Assignment Set-1 1. How computers are useful in data generation? 2. Write a note on Computer structure.

A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data, stores, processes the data according to the instructions provided by the user, and finally returns the results to the user. The computer is organized into three units as shown Input Devices: A computer would be useless without some way for you to interact with it because the machine must be able to receive your instructions and deliver the results of these instructions to you. Input devices accept instructions and data from you the user. Some popular input devices are Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, CD-ROM, joystick.

The two components at the heart of the hardware structure are: a. Main Memory b. Central processing unit (CPU) Main Memory The Main Memory is used to store data and instructions for immediate access by the CPU so that it can perform processing the data. Main Memory is also referred to as Primary Storage or Random Access Memory (RAM) .The data stored in RAM is lost forever when the power is turned off. For this reason it is very important that you save your work before turning off your computer Secondary storage devices provide permanent storage of large amounts of data. (ROM) ROM is a small area of permanent memory that provides startup instructions when the computer is turned on.The instructions in ROM are set by the manufacturer and cannot be changed by the user. The last instruction in ROM directs the computer to load the operating system.

Central Processing Unit (CPU): Sometimes referred to simply as the central processor or more commonly called processor. The CPU consist of the Arithmetic logic Unit (ALU), handling the arithmetic task and the Central unit also monitors and controls the operation of the other devices and the flow of information to and from these devices, and it performs all the necessary manipulations of the data. It is the electronic brain of your computer. In addition to processing data, it controls the function of all the other components. Output Devices: These are devices that display or return results to the user. Some of these devices include: Monitor, printers, speakers OPERATION When a computer is asked to do a job, it handles the task in a very special way. It accepts the information from the user. This is called input. It stored the information until it is ready for use. The computer has memory chips, which are designed to hold information until it is needed. It processes the information. The computer has an electronic brain called the Central Processing Unit, which is responsible for processing all data and instructions given to the computer. It then returns the processed information to the user. This is called output. 3. Convert the following from binary to decimal. 11111 10110 11001 00101 4. What is Real-time operating system (RTOS)? Real-time operating systems are operating systems typically designed to run one application very reliably and with precise timing. An RTOS performs these tasks, but is also specially designed to run applications with very precise timing and a high degree of reliability. This can be especially important in measurement and automation systems where downtime is costly Operating systems that can absolutely guarantee a maximum time for these operations are referred to as "hard real-time", while operating systems that can only guarantee a maximum most of the time are referred to as "soft real-time" Application Of Real-Time Operating System. Imagine that you are designing an airbag system for a new model of car. In this case, a small error in timing (causing the airbag to deploy too early or too late) could be catastrophic and cause injury. Therefore, a hard real-time system is needed

On the other hand, if you were to design a mobile phone that received streaming video, it may be ok to lose a small amount of data occasionally even though on average it is important to keep up with the video stream. For this application, a soft real-time operating system may suffice. Currently the best known , most widely deployed, real-time operating systems are LnyxOS, OSE, QNX, RTLinux, VxWorks, Windows CE 5. Define OS. An operating system is an interface for you to communicate with your computer The operating system enables users to manage the computer resources such as memory, hard disk, The Operating system also enables the functioning of computer peripherals such as mouse, scanner, keyboard, speakers.etc An operating system also provides a platform to run other applications to perform a specific task It prevents intrusion attempts from outside sources. Different operating systems havedifferent security 6. Explain the concepts of headers and footers. Headers and footers are typically used in documents. You can create headers and footers that include text or graphic example; page numbers, the date, a company logo, title. A header is printed in the top margin and footer is a printed in the bottom margin of documents. You can use the same header and footer throughout a document or change the header and footer for part of the document. Example you can also use different header and footer on odd and even pages for part of a document 7. Briefly explain the formatting toolbar. Font: this helps in changing the style Font Size: this helps in changing the size of the text. Bold: this helps in making the selected text look bolder than the other text. Italic: this helps to make the text in the selected block tilted or slanted Underline: this helps in getting a underline to the selected text. Align Left: this helps to left justify the content of cell which is inside the selected block. Align Center: this helps to enter Align justify: the content of cell which is inside the selected block. Aign right: this helps to right justify the content of cell which is inside the selected blok.9

Formua bar: 8. Explain common Excel function. it is a mathematical function used to add the numeric value in a range of cells.The format of the function is:= SUM(Starting cell address: Ending cell address)For example, if you want to add the content of cell C7,C8, C9 and C10 and store the result incell C11, follow the step given below. 1) Take the mouse pointer to cell addressed as C11. 2) Click the left mouse button (this is how select a cell). 3) Now type =SUM (C7:C10) and press enter 9. Discuss slide transition. Side Transition:- During the side show if you want to give different kind of transitionto the sides oow the steps given below. 1) Click on to slide show option present on the menu bar you wi get a drop down menu. 2) Click on to slide transition option you wi get a menu as shown. This menu has different options. Let us see each of these options. a) Effect: by default it is no transition. You can select different kinds of effects for transition by clicking on the arrow as shown and clicking on the required effect. The effect of your section is shown in the box of the menu immediately the effect can be made slow, medium or fast. b) Advance: this is used to move from on slide to another slide in a presentation during slide show. You can select the option on mouse click or automatically after. You can select both the option also. On mouse click: when you select this option you are required click the mouse button to advance to the next side. c) Sound: now you can apply this slide transition feature to all the slide of the presentation or the current side. You can also cancel the menu. Write a note on various Internet Service Providers. 10. An Internet service provider (ISP), also sometimes referred to as an Internetaccess provider (IAP), is a company that offers its customers access to the Internet.[1] TheISP connects to its customers using a data transmission technology appropriate for deliveringInternet Protocol packets or frames, such as dial-up, DSL, cable modem, wireless or dedicatedhighspeed interconnects.ISPs may provide Internet e-mail accounts to users which allow them to communicate with oneanother by sending and receiving electronic messages through their ISPs servers. ISPs mayprovide services such as remotely storing data files on behalf of their customers, as well asother services unique to each particular

ISP.ISPs employ a range of technologies to enable consumers to connect to their network.For users and small businesses, the most popular options include dial-up, DSL (typicallyAsymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, ADSL), broadband wireless, cable modem, fiber to thepremises (FTTH), and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rateinterface). For customers with more demanding requirements, such as medium-tolargebusinesses, or other ISPs, DSL (often SHDSL or ADSL), Ethernet, Metro Ethernet, GigabitEthernet, Frame Relay, ISDN (BRI or PRI), ATM, satellite Internet access and synchronousoptical networking (SONET) are more likely to be used.Internet connectivity options from end-user to Tier 3/2 ISPsTypical businesstype connection DSL Ethernet technologies Leased line SHDSL 10. LocalityWhen using a dial-up or ISDN connection method, the ISP cannot determine the callersphysical location to more detail than using the number transmitted using an appropriate formof Caller ID; it is entirely possible to e.g. connect to an ISP located in Mexico from the USA.Other means of connection such as cable or DSL require a fixed registered connection node,usually associated at the ISP with a physical address.ISP interconnectionJust as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs forInternet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP and/oris able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP byitself has no access to.In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used totransmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode ofinterconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a Tier 1 carrier. In reality, thesituation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may haveseparate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers ofmultiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more pointof presence.: PeeringISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internetexchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging oneanother for the data transmitteddata that would otherwise have passed through a thirdupstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP. Assignment Set-2 1. Briefly explain the classification of the computers. Classification of Computers

a. Main Frame Computers The most expensive, largest and the most quickest or speedy computer are called mainframe computers. Mainframe computers are very large, often filling an entire room. They can store enormous of information, can perform many tasks at the same time, can communicate with many users at the same time, and are very expensive. . These computers are used in large companies, factories, organizations etc. the mainframe computers are the most expensive computers. They have several hundreds of terabytes of primary storage and operate at a speed measured in nano second. Mini Computers Mini computers are smaller than mainframes, both in size and other facilities such as speed, storage capacity and other services. They are versatile that they can be fitted where ever they are needed. They have primary storage in hundred to three hundred megabytes range with direct access storage device. Minicomputers are much smaller than mainframe computers and they are also much less expensive. Micro Computers These computers are usually divided into desktop models and laptop models. They are terribly limited in what they can do when compared to the larger models discussed above because they can only be used by one person at a time. The micro computers have a wide range of applications including uses as portable computer that can be plugged into any wall. Super Computers Large scientific and research laboratories as well as the government organizations have extra ordinary demand for processing data which required tremendous processing speed, memory and other services which may not be provided with any other category to meet their needs. Therefore very large computers used are called Super Computers. These computers are extremely expensive and the speed is measured in billions of instructions per seconds.Laptop Computers The smallest computer in size has been developed. This type of small computers look like an office brief case and called "LAPTOP" computer. The laptops are also termed as "PORTABLE COMPUTERS." Due to the small size and light weight, they become popular among the computer users. The businessmen found laptop very useful, during traveling and when they are far away frm their desktop computers. A typical laptop computer has all the facilities available in microco mputer. The smallest laptops are called "PALMTOP". 2. Briefly explain the computer hardware. The computer hardware are devices and physical parts or parts of the computer that can be seen and felt. Some computer hardware parts include Central processing unit and related microchips and micro-circuitry,system unit case and driveshard, CD, DVD, floppy, optical, tape, etc...). Other extra parts called peripheral components or devices connected include mouse, printers, modems, scanners, 3. Write the truth table of OR,AND,NOT gates 4. How do you install a new printer? 5. Distinguish between compiler and interpreter. compiles the source code in a form that can be used directly by thecomputer. At run time the code is to run the

programme is already there.An interpreter reads each line of the source code and Converts it to machine code on the fly.This happens every time the programme is run. Consequently it is very slow asit is converting source code to machine code while the Programme is running 6. Briefly explain basic units of MS-Word. Title Bar:- Display the application name, file name and various window control likeminimize button, maximize button and close button.2) Menu Bar:- Different options for selection.3) Standard too bar:Displayed by default, allows to give common commands like saving thefile, opening a file, printing itc.4) Formatting toolbar:- Allows the user to give command related to formatting textdata ikebold, under line, font style, font size, color etc.5) Editing area:- Here you can type and edit the text.6) Scroll bars:- Used to scroll through different parts of current documents.7) Drawing tool bar:- This is used to draw different shapes, arrow, itc.8) Status bar:The status bar, which is a horizontal area at the bottom of the documentwindow in Microsoft word, provides informations about the current state of what you areviewing in the window and any other contextual information. To display the status bar, click onthe Tools menu then click on to option then click the view tab, and then select the status barcheck box under 7. How do you navigate worksheets? To move any cell of any open worksheet, the mouse can be used.*) To scroll through different parts of the worksheet, drag the scroll box in the scroll bars orclick on the arrow marks in the scroll bars.*) To go to different sheets in the worksheet, click on the desired sheet name in the sheet tab.*) To go to a desired cell, click inside the cell, or select Edit > go to type the desired celladdress in the Reference box and click on OK.Or*) Click on the name box, type the desired cell address and press enter. To move from onecell to another, the keyboard can also be used 8. Give the syntax of if(),sumif(),countif(). ENTER.IF():The function is used to determine whether a condition is true or false. Value one is returned ifthe condition is true and different value is returned if the condition is false.Syntax: = (condition, true action, false action)SUMIF()SUMIF is used to total a range of numeric cells based on a condition.Syntax: = SUMIF (RANGE TO CHECK, CRITERIA, RANGE TO TOTA)COUNTIF()This

function gives the count of number of cell which satisfies the condition.Syntax: =COUNTIF ([Source] Sheet1!$A$1:$A$8,"a" 9. Explain different basic parts of Power Point window. Explain different basic parts of Power Point window.Answer: Parts of the PowerPoint screen:Title bar - displays the document nameMenu bar - click on a menu option to see a list of commandsStandard toolbar - frequently used menu optionsFormatting toolbar - displays formatting commandsPlaceholder - click or double-click to add an element to a slideOutline view button displays document in outline formSlide view button - displays slides one at a timeSlide Sorter view button - displays all slides in a single screenSlide show button - displays slide showDrawing toolbar - displays drawing toolsStatus bar - shows the current page number and position of the insertion point in thedocumentOffice Assistant - quick help when you need it. 10. Explain different types of media with examples. communication. For example,television, radio, and the newspaper are different types of media. The term can also be usedas a collective noun for the press or news reporting agencies. In the computer world, "media"is also used as a collective noun, but refers to different types of data storage options.Different Types of Media are ..-Advertising media, various media, content, buying and placement for advertising Electronicmedia, communications delivered via electronic or electromechanical energy Digital media,electronic media used to store, transmit, and receive digitized information Electronic BusinessMedia, digital media for electronic business Hypermedia, media with hyperlinks Multimedia,communications that incorporate multiple forms of information content and processing Printmedia, communications delivered via paper or canvas Published media, any media madeavailable to the public Mass media, all means of mass communication Broadcast media,communications delivered over mass electronic communication networks News media, massmedia focused on communicating news News media (United States), the news media of theUnited States of America New media, media that can only be created or used with the aid ofmodern computer processing power Recording media, devices used to store informationSocial media, media disseminated through social interaction.