b
5.6 Producer gas drive engines

Producer gas can be used to generate power or electricity in the internal combustion (IC) engine. The IC engines are normally designed to run on diesel or gasoline fuel. The property of producer gas is different from that of diesel or gasoline. Therefore using producer gas in the IC engines affects the performance and the other maintenance features of the engines. There are many ways to use producer gas in the IC engine. Firstly, producer gas can be used as a fuel to run gasoline engine. It needs higher compression ratios, as there are high proportions of inert gasses. Consequently the use of producer gas derates engine performance by 25-50% (Fulford David, 2004). Secondly, Gas turbines runs well on producer gas but auto-derivative systems needs higher gas cleanliness (Fulford David, 2004). The main problem is that gas turbine is only economic at large scale (>1 MW) and small gas turbines are expensive in comparison of per KWh power generation. Thirdly, a slight modification of a diesel engine can make it suitable to run with the producer gas. Therefore it is possible to adapt diesel engine by fitting a spark plug in place of diesel injector (Fulford David, 2004). Finally, Dual fuelling is the convenient way to run engine with producer gas. In this method producer gas is mixed with the intake air before the mixture enters into the combustion chamber and a pilot quantity of diesel fuel is injected to ignite the gas-air mixture (Bari Saiful, 1991). Duel fuelling replaces 80-95% of diesel depends on the size of engine (Fulford David, 2004) and hence reduces fuel cost. It has also low emissions than a dedicated diesel engine. The main advantage of this method is that the engine can run on pure diesel whenever there is a shortfall to producer gas.
63
5.7 Basic operation principle of dual-fuel engine

Combustion process in the dual-fuel engine occurs in four stages. The first stage is the delay period, since combustion is initiated by the auto-ignition process. The second stage is the relatively slow combustion process. The third stage is the rapid combustion and final stage is the fourth stage of combustion. The performance of dual-fuel engine will depend on the relative lengths of the stages, and the length of each stage will depend on the properties of both producer gas and diesel fuel (Bari Saiful, 1991).
When diesel engine runs on the dual-fuel mode, the combustion characteristics lie between those for Compression Ignition (CI) and Spark Ignition(SI) engines. As in the CI engine, a pilot quantity of diesel fuel is injected at the end of the compression stroke and the whole combustion process starts by auto-ignition of the injected diesel fuel. As for the SI engine, the producer gas and air are mixed outside the combustion chamber, the mixture is then compressed during the compression stroke and at the end of the stroke, instead of spark created by the spark plug as in the SI engine, autoignition of the pilot injected fuel initiates the combustion process. Dual-fuel engine cycle in action is shown in figure 5.7.1
Intake stroke injector Producer gas and Air Producer gas + Air Compression stroke
Power stroke
Exhaust stroke Diesel injector Exhaust gases
Diesel pilot
Figure 5.5.3.2 Dual-fuel cycle in action, Source: Houston 2003
Figure 5.7. 1 Dual-fuel cycle in action, Source: Houston, 2003
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5.8 Different types of gas-air mixing methods

Dual-fuel gas engine operates at the same compression ratios to that of a dieselfuelled engine. No air throttle or spark plug are required. It has got the similar power but with greatly reduced emissions than the equivalent dedicated diesel engine. It has excellent long term reliability record. Its maintenance costs is lower than a dedicated natural gas engine (Cleanairpower, )
In the dual-fuel engine air and producer gas is mixed in the similar way to that of mixing air and gasoline in a spark ignition engine. There are different kinds of valves ranging from simple hand operated to fully automatic valve for controlling the gas-air mixture. Figure 5.8.1 illustrates the different types of gas-air mixture.
Figure 5.8. 1 Gas-air mixing methods Source: Members, 1997- c
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66
CHAPTER 6
Alternative fuels in the IC engine
67
68
6.1 Use of Coconut oil fuel in the IC engine

Coconut oil fuel can be used to run a diesel engine. In Countries with warmer climates, diesel blended coconut oil is often used without transesterification. However as the melting point of coconut oil is 250C (Shortcircuit,), pure coconut oil can only be used at temperature above 250C and some problems may occur below 250C because of its high viscosity (Swain E and Shaheed A, 2000). The calorific value of coconut oil (39 MJ kg-1K-1) is slightly lower than the petroleum diesel (43.6 MJ kg-1K-1) but this can be easily accommodated with either the engine developing less power or by changing the fuel rack settings.
6.2 Technical difficulties

to operate the IC engine by the coconut oil fuel
The main problem with the use of coconut fuel oil in diesel engine is that it starts to solidify at a temperature below 220C and by 140C it is close to solid and does not flow at all (Tve, 2001). If engine is started while the temperature is below 220C, the fuel filter is likely to become blocked. Furthermore high viscosity of coconut oil leads to fuel spray and fuel delivery problems and gum content causes fouling of injectors and in cylinder components (Swain E and Shaheed A, 2000)
6.3 Remedies to overcome the problems

To overcome the clogging of fuel filter at low temperature the following measures can be taken To fit a heat exchanger Proper filtration of coconut oil Blend of coconut oil with petroleum diesel or kerosene Water washed coconut oil Transesterification
6.3.1 To fit a heat exchanger

One inexpensive remedy to use coconut fuel oil at low temperature is to set a heat exchanger in the fuel line (Tve, 2001). The heat exchanger sufficiently warms up the fuel within few time of starting the engine. Figure 6.3.1 shows the main components of the heat exchanger.
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Figure 6.3. 1 The main components of the heat exchanger Source : Tve, 2001
6.3.2 Proper Filtration of coconut oil

There are about four percent moisture and 2-3 percent free fatty acid in Coconut oil (Tve, 2001). Free fatty acids are unattached long chain molecules of carboxylic acids. They are produced by the breakdown of fats in the oil. If water and free fatty acids are removed from coconut oil by filtration process, it can be maintained as a liquid to lower temperatures. Tony Deamer of Vanuatu has developed proprietary filtration process involving gravity and no chemical additives used for this (Tve, 2001). So by this process 100% coconut oil can be used at low temperature without the use of heat exchanger.
6.3.3 Blend of coconut oil with petroleum diesel or kerosene

Coconut oil can easily be blended with petroleum diesel or kerosene. The blended fuel oil does not create any separation or any layer on the inside wall of the fuel tank (M. A. Kalam et al, 2003). A coconut oil and kerosene blend works better as the engine can be started and run in temperature as low as 160C. During the warmer months proportion of coconut oil and kerosene mixture may be (90:10) and during the cooler months a proportion of about (85:15) can safely be used (Tve, 2001). Coconut oil blended diesel develops similar brake power as conventional diesel. This may be due to the slightly larger fuel droplets and oxygen content in coconut oil (M. A. Kalam et al, 2003). An experimental study was carried out to evaluate the exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of ordinary Malaysian coconut oil blended with conventional diesel oil fuelled in a diesel engine (M. A. Kalam et al, 2003). Fuel composition and properties are shown in table 6.3.3.1 and 6.3.3.2
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Table 6.3.3. 1 Fuel compositions of blended coconut oil
Sl. No Fuel Fuels blended (% vol) 1 10/COCO 10% coconut oil + 90% conventional diesel 2 20/COCO 20% coconut oil + 80% conventional diesel 3 30/COCO 30% coconut oil + 70% conventional diesel 4 40/COCO 40% coconut oil + 60% conventional diesel 5 50/COCO 50% coconut oil + 50% conventional diesel 6 COCO 100% Coconut oil 7 OD 100% Conventional diesel Source : M. A. Kalam et al, 2003
Table 6.3.3. 2 Properties of coconut blended and ordinary diesel fuel
Items
High calorific value (MJ/kg) Kinematic viscosity at 400C (cSt) Specific density gm/cm3 Sulfur content %wt
OD
10/COCO
20/COCO
30/COCO
40/COCO
50/COCO
COCO
45.91 3.6 0.832 0.10
43.81 3.7 0.848 0.09
43.52 3.93 0.857 0.081
43.28 4.7 0.870 0.071
42.18 4.8 0.875 0.06
41.50 5.3 0.888 0.04
37.26 28.58 0.93 0.009
Source : M. A. Kalam et al, 2003 From the experimental study the cylinder temperature was found 15-350C less for the coconut oil blended fuels as compared to ordinary diesel and also the engine noise was less when the engine was running on coconut oil blends (M. A. Kalam et al, 2003). Figure 6.3.3.1 shows that the specific fuel consumption increases with increasing coconut oil in blends.
Specific fuel consumption (g/KWh)
Engine speed in rpm

Figure 6.3.3. 1 specific fuel consumption versus engine speed, Source: M. A. Kalam et al, 2003
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Figure 6.3.3.2 shows variation of brake power with the engine speed. From the graph it is observed that coconut oil-blended fuels produce similar brake power as conventional diesel, even 30% coconut oil blends produce higher brake power than the conventional diesel fuel. Above 30% coconut oil blends develop lower brake power due to lower calorific value of fuel.
Brake power in Kw
Engine speed in rpm

Figure 6.3.3. 2 brake power versus engine speed, Source: M. A. Kalam et al, 2003
The effect of coconut blends on exhaust emissions is shown in figure 6.3.3.3 It is observed that exhaust emissions such as HC, Smoke, CO are reduced with increasing coconut oil in blends, mainly due to the complete combustion for containing oxygen in coconut oil. Low temperature combustion of coconut blend is the main reason to reduce NOx and exhaust temperature. On the other hand it is observed from the figure that emission of CO2 increases with increasing coconut oil in blends due to oxygen content in the oil.
% of Coconut oil Figure 6.3.3. 3 Relative emissions versus % of coconut oil, Source: M. A. Kalam et al, 2003
Relative emissions
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6.3.4 Water-washed coconut oil

This is the simple and effective method of removing the majority of heavy gums in case of cold-pressed coconut oil production. In this method coconut oil is mixed with 11% water at the temperature of 300C and agitated for about 15 minutes. The mixture is then left for 24 hours to settle (Swain E and Shaheed A, 2000). The soluble gums create a visible separate layer of milky white liquid between the oil and water it is then easy to remove. The composition of water-washed coconut oil and petroleum diesel fuel is shown in table 6.3.4.1
Table 6.3.4. 1 composition of water-washed coconut oil and diesel fuel
Fuel
Carbon Hydrogen
Element % Oxygen
Sulphur
Nitrogen
Waterwashed coconut oil Diesel
72.26
11.34
16.18
0.2
86.37
12.77
0.5
0.2
0.14
Source : Swain E and Shaheed A, 2000
6.3.5 Transesterification
The best solution for using coconut oil at low temperature is to conduct transesterification. The main product of this process is methyl or ethyl ester which is known as biodiesel with a by-product of glycerine. The fuel properties of coconut oil and its biodiesel is shown in table 6.3.5.1
Table 6.3.5. 1 Properties of coconut oil and its biodiesel
Oil / Biodiesel Coconut oil COME or COEE Source : Bst, 2000
Viscosity (mm2/s, or cSt) 28.58 7.34
Cloud point (0C) 27 5
Pour point (0C) 20 -8
6.3.6 Use of COME, COEE and COIL in diesel engine

An experimental study was done to evaluate the use of coconut oil based fuel as an alternative to diesel oil. The elemental composition, calorific value and Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) for the water-washed coconut oil (COIL), the Coconut oil methyl esters (COME), the Coconut oil ethyl esters (COEE) and the diesel fuel is included in table 6.3.6.1
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Table 6.3.6. 1Elemental composition of COME, COEE and diesel
Components
COME 73.02 12.45 14.3 0.2 41.2 18.5
COEE 72.93 12.32 14.53 0.2 41.2 19.6
Diesel 86.37 12.77 0.5 0.2 0.14 43.6 20.4
Element % Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Sulphur Nitrogen Calorific (MJ/kgK) SMD (mm)
value
Source : Swain E and Shaheed A, 2000
It was found that COME and COEE produced similar brake mean effective pressure (bmep) as diesel fuel. The COIL produces low bmep. Variation of bmep for the different fuel was due to their different calorific value and viscosity. The consumption (g/KWh) of COIL, COME and COEE was higher than that of petroleum diesel due to their lower calorific value (Swain E and Shaheed A, 2000). Graphs showing bmep versus engine speed and specific fuel consumption versus engine speed is illustrated in figure 6.3.6.1 and figure 6.3.6.2 respectively. .
Brake mean effective pressure in KPa
COIL COME X Diesel COEE
Engine speed in rpm

Figure 6.3.6. 1 Bmep versus engine speed, source: Swain E and Shaheed A, 2000
Specific fuel consumptions for the different fuel is shown in figure 6.3.6.2 It was clear that consumption of COME and COEE was higher than that of diesel due to their lower calorific value.
74
Specific Fuel Consumption g/KWh
Engine speed in rpm
Figure 6.3.6. 2 Specific fuel consumption versus speed, source: Swain E and Shaheed A, 2000
6.3.7 Engine Emissions using coconut oil based fuel

Moreover engine emissions were measured while running an engine by water-washed coconut oil (COIL), Coconut oil methyl esters (COME), Coconut oil ethyl esters (COEE) and the conventional diesel fuel (Swain E and Shaheed A 2000 , shaheed et al 1998). 6.3.7.1 CO2 concentration Percentage of CO2 concentration variation with the engine speed are illustrated in figure 6.3.7.1 This figure indicates that the lowest emission occur while using COIL fuel and the highest emission occur while using diesel fuel. However the emission using COME or COEE remains below 10% throughout the speed range. But at the highest speed, emission for all the four fuel comes to a lowest value at about six percent. COIL
concentration %
COME X Diesel COEE
CO2
Engine speed in rpm

Figure 6.3.7. 1 CO2 concentration versus engine speed, source: Swain E and Shaheed, 2000
75
6.3.7.2 CO concentration CO concentration relative to engine speed are illustrated in figure 6.3.7.2. Carbon monoxide emission for all the four fuels increase as the speed reduces. The CO emissions levels for COIL is the higher level at the lowest speed on the other hand emissions form COME is the lowest at highest speed. The additional oxygen in the coconut oil based fuel helps to ensure the lower CO emissions over most of the speed range compared with the conventional diesel fuel.
Concentration in ppm

Engine speed in rpm
Figure 6.3.7. 2 CO concentration versus engine speed, source: Swain E and Shaheed A, 2000
6.3.7.3 Hydrocarbon concentration (HC) The HC concentration found in the exhaust relative to engine speed are illustrated in figure 6.3.7.3 Higher concentration of hydrocarbon indicates the higher amount of unburned fuel in the exhaust. The COME fuel exhibit the lowest level of HC concentration.
Concentration in ppm
CO
HC
Engine speed in rpm
Figure 6.3.7. 3 HC concentration versus engine speed, Source Swain E and Shaheed A, 2000
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6.3.7.4 NOx concentration The NOx concentration versus engine speed are illustrated in figure 6.3.7.4 The NOx concentration is least for water-washed coconut oil (COIL) fuel. The main cause for the increase in NOx is the high cylinder combustion temperature. In case of coconut oil based fuel, the increase in the unburned hydrocarbons reduces the cylinder temperatures thus reducing the NOx levels.
NOx Concentration in ppm
Engine speed in rpm
Figure 6.3.7. 4 NOx concentration versus engine speed, source: Swain E and Shaheed A, 2000
6.3.7.5 Hartridge Smoke Units (HSU) Smoke opacity versus engine speed are illustrated in figure 6.3.7.5 The COME and COEE fuel shown lower HSU % in comparison to COIL and diesel fuel.
HSU%
Smoke
Opacity
Engine speed in rpm

Figure 6.3.7. 5 Smoke opacity versus engine speed, source: Swain E and Shaheed A, 2000
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78
CHAPTER 7
Spread sheet model for the St. Martins Island
79
80
7.1 Brief description of the model

The scope of this research was to develop a sustainable electricity generation model in the St. Martins Island. Five renewable resources options had been considered for the detail technical and financial analysis. The basic criterion for each option was to fulfil the present electricity demand in a cost effective way by utilizing available renewable resources. Energy sharing from the different renewable resources and the dual-fuel mode for each option are illustrated in table 7.1.1
Table 7.1. 1 Energy sharing and dual-fuel mode for the options
Option Solar % 12 12 0 12 0
A B C D E
Energy sharing from Wind % Biomass (Coconut) % 33 53 33 55 0 100 33 55 33 67
Diesel % 2 0 0 0 0
Dual fuel mode in a biomass gasifier Diesel Biodiesel Coconut oil Coconut oil Coconut oil
Items need to purchase or sell for a particular option are listed in table 7.1.2
Table 7.1. 2 Items need to purchase or sell for a particular option
Item A
Purchase Coconut Sell Electricity Coconut juice Handicrafts Desiccated coconut Copra cake Crude glycerol Soap made from excess coconut oil Y Y Y Y Y N N N
B
Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y
Option C
Y Y Y Y N Y N Y
D
Y Y Y Y N Y N Y
E
Y Y Y Y N Y N Y
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Again coconut is a very expensive tropical fruit. And the coconut palm feedstock is not free. Therefore the two basic criteria for the biomass had been considered. One was to purchase the coconut palm feedstock and the other was to cultivate the coconut palm. The value of land and the cultivation cost had also been taken into account for the second option. Furthermore, sometimes subsidies have been granted to promote renewable energy projects. So the effect of subsidy on IRR, NPV, Investment cost and payback periods have been analysed by using this spreadsheet model. The scope of this project was to analyze five categories of subsidy ranging from 10-50% on the investment cost.
7.2 Financial analysis of the model

To evaluate a project or investment, it is important to calculate the Net Present Value (NPV), the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and the payback periods for that particular project (Andy Baldock, 2004). It is usually stated that projects with the higher IRR are more profitable than projects with the lower IRR. However this is not always true. In some cases, a project with a lower IRR may be better than an investment with a higher IRR (Hadm, 2002). In that particular case the NPV curve helps to make a wise decision. Each of these decision-making parameters have been critically analysed in this spreadsheet model. Moreover the sensitivity analysis of the model has been done.
7.2.1 Influence of NPV, IRR, Payback periods and NPV curve to make decision for selecting a project
7.2.1.1 Net Present Value (NPV) NPV is the summation of the net cash flows discounted back to the present time (Andy Baldock, 2004). It indicates the expected impact of the project on the value of the firm. Projects with a positive NPV are expected to increase the value of the firm. Therefore NPV decision rule specifies that all independent projects with a positive NPV should be accepted. On the other hand when selecting among mutually exclusive projects, the project with the largest (Positive) NPV should be selected (Prenhall-a, 2000).
82
NPV is calculated as the present value of the project's cash inflows minus the present value of the project's cash outflows. This relationship is expressed by the following formula:
where CFt = the cash flow at time t and r = discount rate
7.2.1.2 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) IRR of a project is the discount rate at which the NPV is equal to zero. The IRR decision rule specifies that all independent projects with an IRR greater than the cost of capital should be accepted. On the other hand when selecting among mutually exclusive projects, the project with the highest IRR should be selected (Prenhall-b, 2000). IRR can be calculated from the following equation by trial and error method. Microsoft excel has built-in software to calculate IRR.
where CFt = the cash flow at time t and
7.2.1.3 Payback period It is the amount of time that takes for a project to recover its initial cost. Payback period decision rule specifies that all independent projects with a payback period less than a specified number of years should be accepted. On the other hand when selecting among mutually exclusive projects, the project with the quickest payback period should be selected (Prenhall-c, 2000)
83
7.2.1.4 NPV curve The NPV curve shows the relationship between the discount rate and the net present value for a range of discount rates. NPV curve can be drawn by using the following equation for a variable range of discount rates (Hadm, 2002).
where r is the discount rate I0, I1, In are the cash flow for the year 0,1, n etc. Figure 7.2.1.4.1 illustrates the usefulness of NPV curve. If there is a choice between blue line and green line investment, the NPV curve helps to make a decision (Hadm, 2002). It is obvious that IRR for the green line investment (8.6%) is higher than the IRR of blue line investment (7.6%) but NPV (at the 5% discount rate) of blue line investment (157) is greater than NPV of green line investment (117). The curve crosses at discount rate 6.4%. If it is expected that future discount rate will be below 6.4% then blue line project should be selected to get maximum benefit. On the other hand if expected discount rate exceeds 6.4% but below 8.6% then green line project should be selected. If discount rate exceeds 8.6% it is better not to choose any of the project, because above 8.6% discount rate NPV is negative for the both project. Hence NPV curve gives better guidance than the IRR alone.
Figure 7.2.1.4. 1 NPV versus discount rate curve, source: Hadm, 2002
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7.3 How does the model work?

This research model consists of several interlinked Microsoft Excel worksheets. For a particular selection of renewable option, it calculates electricity output for that option. The ultimate outputs from the model are IRR, NPV, Payback period, NPV curve and the brief cost analysis. It can also compare all the possible options in a single graph, which helps to make a concrete decision for selecting a particular option. There is also a provision of updating the model with the following variables, changing the unit rates of the construction materials, the interest rate, the subsidy amount etc.
7.3.1 Important assumptions and limitations of the model

Followings are the important assumptions for the spreadsheet model Project life time is 15 years Loan interest rate is 7% Equity 20% Loan 80% NPV and IRR are calculated for the 5% discount rate 10% of coconut shells have been used for making handicrafts Annual operation and maintenance cost is considered as 3% of physical investment cost Contingency and unforeseen expenditure is 1% of physical investment By-products from the project should be sold for cost recovery Electricity generation from solar energy has been calculated by using PVSyst soft ware. Autonomy of the system is considered for only one day Battery depth of discharge is considered as 60% Electricity generation form wind energy has been calculated from the manufacturers performance graph for the turbine (Bergey, 2003). Morning peak (10am-4pm) and afternoon peak (6pm-11pm) hour power generation by the turbines are considered to feed directly to the mini-grid. Only the off-peak power generation is considered to store in the battery bank to minimise the cost of storage Unit cost for the construction items is mostly obtained from the Internet. They may not represent the actual amount at the St. Martins Island, but there is a provision to update the unit cost. NPV and IRR and corresponding figures will be updated automatically in the model Electricity generation from tidal power is considered very negligible and avoided from the hybrid power calculation Labour based and community involved DME method has been considered for extracting virgin coconut oil
85
Dual-fuel gasification mode has been considered to generate electricity i.e. about 1.0-1.2 kg of biomass and 100 ml of diesel or 105 ml of biodiesel or 124 ml of coconut oil have been considered to generate one KWh electricity Electricity selling price is considered within the affordable limit for the consumers i.e. 0.06 /Kwh
7.3.2 Brief description of the worksheets used for analysis

This research comprises of several interlinked Excel worksheets. Name and description of each worksheet and their outputs are illustrated in table 7.3.2.1
Table 7.3.2. 1: Brief description of the worksheets
Name of worksheet
Electricity demand
Description
This is basically the compiled survey data which indicates the amount of electric energy requirement for the St. Martins Island This illustrates the break-up of the requirements i.e. how many CFL or electric fans, TV, refrigerators etc are needed. It also provides data about the present scenario of the energy use This illustrates the outputs from PV Syst software. Standalone PV system Simulation parameters, including characteristics of PV module and battery also parameters for the geographical sites are included here Monthly electricity generation data obtained from PV Syst are put here for detail analysis
Output
Electricity KWh/day All the information requirement in
Brief survey report
basic
useful
PV Syst
Standalone PV system simulation parameters
Solar energy
Solar graph Battery bank
Wind energy
Wind graph
Tidal data
Annual electricity generation from Solar energy and performance ratio Graphical representation of monthly electricity Graph showing electricity generation from Solar resources generation from solar energy Calculation for the size of battery bank is done Total number of batteries in here. Main input data are the number of the project cycle autonomy in days and battery depth of discharge Calculates Monthly electricity generation from Electricity generation from the wind turbine. It also calculates off-peak and the wind energy peak hour power generation. Main input is the manufacturers performance curve for the specific turbine Graphical representation of electricity Graph showing electricity generation from wind during off-peak, peak and generation from wind energy total This is compiled tidal data of the seven tidal Compiled tidal data gauge stations obtained from BUET. Detail data is included in the attached CD
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Name of worksheet
Tidal energy Coir energy Frond energy
Description
Calculates theoretical electricity output from tidal power Illustrates electricity generation from the coir and amount requirements from the other sources Illustrates electricity generation from the Fronds in a dual-fuel biomass gasifier and amount requirements from the other sources Illustrates electricity generation from the coconut shells in a dual-fuel biomass gasifier and amount requirements from the other sources Illustrates amount of extra fuel needed to meet the electricity demand, type of fuel and amount of electricity generated from that fuel Accumulates electricity generation from all the renewable resources i.e. Solar, Wind, Tidal, Coir, Fronds, Coconut sells and extra fuel Graphical representation of monthly electricity generation from Wind, Solar and Biomass resources also shows demand for a particular months Shows by-products for a particular option Describe schematically wind-solar-biomass hybrid model Detail calculation of cost analysis is done here. There is a provision of changing unit cost of the construction items Logical data for the IF commands. Very sensitive and no need to amend This is the main output sheet which is linked with the all worksheets. Input data is the only choice for options from the five selected bands (A, B, C, D and E) as discussed in chapter 7.1 There are some basic choice, one is the need to buy or cultivate coconuts another is the amount of subsidy on the total investment and the rest is the number of wind turbine. Furthermore there are options to make off / on a particular component of renewable resource. Where Yes is on and No is off The NPV versus discount rate curve will be automatically generated based on the input information. IRR is distinguished by where NPV is zero. Discounted payback period is also obtained
Output
Electricity output from tidal power Electricity generation from the Coir Electricity generation from the Fronds Electricity generation from the coconut shells Type of extra fuel and amount of electricity generation from that Total system electricity generation from a particular option Graphical illustration of monthly system output and demand Illustrates by-products Schematic diagram of the model Annual cash flow
Shell energy
Extra fuel energy
Hybrid calculation
WSBD graph
By-products Schematic diagram Cost analysis
Logic Result
Logical command % of electricity demand fulfilled by the system also shows NPV, IRR, investment cost and energy sharing
Finance
NPV curve and discounted payback period
87
Name of worksheet
Model comparison Subsidy data
Description
Value of NPV, discount rate, Payback periods etc for a wide range of variables are stored here Illustrates the effects of subsidy on the investment cost, IRR, NPV and payback period for the both cases need to buy / cultivate coconuts Graphically illustrates the impact of subsidy on NPV, IRR, Investment cost and payback period for a particular option A Illustrates effect of subsidy on NPV curve
Output
Store information Effect of investment subsidy on
A-sub-effect
B-sub-effect
NPV-sub-com-all
Handicrafts References
Illustrates effect of subsidy for a particular selected option A Effect of subsidy on NPV curve for a particular selected option B Illustrates the main comparisons among the all Compare NPV curve for a selected options. This is an effective tool to wide range of options make a wise decision in the selection process of investment projects Shows the handicrafts made from coconut shells Illustrate coconut shell and and fronds frond handicrafts Describe lists of reference sources used for the Source of reference calculation of the model
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CHAPTER 8
Results of Spread sheet model for the St. Martins Island
89
90
8.1 Annual electricity demand

The annual electric energy requirement for the St. Martins Island has been obtained about 359MWh. Electricity demand in the different sectors have been furnished below.
Worksheet 8. 1 Electric energy demand in the St. Martins Island
Green energy development model in the St. Martin's Island
Electric energy demand

Sl. no Description Number Electricity Demand Design of unit demand operating operating (Kw) hours hours 778 0.05 6 6 13 3 6 6 1 1.2 7 7 1 1.4 7 7 1 1.2 12 12 1 0.28 7 7 1 1.6 12 12 5 0.9 7 7 5 0.6 6 6 8 0.56 7 7 2 0.45 8 8 1 0.32 12 12 12 0.4 5 5 107 0.1 5 5 1 4.4 6 6 1 3 12 12 1 0.28 5 5 3 0.28 5 5 50 0.055 8 8 1 1.1 8 8 1 10 10 10 1 5 8 8 1 1 6 6 Energy demand (Kwh) /day 233.4 234 8.4 9.8 14.4 1.96 19.2 31.5 18 31.36 7.2 3.84 24 53.5 26.4 36 1.4 4.2 22 8.8 100 40 6 935.36
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
House holds Rest houses Union Parishad Office Bangladesh Navy office Police station Post office Coast Guard office Other Gov. offices Cottage industries Private Offices Cyclone shelter cum School Light house Mosque Small shops Work shop Hospital High school Primary school Street light Jetty Ice plant (yet to be set up) Rice mill (yet to be set up) Water pump (yet to be set up) Total
Net daily demand= Assumed losses Gross demand =
935.36 kwh 5% 982.128 kwh
Say
983 kwh/day
91
8.2 Output from the PVSys

The detail output from the PVSyst simulation parameters, characteristics of the PV module and the battery have been included herewith. However PVSyst suggests that 334 nos modules, each of 180 Wp are needed to get an annual output of about 47 MWh electricity. Detail output is printed in the following pages.
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Worksheet 8.2. 1 Monthly electricity generation from solar PV in the St. Martins Island
Meteorological data
JAN Solar irradiation Ambient temperature Wind velocity kwhm day
0 2 -1
FEB 5.6 25 5.2
MAR 6.4 32 3.9
APR 6.4 35 3.8
MAY 5.8 37 5
JUN 3.5 40 5.8
JUL 3.4 39 3.4
AUG 3.6 35 5.8
SEP 4.2 36 4
OCT 4.6 30 3.8
NOV 4.4 28 3.3
DEC 4.6 25 7.7
Year av. 4.8 32 4.7
5.1 22
C
-1
ms
4.7
Result from the PVSYST software

Performance ratio Annual electricity generation Monthly power generation table
GlobHor 2 kwh/m 158.1 156.8 198.4 192 179.8 105 105.4 111.6 126 142.6 132 142.6 1750 GlobInc E Avail E Unused E User SolFrac 2 kwh/m kwh kwh kwh 212.5 4296 4396 4296 0.99 187.9 3895 3749 3895 0.994 212.2 4336 4274 4336 0.999 181.7 4195 3103 4195 0.999 157.2 4335 1814 4335 0.999 93.8 3309 237 3309 0.788 94.6 3280 170 3280 0.756 103.2 3425 458 3425 0.789 123.6 3699 1140 3699 0.881 157.7 4129 2102 4129 0.951 165.1 4095 2533 4095 0.975 195.9 4295 3663 4295 0.99 1885 47289 27639 47289 0.926
41.7 % 47.3 MWh
Tilt angle 30 o Azimut 0
Module BP7180S 180 W p No of module 334 P nominal total 60 KW p
Monthly Solar energy output

Solar electricity, kwh
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 JUN JUL OCT MAR NOV MAY JAN AUG DEC FEB APR SEP
January February March April May June July August September October November December Yearly sum GlobHor GlobInc E Avail Eunused Euser SolFrac
Month
Horizontal global irradiation Global incident in coll. Plane Produced (available) solar energy Unused energy (full battery) loss Energy supplied to the user Solar fraction (Eused/Eload)
93
Worksheet 8.2. 2 PVSYST- Geographical parameters of site
94
Worksheet 8.2. 3 PVSYST Characteristics of PV module
95
Worksheet 8.2. 4 PVSYST- Characteristics of a battery
96
Worksheet 8.2. 5 PVSYST Simulation parameters
97
Worksheet 8.2. 6 PVSYST- Detailed users needs
98
Worksheet 8.2. 7 PVSYST- Main results
99
Worksheet 8.2. 8 PVSYST- Specific results- A
100
Worksheet 8.2. 9 PVSYST- Specific results-B
101
Worksheet 8.2. 10 PVSYST- Specific results- C
102
Worksheet 8.2. 11 PVSYST- Specific results- D
103
Worksheet 8.2. 12 PVSYST- Specific results- E
104
Worksheet 8.2. 13 PVSYST- Specific results-F
105
Worksheet 8.2. 14 PVSYST- Specific results-G
106
Worksheet 8.2. 15 PVSYST- Specific results- H
107
Worksheet 8.2. 16 PVSYST- Specific results-I
108
Worksheet 8.2. 17 PVSYST- Specific results-J
109
Worksheet 8.2. 18 PVSYST- Specific results-K
110
Worksheet 8.2. 19 PVSYST Specific results-L
111
Worksheet 8.2. 20 PVSYST- Specific results- M
112
Worksheet 8.2. 21 PVSYST Specific results-N
113
Worksheet 8.2. 22 PVSYST Specific results-O
114
Worksheet 8.2. 23 PVSYST Specific results-P
115
Worksheet 8.2. 24 PVSYST Specific results-Q
116
Worksheet 8.2. 25 PVSYST Specific results-R
117
Worksheet 8.2. 26 PVSYST Specific results-S
118
8.3 Output from the wind turbine It is found that annul 126MWh electricity can be obtained form the two BWC XL.50 turbines, out of which about 68MWh peak and 58MWh off-peak hour power generation. Brief calculation is illustrated in worksheet 8.3.1 to 8.3.3
Worksheet 8.3. 1 Calculation of wind energy-A
M onthly Electricity generation from XL.50 , 50 kw class w ind turbine

From the wind turbine perform ance curve we have got For 16m rotor diam eter turbine W ind sp eed m /s 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pow er o utpu t kw 1 2.5 6 11.5 19 30 40
N um ber o f w ind turb ine selected
C alculation of w ind energy during m orning peak hours (10am - 4pm )

M onth JAN FEB M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AU G SEP OCT NOV D EC N um ber of days 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 3 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 0 N o. of hours wind speed is equal to (m /s) 4 5 6 7 4 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 4 1 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 7 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 7 0 7 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 M on th ly o utpu t fro m on e turbin e (kw h) 403 784 558 630 1984 2415 2154.5 2495.5 525 403 210 4681 17243 M o nthly ou tp ut from turbines (kw h ) 806 1568 1116 1260 3968 4830 4309 4991 1050 806 420 9362 34486
119
Worksheet 8.3. 2 Calculation of wind energy- B

Calculation of wind energy during evening peak hours (6pm-11pm)
Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Number of days 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 0 No. of hours wind speed is equal to (m/s) 4 5 6 7 8 1 4 1 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Monthly output from one turbine (kwh) 1178 1624 465 510 790.5 2070 1116 2139 300 325.5 180 6169 16867 Monthly output from turbines (kwh) 2356 3248 930 1020 1581 4140 2232 4278 600 651 360 12338 33734
Calculation of wind energy during off- peak hours

Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Number of days 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31
No. of hours wind speed is equal to (m/s)

3 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 4 2 1 9 3 0 0 0 0 11 11 8 0 5 5 5 0 1 11 5 6 4 0 0 0 0 6 4 5 0 0 0 6 5 7 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Monthly output from one turbine (kwh) 2511 2520 759.5 615 2046 2970 2898.5 3239.5 825 852.5 690 9176 29103
Monthly output from turbines (kwh) 5022 5040 1519 1230 4092 5940 5797 6479 1650 1705 1380 18352
58206
120
Worksheet 8.3. 3 Calculation of wind energy-C
Power generation by wind turbines
45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Electricity in KWh
Months
Peak hour generation
Off-peak hour generation
Total generation
121
8.4 Output from the tidal energy The tidal heads obtained form the seven tidal gauge stations in the St. Martins Island have been included in table 8.4.1 The calculations of tidal power have been furnished below. Extractable tidal energy from the different gauge stations lies between 96-178 watts.
Table 8.4. 1 Tidal data in the St. Martins Island
Table 8.4.1
Tidal data in the St. Martin's Island

Station no 1
Date 7/27/2003 7/28/2003 7/29/2003 7/30/2003 7/31/2003 8/1/2003 8/2/2003 8/3/2003 8/4/2003 8/5/2003 8/6/2003 8/7/2003 8/8/2003 8/9/2003 8/10/2003 8/11/2003 8/12/2003 8/13/2003 8/14/2003
Station no 2
Head diff (m) Date 1 1.3 1.1 1.45 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.55 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.75 2.1 2.1 2.2 7/27/2003 7/28/2003 7/29/2003 7/30/2003 7/31/2003 8/1/2003 8/2/2003 8/3/2003 8/4/2003 8/5/2003 8/6/2003 8/7/2003 8/8/2003 8/9/2003 8/10/2003 8/11/2003 8/12/2003 8/13/2003 8/14/2003
Station no 3
Station no 4
Head diff (m) 0.9 1 0.7 1.35 0.6 1.7 0.8 1.4 1.2 0.7 1 1.15 1.5 1.6 1.6 0.9 1.1 0.8 1.35
Station no 5
Date 7/27/2003 7/28/2003 7/29/2003 7/30/2003 7/31/2003 8/1/2003 8/2/2003 8/3/2003 8/4/2003 8/5/2003 8/6/2003 8/7/2003 8/8/2003 8/9/2003 8/10/2003 8/11/2003 8/12/2003 8/13/2003 8/14/2003
Station no 6
Station no 7
Head diff (m) 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.2 1 1 1 1 1.1 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6
Head diff (m) Date 0.95 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.55 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.45 1.35 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 6/14/2003 6/15/2003 6/16/2003 6/17/2003 6/18/2003 6/19/2003 6/20/2003 6/21/2003 6/22/2003 6/23/2003 6/26/2003 6/27/2003 6/28/2003 6/29/2003 7/1/2003 7/2/2003 7/3/2003 7/4/2003 7/5/2003
Head diff (m) Date 0.2 0.2 0.8 1 1.4 1.4 1 0.8 0.6 1 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 1 1.3 0.4 7/27/2003 7/28/2003 7/29/2003 7/30/2003 7/31/2003 8/1/2003 8/2/2003 8/3/2003 8/4/2003 8/5/2003 8/6/2003 8/7/2003 8/8/2003 8/9/2003 8/10/2003 8/11/2003 8/12/2003 8/13/2003 8/14/2003
Head diff (m) Date 0.9 1.6 1.2 1 0.7 1.55 0.8 1.5 1.7 1.1 1 1.3 1 1 1.5 0.9 1.7 1.1 1.3 7/27/2003 7/28/2003 7/29/2003 7/30/2003 7/31/2003 8/1/2003 8/2/2003 8/3/2003 8/4/2003 8/5/2003 8/6/2003 8/7/2003 8/8/2003 8/9/2003 8/10/2003 8/11/2003 8/12/2003 8/13/2003 8/14/2003
Head diff (m) Date 0.8 1.5 1.2 1.2 0.65 1.8 1.2 2.1 1.3 1.8 1 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.7 1.5 1.2 7/27/2003 7/28/2003 7/29/2003 7/30/2003 7/31/2003 8/1/2003 8/2/2003 8/3/2003 8/4/2003 8/5/2003 8/6/2003 8/7/2003 8/8/2003 8/9/2003 8/10/2003 8/11/2003 8/12/2003 8/13/2003 8/14/2003
122
Station no 1
Date 8/15/2003 8/16/2003 8/17/2003 8/18/2003 8/19/2003 8/20/2003 8/21/2003 8/22/2003 8/23/2003 8/24/2003 8/25/2003 8/26/2003 8/27/2003 8/28/2003 8/29/2003 8/30/2003 8/31/2003 9/11/2003 9/12/2003 9/13/2003 9/14/2003 9/15/2003 9/16/2003 9/17/2003 9/18/2003 9/19/2003 9/20/2003 Averqge=
Station no 2
Station no 3
Station no 4
Station no 5
Station no 6
Station no 7
Head diff Head diff Head diff Head diff Head diff Head diff Head diff (m) Date (m) Date (m) Date (m) Date (m) Date (m) Date (m) 1.7 8/15/2003 1.5 7/6/2003 0.4 8/15/2003 1.1 8/15/2003 1 8/15/2003 2.5 8/15/2003 2.6 1.4 8/16/2003 1.1 7/7/2003 0.9 8/16/2003 1.7 8/16/2003 1.55 8/16/2003 1.8 8/16/2003 1.8 1.7 8/17/2003 1.4 7/8/2003 0.6 8/17/2003 1.9 8/17/2003 1.9 8/17/2003 1.9 8/17/2003 2 1.7 8/18/2003 1.5 7/9/2003 0.6 8/18/2003 0.8 8/18/2003 1 8/18/2003 1.5 8/18/2003 1.6 1.8 8/19/2003 1.5 7/10/2003 0.5 8/19/2003 0.9 8/19/2003 1.1 8/19/2003 1.8 8/19/2003 1.6 1.7 8/20/2003 1.5 7/11/2003 0.4 8/20/2003 0.8 8/20/2003 1 8/20/2003 1.8 8/20/2003 1.7 1.8 8/21/2003 1.7 7/12/2003 0.5 8/21/2003 0.9 8/21/2003 1.7 8/21/2003 1.7 8/21/2003 1.7 1.8 8/22/2003 1.9 7/13/2003 0.4 8/22/2003 1.2 8/22/2003 1.6 8/22/2003 1.7 8/22/2003 1.7 1.9 8/23/2003 1.9 7/14/2003 0.4 8/23/2003 1.7 8/23/2003 1.7 8/23/2003 1.7 8/23/2003 1.7 2 8/24/2003 1.9 7/15/2003 1 8/24/2003 1.6 8/24/2003 1.7 8/24/2003 1.8 8/24/2003 2 2.1 8/25/2003 2 7/16/2003 0.9 8/25/2003 1.8 8/25/2003 1.6 8/25/2003 1.9 8/25/2003 1.6 1.2 8/26/2003 1.3 8/26/2003 1.3 8/26/2003 1.5 8/26/2003 1.4 8/26/2003 1.2 1.4 8/27/2003 1.4 8/27/2003 1.4 8/27/2003 1.5 8/27/2003 1.5 8/27/2003 1.7 1.4 8/28/2003 1.4 8/28/2003 1.4 8/28/2003 1.2 8/28/2003 1.2 8/28/2003 1.8 1.2 8/29/2003 1.2 8/29/2003 1.3 8/29/2003 1.5 8/29/2003 1.5 8/29/2003 1.5 2 8/30/2003 2 8/30/2003 1.9 8/30/2003 1.5 8/30/2003 1.15 8/30/2003 2.2 2.1 8/31/2003 2.1 8/31/2003 1.9 8/31/2003 2 8/31/2003 1.9 8/31/2003 2 1.5 9/11/2003 1.6 9/11/2003 0.9 9/11/2003 0.5 9/11/2003 1.75 9/11/2003 0.8 2.1 9/12/2003 2.2 9/12/2003 1.6 9/12/2003 1.3 9/12/2003 2.2 9/12/2003 1.6 2.2 9/13/2003 2 9/13/2003 1.6 9/13/2003 1.6 9/13/2003 2 9/13/2003 2 2 9/14/2003 1.9 9/14/2003 1.6 9/14/2003 1.4 9/14/2003 1.9 9/14/2003 2 2 9/15/2003 1.8 9/15/2003 1.4 9/15/2003 1.4 9/15/2003 2.1 9/15/2003 1.7 2 9/16/2003 1.8 9/16/2003 1.4 9/16/2003 1.3 9/16/2003 1.9 9/16/2003 1.9 1.7 9/17/2003 1.7 9/17/2003 1.4 9/17/2003 1.3 9/17/2003 1.4 9/17/2003 1.7 1.4 9/18/2003 1.5 9/18/2003 1.3 9/18/2003 1.4 9/18/2003 1.3 9/18/2003 1.4 1.7 9/19/2003 1.6 9/19/2003 1.4 9/19/2003 1.4 9/19/2003 1.6 9/19/2003 1.8 1.7 9/20/2003 1.6 9/20/2003 1.3 9/20/2003 1.3 9/20/2003 1.3 9/20/2003 1.6 1.70 Average= 1.61 Average= 0.69 Average= 1.28 Average= 1.32 Average= 1.54 Average= 1.58
123
Worksheet 8.4. 1 calculation of tidal power in the St. Martins Island
Green energy development model in the St. Martin's Island Calculation of Tidal power at the St. Martin's Island
Station no Location Av. tidal Catchment Energy head, R (m) area, A (m2) (Watt) 1.70 1.61 0.69 1.28 1.32 1.54 1.58 500 450 450 600 500 400 650 159 128 24 108 96 104 178
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cheradia Cheradia-2 Golachipa Golachera-2 Zadir bill Konapara Uttar char
Tidal period, T = Density of water, =

Acceleration due to gravity=
12.4 hours
3 1000 kg/m -2
9.81 ms Average potential energy that could be extracted from tida power = *A*R2*g/2T
Mean tidal head of at least 5 metres is usually considered to be the minimum for viable power generation
So there is no potential prospect of tidal resource in the St. Martin's Island
124
8.5 Battery bank

The battery selection has been done with the help of PVSyst software. The tubular plate, vented, lead-acid, Fulmen-CEAC, TXE 1700/OPzS1500 battery has been considered for the battery bank. With the 60% DOD, battery life is found about 3.6 years and with the 80% DOD, battery life is found only 2.2 years. Effect of DOD on the battery life is illustrated in table 8.5.1 Estimated capacity of the battery bank is about 1240 A-h
Table 8.5. 1 Effect of DOD on battery life
DOD 60 70 80
Battery life in year Battery replacement during the project life (times) 3.6 4 2.8 5 2.2 7
Source : Worksheet Battery bank
125
Worksheet 8.5. 1 calculation of battery bank
Calculation for the battery bank

Monthly storage requirement So daily storage requirement System voltage Daily A-h requirement So estimated A-h capacity Number of battery in Parallel Number of battery in series 10000 333.33 48.00 6944.44 KWh KWh Volt A-h Number of System Autonomy Depth of discharge of battery Temperature derating factor A-h rating of the battery Nominal battery voltage Battery depth of discharge % 8 24 1 60 1.04 1700 2 60 day % A-h Volt
12037.04 A-h
So Number of batteries in the bank =

Number of replacement in the project life Total number of batteries in the project life
192
4 768
Characteristics of the battery

Model no: Fulmen-CEAC, TXE 1700/OPzS1500 Technology: Lead-acid, vented, tubular Nominal voltage : 2 Volt Nominal capacity: 1700Ah@10hours Coulombic efficiency; 97 % Self discharge current at 20oC 56.16Ah/month Battery size 0.21mX0.84mX0.28m Battery weight 110 Kg Depth of Number of discharge replacement in % project life 60 4 70 5 80 7
126
8.6 Electricity generation from the coir

The annual yield of coir available for the electricity generation is about 62 MT and the amount of electricity that can be generated from this coir is about 25 MWh [Worksheet Coir energy]
Worksheet 8.6. 1 electricity generation from coir energy
Green energy development model in the St. M artin's Island

Electricity generation from the COIR
Option
Annual yield of Coconut in the Island 821430 Nos From one m ature Coconut we get about 0.075 kg dry Coir Annual yield of Coir 61607.25 kg Consum ption factor 1.00 Coir available to m eet dem and 61607 Kg Annual Storage of Coir 0 Kg Energy density of Coir 9.8 MJ/kg Energy density of wood 20 MJ/kg To generate one KW h electricity by the bio-gasifier in the dual-fuel m ode It is needed 1.2 Kg Coir and 0.1 litre diesel / 0.105 litre biodiesel / 0.124 litre coconut oil
Monthly electricity generation from coconut husk (Coir) is show n below

Month
Number of Gross Requirem Coir Generation Proportion of fuel consumption Gross fuel Requirement Coir in the dual-fuel mode day demand in ent in requirement consumption from coir in consumpti from other KWh Diesel in Coconut Coconut on in litre sources KWh KWh to meet Kwh to meet
JAN FEB M AR APR M AY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 365
30473 27524 30473 29490 30473 29490 30473 30473 29490 30473 29490 30473 358795
17993 13773 22572 21785 16497 11271 14855 11300 22491 23182 23235 0 198954
demand in Kg 44064 33730 55278 53351 40401 27602 36380 27673 55080 56772 56902 0 487234
demand in Kg 44064 17543 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61607
litres
17993 7163 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1799 716 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2516
Bio-diesel oil in in litres litres 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1799 716 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2516
0 6610 22572 21785 16497 11271 14855 11300 22491 23182 23235 0 173798
127
25156
8.7 Electricity generation from the coconut fronds

The annual yield of coconut frond available for the electricity generation is about 417 MT and the amount of electricity that can be generated from these fronds is about 174MWh [Worksheet Frond energy]
Worksheet 8.7. 1 Electricity generation from coconut frond
Electricity generation from the Coconut frond
Option
Number of Coconut tree in the Island 9127 Nos Number of Fronds need to be chopped 8 Annually W eight of one frond 6.5 kg Annual yield of Coconut fronds 474604 kg Frond consumption factor 1.00 Useable amount of coconut frond 474604 kg Annual storage of frond 57490 kg Energy density of coconut fronds (50% moisture) 10 MJ/kg Energy density of wood 20 MJ/kg To generate one KW h electricity by the bio-gasifier in the dual-fuel mode It is needed 1.2 Kg fronds and 0.1 litre diesel / 0.105 litre biodiesel / 0.124 litre coconut oil
Monthly electricity generation from coconut fronds is shown below

Month
Number of Gross Requirem Frond Frond Generatio Proportion of fuel consumption in Gross fuel Requirem the dual-fuel mode day demand in ent in requireme consumpti n from consumptio ent from KWh other KWh nt to meet on to meet coconut Diesel in Coconut Coconut oil n in litres
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 365
30473 27524 30473 29490 30473 29490 30473 30473 29490 30473 29490 30473 358795
0 6610 22572 21785 16497 11271 14855 11300 22491 23182 23235 0 173798
demand in demand in Kg Kg 0 0 15863 15863 54173 54173 52284 52284 39593 39593 27050 27050 35652 35652 27120 27120 53978 53978 55637 55637 55764 55764 0 0 417114 417114
Bioin litres frond in litres diesel in KWh 0 0 0 6610 661 0 22572 2257 0 21785 2179 0 16497 1650 0 11271 1127 0 14855 1486 0 11300 1130 0 22491 2249 0 23182 2318 0 23235 2324 0 0 0 0 173798 17380 0
sources KW h
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 661 2257 2179 1650 1127 1486 1130 2249 2318 2324 0 17380
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
128
8.8 Electricity generation from the coconut shell

The annual yield of coconut shell is about 86 MT and the amount of electricity that can be generated from this shell is about 64MWh [Worksheet Shell energy]
Worksheet 8.8. 1 Electricity generation from coconut shell
O p tio n
E le c tric ity g e n e ra tio n fro m C o c o n u t s h e ll
A n n u a l yie ld o f C o c o n u t in th e Is la n d 821430 N os F ro m o n e m a tu re C o c o n u t w e g e t a b o u t 0 .1 5 k g d ry s h e ll A n n u a l yie ld o f C o c o n u t s h e ll 123215 kg C o c o n u t s h e ll o rn a m e n t fa c to r 0 .7 % o f c o c o n u t s h e ll u s e d fo r h a n d ic ra fts 30 S h e ll c o n s u m p tio n fa c to r 1 U s e a b le a m o u n t o f c o c o n u t s h e ll 86250 Kg A n n u a l s to ra g e o f c o c o n u t s h e ll 0 Kg E n e rg y d e n s ity o f C o c o n u t s h e ll 1 7 .9 M J /k g E n e rg y d e n s ity o f w o o d 2 0 M J /k g T o g e n e ra te o n e K W h e le c tric ity b y th e b io -g a s ifie r in th e d u a l-fu e l m o d e 1 .2 K g s h e ll a n d 0 .1 litre d ie s e l/ It is n e e d e d 0 .1 0 5 litre b io d ie s e l/ 0 .1 2 4 litre c o c o n u t o il
M o n th ly e le c tric ity g e n e ra tio n fro m c o c o n u t h u s k is s h o w n b e lo w

M o n th Num ber of G ro s s R e q u ire m day d e m a n d in e n t in KW h KW h
JAN FEB M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 365 MW h
30473 27524 30473 29490 30473 29490 30473 30473 29490 30473 29490 30473 358795 359
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15961 29490 30473 29490 30473 135887 136
P ro p o rtio n o f fu e l S h e ll S h e ll E le c tric ity G ro s s R e q u ire m e n t c o n s u m p tio n in th e d u a l-fu e l re q u ire m c o n s u m p fro m fro m o th e r fu e l e n t to tio n to c o c o n u t D ie s e l in C o c o n u t C o c o n u t consum p s o u rc e s in B io o il in m eet m eet s h e ll in litre s tio n in KW h d ie s e l in litre s dem and dem and KWh litre s in K g in K g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21400 21400 15961 0 0 1979 1979 0 39540 39540 29490 0 0 3657 3657 0 40858 25310 18877 0 0 2341 2341 11596 39540 0 0 0 0 0 0 29490 40858 0 0 0 0 0 0 30473 182195 86250 64328 64 0 0 7977 7977 71559 72
129
8.9 Annual yield of coconut oil

The annual yield of coconut oil in the St. Martins Island is about 68 thousand litres and the amount of electricity that can be generated from this oil is about 170MWh. The coconut oil production process needs about 0.3 MJ/litre energy in the DME process
8.9.1 Electric energy requirement for the DME process

source (Hilton, 2004) In one DME unit Two electric graters ( 230V and 180 watt) Daily operation time = 8 hours Daily average yield of coconut oil = 40 litres So to produce 40 litre coconut oil, electric energy requirement = 2*180*8/1000 KWh = 2.88 KWh Therefore to produce 1 litre coconut oil electric energy needed = 2.88/40 KWh = 0.0720 KWh During filtering of oil Electricity requirement about 7% of that for the grating, i.e. = 0.005 KWh So total electricity requirement to produce one litre coconut oil = 0.077 KWh = 0.077*3.6 = 0.3 MJ So Production process of one litre coconut oil needs about 0.3 MJ energy
8.10 Annual yield of biodiesel The annual yield of biodiesel in the St. Martins Island is bout 55 thousand litres and the amount of electricity that can be generated from this biodiesel is about 158MWh. The biodiesel production process needs about 0.4MJ/kg extra energy in terms of heat and electricity.
130
8.11 By-products from the model The amount of by-products i.e. copra cake, crude glycerol, coconut juice etc. and the handicrafts made from the coconut fronds and the shells for the options have been listed in worksheet 8.11.1
Worksheet 8.11. 1By-products from the model
Annual by-products from the system
Option
Coconut water 512573 Cans
Coconut soap 0 Nos
Desiccated coconut 821430
Pack
Copra cake in MT
104
Crude glycerine in MT
Coconut handicrafts
49286 Nos
131
8.12 Electricity generation from the different options Annual electricity generation from the five different options have been summarised in table 8.12.1 However the key result illustrating the effect of subsidy on the IRR, NPV, Investment and payback period have been included in table 8.12.2
Table 8.12. 1 Annual electricity generation from the five different options
Option
Electricity generation from, (MWh) Solar Wind Biomass Coir Fronds Shells A 42 119 25 174 0 B 42 119 25 174 0 C 25 198 64 D 42 119 25 174 0 E 110 25 198 26 Source: Worksheet Results
Copra 0 0 72 0 -
Total annual generation In MWh 360 359 359 359 359
Table 8.12. 2 Effect of subsidy on the IRR, NPV and payback period
Option
% of Choice for % subsidy the coconut IRR palm feedstock Purchase 14 0 Cultivate 20 Purchase 22 10 Cultivate 28 Purchase 31 20 Cultivate 38 Purchase 43 30 Cultivate 50 Purchase 57 40 Cultivate 65 Purchase 78 50 Cultivate 87 Purchase -Ve 0 Cultivate 2 Purchase -Ve 10 Cultivate 11 Purchase -Ve 20 Cultivate 20 Purchase 2 30 Cultivate 30 Purchase 15 40 Cultivate 43 Purchase 28 50 Cultivate 60
NPV 000s
Investment 000s
Payback period in year
66 206 118 302 171 399 223 495 275 591 328 688 -173 -34 -119 64 -66 162 -12 260 42 358 96 456
514 947 462 853 411 758 360 663 308 568 257 474 529 963 476 866 423 770 370 674 317 578 264 481
7.2 5.4 4.7 3.9 3.5 2.9 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.2
Never Payback Never Payback Never Payback
9
Never Payback
5.5
Never Payback
3.7 7.1 2.5 3.8 1.8
132
Continue Table 8.12.2 effect of subsidy on investment , IRR, NPV and payback for the different options Option name % of Choice for % subsidy the coconut IRR palm feedstock Purchase -Ve 0 Cultivate 9 Purchase -Ve 10 Cultivate 17 Purchase -Ve 20 Cultivate 26 Purchase -Ve 30 Cultivate 37 Purchase -Ve 40 Cultivate 51 Purchase -Ve 50 Cultivate 70 Purchase -Ve 0 Cultivate 7 Purchase -Ve 10 Cultivate 15 Purchase 3 20 Cultivate 24 Purchase 13 30 Cultivate 34 Purchase 25 40 Cultivate 48 Purchase 40 50 Cultivate 66 Purchase 16 0 Cultivate 23 Purchase 24 10 Cultivate 31 Purchase 34 20 Cultivate 41 Purchase 45 30 Cultivate 53 Purchase 60 40 Cultivate 69 Purchase 81 50 Cultivate 92 NPV 000s Investment 000s Payback period in year
-118 27 -112 77 -106 127 -101 177 -95 226 -90 276 -119 20 -66 118 -12 216 41 313 95 411 149 509 50 195 82 271 114 347 146 423 178 499 210 575
55 489 49 440 44 391 38 342 33 293 27 244 526 960 473 864 421 768 368 672 315 576 263 480 313 747 282 673 251 598 219 523 188 448 157 374
Never Payback 9.9 Never Payback 6.1 Never Payback 4.1 Never Payback 2.9 Never Payback 2.1 Never Payback 1.5 Never Payback 12.1 Never Payback 6.9 Never Payback 4.6 7.6 3.2 4.4 2.3 2.7 1.6 6.4 4.8 4.5 3.6 3.2 2.7 2.4 2 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.2
Source: Worksheet Results and worksheet Subsidy data
133
8.13 Influence of subsidy on the NPV curve For a particular option B (purchase coconut feedstock) the influence of subsidy on the NPV curve has been illustrated in figure 8.13.1 It is seen that up to 30% subsidy the IRR is below the cost of capital (10%) and the investments are worthless. But 40% subsidy provides 15% IRR and 42k NPV with a payback period of 7.1 years.
Effe ct of s ubs idy on inve s tm e m t for option 'B'

200 150 100
NPV k
50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Dis count r ate
Subs idy 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Figure 8.13. 1 effect of subsidy on the NPV curves purchase coconut feedstock
However for the same option, B but if the energy entrepreneur cultivate the coconut palm, the subsidy effect has been illustrated in figure 8.13.2 It is seen that only 10% subsidy can make the investment financially viable with the 11% IRR, 64k NPV and about nine years of payback period.
Effe ct of s ubs idy on inve s tm e m t for option 'B'
800 700 600
NPV k
500 400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Dis count r ate
Subs idy 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Figure 8.13. 2 effect of sub1sidy on the NPV curves- cultivate coconut feedstock
134
8.14 Effect of subsidy on the IRR, NPV, Investment and payback period The effect of subsidy on the NPV, IRR, Investment and payback period for a particular option A has been illustrated in figure 8.14. It is seen that NPV and IRR rises linearly with the increases of subsidy but the slope of the NPV curve is much steeper than that of the IRR. For instance at zero percent subsidy IRR is about 14% and NPV is about 66k but these amounts are 78% and 328k respectively at the 50% subsidy. On the other hand investment cost goes down linearly as the amount of subsidy increases whereas payback period falls rapidly as the amount of subsidy increases. For instance without subsidy the investment cost is about 514k and payback period is about 7.2 years but at the 50% subsidy these amounts are 257k and 1.4years respectively. Graphs 8.14.1 illustrates effects of NPV, IRR, Investment, payback period on amount of subsidy.
Effect of subsidy on NPV, IRR, Investment and payback period for option 'A'
600 NPV and investment k, IRR in % 500 400 300 200 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Payback period in year
Figure 8.14 effect of subsidy on the NPV, IRR, Investment and payback period 0 0
Subsidy % on investm ent NPV IRR Investment Payback
Figure 8.14. 1 Effect of subsidy on the NPV , IRR, Investment and payback period
Graphs obtained from this model for different options [A, B, C, D and E] such as, electricity generation from the solar energy, from the wind energy, from the biomass energy, financial analysis and cash flow, brief cost estimates, model sensitivity etc have been illustrated in the following worksheet [8.15.A.1 to 8.15.E.7]
135
Worksheet 8.15.A. 1: Monthly electricity generation from renewable resources - option A
Monthly demand and electricity generation in the St. Martin's Island

35000
30000
Electricity generation in KWh
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Month
Solar
Wind
Coconut biomass 136
Demand
Worksheet 8.15.A. 2 : Financial analysis and cash flow Purchase coconut palm feedstock-Option A
Project finance and cash flow Option A

NPV vs Discount rate
160 140
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cash flow -102728 17389 17389 17389 17389 17389 17389 17389 17389 17389 17389 17389 17389 17389 17389
discount Rate, r
NPV
Net Present Value k
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 0 -40 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23
140720 123396 107790 93702 80956 69401 58904 49349 40633 32667 25373 18681 12531 6867 1643 -3184 -7652 -11794 -15642 -19220 -22554 -25664 -28570 -31290
Discount rate (r) Economic sensitivity of the model Coconut feedstock price change in % Electricity selling price change in % Amount of subsidy in % O & M cost increase in % Electricity generation unit price change in %
NPV IRR
0 0 0 0 0
66,097 14%
137
Worksheet 8.15.A. 3 Brief cost analysis Purchase coconut palm feedstockoption A
Brief Cost analysis

Sl. No
[All costs/prices in ]
No of item Unit cost Total cost
Description of the component
Option
Purchase of Coconut palm feedstock Wind turbines 1 2 3 4 50 Kw BWC XL.50 wind turbine 120 ft Guyed- Lattice Tower kit (XLG30) Tower wiring kit (XTWK30) DC Power Centre Solar PV 5 6 7 8 PV array BP 7180 S 216X180Wp PV Mounting structures 300 m2 PV array wiring and voltage regulators Lighting arrestor Battery bank 9 10 11 12 13 1700 Ah @10 hours, OPzS1500 Battery mounting structure Battery connecting cables Battery monitor Charge controller Inverter 14 50 Kw Inverter systems Biomass energy 15 16 17 18 50Kw Gasifier unit including generator Bio-diesel production unit 50kw Standby dual-fuel engine Coconut oil production unit [DME unit] 1 1 1 3 15000 10000 8000 3315 sub total 15000 0 8000 0 138 23000 1 20000 sub total 20000 20000 768 1 96 2 2 150 500 12 90 220 sub total 115200 500 1152 180 440 117472 334 1 1 3 445 2500 550 100 sub total 148630 2500 550 300 151980 2 2 2 2 70000 15000 750 550 sub total 140000 30000 1500 1100 172600
Solar % Wind% Biomass% Diesel% 11.56 33.18 55.26 0.00 Assumptions Project life time 15 years Loan interest rate 7% Discount rate 5% Dual-fuel mode : Producer gas + Diesel Purchase Sell Coconut Electricity Coconut juice Handicrafts
Desiccated coconut
Project life time 15 Total investment Subsidy on investment 0 Equity 20 loan 80 loan interest rate 7 Annual electricity generation in KWh Selling price of electricity /KWh Annual revenue from electricity sale Annual Carbon credit revenue Cost recovery from byproducts Annual fuel cost Annual Loan recovery Annual O&M cost
years % % % % 513638 0 102728 410910 360022 0.06 21601 207 122598 -66645 -45115.71 -15256.56
Annual cash flow
17389
Continue 8.15.A..3
Cost of Civil structures 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Foundation of wind turbine Shed for the battery bank& inverter Shed for bio-diesel production unit Bio-diesel storage unit Coconut oil storage unit Coconut storage unit Shed for biom ass gasifier unit Control room and Power house Mini grid expansion 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 500 3000 3000 2000 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 sub total 1000 3000 0 0 0 1500 3000 5000 10000 23500 5086
Fuel consumption mode
Diesel
Option
19895 123215 19895 0 0 198954 198954 161068 360022 358795 0 0 0 0 0
A
litre kg litre litre litre KW h KW h KW h KW h KW h KW h KW h litre KW h KW h litre
Annual consumption of Diesel Annual production of desiccated coconut Annual production of Consumption of fuel in dual-fuel m ode Rem aining am ount of
Electricity used during
production process of
Diesel
Annual electricity generation in dual-fuel mode [ From Coir + Frond + shell ]
Net generation in dual-fuel m ode 28 Contingency and unforeseen expenditure 1% of all subtotal [Monkey training for picking up coconut, handicrafts training etc ] Total investment cost Cost of Fuel 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Coconut Coir Fronds Shell Diesel Coconut biodiesel Coconut oil Cost of extrafuel Total fuel cost per per per per per per per number kg kg kg litre litre litre 821430 61607 417114 0 19895 0 0 0.07 0.015 0.01 0.01 0.25 0 0 57500 0 4171 0 4974 0 0 0 66645
Electricity generation from wind and solar energy
Annual net hybrid generation

Annual electricity demand
513638
Annual shortage
Additional fuel needed to meet the demand Electricity generation from Copra Electricity generation from additional diesel
Annual net saving of fuel
37
Annual operation and maintenance cost 3% of all subtotal Now cost recovery from by-products Products Annual yield Crude glycerol 0 MT Copra cake 104 MT Coconut juice 512573 Cans desiccated coconut** 821430 pack handicrafts 49286 Num ber Copra kg Coconut soap 0 Nos
15257
38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Unit price Total sale 20 0 20 2078 0.03 15377 0.11 90357.3 0.3 14786 0 0.16 0
Cost of Coconut cultivation (no need to buy it) Total number of Coconut palm in the island Cost of tree with five year care taking Lease value of land per acre Coconut tree per acre So am ount of land needed for cultivation Total land value Sub total, investm ent for coconut cultivation in
9127 nos 6845.25 7000 150 nos 61 Acre 427000 0
Total cost recovery
122598
139
Worksheet 8.15.A. 4 Financial analysis and cash flow cultivate coconut palm feedstockoption A

450 400
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0.2 0.25
Cash flow -189497 40953 40953 40953 40953 40953 40953 40953 40953 40953 40953 40953 40953 40953 40953
discount Rate, r
NPV
Net Present Value k
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 -50 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23
383849 343048 306294 273115 243098 215885 191164 168659 148132 129372 112194 96434 81949 68611 56308 44940 34417 24660 15600 7172 -679 -8004 -14849 -21254
NPV 205,605 IRR 20%
0 0 0 0 0
140
Worksheet 8.15.A. 5: Brief cost analysis Cultivation of coconut palm feedstockoption A
Brief Cost analysis

Sl. No
Option
Wind turbines 1 2 3 4 50 Kw BW C XL.50 wind turbine 120 ft Guyed- Lattice Tower kit (XLG30) Tower wiring kit (XTW K30) DC Power Centre Solar PV 5 6 7 8 PV array BP 7180 S 216X180W p 2 PV Mounting structures 300 m PV array wiring and voltage regulators Lighting arrestor Battery bank 9 10 11 12 13 1700 Ah @10 hours, OPzS1500 Battery mounting structure Battery connecting cables Battery monitor Charge controller Inverter 14 50 Kw Inverter system s Biomass energy 15 16 17 18 50Kw Gasifier unit including generator Bio-diesel production unit 50kw Standby dual-fuel engine Coconut oil production unit [DME unit] 1 1 1 3 15000 10000 8000 3315 sub total 15000 0 8000 0 23000 1 20000 sub total 20000 20000 768 1 96 2 2 150 500 12 90 220 sub total 115200 500 1152 180 440 117472 334 1 1 3 445 2500 550 100 sub total 148630 2500 550 300 151980 2 2 2 2 70000 15000 750 550 sub total 140000 30000 1500 1100 172600
Solar % Wind% Biomass% Diesel% 11.56 33.18 55.26 0.00 Assum ptions Project life time 15 years Loan interest rate 7 % Discount rate 5 % Dual-fuel mode : Producer gas + Diesel Purchase Sell Electricity Coconut juice Handicrafts
Desiccated coconut
Project life tim e 15 Total investment Subsidy on investm ent 0 Equity 20 loan 80 loan interest rate 7 Annual electricity generation in KW h Selling price of electricity /KWh Annual revenue from electricity sale Annual Carbon credit revenue Cost recovery from byproducts Annual fuel cost Annual Loan recovery Annual O&M cost
years % % % % 947483 0 189497 757986 360022 0.06 21601 207 122598 -4974 -83222.81 -15256.56
Annual cash flow
40953
141
Continue worksheet 8.15.A. 6: Brief cost analysis

C o s t o f C iv il s t r u c t u r e s 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 F o u n d a tio n o f w in d tu r b in e S h e d f o r th e b a tte r y b a n k & in v e r te r S h e d f o r b io - d ie s e l p r o d u c tio n u n it B io - d ie s e l s to r a g e u n it C o c o n u t o il s to r a g e u n it C o c o n u t s to r a g e u n it S h e d f o r b io m a s s g a s if ie r u n it C o n tr o l r o o m a n d P o w e r h o u s e M in i g r id e x p a n s io n 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 500 3000 3000 2000 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 s u b to ta l 1000 3000 0 0 0 1500 3000 5000 10000 23500 5086
F u e l c o n s u m p ti o n m o d e
D ie s e l
O p tio n
19895 123215 19895 0 0 198954 198954 161068 360022 358795 0 0 0 0 0
A
litr e kg litr e litr e litr e KW h KW h KW h KW h KW h KW h KW h litr e KW h KW h litr e
A n n u a l c o n s u m p tio n o f D ie s e l A n n u a l p r o d u c tio n o f d e s ic c a te d c o c o n u t A n n u a l p r o d u c tio n o f C o n s u m p tio n o f fu e l in d u a l- fu e l m o d e R e m a in in g a m o u n t o f

E le c tr ic ity u s e d d u rin g
p r o d u c tio n p r o c e s s o f
D ie s e l
A n n u a l e le c tr ic ity g e n e r a tio n in d u a l-fu e l m o d e [ F r o m C o ir + F r o n d + s h e ll ]
N e t g e n e r a tio n in d u a l- f u e l m o d e 28 C o n tin g e n c y a n d u n fo r e s e e n e x p e n d itu r e 1 % o f a ll s u b to ta l [M o n k e y tr a in in g f o r p ic k in g u p c o c o n u t, h a n d ic r a f ts tr a in in g e tc ] T o t a l in v e s t m e n t c o s t C ost of Fuel 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 C oconut C o ir F ro n d s S h e ll D ie s e l C o c o n u t b io d ie s e l C o c o n u t o il C o s t o f e x tr a f u e l T o ta l fu e l c o s t per per per per per per per num ber kg kg kg litr e litr e litr e 821430 61607 417114 0 19895 0 0 0 .0 7 0 .0 1 5 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 4974 0 0 0 4974
E le c tr ic ity g e n e ra t io n f ro m w in d a n d s o la r e n e rg y
A n n u a l n e t h y b r id g e n e r a tio n
A n n u a l e le c tr ic ity d e m a n d
947483
A n n u a l s h o r ta g e
A d d itio n a l fu e l n e e d e d to m e e t th e d e m a n d E le c tr ic ity g e n e ra t io n f ro m C o p r a E le c tr ic ity g e n e ra t io n f ro m a d d itio n a l d ie s e l
A n n u a l n e t s a v in g o f f u e l
37
A n n u a l o p e r a t io n a n d m a in t e n a n c e c o s t 3 % o f a ll s u b to ta l N o w c o s t re c o v e ry fro m b y -p ro d u c ts P ro d u c ts C r u d e g ly c e r o l C o p ra c a k e C o c o n u t ju ic e d e s ic c a te d c o c o n u t* * h a n d ic r a fts C o p ra C oconut soap A n n u a l y ie ld 0 104 512573 821430 49286 MT MT Cans pack N um ber kg 0 Nos
15257
38 39 40 41 42 43 44
U n it p r ic e T o t a l s a le 20 0 20 2078 0 .0 3 15377 0 .1 1 9 0 3 5 7 .3 0 .3 14786 0 0 .1 6 0
C o s t o f C o c o n u t c u ltiv a tio n ( n o n e e d to b u y it) T o ta l n u m b e r o f C o c o n u t p a lm in th e is la n d C o s t o f tr e e w ith f iv e y e a r c a r e ta k in g L e a s e v a lu e o f la n d p e r a c r e C o c o n u t tr e e p e r a c r e S o a m o u n t o f la n d n e e d e d f o r c u ltiv a tio n T o ta l la n d v a lu e S u b to ta l, in v e s tm e n t fo r c o c o n u t c u ltiv a tio n in
9127 nos 6 8 4 5 .2 5 7000 150 nos 6 1 A c re 427000 433845
T o ta l c o s t re c o v e ry
122598
142
Worksheet 8.15.A. 7 Model sensitivity -Option A
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cash flow -107864 10364 10364 10364 10364 10364 10364 10364 10364 10364 10364 10364 10364 10364 10364
discount Rate, r
NPV
This option will never payback!

Purchase of Coconut palm feedstock

60 40 20 0 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23
37226 26900 17600 9203 1607 -5279 -11535 -17230 -22424 -27172 -31519 -35507 -39173 -42548 -45661 -48538 -51201 -53670 -55963 -58095 -60082 -61936 -63668 -65289
Net Present Value k
NPV IRR
10 10 0 5 5
-5,028 4%
143
Worksheet 8.15.A. 8 Brief sensitivity cost analysis Purchase coconut palm feedstockoption A
B rie f C o s t a n a lys is
S l. N o
[A ll c o s ts /p ric e s in ]
N o o f ite m U n it c o s t T o ta l c o s t
D e s c rip tio n o f th e c o m p o n e n t
O p tio n
P u rc h a s e o f C o c o n u t p a lm fe e d s to c k W in d tu rb in e s 1 2 3 4 5 0 K w B W C X L .5 0 w in d tu rb in e 1 2 0 ft G u ye d - L a ttic e T o w e r k it (X L G 3 0 ) T o w e r w irin g k it (X T W K 3 0 ) D C P o w e r C e n tre S o la r P V 5 6 7 8 P V a rra y B P 7180 S 216X 180W p 2 P V M o u n tin g s tru c tu re s 3 0 0 m P V a rra y w irin g a n d v o lta g e re g u la to rs L ig h tin g a rre s to r B a tte ry b a n k 9 10 11 12 13 1 7 0 0 A h @ 1 0 h o u rs , O P z S 1 5 0 0 B a tte ry m o u n tin g s tru c tu re B a tte ry c o n n e c tin g c a b le s B a tte ry m o n ito r C h a rg e c o n tro lle r In v e rte r 14 5 0 K w In v e rte r s ys te m s B io m a s s e n e rg y 15 16 17 18 5 0 K w G a s ifie r u n it in c lu d in g g e n e ra to r B io -d ie s e l p ro d u c tio n u n it 5 0 k w S ta n d b y d u a l-fu e l e n g in e C o c o n u t o il p ro d u c tio n u n it [D M E u n it] 1 1 1 3 15000 10000 8000 3315 s u b to ta l 15000 0 8000 0 23000 1 20000 s u b to ta l 20000 20000 768 1 96 2 2 150 500 12 90 220 s u b to ta l 115200 500 1152 180 440 117472 334 1 1 3 445 2500 550 100 s u b to ta l 148630 2500 550 300 151980 2 2 2 2 70000 15000 750 550 s u b to ta l 140000 30000 1500 1100 172600
S o lar % W in d % B io m ass% D ie s e l% 1 1 .5 6 3 3 .1 8 5 5 .2 6 0 .0 0 A s s u m p tio n s P ro je c t life tim e 1 5 ye a rs L o a n in te re s t ra te 7 % D is c o u n t ra te 5 % D u a l-fu e l m o d e : P ro d u c e r g a s + D ie s e l P u rc h a s e S e ll C oconut E le c tric ity C o c o n u t ju ic e H a n d ic ra fts
D e s ic c a te d c o c o n u t
P ro je c t life tim e 15 T o ta l in v e s tm e n t S u b s id y o n in v e s tm e n t 0 E q u ity 20 lo a n 80 lo a n in te re s t ra te 7 A n n u a l e le c tric ity g e n e ra tio n in K W h S e llin g p ric e o f e le c tric ity /K W h A n n u a l re v e n u e fro m e le c tric ity s a le A n n u a l C a rb o n c re d it re v e n u e C o s t re c o v e ry fro m b yp ro d u c ts A n n u a l fu e l c o s t A n n u a l L o a n re c o v e ry Annual O &M cost
ye a rs % % % % 539319 0 107864 431456 360022 0 .0 6 6 23761 207 122598 -7 2 8 1 2 -4 7 3 7 1 .5 0 -1 6 0 1 9 .3 8 8
A n n u a l c a s h flo w
10364
144
Continue 8.15.A.7
Cost of Civil structures 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Foundation of wind turbine Shed for the battery bank& inverter Shed for bio-diesel production unit Bio-diesel storage unit Coconut oil storage unit Coconut storage unit Shed for biom ass gasifier unit Control room and Power house M ini grid expansion 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 500 3000 3000 2000 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 sub total 1000 3000 0 0 0 1500 3000 5000 10000 23500 5086
Fuel consum ption m ode
Diesel
O ption
19895 123215 19895 0 0 198954 198954 161068 360022 358795 0 0 0 0 0
A
Annual consum ption of Diesel Annual production of desiccated coconut Annual production of Consum ption of fuel in dual-fuel m ode Rem aining am ount of
Diesel
Annual electricity generation in dual-fuel m ode [ From Coir + Frond + shell ]
Net generation in dual-fuel m ode 28 Contingency and unforeseen expenditure 1% of all subtotal [M onkey training for picking up coconut, handicrafts training etc ] Total investm ent cost Cost of Fuel 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Coconut Coir Fronds Shell Diesel Coconut biodiesel Coconut oil Cost of extrafuel Total fuel cost per per per per per per per num ber kg kg kg litre litre litre 821430 61607 417114 0 19895 0 0 0.077 0.015 0.011 0.01 0.25 0 0 63250 0 4588 0 4974 0 0 0 72812

Annual electricity dem and
539319
Annual shortage
Additional fuel needed to m eet the dem and Electricity generation from Copra Electricity generation from additional diesel
37
Annual operation and m aintenance cost 3% of all subtotal Now cost recovery from by-products Products Annual yield Crude glycerol 0 MT Copra cake 104 M T Coconut juice 512573 Cans desiccated coconut** 821430 pack handicrafts 49286 Num ber Copra kg Coconut soap 0 Nos
16019
38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Unit price Total sale 20 0 20 2078 0.03 15377 0.11 90357.3 0.3 14786 0 0.16 0
Cost of Coconut cultivation (no need to buy it) Total num ber of Coconut palm in the island Cost of tree with five year care taking Lease value of land per acre Coconut tree per acre So am ount of land needed for cultivation Total land value Sub total, investm ent for coconut cultivation in
9127 nos 6845.25 7000 150 nos 61 Acre 427000 0
Total cost recovery
122598
145
Worksheet 8.15.B. 1: Monthly electricity generation from renewable resources -Option B

35000
30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Month
Solar
Wind
Coconut biomass
Demand
146
Worksheet 8.15.B. 2: Financial analysis and cash flow Purchase of coconut palm feedstock -Option B
Project finance and cash flow Option B
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cash flow -105758 -7695 -7695 -7695 -7695 -7695 -7695 -7695 -7695 -7695 -7695 -7695 -7695 -7695 -7695
discount Rate, r
NPV


0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14
-213488 -205821 -198915 -192681 -187041 -181928 -177283 -173054 -169197 -165672 -162444 -159483 -156761 -154255 -151944
Net Present Value k
NPV IRR
0 0 0 0 0
-173,264
0.15 -149807 0.16 -147830 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 -145997 -144295 -142711 -141236 -139859 -138573 -137370
#DIV/0!
147
Worksheet 8.15.B. 3: Brief cost analysis -Purchase of coconut palm feedstock -Option B
Brief Cost analysis

Sl. No
Option
Purchase of Coconut palm feedstock Wind turbines 1 2 3 4 50 Kw BW C XL.50 wind turbine 120 ft Guyed- Lattice Tower kit (XLG30) Tower wiring kit (XTW K30) DC Power Centre Solar PV 5 6 7 8 PV array BP 7180 S 216X180W p 2 PV Mounting structures 300 m PV array wiring and voltage regulators Lighting arrestor Battery bank 9 10 11 12 13 1700 Ah @10 hours, OPzS1500 Battery mounting structure Battery connecting cables Battery monitor Charge controller Inverter 14 50 Kw Inverter systems Biomass energy 15 16 17 18 50Kw Gasifier unit including generator Bio-diesel production unit 50kw Standby dual-fuel engine Coconut oil production unit [DME unit] 1 1 1 3 15000 10000 8000 3315 sub total 15000 10000 8000 0 33000 1 20000 sub total 20000 20000 768 1 96 2 2 150 500 12 90 220 sub total 115200 500 1152 180 440 117472 334 1 1 3 445 2500 550 100 sub total 148630 2500 550 300 151980 2 2 2 2 70000 15000 750 550 sub total 140000 30000 1500 1100 172600
Solar % Wind% Biomass% Diesel% 11.56 33.18 55.26 0.00 Assumptions Project life time 15 years Loan interest rate 7 % Discount rate 5 % Biodiesel Dual-fuel mode : Producer gas + Purchase Sell Coconut Electricity Coconut juice Handicrafts Copra cake
Crude glycerol
Project life time 15 Total investment Subsidy on investment 0 Equity 20 loan 80 loan interest rate 7 Annual electricity generation in KW h Selling price of electricity /KWh Annual revenue from electricity sale Annual Carbon credit revenue Cost recovery from byproducts Annual fuel cost Annual Loan recovery Annual O&M cost
years % % % % 528788 0 105758 423030 358795 0.06 21528 247 94354 -61671 -46446.42 -15706.56
Annual cash flow
-7695
148
Continue 8.15.B.3
C o st o f C ivil stru ctu res 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 F oundation of w ind turbine S hed for the battery bank & inverter S hed for bio-diesel production unit B io-diesel storage unit C oconut oil storage unit C oconut storage unit S hed for biom ass gasifier unit C ontrol room and Pow er house M ini grid expansion 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 500 3000 3000 2000 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 su b to tal 1000 3000 3000 2000 0 1500 3000 5000 10000 28500 5236
Fu el c on su m p tio n m od e
B io d ie sel
O ption
0 0 54740 20890 33850 9919 198954 189035 161068 350103 358795 8692 3016 8692 0 30834
B
Annual consum ption of D ies el Annual production of des icc ated coconut Annual production of B iodiesel C onsum ption of fuel in dual-fuel m ode R em aining am ount of B iodiesel
E lectricity use d d uring
B iodiesel
A n nu al ele ctric ity ge ne ra tion in d ua l-fu el m od e [ F rom C oir + F ron d + sh ell ]
N et generation in dual-fuel m ode 28 C ontingency and unforeseen expenditure 1% of all subtotal [M onkey training for pick ing up coconut, handicrafts training etc ] T o tal in v estm en t co st C o st o f F u el 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 C oconut C oir F ronds S hell D iesel C oconut biodiesel C oconut oil C ost of extrafuel T o tal fu el co st per per per per per per per num ber kg kg kg litre litre litre 821430 61607 417114 0 3016 20890 0 0.07 0.015 0.01 0.01 0.25 0 0 57500 0 4171 0 0 0 0 0 61671
E lectricity ge n era tion from w in d a nd solar e ne rgy

A n nu al ele ctric ity de m a nd
528788
Annual shortage
A d dition al fu el ne ed ed to m ee t th e d em a nd E lectricity ge n era tion from C op ra B io d iesel E lectricity ge n era tion from a dd itio na l d ies el
37
An n u al o p eratio n an d m ain ten an ce co st 3% of all subtotal N o w co st reco v ery fro m b y-p ro d u cts P ro d u cts An n u al yield C rude glycerol 22 M T C opra cak e 104 M T C oconut juice 512573 C ans desiccated coconut** 0 pack handicrafts 49286 N um ber C opra kg C oconut soap 385423 N os
15707
38 39 40 41 42 43 44
U n it p rice T o tal sale 20 445 20 2078 0.03 15377 0.11 0 0.3 14786 0 0.16 61668
C ost of C oconut c ultivation (no need to buy it) T otal num ber of C oconut palm in the is land C ost of tree w ith five year care tak ing Lease value of land per ac re C oconut tree per ac re So am ount of land needed for cultivation T otal land value Sub total, investm ent for c oconut cultivation in
9127 nos 6845.25 7000 150 nos 61 A cre 427000 0
T o tal co st reco v ery
94354
149
Worksheet 8.15.B. 4: Financial analysis and cash flow Cultivation of coconut palm -Option B
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cash flow -192527 15869 15869 15869 15869 15869 15869 15869 15869 15869 15869 15869 15869 15869 15869
discount Rate, r
NPV


40 20
0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14
29641 13831 -411 -13268 -24899 -35444 -45023 -53744 -61698 -68967 -75624 -81730 -87343 -92512 -97279
Net Present Value k
NPV IRR
0 0 0 0 0
-33,756
0.15 -101684 0.16 -105762 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 -109542 -113053 -116319 -119361 -122199 -124852 -127334
2%
150
Worksheet 8.15.B. 5: Brief cost analysis -Cultivation of coconut palm -Option B
Brief Cost analysis

Sl. No
Option
Wind turbines 1 2 3 4 50 Kw BW C XL.50 wind turbine 120 ft Guyed- Lattice Tower kit (XLG30) Tower wiring kit (XTW K30) DC Power Centre Solar PV 5 6 7 8 PV array BP 7180 S 216X180W p PV Mounting structures 300 m 2 PV array wiring and voltage regulators Lighting arrestor Battery bank 9 10 11 12 13 1700 Ah @10 hours, OPzS1500 Battery mounting structure Battery connecting cables Battery monitor Charge controller Inverter 14 50 Kw Inverter systems Biomass energy 15 16 17 18 50Kw Gasifier unit including generator Bio-diesel production unit 50kw Standby dual-fuel engine Coconut oil production unit [DME unit] 1 1 1 3 15000 10000 8000 3315 sub total 15000 10000 8000 0 33000 1 20000 sub total 20000 20000 768 1 96 2 2 150 500 12 90 220 sub total 115200 500 1152 180 440 117472 334 1 1 3 445 2500 550 100 sub total 148630 2500 550 300 151980 2 2 2 2 70000 15000 750 550 sub total 140000 30000 1500 1100 172600
Solar % Wind% Biomass% Diesel% 11.56 33.18 55.26 0.00 Assumptions Project life time 15 years Loan interest rate 7 % Discount rate 5 % Biodiesel Dual-fuel mode : Producer gas + Purchase Sell Electricity Coconut juice Handicrafts Copra cake
Crude glycerol
years % % % % 962633 0 192527 770106 358795 0.06 21528 247 94354 0 -84553.52 -15706.56
151
Annual cash flow
15869
Continue 8.15.B.5
C o st o f C iv il stru ctu res 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 F oundation of w ind turbine S hed for the battery bank & inverter S hed for bio-dies el production unit B io-diesel storage unit C oc onut oil storage unit C oc onut storage unit S hed for biom ass gas ifier unit C ontrol room and Pow er house M ini grid expansion 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 500 3000 3000 2000 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 su b to tal 1000 3000 3000 2000 0 1500 3000 5000 10000 28500 5236
F uel co ns um ption m o de
B iod iesel
O ption
0 0 54740 20890 33850 9919 198954 189035 161068 350103 358795 8692 3016 8692 0 30834
B
A nnual cons um ption of D iesel A nnual production of desiccated coconut A nnual production of B iodiesel C onsum ption of fuel in dual-fuel m ode R em aining am ount of B iodiesel
E lectricity u sed during
B iodiesel
A nnual ele ctricity generatio n in dual-fuel m ode [ From C oir + Frond + shell ]
N et generation in dual-fuel m ode 28 C ontingency and unforeseen expenditure 1% of all subtotal [M onk ey training for pick ing up coc onut, handicrafts training etc ] T o tal in vestm ent co st C o st o f F u el 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 C oc onut C oir F ronds S hell D iesel C oc onut biodiesel C oc onut oil C os t of extrafuel T o tal fu el co st per per per per per per per num ber kg kg kg litre litre litre 821430 61607 417114 0 3016 20890 0 0.07 0.015 0.01 0.01 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E lectricity ge neration from w ind and solar e nergy
A nnual net hybrid generation

A nnual ele ctricity dem and
962633
A nnual shortage
A dditional fuel need ed to m ee t the dem a nd B iod iesel E lectricity ge neration from C opra E lectricity ge neration from a dditional diesel
A nnual net saving of fuel
37
An n u al o p eratio n an d m ain ten an ce co st 3% of all subtotal N o w co st reco very fro m b y-p rod u cts P ro d u cts An n u al yield C rude glycerol 22 M T C opra c ak e 104 M T C oc onut juice 512573 C ans des iccated c oconut** 0 pack handicrafts 49286 N um ber C opra kg C oc onut soap 385423 N os
15707
38 39 40 41 42 43 44
U nit p rice T o tal sale 20 445 20 2078 0.03 15377 0.11 0 0.3 14786 0 0.16 61668
C ost of C oc onut cultivation (no need to buy it) T otal num ber of C oconut palm in the island C ost of tree w ith five year care tak ing Lease value of land per acre C oconut tree per acre S o am ount of land needed for cultivation T otal land value S ub total, investm ent for coconut cultivation in
9127 nos 6845.25 7000 150 nos 61 A cre 427000 433845
T o tal cost recov ery
94354
152
Worksheet 8.15.B. 6 Model sensitivity -Option B

120 100
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cash flow -88836 13584 13584 13584 13584 13584 13584 13584 13584 13584 13584 13584 13584 13584 13584
discount Rate, r
NPV
80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23
101335 87802 75611 64606 54650 45624 37424 29959 23151 16928 11231 6003 1199 -3225 -7306 -11077 -14567 -17803 -20808 -23604 -26208 -28637 -30908 -33032
Net Present Value k
Discount rate (r)

Economic sensitivity of the model Coconut feedstock price change in % Electricity selling price change in % Amount of subsidy in % O & M cost increase in % Electricity generation unit price change in %
NPV IRR
-15 25 20 5 5
43,451
12%
153
Worksheet 8.15.B. 7: Brief sensitivity cost analysis -Option B
Brief Cost analysis

Sl. No
Option
Purchase of Coconut palm feedstock Wind turbines 1 2 3 4 50 Kw BW C XL.50 wind turbine 120 ft Guyed- Lattice Tower kit (XLG30) Tower wiring kit (XTW K30) DC Power Centre Solar PV 5 6 7 8 PV array BP 7180 S 216X180W p 2 PV Mounting structures 300 m PV array wiring and voltage regulators Lighting arrestor Battery bank 9 10 11 12 13 1700 Ah @10 hours, OPzS1500 Battery mounting structure Battery connecting cables Battery monitor Charge controller Inverter 14 50 Kw Inverter systems Biomass energy 15 16 17 18 50Kw Gasifier unit including generator Bio-diesel production unit 50kw Standby dual-fuel engine Coconut oil production unit [DME unit] 1 1 1 3 15000 10000 8000 3315 sub total 15000 10000 8000 0 33000 1 20000 sub total 20000 20000 768 1 96 2 2 150 500 12 90 220 sub total 115200 500 1152 180 440 117472 334 1 1 3 445 2500 550 100 sub total 148630 2500 550 300 151980 2 2 2 2 70000 15000 750 550 sub total 140000 30000 1500 1100 172600
Solar % Wind% Biomass% Diesel% 11.56 33.18 55.26 0.00 Assumptions Project life time 15 years Loan interest rate 7 % Discount rate 5 % Biodiesel Dual-fuel mode : Producer gas + Purchase Sell Coconut Electricity Coconut juice Handicrafts Copra cake
Crude glycerol
years % % % % 555227 111045 88836 355345 358795 0.075 26910 247 94354 -52421 -39014.99 -16491.888
Annual cash flow
13584
154
Worksheet continue 8.15.B.7

C o s t o f C iv il s t r u c t u r e s 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 F o u n d a tio n o f w in d tu r b in e S h e d f o r th e b a tte r y b a n k & in v e r te r S h e d f o r b io - d ie s e l p r o d u c tio n u n it B io - d ie s e l s to r a g e u n it C o c o n u t o il s to r a g e u n it C o c o n u t s to r a g e u n it S h e d f o r b io m a s s g a s if ie r u n it C o n tr o l r o o m a n d P o w e r h o u s e M in i g r id e x p a n s io n 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 500 3000 3000 2000 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 s u b to ta l 1000 3000 3000 2000 0 1500 3000 5000 10000 28500 5236
F u e l c o n s u m p tio n m o d e
B i o d ie s e l
O p tio n
0 0 54740 20890 33850 9919 198954 189035 161068 350103 358795 8692 3016 8692 0 30834
B
litr e kg litr e litr e litr e KW h KW h KW h KW h KW h KW h KW h litr e KW h KW h litr e
A n n u a l c o n s u m p tio n o f D ie s e l A n n u a l p r o d u c tio n o f d e s ic c a te d c o c o n u t A n n u a l p r o d u c tio n o f B io d ie s e l C o n s u m p tio n o f fu e l in d u a l- fu e l m o d e R e m a in in g a m o u n t o f B io d ie s e l

E le c tric ity u s e d d u r in g
p r o d u c tio n p r o c e s s o f
B io d ie s e l
A n n u a l e le c tric ity g e n e r a tio n in d u a l-fu e l m o d e [ F ro m C o ir + F ro n d + s h e ll ]
N e t g e n e r a tio n in d u a l- f u e l m o d e 28 C o n tin g e n c y a n d u n fo r e s e e n e x p e n d itu r e 1 % o f a ll s u b to ta l [M o n k e y tr a in in g fo r p ic k in g u p c o c o n u t, h a n d ic r a f ts tr a in in g e tc ] T o t a l in v e s t m e n t c o s t Cost of Fuel 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 C oconut C o ir F ro n d s S h e ll D ie s e l C o c o n u t b io d ie s e l C o c o n u t o il C o s t o f e x tr a f u e l T o ta l fu e l c o s t per per per per per per per num ber kg kg kg litr e litr e litr e 821430 61607 417114 0 3016 20890 0 0 .0 5 9 5 0 .0 1 5 0 .0 0 8 5 0 .0 1 0 .2 5 0 0 48875 0 3545 0 0 0 0 0 52421
E le c tric ity g e n e ra tio n fr o m w in d a n d s o la r e n e rg y
A n n u a l n e t h y b r id g e n e r a tio n
A n n u a l e le c tric ity d e m a n d
555227
A n n u a l s h o r ta g e
A d d itio n a l fu e l n e e d e d to m e e t th e d e m a n d B io d ie s e l E le c tric ity g e n e ra tio n fr o m C o p ra E le c tric ity g e n e ra tio n fr o m a d d itio n a l d ie s e l
A n n u a l n e t s a v in g o f fu e l
37
A n n u a l o p e r a t io n a n d m a in t e n a n c e c o s t 3 % o f a ll s u b to ta l N o w c o s t re c o v e ry fro m b y -p ro d u c ts P ro d u c ts C r u d e g ly c e r o l C o p ra c a k e C o c o n u t ju ic e d e s ic c a te d c o c o n u t* * h a n d ic r a f ts C o p ra C oconut soap A n n u a l y ie ld 22 104 512573 0 49286 MT MT Cans pack Num ber kg 385423 Nos
16492
38 39 40 41 42 43 44
U n it p r ic e T o t a l s a le 20 445 20 2078 0 .0 3 15377 0 .1 1 0 0 .3 14786 0 0 .1 6 61668
C o s t o f C o c o n u t c u ltiv a tio n ( n o n e e d to b u y it) T o ta l n u m b e r o f C o c o n u t p a lm in th e is la n d C o s t o f tr e e w ith fiv e y e a r c a r e ta k in g L e a s e v a lu e o f la n d p e r a c r e C o c o n u t tr e e p e r a c r e S o a m o u n t o f la n d n e e d e d fo r c u ltiv a tio n T o ta l la n d v a lu e S u b to ta l, in v e s tm e n t f o r c o c o n u t c u ltiv a tio n in
9127 nos 6 8 4 5 .2 5 7000 150 nos 6 1 A c re 427000 0
94354
155
Worksheet 8.15.C. 1: Monthly electricity generation from renewable resources - Option C

35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
Month
Solar
Wind
Coconut biomass
Demand
156
Worksheet 8.15.C. 2: Financial analysis and cash flow Purchase of coconut palm feedstock -Option C
Project finance and cash flow Option C
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cash flow -10998 -11370 -11370 -11370 -11370 -11370 -11370 -11370 -11370 -11370 -11370 -11370 -11370 -11370 -11370
discount Rate, r
NPV


0 -20 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 -160 -180
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23
-170182 -158854 -148650 -139438 -131104 -123548 -116685 -110436 -104737 -99529 -94759 -90384 -86362 -82659 -79243 -76087 -73165 -70457 -67941 -65601 -63421 -61388 -59487 -57709
Net Present Value k
NPV IRR
0 0 0 0 0
-117,665
#DIV/0!
157
Worksheet 8.15.C. 3 Brief cost analysis Purchase of coconut palm feedstock -Option C
B rief C o st a n alys is
S l. N o
[A ll costs/prices in ]
N o o f item U n it c ost To tal c ost
D es crip tio n o f th e c om po n en t
O p tio n
Purchas e of C oconut palm feedstock W in d tu rb in es 1 2 3 4 50 K w B W C X L.50 w ind turbine 120 ft G uyed- Lattice T ow er k it (X LG 30) T ow er w iring k it (X T W K 30) D C P ow er C entre S o lar P V 5 6 7 8 P V array B P 7180 S 216X 180W p 2 P V M ounting struc tures 300 m P V array w iring and voltage regulators Lighting arres tor B attery b an k 9 10 11 12 13 1700 Ah @ 10 hours, O PzS1500 B attery m ounting structure B attery connecting cables B attery m onitor C harge c ontroller In verter 14 50 K w Inverter s ystem s B io m ass en erg y 15 16 17 18 50Kw G asifier unit including generator B io-diesel production unit 50k w S tandby dual-fuel engine C oconut oil production unit [D M E unit] 1 1 1 3 15000 10000 8000 3315 su b to tal 15000 0 8000 9945 32945 1 20000 su b to tal 0 0 768 1 96 2 2 150 500 12 90 220 su b to tal 0 0 0 0 0 0 334 1 1 3 445 2500 550 100 su b to tal 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 70000 15000 750 550 su b to tal 0 0 0 0 0
Solar % W ind% B iom ass% D ies el% 0.00 0 .00 100.00 0.0 0 As sum ptions Projec t life tim e 15 years Loan interest rate 7 % D iscount rate 5 % C o co n u t o il D ual-fuel m ode : P roduc er gas + Pu rch ase Sell C oc onut Electricity C oc onut juice H andicrafts C opra cak e Exc ess coconut oil
P roject life tim e 15 T o tal in v estm en t S ubs idy on inves tm ent 0 E quity 20 loan 80 loan interest rate 7 A nnual elec tricity generation in K W h S ellin g p rice o f electricity /K W h A nnual revenue from elec tricity sale A nnual C arbon credit revenue C ost rec overy from byproducts A nnual fuel cost A nnual Loan recovery A nnual O &M cost
years % % % % 54989 0 10998 43992 358795 0.06 21528 247 35564 -62246 -4830.04 -1633.35
A n nu a l ca sh flo w
-11 37 0
158
Worksheet continue 8.15.C.3

Cost of Civil structures 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Foundation of wind turbine Shed for the battery bank& inverter Shed for bio-diesel production unit Bio-diesel storage unit Coconut oil storage unit Coconut storage unit Shed for biomass gasifier unit Control room and Power house Mini grid expansion 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 500 3000 3000 2000 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 sub total 0 0 0 0 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 21500 544
Coconut o
Option
0 0 68425 35617 32808 5269 287236 281967 0 281967 358795 76828 30731 76828 0 2077
C
litre kg litre litre litre KWh KWh KWh KWh KWh KWh KWh litre KWh KWh litre
Annual consumption of Diesel Annual production of desiccated coconut Annual production of Coconut oil Consumption of fuel in dual-fuel mode Remaining amount of Coconut oil
Coconut oil
Net generation in dual-fuel mode 28 Contingency and unforeseen expenditure 1% of all subtotal [Monkey training for picking up coconut, handicrafts training etc ] Total investment cost Cost of Fuel 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Coconut Coir Fronds Shell Diesel Coconut biodiesel Coconut oil Cost of extrafuel Total fuel cost per per per per per per per number kg kg kg litre litre litre 821430 61607 474604 86250 30731 0 35617 0.07 0.015 0.01 0.01 0.25 0 0 57500 0 4746 0 0 0 0 0 62246

54989
Annual shortage
Additional fuel needed to meet the demand Electricity generation from Copra Coconut oil Electricity generation from additional diesel
37
Annual operation and maintenance cost 3% of all subtotal Now cost recovery from by-products Products Annual yield Crude glycerol 0 Copra cake 104 Coconut juice 512573 desiccated coconut** 0 handicrafts 49286 Copra Coconut soap 20768
1633
38 39 40 41 42 43 44
MT MT Cans pack Number kg Nos
Unit price Total sale 20 0 20 2078 0.03 15377 0.11 0 0.3 14786 0 0.16 3323
Cost of Coconut cultivation (no need to buy it) Total number of Coconut palm in the island Cost of tree with five year care taking Lease value of land per acre Coconut tree per acre So amount of land needed for cultivation Total land value Sub total, investment for coconut cultivation in
9127 nos 6845.25 7000 150 nos 61 Acre 427000 0
159
Total cost recovery
35564
Worksheet 8.15.C. 4 Financial analysis and cash flow Cultivation of Coconut Palm -Option C

100 80
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cash flow -97767 12769 12769 12769 12769 12769 12769 12769 12769 12769 12769 12769 12769 12769 12769
discount Rate, r
NPV
60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23
80995 68274 56815 46470 37111 28626 20918 13902 7502 1652 -3704 -8617 -13134 -17292 -21128 -24673 -27953 -30995 -33820 -36448 -38896 -41180 -43314 -45311
Net Present Value k
NPV IRR
0 0 0 0 0
27,263
9%
160
Worksheet 8.15.C. 5 Brief cost analysis Cultivation of Coconut Palm -Option C
B rie f C o st analys is
S l. N o
N o o f item U n it c ost T o ta l cos t
D escriptio n of the com p o nen t
O ption
C ultivation of coconut palm
W in d tu rb in es 1 2 3 4 50 K w BW C X L.50 wind turbine 120 ft G uyed- Lattice T ow er k it (X LG 30) T ower w iring k it (X T W K 30) D C P ow er C entre S o lar P V 5 6 7 8 P V array B P 7180 S 216X 180W p 2 P V M ounting structures 300 m P V array w iring and voltage regulators Lighting arrestor B attery b an k 9 10 11 12 13 1700 A h @ 10 hours, O P zS 1500 B attery m ounting structure B attery connecting cables B attery m onitor C harge controller In v erter 14 50 K w Inverter system s B io m ass en erg y 15 16 17 18 50K w G as ifier unit inc luding generator B io-diesel produc tion unit 50k w S tandby dual-fuel engine C oconut oil production unit [D M E unit] 1 1 1 3 15000 10000 8000 3315 su b to tal 15000 0 8000 9945 32945 1 20000 su b to tal 0 0 768 1 96 2 2 150 500 12 90 220 su b to tal 0 0 0 0 0 0 334 1 1 3 445 2500 550 100 su b to tal 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 70000 15000 750 550 su b to tal 0 0 0 0 0
S olar % W ind% B iom ass% D iesel% 0.00 0.00 100 .00 0.00 As sum ptions Projec t life tim e 15 years Loan interest rate 7 % D iscount rate 5 % D ual-fuel m ode : P roducer gas + C o co n u t o il Pu rch ase S ell E lectricity C oconut juice H andicrafts C opra cak e E xcess coconut oil
P rojec t life tim e 15 T o tal in vestm en t S ubsidy on inves tm ent 0 E quity 20 loan 80 loan interest rate 7 A nnual electricity generation in K W h S ellin g p rice o f electricity /K W h A nnual revenue from elec tricity sale A nnual C arbon credit revenue C ost recovery from byproduc ts A nnual fuel cost A nnual Loan recovery A nnual O & M cost
years % % % % 488835 0 97767 391068 358795 0.06 21528 247 35564 0 -42937.14 -1633.35
A n n ua l ca sh flow
1 2 76 9
161

Cost of Civil structures 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Foundation of wind turbine Shed for the battery bank& inverter Shed for bio-diesel production unit Bio-diesel storage unit Coconut oil storage unit Coconut storage unit Shed for biomass gasifier unit Control room and Power house Mini grid expansion 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 500 3000 3000 2000 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 sub total 0 0 0 0 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 21500 544
Coconut o
Option
0 0 68425 35617 32808 5269 287236 281967 0 281967 358795 76828 30731 76828 0 2077
C
Annual consumption of Diesel Annual production of desiccated coconut Annual production of Coconut oil Consumption of fuel in dual-fuel mode Remaining amount of Coconut oil
Coconut oil
Net generation in dual-fuel mode 28 Contingency and unforeseen expenditure 1% of all subtotal [Monkey training for picking up coconut, handicrafts training etc ] Total investment cost Cost of Fuel 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Coconut Coir Fronds Shell Diesel Coconut biodiesel Coconut oil Cost of extrafuel Total fuel cost per per per per per per per number kg kg kg litre litre litre 821430 61607 474604 86250 30731 0 35617 0.07 0.015 0.01 0.01 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

488835
Annual shortage
Additional fuel needed to meet the demand Coconut oil Electricity generation from Copra Electricity generation from additional diesel
37
Annual operation and maintenance cost 3% of all subtotal Now cost recovery from by-products Products Annual yield Crude glycerol 0 MT Copra cake 104 MT Coconut juice 512573 Cans desiccated coconut** 0 pack handicrafts 49286 Number Copra kg Coconut soap 20768 Nos
1633
38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Cost of Coconut cultivation (no need to buy it) Total number of Coconut palm in the island Cost of tree with five year care taking Lease value of land per acre Coconut tree per acre So amount of land needed for cultivation Total land value Sub total, investment for coconut cultivation in
9127 nos 6845.25 7000 150 nos 61 Acre 427000 433845
162
Total cost recovery 35564
Worksheet 8.15.C. 6 Model sensitivity Cultivation of Coconut Palm -Option C

10 8
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cash flow -10393 1380 1380 1380 1380 1380 1380 1380 1380 1380 1380 1380 1380 1380 1380
discount Rate, r
NPV
6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23
8924 7549 6311 5193 4182 3265 2432 1674 982 350 -229 -760 -1248 -1697 -2112 -2495 -2849 -3178 -3483 -3767 -4032 -4278 -4509 -4725
Net Present Value k
NPV IRR
-15 15 10 5 5
3,109
10%
163
Worksheet 8.15.C. 7 Brief sensitivity cost analysis Purchase of coconut palm feedstock -Option C
B rie f C o s t a n a lys is
S l. N o
[A ll c o s ts /p ric es in ]
N o o f ite m U n it c o s t T o ta l c o s t
D e s c rip tio n o f th e c o m p o n e n t
O p tio n
P u rc ha s e o f C oc o n ut p alm fee d s to c k W in d tu rb in e s 1 2 3 4 5 0 K w B W C X L.50 w in d tu rbin e 1 20 ft G uyed - L attic e T o w e r k it (X LG 30 ) T o w er w irin g k it (X T W K 30 ) D C P o w er C en tre S o la r P V 5 6 7 8 P V a rray B P 71 8 0 S 21 6 X 1 80 W p P V M o u nting s truc ture s 3 0 0 m 2 P V a rray w irin g an d vo lta ge re gu la to rs L ig h tin g arre s to r B a tte ry b a n k 9 10 11 12 13 1 70 0 A h @ 10 h o urs , O P zS 1 50 0 B atte ry m o un tin g s tru c tu re B atte ry c o n ne c tin g c a ble s B atte ry m o nito r C h arg e c on tro ller In v e rter 14 5 0 K w In ve rter s ys te m s B io m as s e n e rg y 15 16 17 18 5 0K w G as ifier u n it in c lu din g ge n era to r B io -d ie s e l p rod u c tio n un it 5 0k w S tan d by d ua l-fu el en g ine C o c on u t o il p rod u c tio n un it [D M E u nit] 1 1 1 3 1 50 0 0 1 00 0 0 80 0 0 33 1 5 s u b to ta l 15 0 00 0 8 0 00 9 9 45 32 9 45 1 2 00 0 0 s u b to ta l 0 0 7 68 1 96 2 2 150 500 12 90 220 s u b to ta l 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 34 1 1 3 445 25 0 0 550 100 s u b to ta l 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 7 00 0 0 1 50 0 0 750 550 s u b to ta l 0 0 0 0 0
S olar % W in d% B iom ass% D ie s e l% 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 A s s um p tio ns P ro je c t life tim e 15 yea rs Lo a n intere s t ra te 7 % D is c o un t ra te 5 % D ua l-fu el m o d e : P rod u c er g a s + C o c o n u t o il P u rch a s e S e ll C oc o n ut E le c tric ity C oc o n ut ju ic e H an d ic ra fts C op ra c a k e E x c es s c o c on u t o il
P ro jec t life tim e 15 T o tal in v es tm e n t S u b s idy o n inv es tm en t 10 E q u ity 20 loa n 80 loa n in te re s t ra te 7 A n n ua l e lec tric ity ge n era tio n in K W h S e llin g p ric e o f e le ctricity /K W h A n n ua l re ve nu e fro m ele c tric ity s a le A n n ua l C a rbo n c re dit reve n ue C os t re c ov ery fro m bypro d uc ts A n n ua l fu e l c o s t A n n ua l L o an re c ov ery A n n ua l O & M c os t
ye ars % % % % 5 77 3 9 57 7 4 1 03 9 3 4 15 7 2 3 5 87 9 5 0 .0 6 9 2 47 5 7 247 3 55 6 4 -5 29 0 9 -4 56 4 .3 8 -17 1 5.01 7 5
A n n u a l ca sh flo w
1380
164

C o st o f C iv il s tru ctu res 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 F o un dation o f w in d turb ine S he d fo r th e ba tte ry ba nk & inve rter S he d fo r bio -dies e l pro du c tio n un it B io -die sel sto rag e un it C oc o nu t o il s to rag e un it C oco nu t storage un it S he d fo r bio m as s g as ifier un it C on trol ro om an d P o w e r h ou se M in i grid ex p an s io n 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 00 30 00 30 00 20 00 20 00 15 00 30 00 50 00 1 00 00 su b to tal 0 0 0 0 20 00 15 00 30 00 50 00 1 000 0 2 150 0 54 4
Coconut o
O p tio n
0 0 6 84 25 3 56 17 3 28 08 52 69 28 72 36 28 19 67 0 28 19 67 35 87 95 7 68 28 3 07 31 7 68 28 0 20 77
C
A n nu al co nsu m ptio n o f D ies e l A n nu al p rod uction o f de s ic ca ted c o c on ut A n nu al p rod uction o f C oc o nu t o il C on sum p tion o f fue l in d ua l-fue l m od e R em a ining am ou nt of C oc o nu t o il
E le ctricity u se d d u rin g
p rod uctio n pro cess o f
C oc o nu t o il
A n n u a l e le ctric ity g e n e ra tio n in d u a l-fu e l m o d e [ F ro m C o ir + F ro n d + s h e ll ]
N et ge neratio n in d ua l-fue l m od e 28 C on ting en c y a nd u nfore s ee n ex p en ditu re 1 % of all sub to tal [M o nk e y train in g for pick in g up c oco nut, ha nd icrafts tra in in g etc ] T o tal in v estm en t co s t C o st o f F u el 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 C oco nu t C oir F ro nd s S he ll D ie sel C oc o nu t b io dies e l C oc o nu t o il C ost of extrafue l T o tal fu el c o st pe r pe r pe r pe r pe r pe r pe r n um b er kg kg kg litre litre litre 82 14 30 6 16 07 47 46 04 8 62 50 3 07 31 0 3 56 17 0.05 95 0 .0 15 0.00 85 0.01 0.25 0 0 4 887 5 0 40 34 0 0 0 0 0 5 290 9
E le ctricity g e n e ra tio n fro m w in d a n d so la r e n e rg y
A n nu al n et hybrid ge ne ratio n
A n n u a l e le ctric ity d e m a n d
5 773 9
A n nu al sh orta ge
A d d itio n a l fu e l n e e d e d to m e e t th e d e m a n d E le ctricity g e n e ra tio n fro m C o p ra C o c o n u t o il E le ctricity g e n e ra tio n fro m a d d itio n a l d ie s e l
A n nu al n et saving of fue l
37
An n u al o p eratio n a n d m ain ten an c e co st 3 % o f all s ub total N o w co s t rec o v ery fro m b y-p ro d u cts P ro d u c ts C rud e g lyce rol C op ra c a k e C oco nu t juice d esiccate d coco nu t** h an dic rafts C op ra C oco nu t so ap An n u al yie ld 0 10 4 512 57 3 0 49 28 6 MT MT C a ns pa ck N u m be r kg 20 76 8 N o s
17 15
38 39 40 41 42 43 44
U n it p rice T o tal sale 20 0 20 20 78 0.03 1 537 7 0.11 0 0 .3 1 478 6 0 0.16 33 23
C ost of C oco nu t c u ltiv atio n (no ne ed to b uy it) T otal nu m ber o f C o c on ut pa lm in th e is lan d C ost of tre e w ith five yea r c a re tak ing L ea se value of lan d pe r a c re C oco nu t tree p er a c re S o am ou nt of la nd n ee de d fo r c ultivation T otal la nd va lu e S u b total, inve stm en t for c oc o nu t c u ltiv atio n in
91 27 n os 6 84 5.25 70 00 1 50 n os 61 A c re 42 70 00 0
T o tal co st rec o v ery
3 556 4
165
Worksheet 8.15.D. 1 Monthly electricity generation from different renewable resources Option D

35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
Month
Solar
Wind
Coconut biomass
Demand
166
Worksheet 8.15.D. 2 Financial analysis and cash flow Purchase of coconut palm feedstock- Option D
Project finance and cash flow Option D
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cash flow -105140 -2024 -2024 -2024 -2024 -2024 -2024 -2024 -2024 -2024 -2024 -2024 -2024 -2024 -2024
discount Rate, r
NPV


-110 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-115
-120
-125
-130
-135
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14
-133479 -131463 -129646 -128006 -126522 -125177 -123956 -122843 -121829 -120901 -120052 -119273 -118557 -117898 -117290
Net Present Value k
NPV IRR
0 0 0 0 0
-119,217
0.15 -116728 0.16 -116208 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 -115726 -115278 -114861 -114473 -114111 -113773 -113456
#DIV/0!
167
Worksheet 8.15.D. 3 Brief cost estimate Purchase of coconut palm feedstock- Option D
B r ie f C o s t a n a ly s is
S l. N o
[A ll c o s ts /p r ic e s in ]
N o o f it e m U n it c o s t T o ta l c o s t
D e s c r ip t i o n o f t h e c o m p o n e n t
O p t io n
P u r c h a s e o f C o c o n u t p a lm f e e d s to c k W in d t u r b in e s 1 2 3 4 5 0 K w B W C X L .5 0 w in d tu r b in e 1 2 0 ft G u y e d - L a ttic e T o w e r k it ( X L G 3 0 ) T o w e r w ir in g k it ( X T W K 3 0 ) D C P o w e r C e n tr e S o la r P V 5 6 7 8 P V a rra y BP 7180 S 216X 180W p 2 P V M o u n tin g s tr u c tu r e s 3 0 0 m P V a r r a y w ir in g a n d v o lta g e r e g u la to r s L ig h tin g a r r e s to r B a tte ry b a n k 9 10 11 12 13 1 7 0 0 A h @ 1 0 h o u rs , O P zS 1 5 0 0 B a tte r y m o u n tin g s tr u c tu r e B a tte r y c o n n e c tin g c a b le s B a tte r y m o n ito r C h a r g e c o n tr o lle r In v e r t e r 14 5 0 K w In v e r te r s y s te m s B io m a s s e n e r g y 15 16 17 18 5 0 K w G a s ifie r u n it in c lu d in g g e n e r a to r B io - d ie s e l p r o d u c tio n u n it 5 0 k w S ta n d b y d u a l- fu e l e n g in e C o c o n u t o il p r o d u c tio n u n it [D M E u n it] 1 1 1 3 15000 10000 8000 3315 s u b to ta l 15000 0 8000 9945 32945 1 20000 s u b to ta l 20000 20000 768 1 96 2 2 150 500 12 90 220 s u b to ta l 115200 500 1152 180 440 117472 334 1 1 3 445 2500 550 100 s u b to ta l 148630 2500 550 300 151980 2 2 2 2 70000 15000 750 550 s u b to ta l 140000 30000 1500 1100 172600
S o la r % W in d % B i o m a s s % D ie s e l% 1 1 .5 6 3 3 .1 8 5 5 .2 6 0 .0 0 A s s u m p tio n s P r o je c t life tim e 1 5 ye a rs L o a n in te r e s t r a te 7 % D is c o u n t r a te 5 % C o c o n u t o il D u a l- fu e l m o d e : P r o d u c e r g a s + P u rc h a s e S e ll C oconut E le c tr ic ity C o c o n u t ju ic e H a n d ic r a f ts C o p ra c a k e E x c e s s c o c o n u t o il
P r o je c t life tim e 15 T o t a l in v e s t m e n t S u b s id y o n in v e s tm e n t 0 E q u ity 20 lo a n 80 lo a n in te r e s t r a te 7 A n n u a l e le c tr ic ity g e n e r a tio n in K W h S e llin g p r ic e o f e le c t r ic it y /K W h A n n u a l r e v e n u e fr o m e le c tr ic ity s a le A n n u a l C a r b o n c r e d it r e v e n u e C o s t r e c o v e r y f r o m b y p r o d u c ts A n n u a l fu e l c o s t A n n u a l L o a n re c o v e ry Annual O &M cost
ye a rs % % % % 525702 0 105140 420562 358795 0 .0 6 21528 247 99662 -6 1 6 7 1 - 4 6 1 7 5 .4 0 - 1 5 6 1 4 .9 1
A n n u a l c a s h f lo w
-2 0 2 4
168
Worksheet continue 8.15.D.3

Coconut o
Option
0 0 68425 24670 43755 5269 198954 193685 161068 354753 358795 4042 1617 4042 0 42138
D
Annual consum ption of Diesel Annual production of desiccated coconut Annual production of Coconut oil Consum ption of fuel in dual-fuel m ode Rem aining am ount of Coconut oil
Coconut oil
Net generation in dual-fuel m ode 28 Contingency and unforeseen expenditure 1% of all subtotal [Monkey training for picking up coconut, handicrafts training etc ] Total investment cost Cost of Fuel 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Coconut Coir Fronds Shell Diesel Coconut biodiesel Coconut oil Cost of extrafuel Total fuel cost per per per per per per per num ber kg kg kg litre litre litre 821430 61607 417114 0 1617 0 24670 0.07 0.015 0.01 0.01 0.25 0 0 57500 0 4171 0 0 0 0 0 61671

525702
Annual shortage
Additional fuel needed to m eet the dem and Electricity generation from Copra Coconut oil Electricity generation from additional diesel
37
Annual operation and maintenance cost 3% of all subtotal Now cost recovery from by-products Products Annual yield Crude glycerol 0 MT Copra cake 104 MT Coconut juice 512573 Cans desiccated coconut** 0 pack handicrafts 49286 Num ber Copra kg Coconut soap 421381 Nos
15615
38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Cost of Coconut cultivation (no need to buy it) Total num ber of Coconut palm in the island Cost of tree with five year care taking Lease value of land per acre Coconut tree per acre So am ount of land needed for cultivation Total land value Sub total, investm ent for coconut cultivation in
9127 nos 6845.25 7000 150 nos 61 Acre 427000 0
169
Total cost recovery
99662
Worksheet 8.15.D. 4 Financial analysis and cash flow Cultivation of coconut palm - Option D

150 100 50 0 0 -50 -100 -150 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cash flow -191909 21540 21540 21540 21540 21540 21540 21540 21540 21540 21540 21540 21540 21540 21540
discount Rate, r
NPV
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16
109649 88189 68858 51407 35619 21307 8304 -3533 -14329 -24196 -33232 -41521 -49139 -56154 -62625 -68605 -74139
Net Present Value k
NPV IRR
0 0 0 0 0
20,292
7%
0.17 -79271 0.18 -84036 0.19 -88469 0.2 -92598 0.21 -96451 0.22 -100051 0.23 -103420
170
Worksheet 8.15.D. 5 Brief cost estimate Cultivation of coconut palm - Option D
Brief Cost analysis

Sl. No
Option
Wind turbines 1 2 3 4 50 Kw BWC XL.50 wind turbine 120 ft Guyed- Lattice Tower kit (XLG30) Tower wiring kit (XTWK30) DC Power Centre Solar PV 5 6 7 8 PV array BP 7180 S 216X180Wp 2 PV Mounting structures 300 m PV array wiring and voltage regulators Lighting arrestor Battery bank 9 10 11 12 13 1700 Ah @10 hours, OPzS1500 Battery mounting structure Battery connecting cables Battery monitor Charge controller Inverter 14 50 Kw Inverter systems Biomass energy 15 16 17 18 50Kw Gasifier unit including generator Bio-diesel production unit 50kw Standby dual-fuel engine Coconut oil production unit [DME unit] 1 1 1 3 15000 10000 8000 3315 sub total 15000 0 8000 9945 32945 1 20000 sub total 20000 20000 768 1 96 2 2 150 500 12 90 220 sub total 115200 500 1152 180 440 117472 334 1 1 3 445 2500 550 100 sub total 148630 2500 550 300 151980 2 2 2 2 70000 15000 750 550 sub total 140000 30000 1500 1100 172600
Solar % Wind% Biomass% Diesel% 11.56 33.18 55.26 0.00 Assumptions Project life time 15 years Loan interest rate 7% Discount rate 5% Coconut oil Dual-fuel mode : Producer gas + Purchase Sell Electricity Coconut juice Handicrafts Copra cake Excess coconut oil
years % % % % 959547 0 191909 767638 358795 0.06 21528 247 99662 0 -84282.50 -15614.91
Annual cash flow
21540
171

C o st o f C ivil stru ctu res 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 F oundation of w ind turbine Shed for the battery bank & inverter Shed for bio-diesel production unit Bio-diesel storage unit C oconut oil storage unit C oconut storage unit Shed for biom ass gasifier unit C ontrol room and Pow er house M ini grid expansion 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 500 3000 3000 2000 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 su b to tal 1000 3000 0 0 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 25500 5205
Fuel con sum p tion m ode
C oco nut o
O ption
0 0 68425 24670 43755 5269 198954 193685 161068 354753 358795 4042 1617 4042 0 42138
D
Annual consum ption of D iesel Annual production of desiccated coconut Annual production of C oconut oil C onsum ption of fuel in dual-fuel m ode R em aining am ount of C oconut oil
E lectricity used during
C oconut oil
A nnual electricity generation in dual-fuel m ode [ F rom C oir + Frond + shell ]
N et generation in dual-fuel m ode 28 C ontingency and unforeseen expenditure 1% of all subtotal [M onk ey training for picking up coconut, handicrafts training etc ] T otal in vestm en t co st C o st o f Fu el 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 C oconut C oir F ronds Shell D iesel C oconut biodiesel C oconut oil C ost of extrafuel T otal fu el co st per per per per per per per num ber kg kg kg litre litre litre 821430 61607 417114 0 1617 0 24670 0.07 0.015 0.01 0.01 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E lectricity generation from w ind and solar energy

A nnual electricity dem and
959547
Annual shortage
A dditional fuel needed to m eet the dem and C o co n ut o il E lectricity generation from C opra E lectricity generation from additional diesel
37
An nu al o peratio n and m ain tenance co st 3% of all subtotal N o w co st reco very fro m b y-prod u cts Prod u cts An n u al yield C rude glycerol 0 MT C opra cak e 104 M T C oconut juice 512573 C ans desiccated coconut** 0 pack handicrafts 49286 N um ber C opra kg C oconut soap 421381 N os
15615
38 39 40 41 42 43 44
C ost of C oconut cultivation (no need to buy it) T otal num ber of C oconut palm in the island C ost of tree w ith five year care tak ing Lease value of land per acre C oconut tree per acre So am ount of land needed for cultivation T otal land value Sub total, investm ent for coconut cultivation in
9127 nos 6845.25 7000 150 nos 61 Acre 427000 433845
T otal cost recov ery
99662
172
Worksheet 8.15.D. 6 Model sensitivity Purchase of coconut palm feed stock - Option D

80 60 40 20 0 0 -20 -40 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cash flow -77278 10653 10653 10653 10653 10653 10653 10653 10653 10653 10653 10653 10653 10653 10653
discount Rate, r
NPV
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23
71871 61257 51696 43064 35256 28177 21746 15892 10552 5671 1203 -2897 -6665 -10135 -13335 -16293 -19030 -21568 -23925 -26117 -28160 -30065 -31846 -33512
Net Present Value k
NPV IRR
5 20 30 5 5
173
26,835
10%
Worksheet 8.15.D. 7 Brief sensitivity cost estimate Purchase of coconut palm feed stock - Option D
Brief Cost analysis

Sl. No
Option

Wind turbines
1 2 3 4
50 Kw BW C XL.50 wind turbine 120 ft Guyed- Lattice Tower kit (XLG30) Tower wiring kit (XTW K30) DC Power Centre
Solar PV
2 2 2 2
70000 15000 750 550 sub total
140000 30000 1500 1100 172600
5 6 7 8
PV array BP 7180 S 216X180W p 2 PV Mounting structures 300 m PV array wiring and voltage regulators Lighting arrestor
Battery bank
334 1 1 3
445 2500 550 100 sub total
148630 2500 550 300 151980
Solar % Wind% Biomass% Diesel% 11.56 33.18 55.26 0.00 Assumptions Project life time 15 years Loan interest rate 7 % Discount rate 5 % Coconut oil Dual-fuel mode : Producer gas + Purchase Sell Coconut Electricity Coconut juice Handicrafts Copra cake Excess coconut oil
9 10 11 12 13
1700 Ah @10 hours, OPzS1500 Battery mounting structure Battery connecting cables Battery monitor Charge controller
Inverter
768 1 96 2 2
150 500 12 90 220 sub total
115200 500 1152 180 440 117472
14
50 Kw Inverter systems
Biomass energy
20000 sub total
20000 20000
15 16 17 18
50Kw Gasifier unit including generator Bio-diesel production unit 50kw Standby dual-fuel engine Coconut oil production unit [DME unit]
1 1 1 3
15000 10000 8000 3315 sub total
15000 0 8000 9945 32945
years % % % %
551987 165596 77278 309113
358795 0.072 25833 247 99662 -64755 -33938.92 -16395.6555
Annual cash flow
10653
174

C o s t o f C iv il s tru c tu re s 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 F o u n d a tio n o f w in d tu rb in e S h e d fo r th e b a tte ry b a n k & in ve rte r S h e d fo r b io -d ie s e l p ro d u c tio n u n it B io -d ie s e l s to ra g e u n it C o co n u t o il sto ra g e u n it C o co n u t s to ra g e u n it S h e d fo r b io m a s s g a s ifie r u n it C o n tro l ro o m a n d P o w e r h o u se M in i g rid e x p a n sio n 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 500 3000 3000 2000 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 s u b to ta l 1000 3000 0 0 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 25500 5205
Coconut o
O p tio n
0 0 68425 24670 43755 5269 198954 193685 161068 354753 358795 4042 1617 4042 0 42138
D
A n n u a l c o n s u m p tio n o f D ie s e l A n n u a l p ro d u c tio n o f d e s icc a te d c o co n u t A n n u a l p ro d u c tio n o f C o c o n u t o il C o n su m p tio n o f fu e l in d u a l-fu e l m o d e R e m a in in g a m o u n t o f C o c o n u t o il

E le c tric ity u s e d d u rin g
p ro d u ctio n p ro c e s s o f
C o c o n u t o il
A n n u a l e le c tric ity g e n e ra tio n in d u a l-fu e l m o d e [ F ro m C o ir + F ro n d + s h e ll ]
N e t g e n e ra tio n in d u a l-fu e l m o d e 28 C o n tin g e n cy a n d u n fo re s e e n e xp e n d itu re 1 % o f a ll s u b to ta l [M o n k e y tra in in g fo r p ic k in g u p co c o n u t, h a n d icra fts tra in in g e tc ] T o ta l in v e s tm e n t c o s t C ost of Fuel 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 C o co n u t C o ir F ro n d s S h e ll D ie s e l C o co n u t b io d ie s e l C o co n u t o il C o st o f e x tra fu e l T o ta l fu e l c o s t per per per per per per per num ber kg kg kg litre litre litre 821430 61607 417114 0 1617 0 24670 0 .0 7 3 5 0 .0 1 5 0 .0 1 0 5 0 .0 1 0 .2 5 0 0 60375 0 4380 0 0 0 0 0 64755
E le c tric ity g e n e ra tio n fro m w in d a n d s o la r e n e rg y
A n n u a l n e t h yb rid g e n e ra tio n
A n n u a l e le c tric ity d e m a n d
551987
A n n u a l s h o rta g e
A d d itio n a l fu e l n e e d e d to m e e t th e d e m a n d E le c tric ity g e n e ra tio n fro m C o p ra C o c o n u t o il E le c tric ity g e n e ra tio n fro m a d d itio n a l d ie s e l
A n n u a l n e t s a vin g o f fu e l
37
An n u a l o p e ra tio n a n d m a in te n a n c e c o s t 3 % o f a ll s u b to ta l N o w c o s t re c o v e ry fro m b y-p ro d u c ts P ro d u c ts C ru d e g lyc e ro l C o p ra c a k e C o co n u t ju ice d e s icc a te d c o co n u t** h a n d ic ra fts C o p ra C o co n u t s o a p An n u a l yie ld 0 104 512573 0 49286 MT MT C ans pack N um ber kg 421381 N os
16396
38 39 40 41 42 43 44
U n it p ric e T o ta l s a le 20 0 20 2078 0 .0 3 15377 0 .1 1 0 0 .3 14786 0 0 .1 6 67421
C o st o f C o c o n u t cu ltiva tio n (n o n e e d to b u y it) T o ta l n u m b e r o f C o co n u t p a lm in th e is la n d C o st o f tre e w ith five ye a r ca re ta k in g L e a s e va lu e o f la n d p e r a c re C o co n u t tre e p e r a cre S o a m o u n t o f la n d n e e d e d fo r c u ltiva tio n T o ta l la n d va lu e S u b to ta l, in ve s tm e n t fo r c o c o n u t cu ltiva tio n in
9127 nos 6 8 4 5 .2 5 7000 150 nos 6 1 A cre 427000 0
99662
175
Worksheet 8.15.E. 1 Monthly electricity generation from different renewable resources Option E

35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
Month
Solar
Wind
Coconut biomass
Demand
176
Worksheet 8.15.E. 2 Financial analysis and cash flow Purchase of coconut palm feedstock - Option E
Project finance and cash flow Option E

120 100
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cash flow -62689 11635 11635 11635 11635 11635 11635 11635 11635 11635 11635 11635 11635 11635 11635
discount Rate, r
NPV
80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23
100203 88611 78169 68743 60215 52483 45460 39066 33234 27904 23024 18546 14431 10641 7146 3916 927 -1845 -4419 -6814 -9044 -11125 -13070 -14890
Net Present Value k
NPV IRR
0 0 0 0 0
49,984
16%
177
Worksheet 8.15.E. 3 Brief cost analysis Purchase of coconut palm feedstock - Option E
Brief Cost analysis

Sl. No
Option
Purchase of Coconut palm feedstock Wind turbines 1 2 3 4 50 Kw BW C XL.50 wind turbine 120 ft Guyed- Lattice Tower kit (XLG30) Tower wiring kit (XTWK30) DC Power Centre Solar PV 5 6 7 8 PV array BP 7180 S 216X180Wp PV Mounting structures 300 m 2 PV array wiring and voltage regulators Lighting arrestor Battery bank 9 10 11 12 13 1700 Ah @10 hours, OPzS1500 Battery mounting structure Battery connecting cables Battery monitor Charge controller Inverter 14 50 Kw Inverter systems Biomass energy 15 16 17 18 50Kw Gasifier unit including generator Bio-diesel production unit 50kw Standby dual-fuel engine Coconut oil production unit [DME unit] 1 1 1 3 15000 10000 8000 3315 sub total 15000 0 8000 9945 178 32945 1 20000 sub total 20000 20000 384 1 48 2 2 150 500 12 90 220 sub total 57600 500 576 180 440 59296 334 1 1 3 445 2500 550 100 sub total 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 70000 15000 750 550 sub total 140000 30000 1500 1100 172600
Solar % Wind% Biomass% Diesel% 0.00 30.60 69.40 0.00 Assumptions Project life time 15 years Loan interest rate 7 % Discount rate 5 % Coconut oil Dual-fuel mode : Producer gas + Purchase Sell Coconut Electricity Coconut juice Handicrafts Copra cake Excess coconut oil
years % % % % 313444 0 62689 250756 358795 0.06 21528 247 88948 -62246 -27531.61 -9310.23
Annual cash flow
11635
Worksheet continue 8.15.E.3

C o st o f C ivil structures 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 F oundation of wind turbine S hed for the battery bank& inverter S hed for bio-diesel production unit B io-diesel storage unit C oconut oil storage unit C oconut storage unit S hed for biom ass gasifier unit C ontrol room and P ow er house M ini grid expansion 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 500 3000 3000 2000 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 su b to tal 1000 3000 0 0 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 25500 3103
Fuel con sum ption m od e
C oconu t o
O ption
0 0 68425 30876 37549 5269 248999 243730 109796 353526 358795 5269 2107 5269 0 35442
E
A nnual consum ption of D iesel A nnual production of desiccated coconut A nnual production of C oconut oil C onsum ption of fuel in dual-fuel m ode R em aining am ount of C oconut oil
E lectricity used during
C oconut oil
A nnual electricity generation in dual-fuel m ode [ From C oir + Frond + shell ]
N et generation in dual-fuel m ode 28 C ontingency and unforeseen expenditure 1% of all subtotal [M onk ey training for picking up coconut, handicrafts training etc ] T o tal in vestm ent cost C o st o f F uel 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 C oconut C oir F ronds S hell D iesel C oconut biodiesel C oconut oil C ost of extrafuel T o tal fuel co st per per per per per per per num ber kg kg kg litre litre litre 821430 61607 474604 34982 2107 0 30876 0.07 0.015 0.01 0.01 0.25 0 0 57500 0 4746 0 0 0 0 0 62246
E lectricity generation from wind and solar energy
A nnual net hybrid generation

A nnual electricity dem and
313444
A nnual shortage
A dditional fuel needed to m eet the dem and C o conu t o il E lectricity generation from C opra E lectricity generation from additional diesel
A nnual net saving of fuel
37
Ann ual o peratio n an d m aintenan ce cost 3% of all subtotal N o w co st reco very fro m by-pro du cts P rod ucts C rude glycerol C opra cake C oconut juice desiccated coconut** handicrafts C opra C oconut soap An nual yield 0 104 512573 0 49286 MT MT C ans pack N um ber kg 354417 N os
9310
38 39 40 41 42 43 44
C ost of C oconut cultivation (no need to buy it) T otal num ber of C oconut palm in the island C ost of tree w ith five year care taking Lease value of land per acre C oconut tree per acre S o am ount of land needed for cultivation T otal land value S ub total, investm ent for coconut cultivation in
9127 nos 6845.25 7000 150 nos 61 A cre 427000 0
179
T o tal co st reco very 88948
Worksheet 8.15.E. 4 Financial analysis and cash flow Cultivation of coconut palm - Option E
Project finance and cash flow Option E

400 350
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0.2 0.25
Cash flow -149458 35774 35774 35774 35774 35774 35774 35774 35774 35774 35774 35774 35774 35774 35774
discount Rate, r
NPV
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 -50 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23
351381 315739 283633 254650 228429 204658 183063 163404 145473 129085 114079 100313 87659 76008 65261 55331 46138 37616 29701 22340 15481 9082 3103 -2492
Net Present Value k
NPV IRR
194,912
23%
0 0 0 0 0
180
Worksheet 8.15.E. 5 Brief cost analysis Cultivation of coconut palm - Option E
Brief Cost analysis

Sl. No
Option
Wind turbines 1 2 3 4 50 Kw BW C XL.50 wind turbine 120 ft Guyed- Lattice Tower kit (XLG30) Tower wiring kit (XTW K30) DC Power Centre Solar PV 5 6 7 8 PV array BP 7180 S 216X180W p 2 PV Mounting structures 300 m PV array wiring and voltage regulators Lighting arrestor Battery bank 9 10 11 12 13 1700 Ah @10 hours, OPzS1500 Battery mounting structure Battery connecting cables Battery monitor Charge controller Inverter 14 50 Kw Inverter systems Biomass energy 15 16 17 18 50Kw Gasifier unit including generator Bio-diesel production unit 50kw Standby dual-fuel engine Coconut oil production unit [DME unit] 1 1 1 3 15000 10000 8000 3315 sub total 15000 0 8000 9945 32945 1 20000 sub total 20000 20000 384 1 48 2 2 150 500 12 90 220 sub total 57600 500 576 180 440 59296 334 1 1 3 445 2500 550 100 sub total 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 70000 15000 750 550 sub total 140000 30000 1500 1100 172600
Solar % Wind% Biomass% Diesel% 0.00 30.60 69.40 0.00 Assumptions Project life time 15 years Loan interest rate 7 % Discount rate 5 % Coconut oil Dual-fuel mode : Producer gas + Purchase Sell Electricity Coconut juice Handicrafts Copra cake Excess coconut oil
years % % % % 747290 0 149458 597832 358795 0.06 21528 247 88948 0 -65638.71 -9310.23
Annual cash flow
35774
181

Fuel consum ption m ode
Coconut o
O ption
0 0 68425 30876 37549 5269 248999 243730 109796 353526 358795 5269 2107 5269 0 35442
E
Annual consum ption of Diesel Annual production of desiccated coconut Annual production of Coconut oil Consum ption of fuel in dual-fuel m ode Rem aining am ount of Coconut oil
Coconut oil
Annual electricity generation in dual-fuel m ode [ From Coir + Frond + shell ]
Net generation in dual-fuel m ode 28 Contingency and unforeseen expenditure 1% of all subtotal [M onkey training for picking up coconut, handicrafts training etc ] Total investm ent cost Cost of Fuel 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Coconut Coir Fronds Shell Diesel Coconut biodiesel Coconut oil Cost of extrafuel Total fuel cost per per per per per per per num ber kg kg kg litre litre litre 821430 61607 474604 34982 2107 0 30876 0.07 0.015 0.01 0.01 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

747290
Annual shortage
Additional fuel needed to m eet the dem and Coconut oil Electricity generation from Copra Electricity generation from additional diesel
37
Annual operation and m aintenance cost 3% of all subtotal Now cost recovery from by-products Products Annual yield Crude glycerol 0 MT Copra cake 104 MT Coconut juice 512573 Cans desiccated coconut** 0 pack handicrafts 49286 Num ber Copra kg Coconut soap 354417 Nos
9310
38 39 40 41 42 43 44
U nit price T otal sale 20 0 20 2078 0.03 15377 0.11 0 0.3 14786 0 0.16 56707
Cost of Coconut cultivation (no need to buy it) T otal num ber of Coconut palm in the island Cost of tree with five year care taking Lease value of land per acre Coconut tree per acre So am ount of land needed for cultivation T otal land value Sub total, investm ent for coconut cultivation in
9127 nos 6845.25 7000 150 nos 61 Acre 427000 433845
Total cost recovery
88948
182
Worksheet 8.15.E. 6 Model sensitivity Purchase of coconut palm feedstock - Option E
Project finance and cash flow Option E Purchase of Coconut palm feedstock
50
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cash flow -59241 7536 7536 7536 7536 7536 7536 7536 7536 7536 7536 7536 7536 7536 7536
discount Rate, r 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23
NPV 46258 38750 31987 25882 20359 15352 10803 6662 2885 -567 -3728 -6628 -9293 -11748 -14012 -16103 -18040 -19835 -21502 -23053 -24497 -25845 -27105 -28283
40
30
N et P resen t V alu e k
20
10
0 0 -10 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-20
-30
NPV IRR
Discount rate (r)
14,621 9%
-40
Economic sensitivity of the model Coconut feedstock price change in % Electricity selling price change in % Amount of subsidy in % O & M cost increase in % Electricity generation unit price change in %
10 5 10 5 5
183
Worksheet 8.15.E. 7 Brief Sensitivity cost analysis Purchase of coconut palm feedstock - Option E
Brief Cost analysis
Sl. No
Wind turbines 1 2 3 4 50 Kw BWC XL.50 wind turbine 120 ft Guyed- Lattice Tower kit (XLG30) Tower wiring kit (XTWK30) DC Power Centre Solar PV 5 6 7 8 PV array BP 7180 S 216X180Wp 2 PV Mounting structures 300 m PV array wiring and voltage regulators Lighting arrestor Battery bank 9 10 11 12 13 1700 Ah @10 hours, OPzS1500 Battery mounting structure Battery connecting cables Battery monitor Charge controller Inverter 14 50 Kw Inverter systems Biomass energy 15 16 17 18 50Kw Gasifier unit including generator Bio-diesel production unit 50kw Standby dual-fuel engine Coconut oil production unit [DME unit] 1 1 1 3 15000 10000 8000 3315 sub total 15000 0 8000 9945 32945 1 20000 sub total 20000 20000 384 1 48 2 2 150 500 12 90 220 sub total 57600 500 576 180 440 59296 334 1 1 3 445 2500 550 100 sub total 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 70000 15000 750 550 sub total 140000 30000 1500 1100 172600
Option
Solar % Wind% Biomass% Diesel% 0.00 30.60 69.40 0.00 Assumptions Project life time 15 years Loan interest rate 7% Discount rate 5% Dual-fuel mode : Producer gas + Coconut oil Purchase Sell Coconut Electricity Coconut juice Handicrafts Copra cake Excess coconut oil
Project life time Total investment Subsidy on investment Equity loan loan interest rate Annual electricity generation in KWh Selling price of electricity /KWh Annual revenue from electricity sale Annual Carbon credit revenue Cost recovery from byproducts Annual fuel cost Annual Loan recovery Annual O&M cost
15 years 10 20 80 7 % % % % 329117 32912 59241 236964 358795 0.063 22604 247 88948 -68471 -26017.37 -9775.7415
Annual cash flow
7536
184

C o st o f C iv il stru ctu res 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 F oundation of w ind turbine S hed for the battery bank& inverter S hed for bio-diesel production unit B io-diesel storage unit C oconut oil storage unit C oconut storage unit S hed for biom ass gasifier unit C ontrol room and Pow er house M ini grid expansion 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 500 3000 3000 2000 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 sub to tal 1000 3000 0 0 2000 1500 3000 5000 10000 25500 3103
Fuel consu m ption m o de
C ocon ut o
O ption
0 0 68425 30876 37549 5269 248999 243730 109796 353526 358795 5269 2107 5269 0 35442
E
Annual consum ption of D iesel Annual production of desiccated coconut Annual production of C oconut oil C onsum ption of fuel in dual-fuel m ode R em aining am ount of C oconut oil
E le ctricity u sed du rin g
C oconut oil
A n nu al ele ctricity ge ne ra tio n in d ua l-fue l m od e [ F ro m C o ir + F ro nd + s he ll ]
N et generation in dual-fuel m ode 28 C ontingency and unforeseen expenditure 1% of all subtotal [M onkey training for picking up coconut, handicrafts training etc ] T o tal in vestm en t co st C o st o f F u el 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 C oconut C oir F ronds S hell D iesel C oconut biodiesel C oconut oil C ost of extrafuel T o tal fu el co st per per per per per per per num ber kg kg kg litre litre litre 821430 61607 474604 34982 2107 0 30876 0.077 0.015 0.011 0.01 0.25 0 0 63250 0 5221 0 0 0 0 0 68471
E le ctricity ge n eratio n fro m w ind an d sola r en ergy

A n nu al ele ctricity de m an d
329117
Annual shortage
A d dition al fue l ne ed ed to m e et the d em a nd E le ctricity ge n eratio n fro m C o pra C o co n u t o il E le ctricity ge n eratio n fro m a dd ition al die sel
C ost of C oconut cultivation (no need to buy it) T otal num ber of C oconut palm in the island C ost of tree w ith five year care taking Lease value of land per acre C oconut tree per acre So am ount of land needed for cultivation T otal land value Sub total, investm ent for coconut cultivation in
9127 nos 6845.25 7000 150 nos 61 A cre 427000 0
37
An n u al o p eratio n an d m ain ten an ce co st 3% of all subtotal N o w co st reco v ery fro m b y-p ro d u cts P ro d u cts C rude glycerol C opra cak e C oconut juice desiccated coconut** handicrafts C opra C oconut soap An n u al yield 0 104 512573 0 49286 MT MT C ans pack N um ber kg 354417 N os
9776
38 39 40 41 42 43 44
T o tal cost reco v ery
88948
185
186
CHAPTER 9
Discussion
187
188
9.1 Electricity demand in the St. Martins Island

Electricity demand survey was conducted by Sustainable Rural Energy Project of LGED (SRE, 2004). It was found that the daily requirement of electricity was about 935KWh [Worksheet 8.1]. Again five percent of total demand was considered as the system losses. Therefore gross annual demand for the island was obtained as 359MWh.
9.2 The PVSyst parameters

The PVSyst simulation parameters have been included in worksheet 8.2 the calculation was done considering a stand-alone operation. The system autonomy was considered as only one day because there is a provision of a stand-by dual-fuel generator. The Azimuth and tilt angle were considered as 00 and 300 respectively. An annual output of about 47 MWh was obtained as the most economical from the 334 PV modules, each of 180 Wp.
9.3 Selection of wind turbine

Month wise hourly average wind data for the St. Martins Island is illustrated in Appendix D-3. It is seen that a considerable amount of time wind velocity is between 3-4m/s; therefore low cut-in speed wind turbine is suitable for the island. Bergey BWC XL.50 wind turbine has been selected in this model. This turbine has got very low cut-in speed (2.5m/s) and the rated wind speed is 11m/s. The main advantage of this turbine is its auto furl and automatic storm protection system (Bergey, 2003). This turbine has got 70KW integral inverter. So the peak hour power generation is considered to feed directly to the mini-grid and the off-peak generation is considered to be stored in the battery bank. 10 am to 4pm is considered as the morning peak i.e. during the office hours and 6pm to 11pm is considered as the afternoon peak i.e. after the dusk when electricity is necessary to the households, tourist resorts, markets etc. From worksheet Wind energy it is found that annual output from the two BWC XL.50 turbines is about 126 MWh out of which 68 MWh is the peak and 58 MWh is the off-peak generation.
9.4 Exploring the tidal power in the St. Martins Island

Seven tidal gauge stations have been established by the BUET in order to explore the tidal energy in the St. Martins Island (Sadrul, 2004). Calculation of the tidal power in the St. Martins Island is included in worksheet 8.4.2 The average tidal head was found between 0.7-1.7 meters. The water head of at least five meters has been considered as the viable tidal power harvesting option (Boyle Godfrey, 2004). So there is insufficient energy available from the tidal power.
189
9.5 Battery bank

A battery bank is the most essential and expensive part of any stand-alone power system. This dissertation model has considered the optimum storage size to minimize the investment cost. Only the off-peak hour power generation from the wind turbines and output from the PV modules have been considered to store in the battery bank. Moreover a standby dual-fuel generator reduced the system autonomy to only one day. Fulmen-CEAC, TXE 1700/OPzS 1500 model has been considered for the battery bank. This is lead-acid, vented, tubular plate high performance battery. The battery characteristics as obtained from the PVSyst are included in Appendix B-6. The influence of battery lifetime to the depth of discharge has been critically analysed and found that 60% DOD can provide the maximum benefit. The capacity of the battery bank is about 1240 A-h. It is recommended to replace the batteries four times during the project life [worksheet 8.5.2]
9.6 Gasification of the Coconut palm feedstock

Coconut shells, fronds and coir have been successfully used as a feedstock for a biomass gasifier. Energy density of coconut palm biomass i.e. Coconut shells, Coir and Fronds are 17.9, 9.8 and 10 MJ/kg respectively. Gasification process has been discussed in chapter 5. TERI, India has introduced down draft gasifier in a dual-fuel mode to generate electricity. The same type of gasifier has been considered for this dissertation project. It requires about 1.2 kg biomass and 100ml diesel in dual-fuel mode, whereas about 330ml diesel in the single fuel mode to generate one unit electricity (TERIvision, 2002). Biomass gasification based power plants are basically CO2 neutral and therefore save the GHG emission into the atmosphere.
9.7 Biodiesel production from the coconut oil

Coconut oil can easily be converted into biodiesel by the transesterification process, which has been discussed in Chapter 4. Biodiesel production process from the coconut oil has been illustrated in Chapter 4. Option B of this dissertation model uses the biodiesel in the dual fuel biomass gasifier. In this option about 1.2 kg biomass and 105ml biodiesel is needed to generated one KWh electricity [worksheet Hybrid calculation]. But this option will never payback even with the grant of 30% subsidy, because the biodiesel production process from the coconut oil needs about 0.4MJ/kg extra energy in terms of heat and electricity.
9.8 The use of coconut oil based fuel in the IC engine

The coconut oil based fuel i.e. pure coconut oil, water washed coconut oil, COME, COEE or blend of coconut oil with the petroleum diesel/kerosene has been successfully used as a fuel in the diesel engine. In Philippines coconut oil is used to run tractors and lorries (Boyle Godfrey, 2004).
190
The experimental result shows that the coconut oils and the derived esters have many similar characteristics to that of petroleum diesel and in a significant number of cases they exhibit the lower emissions. The calorific value of the coconut oil based fuels is slightly lower than the standard diesel fuel but this can be accommodated with either the engine developing less power or by changing the fuel rack settings. The use of coconut oil in diesel engine has no effect on the engine reliability (Swain E and Shaheed A, 2000) and it is a potential alternative and renewable energy source. The effect of engine performance by using the coconut oil based fuel has been discussed in chapter 6.
9.9 Use of dual-fuel engine for better performance

The main advantage of dual fuelling is that the engine can run on pure diesel or coconut oil based fuels where there is a shortfall to the producer gas. In a stand-alone operation dual-fuel engine provide more flexibility to fuel supply. It has also low emission than a dedicated diesel engine (cleanairpower, )
9.10 Possibility of fulfilling the electricity demand from only coconut palm
biomass
The annual electricity demand for the St. Martins Island could be fulfilled from only coconut palm biomass. Option C in this dissertation model uses 100% coconut palm feedstock to generate electricity with a dual-fuel biomass gasifier. It is found that different components of the coconut palm (coir, fronds, copra and shells) have been used to generate electricity. Option C is the cheapest choice of having only 55k investment cost (coconuts purchase and no subsidy criteria). In this option, annual cost of biomass feedstock is about 62k but the cost recovery from the by-products is only about 35k. So there are 27k unbalance expenditure and eventually it has got the negative annual cash flow [worksheet, Cost analysis]. Therefore this project wills never payback. Even that if 50% subsidy is granted on this investment, the NPV is still negative. Therefore this project should be rejected. However if the coconut palm is cultivated by the energy entrepreneur, without subsidy the investment cost is about 489k (land value and cultivation cost have been taken into account), which is about nine times more than the coconut purchasing option, but now the investment is financially viable with the 9%IRR, 27k NPV and payback period of about ten years [worksheet finance]. Again if 50% subsidy is granted to this project, the IRR will increased to 70% and the payback period dramatically falls down to only one and half years. Therefore cultivation is the basic criterion to make 100% coconut feedstock based electricity generation project is financially viable.
191
9.11 Cultivation of the hybrid coconut palm for the better return
The fuel is basically free for most of the renewable energy power generation projects, and also abundant in nature such as solar irradiation, wind, hydro etc. But in case of biomass energy, the feedstock is not free, it needs to be purchased or cultivated. However electricity produced from biomass will naturally have to compete with the other renewable electricity technologies. In this dissertation model two basic choices for the feedstock have been considered, one is to purchase the coconut feedstock and the other is the cultivation of coconut palms. In the second option the land value and the cost of plantation have been taken into account and eventually this leads to very high initial investment. Figure 9.11.1 illustrates the effect of initial investment for the two scenarios. In option C with purchase of feedstock, investment cost is only 55k but considering cultivation of coconut palm it increased to 489k. However without cultivation the investment will never payback but with cultivation it has a payback period of about ten years. This critical issue needs to be considered in the case of electricity generation from the biomass energy.
Effect of investment on coconut cultivation (0%subsidy)

1200
Investment cost k
1000 800 600 400 200 0
C Project Options
Purchase coconut feedstock
Cultivate coconut palm
Figure 9.11. 1 effect of investment on the coconut palm cultivation
Again, the effects of coconut cultivation for all the five options (no subsidy) have been illustrated in the worksheet 9.1 It is seen that the option A and E have shown the financially viable investments for purchase of coconut feedstock criterion. On the other hand except the option B all are financially viable investments in the cultivation of coconut palm criterion. Further more if these projects are subsidised by only 10%, the effect on NPV curve is illustrated in the worksheet 9.2.
192
In this case the coconut palm cultivation criterion gives all the five options to the financially attractive with the IRR ranging from 11-31% and the NPV ranging from 64k-302k but there is no substantial improvement in the coconut-purchasing scenario. Moreover the effects of 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% subsidy have been illustrated in the worksheet 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6 respectively. Therefore it is evident that for any particular option (A-E), the coconut palm cultivation criteria always provides higher IRR and NPV but lower payback period. However, the Coconut Development Board of India has developed eleven varieties of hybrid coconut palm. Their annual yield is about two to three times higher than the tall or dwarf variety. Annual yields of hybrid coconut have been illustrated in table 3.4.1 So if there is more coconut yield there is more energy output. Selection of a coconut hybrid for a particular agro-climate condition is very important. The coconut cultivation and harvesting methods have been briefly discussed in chapter- 3
193
Worksheet 9. 1 Financial comparison among the models with 0% subsidy on investment
Green Energy Development M odel in the St. M artin's Island

Subsidy 0 % on Investm ent
Financial com parison am ong the options Financial comparison among the options
2000 1500 1000 500 0 -500 0 -1000 -1500 -2000 -2500
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 -1000 0 -2000 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
NPV k
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
NPV k
Discount rate
Option A Option B Option C Option D Option E
Option A
Discount rate
Option B Option C Option D Option E
Purchase coconut palm feedstock Option NPV@ 0.05 IRR % Investment Payback A 66 14 514 7.2 B -173 -ve 529 No C -118 -ve 55 No D -119 -ve 526 No E 50 16 313 6.4
Note : NPV and Investm ent k and payback periods in year
Cultivate coconut palm Option NPV@ 0.05 IRR % Investment Payback A 206 20 947 5.4 B -34 2 963 No C 27 9 489 9.9 D 20 7 960 12.1 E 195 23 747 4.8
194

Subsidy 10 % on Investment
Financial comparison among the options
300 200
100 0 -100 -200 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 -100 0 -200
NPV k
NPV k
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Discount rate
Option A Option B Option C Option D Option E Option A
Discount rate
Purchase coconut palm feedstock Option NPV@0.05 IRR % Investment Payback A 118 22 462 4.7 B -119 -ve 476 No C -112 -ve 49 No D -66 -ve 473 No E 82 24 282 4.5
Note : NPV and Investment k and payback periods in year
Cultivate coconut palm Option NPV@0.05 IRR %Investment Payback A 302 28 853 3.9 B 64 11 866 9 C 77 17 440 6.1 D 118 15 864 6.9 E 271 31 673 3.6
195

400 300
NPV k
100 0 -100 0 -200 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
NPV k
200
700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 -100 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Discount rate
Discount rate
Purchase coconut palm feedstock Option NPV@0.05 IRR % Investment Payback A 171 31 411 3.5 B -66 -ve 423 No C -106 -ve 44 No D -12 2.53 421 No E 114 34 251 3.2
Cultivate coconut palm Option NPV@0.05 IRR %Investment Payback A 399 38 758 2.9 B 162 20 770 5.5 C 127 26 391 4.1 D 216 24 768 4.6 347 41 598 2.7 196 E

400 300
1000 800
NPV k
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
NPV k
200 100 0 -100 0 -200
600 400 200 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Discount rate
Discount rate
Purchase coconut palm feedstock Option NPV@0.05 IRR % Investment Payback A 223 43 360 2.5 B -12 2 370 No C -101 -ve 38 No D 41 13 368 7.6 E 146 45 219 2.4
Nt NPV dI t t k d b k i d i
Cultivate coconut palm Option NPV@0.05 IRR %Investment Payback A 495 50 663 2.2 B 260 30 674 3.7 C 177 37 342 2.9 D 313 34 672 3.2 E 423 53 523 2 197

500 400
1000 800
NPV k
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
NPV k
300 200 100 0 -100 0 -200
600 400 200 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Discount rate
Discount rate
Purchase coconut palm feedstock Option NPV@0.05 IRR % Investment Payback A 275 57 308 1.9 B 42 15 317 7.1 C -95 -ve 33 No D 95 25 315 4.4 E 178 60 188 1.8
Cultivate coconut palm Option NPV@0.05 IRR %Investment Payback A 591 65 568 1.6 B 358 43 578 2.5 C 226 51 293 2.1 D 411 48 576 2.3 E 499 69 448 1.5 198
Worksheet 9. 6 Financial comparison among the models with 50% subsid on investment

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 -100 0 -200
1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
NPV k
NPV k
Discount rate
Discount rate
Purchase coconut palm feedstock Option NPV@0.05 IRR % Investment Payback A 328 78 257 1.4 B 96 28 264 3.8 C -90 -ve 27 No D 149 40 263 2.7 E 210 81 157 1.3
Cultivate coconut palm Option NPV@0.05 IRR %Investment Payback A 688 87 474 1.2 B 456 60 481 1.8 C 276 70 244 1.5 D 509 66 480 1.6 E 575 92 374 1.2 199
Worksheet 9. 7 Handicrafts made from coconut shells
Handicrafts made from Coconut shells
200
Worksheet 9. 8 Handicrafts made from coconut shells
H n ic ftsmd fro C c n t fro d a ds e a d ra a e m o o u n s n h lls
201
Worksheet 9. 9 Handicrafts made from coconut fronds and shells
202
9.12 Using the trained monkey to harvest coconuts
The tedious and risky climbing method of harvesting coconuts has been widely practised in Bangladesh. The coconut harvesting methods have been briefly described in chapter 3. Coconut harvesting by using the trained monkeys is considered as the efficient and cost effective method. This method is practiced in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. The monkey school at Surat Thani, Thailand offer training to the wild monkeys to help them pick-up only the mature coconuts and shun the unripe green ones (Dusit, ). A monkey can pick about 800-1000 coconuts in a day depending on its skill (Geocities 1,).
9.13 Food or Fuel?

A common criticism to the energy production from the biomass is that it could divert the agricultural production away from the food crops, especially in the developing countries and even leading to mass starvation in the poor countries. The food versus fuel controversy is very complex to analyze. The world already grows adequate food to feed everybody. But at present about a billion people dont have food to meet their basic daily needs. However the people starve because they are victims of an inequitable economic system and not only the cause of food shortage. The UN statistics provide the evidence of the widening the gap between the rich and the poor. The income ratio between the top and bottom 20% has increased from 60:1 to 74:1 in the past one decade (Journey, 2004-c). However production of biofuels from the locally available agricultural feedstock can stop dependency on importing the fossil fuels from the rich countries. It can also cut dependence on the fuel wood, which is the major cause of health problem through airpollution. Furthermore producing own energy increases self-reliance, create local employment eventually addresses the poverty alleviation; improve standard of living and increase the social security.
9.14 Selling of the by-products to recover the cost of feedstock

Indeed coconut is very expensive food. In Bangladesh coconut has never been used to generate electrical or mechanical energy. Therefore in order to recover the cost of coconut, by-products such as crude glycerol, copra cake, coconut juice, desiccated coconut, coconut toiletries and handicrafts made from the coconut fronds and shells are considered for selling. One problem is that, people used to drink the tender coconut water not the mature one. But the mature coconut juice has got the more energy than the tender one.
203
100 gm mature coconut water has got 22kcal whereas the tender one has got 16Kcal (Mercola, 2004), Moreover the mature coconut water has got vitamin C and Iron. Nutritional values of the mature and tender coconut water have been illustrated in table 3.1.3 in Chapter 3. Copra cake can be used as an animal feed. It has a good calorific value. After fulfilling the electricity demand the excess coconut oil can be used to produce hand made soap. The saponification number of coconut oil is between 246-260 (Journey, 2004-b), which is suitable for making the high quality watersoluble soap.
9.15 Empowerment of Women and Professional training

There is a scope of training for professional development in this model. One percent of investment cost has been set aside to conduct the training for making good quality handicrafts from the coconut fronds and shell. The decorative handicrafts made from the coconut fronds and shells have been illustrated in worksheets 9.7, 9.8 and 9.9 village women can be employed to make those handicrafts. At present, due to the lack of electricity they have nothing to do after the dusk. But if green electricity can be provided, they can earn extra money after the sunset, which will eventually boost up the women empowerment and increase their social security. Finally training is necessary to produce virgin coconut oil by DME method and making handmade coconut soap. So there are lots of opportunities for the local employment and community participation, which is very important for the poverty alleviation and sustainable development.
9.16 Conservation of biodiversity and development of ecotourism

St. Martins Island is very much resource rich with the enormous biological diversity. A wide variety of flora and fauna have been counted in the island, which is described in chapter 1. But the island is now environmentally fragile due to the anthropogenic influences. Many people have engaged themselves to collect the rear species of coral and ornamental shells and sell them to the tourist, kill the marine turtle and rare species of mammals, collect their eggs, skins and cubs and destroy their nests. Furthermore diesel generators and kerosene lamps have been making the environment pollutant and threaten to the ecosystem of the island and eventually destroying the biodiversity. This dissertation project has an aim to conserve the biodiversity and to develop ecotourism. This can be achieved by creating the local employment opportunity so that the people can divert their profession from coral harvesting to make decorative handicrafts from the coconut shells and fronds, making good quality organic virgin coconut oil and toiletries. Again people can link themselves with the Global village through the Internet facilities if they get electricity. Every year a significant number of tourists have visited the island because of its unique landscape. There are 13 rest houses / tourist resort in the island which are now operated by the diesel/petrol generators (SRE, 2004). Therefore providing green electricity will eventually develop the ecotourism in the island.
204
9.17 Renewable energy demonstration unit

This dissertation project has also an objective to make plans for the renewable energy demonstration and dissemination unit. St. Martins Island can be a good place to achieve this. Wind-Solar-Biomass hybrid power generation model, the option A can be an ideal demonstration unit for all the prospective renewable resources in the island. Schematic diagram for such a hybrid option is attached in worksheet 9.17.1 Moreover, every year many tourists visit the island. Therefore this technology will disseminate quickly through out the country.
205
Worksheet 9.17. 1 Schematic diagram of Wind-Solar-Biomass hybrid in the St. Martins Island

W I N D T U R B I N E
control unit
Main DC control unit
control unit
Solar PV unit
control unit
C O C O N U T B I O M A S S
Biomass gasifier unit Inverter unit Battery bank
Transformer
Minigrid
206
9.18 Replication of this model to the other offshore island of Bangladesh

One of the aims of this dissertation project is to replicate this model to the other offshore islands of Bangladesh. There are many offshore islands at the southern parts of Bangladesh (Banglapedia, ). Similar renewable energy scenario exists in those islands. A coastal map of Bangladesh illustrating the major offshore islands has been included in Appendix C-2. This dissertation model can also be applied to those offshore islands. The model has a wide range of choice and for a specific criterion; it gives the NPV, IRR and the corresponding graphs for selecting the best renewable resource option for that area. Furthermore if the loan interest rate, subsidy, equity, loan amount, battery depth of discharge, unit cost of any item etc. is changed the whole analysis will be updated automatically. A CD containing the spreadsheet model has been included in this report.
9.19 Possible hybrid options in the St. Martins Island

The scope of this dissertation project is to analyse the technical and financial feasibility for the five different renewable resource options, out of which four are hybrid. These options are briefly discussed in chapter 7. From table 9.1 of chapter 9 it is seen that all the five options are capable of generating annually 359MWh electricity. Again from table 9.2 it is seen that the options B,C &D shows never payback in some specific criteria. The main reasons for their negative cash flow are the expensive coconut feedstock and to keep the electricity selling price to an affordable limit [Worksheet Cost analysis].
9.20 Economic sensitivity of the model

The economic sensitivities of the model have been analysed [Worksheet Sensitivity]. Equations of the NPV trend lines have been illustrated in table 9.20.1 it is seen that the model is very sensitive to the cost of coconut palm feedstock, the cost of equipments and the amount of subsidy. But it is moderately sensitive to the electricity-selling price and less sensitive to the annual operation and maintenance cost.
Table 9.20. 1 Equation of the NPV trend lines
Sensitivity component Cost of coconut palm feedstock Cost of equipment Amount of subsidy Electricity selling price Annual O&M cost
Equation of the NPV trend line Y = -5.8 X + 66 Y = -5.24 X + 66.2 Y = 5.23X + 65.9 Y = 2.04 X + 65.9 Y = -1.44 X + 66.2
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The economic sensitivities of the model to the cost of coconut palm feedstock, cost of equipment, amount of subsidy, electricity selling price and the annual operation and maintenance cost have been illustrated in figures 9.20.1, 9.20.2, 9.20.3, 9.20.4 and 9.20.5 respectively
Model sensitivity to the cost of coconut palm feedstock
IRR in % and NPV in k
y= -5.8x+ 66
130 80 30 -15 -10 -5 -20 0 5 10 15
%Change in the price of Coconut palm feedstock
IRR
NPV
Linear (NPV)
Figure 9.20. 1 Model economic sensitivity to the cost of coconut palm feedstock
M o d e l s e n s it iv it y t o t h e e q u ip m e n t c o s t
80 60 40 20 0 -20 0 -40 -60
IRR in % and NPV in k
y = -5.24x + 66.2
10
15
20
% incr e as e of e quipm e nt cos t
IRR
NPV
Linear (NPV)
Figure 9.20. 2 Model economic sensitivity to the increase of equipment cost
208
M odel sensitivity to the change of subsidy
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 10 20

% of subsidy
y = 5.2371x + 65.905
30
40
50
IRR
NPV
Linear (NPV)
Figure 9.20. 3 Model economic sensitivity to the amount of subsidy
Model sensitivity to the increase of electricity selling price
IRR in% and NPV in k
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15
y = 2.0429x + 65.929
20
25
30
% increase of the electricity selling price
IRR
NPV
Linear (NPV)
Figure 9.20. 4 Model economic sensitivity to the increase of electricity selling price
209
Model sensitivity to the increse of annual O&M cost
IRR in %and NPV in k
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10
y = -1.44x + 66.2
15
20
%increase of annual O&M cost
Figure 9.20. 5 Model economic sensitivity to the increase of annual O&M cost
9.21 The best selection for the St. Martins Island
Purchase of coconut palm feedstock - From the worksheet 9.1 it is seen that the
investment A has got the 14% IRR and 66k NPV but the investment E has got the 16% IRR but 50k NPV. The NPV curves for the both investment intersect each other at about 11% discount rate. Now, if it is expected that, in practice the discount rate will never exceed 11%, then it is worth to invest for the option A, but if it is expected that, the discount rate can go within the 1116%, the option E has the best investment. Again if the future discount rate exceeds 16% the both options are worthless. However the author expected that the discount rate in the St. Martins Island would not go beyond the 11%. So the option A i.e. Wind-Solar-Biomass hybrid power generation has been considered as the best investment for the island.
Cultivation of coconut palm: - From the worksheet 9.1 it is seen that the option A has got the 20% IRR and 206k NPV but the option E has got the 23% IRR but 195k NPV. Now the two NPV curves intersect each other at about 9% discount rate. Similar to the previous scenario if it is expected that the future discount rate will not exceed 9% then the option A has the worth investment and if the discount rate is within the 9-23% the option E has the best investment. However the author expected that the discount rate for the St. Martins Island could go beyond 9%. So in this particular case option E i.e. Wind and Biomass hybrid power generation has been considered as the best option for the St. Martins Island.
210
CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSIONS
211
212
10.1 Conclusions:
This research model aimed to investigate the feasibility of fulfilling the electricity demand from the available renewable resources in the St. Martins Island in a cost effective manner, to conserve biodiversity, to develop ecotourism and to replicate the model in the other offshore islands of Bangladesh.
The following conclusions have been drawn from this dissertation:
1. It is possible to fulfil the electricity demand in the St. Martins Island only from coconut palm biomass. But this option is only financially viable when subsidy on the investment is granted and the energy entrepreneur cultivates the coconut palm.
2. The cultivation of coconut palm criteria has shown the higher IRR and NPV but the lower payback periods, in comparison with the purchase of coconut palm feedstock choice.
3. To recover the cost of expensive coconut feedstock it is necessary to sell the by-products from the systems such as copra cake, coconut handicrafts, coconut toiletries etc.
4. Coconut oil based fuels can be used to generate electricity in the St. Martins Island and it has lower emissions than the conventional petroleum diesel.
5. The best electricity generation option for the St. Martins Island has found as the Wind-Solar-Biomass hybrid system i.e. option A, when there is no subsidy but with a need to purchase coconut palm feedstock. On the other hand without subsidy but with the cultivation of coconut palm, option E, i.e. Wind and Biomass hybrid power generation system, has been found the best option.
213
6. The model is economically very sensitive to the cost of coconut palm feedstock, the cost of equipments and the amount of subsidy. On the other hand it is only moderately sensitive to the electricity-selling price and even less sensitive to the annual operation and maintenance cost.
7. There is no potential prospect for tidal power generation in the St. Martins Island.
8. A low cut-in speed wind turbine is suitable for the St. Martins Island
9. This model for renewable energy supply would help to conserve the biodiversity and developing eco-tourism in the St. Martins Island.
10. This model for renewable energy supply is replicable to the other offshore islands of Bangladesh.
214
GLOSSARY
215
216
APPENDIX-A : Glossary
Biodiesel
Biodiesel is the biodegradable diesel produced through the reaction of a vegetable oil or animal fat with methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst (NaOH) to yield glycerine and biodiesel. It is chemically called methyl or ethyl esters. Briquetting is a densification process of loose organic material, such as rice husk, sawdust, coffee husk etc. The purpose of briquetting is to improve handling and combustion characteristics. Cetane number measures the willingness of a fuel to ignite when it gets compressed. The higher the cetane number the more efficient the fuel is . Biodiesel has a higher cetane number than petrodiesel because of its oxygen content. Cloud point is the temperature at which a solution or oil starts to form micelles, thus becoming cloudy. The Botanical name for the coconut is cocos nucifera. Cocos meaning monkey-faced or grinning face referring to the three eyes on husks and nucifera meaning nut-bearing plant Coir is the fibrous husk of the coconut shell formed by surrounding the seed of the coconut tree ( Cocos nucifera). the tissues
Briquetting Cetane number
Cloud point Cocos nucifera
Coir Combustion
Combustion or burning is the chemical reaction between a fuel and oxygen which usually takes place in air. The products of combustion are carbon dioxide and water with the release of heat. Copra is the dried meat of the coconut. It is the commercial form of coconut from which coconut oil is extracted by boiling and pressing. Copra cake is the by-product of coconut oil processing from copra. It can be used as a animal feed. Cost of capital is the rate of return that a firm would receive if they invested their money someplace else with similar risk Energy density is the amount of energy per unit mass. It is usually expressed in MJ/Kg Fire point is the temperature at which the flame becomes self-sustained so as to continue burning the liquid. The fire point is usually a few degree above the flash point. Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid. The lower the flash point, the easier it is to ignite the material. Freezing point is the temperature at which liquids turn into solids
Copra Copra cake Cost of Capital Energy density Fire point
Flash point
Freezing point
217
Gasification
Gasification is a process in which organic material is converted to a combustible gas, called producer gas. This producer gas mainly consists of H2, N2, CH4, CO and CO2. The producer gas can be used as a fuel to run an engine or to generate electricity. The Gross Heating Value refers to the total energy released in the form of heat when the fuel is burned completely. Iodine value (IV) or Iodine number is the amount of iodine in grams that is taken up by 100 grams of the oil, fat or wax. IV is the indicator of the degree of unsaturation of an oil, fat or wax. The higher the IV, the more unsaturated (the greater the number of double bonds) the oil and the higher is the potential for the oil to polymerise. An IV of less than about 25 is required if the oil is to be used for long term applications in unmodified diesel engines. Melting point is the temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid.
GHV Iodine value
Melting point NHV Octane number
The Net Heating Value refers to the energy that is actually available from combustion after accounting for energy losses from water evaporation. Octane number is the rating of a gasoline in terms of its property to cause knocking. Octane numbers are based on a scale on which isooctane is 100(minimal knock) and heptane is 0(bad knock). It is also known as octane rating Pour point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid remains pourable i.e. it still behaves as a fluid.
Pour point
Transesterification Transesterification is the chemical process in which methyl or ethyl

alcohol reacts with triglyceride, contained in vegetable oil or animal fats in the presence of catalyst (NaOH or KOH) to produce biodiesel and glycerine.
Triglyceride
Triglyceride (oil) is an ester of glycerol and three fatty acid. Most animal fats, oils are composed primarily triglycerides.
218
REFERENCES
219
220
References
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221
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Elect (2001) http://elect.mrt.ac.lk/Coconut_oil_eru_2001.pdf Coconut oil as an alternative to transformer oil (Consulted July 2004)
222
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223
Hadm (2002) http://hadm.sph.sc.edu/COURSES/ECON/invest/invest.html Perils of the Internal Rate of Return (Consulted July 2004) Hilton (2004) David Hilton, Kokonut Pacific Pty Ltd, Australia Personal communication by e-mail ; dhilton2y@yahoo.com ( ConsultedJuly2004) Hindu (2004) http://www.hindu.com/seta/2004/05/13/stories/2004051300161500.htm Right coconut hybrids for higher returns (Consulted June 2004) Holiday (2004) http://www.weeklyholiday.net/050304/env.html Environment and activism ( Consulted April 2004) Hort (2000) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/senior/fruits/coconut3.htm Coconut leaf ( Consulted May 2004) Houston (2003) http://www.houston-cleancities.org/ATC_Nov03/Hoy.pdf Dual-fuel engine ( Consulted June 2004) Hypertextbook (2004) http://hypertextbook.com/physics/matter/energy-chemical/ Chemical Energy ( Consulted April 2004) ICCEPT (2003) http://www.iccept.ic.ac.uk/research/projects/SOPAC/PDFs/12%20Coconut%2 0oil% 20biodiesal.pdf Energy from Coconuts (Consulted May 2004)
Journey (2004-a) http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.html Vegetable Oil yields (Consulted June 2004)
Journey (2004-b) http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/fatsoils/fatsoils2.html Fats and Oils- Chapter 2 (Consulted May 2004) Journey (2004-c) http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_food.html Food or Fuel (Consulted June 2004) Kokonut http://www.kokonutpacific.com.au/ The copra problem ( Consulted May 2004)
224
Lakshadweep http://lakshadweep.nic.in/depts/agriculture/Files/Photo%20Gallery.htm Department of Agriculture-Photo gallery (Consulted July 2004) M. A.Kalam, M. Husnawan and H. H. Masjuki (2003) Exhaust emission and combustion evaluation of coconut oil-powered indirect injection diesel engine, Renewable Energy, 28 (15),2405-2415 Members (1997 -b) http://members.tripod.com/~cturare/pdc.htm Producer gas and its constituents (Consulted June 2004) Members (1997 -c) http://members.tripod.com/~cturare/eng.htm Producer Gas Drive Engines (Consulted June 2004) Members (1997) http://members.tripod.com/~cturare/gas.htm#up Gas Producers (Gasifiers) (Consulted June 2004) Mercola (2004) http://www.mercola.com/2004/mar/10/coconuts.htm Nuts About Coconuts: Everything you need to know about (Consulted Aug 2004) Ncbi (2000)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11 171279
Lipase-Catalysed production of biodiesel fuel from some Nigerian lauric oils (Consulted May 2004)
NEP (2004) Draft National Energy Policy, Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, Dhaka ,May-2004, Bangladesh Newton (2004) http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem03/chem03265.htm Oils and low temperatures ( Consulted May 2004) Oleofats (2003) http://www.oleofats.com/rbdcoconutoil.htm RBD Coconut oil (Consulted June 2004) Prenhall-a (2000) http://www.prenhall.com/divisions/bp/app/cfldemo/CB/NetPresentValue.html Net Present value (Consulted May 2004) Prenhall-b (2000) http://www.prenhall.com/divisions/bp/app/cfldemo/CB/IRR.html Internal Rate of Return (Consulted May 2004) 225
Prenhall-c (2000) http://www.prenhall.com/divisions/bp/app/cfldemo/CB/PaybackPeriod.html Payback Period (Consulted May 2004) Primaldefense (2004) http://www.primaldefense.net/coconutoilnb.htm Virgin Coconut oil (Consulted July 2004) Pssc (2001) http://www.pssc.ttu.edu/agforestry/agforest/review.htm Reviewing the coconut (Cocos nucifera), Tree of life (Consulted June 2004) Rreinc http://www.rreinc.com/retail.html Handicrafts of the Marshall islands ( Consulted August 2004) Runningtimes (2004) http://www.runningtimes.com/issues/00march/nutrition.htm Pass the Peanuts Please (Consulted June 2004) Sadrul (2004) Tidal data at the St. Martins Island, BUET, Dhaka -1000, Bangladesh Personal communication by e-mail, sadrul@me.buet.ac.bd Scientific (2004) http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/fattyacids.html Fats, Oils, Fatty Acids, Triglycerides-Chemical Structure (Consulted June 2004) Sdnpbd (2004) http://www.sdnpbd.org/sdi/international_day/wed/2004/bangladesh/ resources_sea_ocean/resources_in_st_martins.htm Resources in St. Martins (Consulted May 2004) Shaheed A, AMSAE and Swain E (1998) Combustion analysis of Coconut oil and its methyl esters in a diesel engine. IMECHE Conference transactions, Vol 4, Pages 287-300 Shortcircuit http://www.shortcircuit.com.au/warfa/paper/paper.htm Waste Vegetable oil as a diesel replacement fuel (Consulted May 2004) SRE (2004) Electricity demand survey report at the St. Martins Island, SRE, May-2004, LGED, Dhaka, Bangladesh Starship http://www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/coconuts_and_copra.htm The life history of a coconut tree (Consulted May 2004)
226
Stmartinsbd (2002-a) http://www.stmartinsbd.org/htmls/economic-activity.html St. Martins a coral bearing island in Bangladesh (Consulted April 2004) Stmartinsbd 2 (2002)
http://www.stmartinsbd.org/htmls/description%20of%20the%20project%20area.html
Description of the project area (Consulted August 2002) Sumon (2004) Solar Energy Society, Energy park, Dhaka University, Bangladesh Personal communication by e-mail, skkhadem@yahoo.com Swain E and Shaheed A (2000) An experimental study to evaluate the use of coconut-based fuels as alternatives to diesel oil, Institute of Energy, ISSU 495, 73, 100-105
Tamilnet -2004 http://www.tamilnet.com/pic.html?path=/img/publish/2003/11/Coconut_Trinco_3.jpg Coconut seedling (Consulted July 2004)
TERIvision (2002) TERIvision October 2002, Issue no 47 page 2 TERI, Darbari Seth Block Habitat Place, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003, India Terragalleria http://www.terragalleria.com/vietnam/picture.viet8012.html Woman harvesting coconut fruit, near Ben Tre. Delta region, Vietnam (Consulted July 2004) Tve (2001) http://www.tve.org/ho/doc.cfm?aid=1431&lang=English Coconut Crude- Vanuatu ( Consulted May 2004) Unh (2004) http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html Wide scale biodiesel production from Algae (Consulted June 2004) Visionbali (2003) http://www.visionbali.com/coconut/coconut-handicrafts.html Coconut handicrafts (Consulted August 2004) Waynesword http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph10.htm Coconut Palm (Cocos Nucifera) ( Consulted July 2004) Woodroof J.G. (1979) Coconuts: Production, Processing, Products Second edition The AVI publishing company, INC, Westport, Connecticut Zaman M. H., Roy R.C, Saha J.K and Morshed M. (2001) Wind Energy Situation at St. Martins Island of Bangladesh BCSIR, Dhanmondi, Dhaka -1205, Bangladesh 227
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228
Mnes http://mnes.nic.in/ssm.htm Solar power plants in Sundarban region in west Bengal (Visited May 2004) Onecountry (2003) http://www.onecountry.org/e151/e15101as_Deamer_profile.htm (2003) In Vanuatu, a proving ground for Coconut oil as an alternative fuel (Consulted June 2004) Pichtr http://www.pichtr.org/Renewable_Energy_Based_Rural_Electrification.htm Renewable energy based rural electrification programme (Visited June 2004) Rawbw : http://www.rawbw.com/~xmwang/myGUI/DieselG.html Diesel engine and diesel cycle (Visited May 2004) S. Warnijati, I.B.Agra and Sudjono (1996) Pyrolysis of Coconut Shells in A Concentric Three Tubes Reactor. Renewable Energy 9(1/4) 934-937 Tan RR, Culaba AB and Purvis MRI (2004) Carbon balance implications of Coconut bio-diesel utilization in the Philippine automotive transport sector, Biomass and Bio-energy, 26(6):579-585 Teriin (2002) http://www.teriin.org/news/terivsn/issue47/main.htm (2002) TERI vision, Biomass power (Consulted June 2004) Twidell J and Wear T (2000) Renewable Energy Resources Reprinted in 2000, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Unfoundation http://www.unfoundation.org/media_center/publications/pdf/Galapagos_02.pdf The Galapagos Islands (Visited May 2004) Visionbali (2003) http://www.visionbali.com/coconut/coconut-handicrafts.html Coconut handicrafts (Consulted July 2004) Wilderness (2000)
http://www.wildernessfamilynaturals.com/store/virgin_coconut_oil_for_use_in_so.htm Using coconut oil for soapmaking, lotions and lipbalms (Consulted July 2004)
Woodgas (2004) http://www.woodgas.com/History.htm History of woodgas (Visited June 2004) 229
Xavier Vallve, Trama TecnoAmbiental Implementation Experience of Multi-user Solar Grid (MSG) on the Island of Floreana, Galapagos, Ecuador [Supplied by Dr. David Fulford]
230
INDEX
A
animal feed 22, 32, 36, 39, 204, 217 auto-ignition 64 Coconut milk vii, 23 coconut palm biomass iii, xiii, xxi, xxiii, 20, 21, 190, 191, 213 Coconut palms 20, 29 Coconut water vii, 21, 22 COEE viii, xiii, xxv, 73, 74, 75, 77, 190 COIL viii, xxv, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77 coir ix, xv, 14, 21, 87, 127, 190, 191 Coir vii, 21, 87, 127, 132, 190, 217 COME viii, xiii, xxv, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 190 Copra vii, 20, 22, 23, 32, 81, 132, 204, 217 coral reef 3 cordage 19, 21 crab 4 cross-draft gasifier 60
B
Bangladesh iv, ix, xi, xix, xxiii, xxv, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 203, 207, 213, 214, 223, 225, 226, 227 BCSIR xxv, 6, 13, 227 biodiesel vii, viii, ix, xi, xiii, 14, 23, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 73, 86, 130, 190, 217, 218, 221, 223, 224, 225, 227 Biodiesel viii, ix, 21, 24, 47, 49, 73, 81, 190, 217, 221, 223 Biodiversity 3 Biomass vii, viii, xvii, xxi, xxiii, 10, 14, 53, 56, 61, 62, 81, 87, 132, 190, 205, 206, 210, 213, 222, 223, 228, 229 biomass gasifier viii, 6, 14, 58, 81, 87, 190, 191 biomass resource 14 BPDB xxv brooms 19 BUET xxv, 6, 15, 86, 189, 226
D
diesel viii, xiii, 4, 6, 14, 24, 39, 40, 44, 47, 48, 51, 56, 57, 63, 64, 65, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 86, 190, 191, 204, 213, 217, 218, 225, 226, 227, 229 DME vii, ix, xi, xxv, 36, 37, 38, 39, 85, 130, 204 DOD xiii, xxv, 125, 190 downdraft gasifier 59 dual-fuel engine ix, 64, 65, 191 dwarf 19, 29, 193
C
C xv, xvi, 6, 22, 40, 50, 57, 81, 87, 102, 121, 132, 133, 135, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 191, 192, 204, 207, 227 calorific value 55, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 191, 204 carbon monoxide 56 Cetane number 40, 47, 217 CFL xxv, 86 charcoal 19, 56, 59, 60 CI engine 64 Cloud point 40, 73, 217 CO viii, xii, 47, 55, 57, 62, 72, 76, 218 CO2 viii, xi, xii, 47, 55, 57, 72, 75, 190, 218, 222 coconut iii, vii, viii, ix, xi, xii, xiii, xv, xvi, xvii, xix, xxi, xxiii, xxv, 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 50, 51, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 81, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 140, 141, 144, 147, 148, 150, 151, 157, 158, 164, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 177, 178, 180, 181, 183, 184, 190, 191, 192, 193, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 208, 210, 213, 214, 217, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229 coconut fronds 14, 131, 203, 204 Coconut harvesting vii, xi, 31, 32, 203 Climbing method vii, 29, 30 Free falling method 29, 30 Pole method 29, 30 Using trained monkey vii, 29, 31 Coconut Island 4 coconut meat 14, 33
E
eco-tourism 10, 214 electricity ix, xii, xiii, xv, xvi, xvii, xix, xxi, xxiii, xxvii, 4, 5, 6, 10, 38, 39, 50, 63, 81, 85, 86, 87, 91, 92, 93, 119, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 135, 136, 146, 156, 166, 176, 189, 190, 191, 192, 204, 207, 208, 209, 213, 214, 218 energy vii, ix, xi, xiii, xv, xix, xxi, xxiii, 5, 6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 23, 36, 38, 50, 51, 55, 82, 85, 86, 87, 91, 119, 120, 121, 122, 127, 128, 129, 130, 134, 135, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 203, 205, 207, 213, 214, 217, 218, 222, 224, 228, 229 Energy density xiii, 20, 21, 23, 47, 190, 217 entrepreneur xxi, xxiii, 134, 191, 213 environment 24, 55, 204 ethanol 47, 48, 217
F
FAME xxv, 47 fatty acid chain 42 fatty acids 22, 39, 40, 41, 42, 48, 70 fauna xiii, 3, 204 feasibility xix, xxiii, 6, 10, 13, 207, 213 feed stock xvi, 62, 173, 174 feedstock ix, xii, xvi, xvii, xxi, xxiii, 48, 82, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 140, 141, 144, 147, 148, 157, 158, 164, 167, 168, 177, 178, 183, 184, 190, 191, 192, 203, 207, 208, 210, 213, 214 FFA xxv, 32
231
Flash point 40, 217 flora xiii, 3, 204 flowering 20 fluidized bed gasifier 61 Free falling method vii Freezing point 40, 217
Laksha Ganga 28 latitude 25 LCFA xxv LDL xxv, 39 LGED xxv, 6, 189, 223, 226
G
gas-air mixture 63, 65 gasification viii, xi, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 86, 190, 228 gasoline 63, 65, 218 GED xxv GHG xxv, 190 GOB xxv Green House Gases xxv, 55 GS xxv, 5, 223
M
Making copra 33 Cocopugon hot-air brick copra dryer 35 Direct smoke kiln drying vii, 33 n hot-air brick copra dryer vii, xi, 35 Semi-direct smoke kiln drying 34 Solar drying vii, xi, 33, 37 The modified Kukum hot-air dryer vii, 33, 35 marine turtle 4, 5, 204 MCFA xxv melting point 44, 69 Melting Point 40 MOEF xxv
H
H2O 55, 57 Hartridge Smoke Units viii, 77 HDL xxv, 22, 39 hybrid ix, xiii, xvii, xxi, xxiii, 28, 85, 87, 192, 193, 205, 206, 207, 210, 213 hybrid system xxi, xxiii, 213 hydrogen 56
N
N2 55, 62, 218 Narikel Jinjira 4 NEP xxv, 5, 225 nitrogen 56 NPV viii, ix, xii, xiii, xxiii, xxv, 6, 10, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 132, 133, 134, 135, 191, 192, 193, 207, 210, 213
I
I V xxv investment xii, xxi, xxiii, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 133, 134, 135, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 204, 210, 213 Iodine number 40, 43, 218 IRR viii, ix, xii, xiii, xxiii, xxv, 6, 10, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 132, 133, 134, 135, 191, 193, 207, 210, 213, 225 irradiation xiii, 6, 13, 192
O
O2 55, 57 OEE xxv, 37 off-shore islands 6, 9 ornaments 19
P
PAH xxv payback ix, xii, xiii, xxi, xxiii, 6, 82, 83, 87, 88, 132, 133, 134, 135, 190, 191, 192, 193, 207, 213 Pole method vii Pour point 40, 73, 218 producer gas viii, xi, xii, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 191, 218, 223 Producer gas viii, 59, 62, 63, 225 PV xv, xxv, 86, 92, 93, 95, 189, 190 pyrolysis 56, 59
J
jellyfish 4
K
Kalpa vriksha 19 Kera Ganga 28 Kera Sankara 28 Kera Sowbhaagya 28 Kera Sree 28 KGOE xxv Kiln approach 58
R
RE xxv, 221 REB xxv REDA xxv renewable resources xv, xvi, xvii, xix, xxiii, 6, 10, 81, 87, 136, 146, 156, 166, 176, 205, 213 Retort approach viii, 58, 62
L
Laksha 28
232
S
Sankara 28 Saponification number 40 seedlings 25, 27 SEMP xxv, xxvii shampoo 19, 39 shells xvii, 4, 14, 21, 33, 34, 85, 87, 88, 131, 190, 191, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204 soap 19, 39, 204 solar energy 13, 55, 85, 86, 135 spark ignition engine 65 spark plug 63, 64, 65 sponge 4 spreadsheet model xix, xxiii, 6, 10, 82, 85, 207 squids 4 SRE xxv, 3, 6, 189, 204, 226 St. Martins Island iii, vii, viii, ix, xi, xiii, xv, xvii, xix, xxi, xxiii, xxvii, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 79, 81, 85, 86, 89, 91, 93, 122, 124, 130, 189, 191, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210, 213, 214, 221, 226, 227 stoichiometric air 55 subsidy ix, xii, xiii, xvii, xxi, xxiii, 82, 85, 87, 88, 132, 133, 134, 135, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 207, 208, 209, 213, 214 sustainable xix, xxi, xxiii, 6, 10, 81, 204
The tree of life vii, 19 Transesterification viii, 47, 48, 69, 73, 218 twin-fire gasifier xii, 59, 60
U
UNDP xxv, xxvii Updraft gasifier viii, xii, 58
V
vegetable oil xiii, 32, 43, 44, 47, 48, 50, 217, 218 versatile tree 19 Viscosity 40, 73
W
WFT xxv, 31 Wind vii, xvii, xxi, xxiii, 6, 10, 13, 81, 86, 87, 132, 189, 205, 206, 210, 213, 227, 228 wind turbine ix, 13, 86, 87, 119, 189, 214, 221
Y
yellowing disease 19
T
temperature 5, 42, 50, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 77, 217, 218
233

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Green Energy Development Model in the St.

Martins Island and Energy from Coconut palm biomass

Green Energy Development Model in the St. Martins Island And

Energy from coconut palm biomass

Md. Tazmilur Rahman

First edition July 2006

ISBN : 984 8323 02 - 3

Price US $ 20 BDT 450 Printed in Bangladesh

Green Energy Development Model in the St. Martin's Island

Purchase of coconut palm feedstock

Cultivation of coconut palm

Option 'A' Option 'D'

Solar + Wind + Biomass + Diesel Solar + Wind + Biomass + Coconut oil

Solar + Wind + Biomass + Biodiesel Wind + Biomass + Coconut oil

100% coconut palm feedstock

1.1 Background information

and fauna in the island is listed in table 1.1.1

Figure 1.1. 1 Panoramic view of the St. Martins Island

Figure 1.1. 2 Coral reef at the St. Martins Island

Figure 1.1. 3 Marine turtle in the St. Martins Island

Option A B C D E Solar Yes Yes No Yes No

Figure 1.1. 4Maps showing the project location : Source : Banglapedia

2.1 Solar energy

Mar 6.4 6.9

Apr 6.4 6.0

May 5.8 5.0

June 3.5 3.0

July 3.4 3.0

Aug 3.6 3.3

Sep 4.2 4.2

Oct 4.6 5.1

Nov 4.4 5.8

Dec 4.6 6.0

Av. 4.8 5.2

2.2 Wind energy

Source: Zaman et al, 2001

2.3 Biomass energy

Figure 2.3. 1 Coconut biomass resources in the St. Martins Island

2.4 Tidal energy

Cheradia Cheradia-2 Golachipa Golachera-2 Zadir bill Konapara Uttar char

Source: Sadrul, 2004

Figure 2.4. 1 A tidal monitoring station in the St. Martins Island

CHAPTER 3 ENERGY FROM COCONUT PALM BIOMASS

3.1 The tree of life

Low 151 50 0.276 2084 1146 0.3 344 378

Medium 254 80 0.34 0.200 7004 3852 0.4 1541 1693

High 351 120 0.416 17522 9637 0.55 5300 5825

Almonds Brazil nuts, shelled

Chestnuts, 3 small fresh Coconut, fresh Coconut water 1 piece

Table 3.1. 3 Energy density of coconut palm biomass

Energy density in MJ/kg

Table 3.1.2. 1 Ingredients of copra cake

Dry matter 90.28

Crude protein 17.53

Crude fat 8.75

Crude fiber 12.19

Source : Fao-b, 1997

3.1.3 Coconut water

Mature 22 92 0.3 0.2 5 310 1.1 2

Coconut water Tender 16 97 NA NA 4.1 NA NA NA

3.1.4 Coconut milk

3.1.5 Energy from a mature coconut