THE ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT

TRANSTIVITY, MOOD, AND THEME

BY:

AHMAD DARMAWAN

0704766

CLASS DEPAG C

ENGLISH EDUCATION
GRADUATE SCHOOL PROGRAM
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
BANDUNG
2008
 AHMAD DARMAWAN
0704766
CLASS DEPAG C
FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

THE ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT

A. TEXT

Insomnia

Insomnia is the perception or complaint of inadequate or poor-quality

sleep because of difficulty falling asleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, or waking
too early in the morning. These result in the feeling that sleep is not restorative
and often are associated with impaired function during the day.
Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder in the United States. About
one-third of the adult population has experienced it at some time and
approximately 10% have a persistent problem. Insomnia can be classified in
terms of its duration: transient, short-term, and chronic. Transient and short-
term insomnia are caused by similar factors, but short-term insomnia usually
requires a greater disturbance. Transient insomnia can be described as lasting
from one night to a few weeks and is usually caused by events that alter your
normal sleep pattern, such as traveling or sleeping in an unusual environment
(e.g., a hotel). Short-term insomnia lasts about two to three weeks and is usually
attributed to emotional factors such as worry or stress. Chronic insomnia occurs
most nights and lasts a month or more.

Taken from; http://www.emedicinehealth.com/insomnia/page10_em.htm 22/5/2008

The analysis of the text by Ahmad Darmawan 2

B. ANALYSIS OF The TEXT :
The text can be analyzed detail for each clause as follows:
1 Insomnia is the perception or complaint of inadequate or poor-quality
sleep
token Pr:intnsiv Value…
subject finite Complement
Mood Residue
theme Rheme….

because difficulty falling asleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, or waking too early
of in the morning
… value
… complement
… residue
… rheme

2 These result in the feeling that [[sleep Is not Restorative]]b

a Circ.loc token Pr:intnsv value
b Adj:circmtc subject finite complement
residue mood residue
text top theme Rheme
theme rheme

3 And often (…) are associated with impaired during the

function day.
Pr: intensive Circ.accompaniment Circ.time
Adj;con Adj:mood goal finite predctv
j
mood residue
theme rheme

4 insomnia is the most common sleep in the United States.

disorder
carrier Pr:intensv attribute Circ.loc
subject finite complement
mood residue
theme rheme

5 About one-third of the has experienced it at some time

adult population
actor Pr: matirial goal Circ. Extend
subject finite predicator comp Adjunt:circ
mood Residue
Text top
rheme
theme

The analysis of the text by Ahmad Darmawan 3

6 about approximately 10% have a persistent problem.
Carrier/possessor Pr: possession Attribute;possessive
subject finite predictr Complement
mood residue
text topical
rheme
theme

7 insomnia can be classified In terms of its duration: transient, short-term,

and chronic.
goal Pr: mat Circ, loc
subject finite predctr Adjunct:circ Complmnt
mood residue
theme rheme

8 Transient and short-term insomnia are caused by similar factors,

token Pr:circumstntial value
subject finite predictr Adj:circm
mood Residue
theme rheme

9 but short-term usually requires a greater disturbance.

insomnia
actor Pr:mat Goal
Adj:con Subject: finite Adj:mood predctr Complemt
j
mood Residue
theme rheme

10 Transient insomnia can be described as lasting from one night to a few

weeks
goal Pr: mat Circ. role Circ.extend
subject finite predicatr Adj:circ Adj: circ
mood Residue
theme rheme

11 and (…) Is usually caused by events

token Pr; value
circumstantial
Adj:con finite Adj:mood predctr Adj:circ
j
mood Residue
theme rheme

12 that alter your normal sleep pattern,

actor Pr: mat Goal

The analysis of the text by Ahmad Darmawan 4

 subject finite predctr Complmnt
mood Residue
theme rheme
13 Such as traveling or sleeping in an unusual environment, (e.g., a hotel).
Pr; mat Circ.loc Circ.loc
subject complement
mood residue
theme rheme

14 Short-term lasts about two to three weeks

insomnia
carrier Pr: circmttl attribute
Subject: finite predictr Adj: circ
mood Residue
theme rheme

15 and (…) is usually attributed to emotional such as worry or

factors stress
goal Pr: mat Circ.loc
Adj:con finite Adj:mood predctr Adj: circ
j
mood Residue
theme rheme

16 Chronic insomnia occurs Most nights

actor Pr; Mat Circ. Extend
subject finite prdctr Adj: circ
mood Residue
theme rheme

17 and (…) last a month or more.

carrier Pr; circttal attribute
Adj:con finite prdctr Adj:circ
j
mood Residue
theme rheme

The analysis of the text by Ahmad Darmawan 5

C. PROCESS TYPES:
The type of the process in transtivity analysis of the text can be shown in the
following table:
Table 1. Process type in transtivity
Process type identificatio description total
n
Material - 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16
Sub total - 8 8
Mental - -
Sub total - -
Verbal - -
Sub total - -
Relational intensive 1, 2b, 3 4

Circumstance, 8, 14, 11, 17

Cause -
Posses 6
Subtotal 3 6 9
Behavior - -
Subtotal - -
Existence - -
Subtotal - -
total 3 14 17

The analysis of the text by Ahmad Darmawan 6

D. INTERPRETATION
Interpretation of analysis of the text can be categories into some
significant parts; (1) The schematic structure, organization and purpose of the
text, (2) Grammatical analysis of element in the text, and (3) summary.
1. The schematic structure, organization and purpose of the text.
The text , which has the title that is called Insomnia, is the example of
descriptive text. Collerson (1989) points that “Description is another of
the factual genres and involve describing something in specific term”. It
includes popular written genre, since it is taken from internet article. As
Eggin (1994) states that popular written genres can be in forms;
instructional manual, news paper articles, magazine reports, and recipes.
The purpose of this kind of genre is to describe something. In this case,
the writer attempted to describe the Insomnia.
The text has three important elements of a descriptive text as follows:
 Title, which labels the name of the topic to be informed
 Identification, which introduce the definition of Insomnia
 Description, which describe and classify the Insomnia detail
2. Grammatical analysis of element in the text
a. Title
It labels the name of the topic to be informed. This stage
obviously functions to differentitate a text from each other. It shows the
main topic that will be explained. The title of this kind of text is
Insomnia. As Eggins (1994) says that “ this stage is realized by what we
call a nominal goup or noun phrase ( a group of words where the main
word is a noun), not by a complete clause or sentence”.
b. Identification.
It functions to introduce the definition of a topic. In this case, the
writer attempted to define Insomnia. Since it is considered as medical

The analysis of the text by Ahmad Darmawan 7

 terms that is difficult to comprehend by common people. The writer also
tried to make the reader understand about the symtoms.
After that, the both sentences can be included into declarative
types. Borjars and Burridge (2001) point that “declaratives are usually
used to make a statement. Statement is roughly to tell the hearer or the
reader about something”. And then, both sentences in written in simple
present. It can be noted that those are fact in the past and the future. As
Azar (1993) explains that “ simple present says that something was true
in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future. It is used
for general statement of fact”.
The first statement is begin with a token (that which stands for
what is being defined) and followed by a value ( that which defines).
Halliday (1985) points out that semantically, the token will be a sign,
name of a value which gives the meaning or functions. While identifying
intensive verb is be. Then, both token and value are realized by nominal
groups. (Eggin: 1994). There are three processes of intensive or relational
process as characterictics of descriptive text in the beginning. Those are;
Insomnia is the perception …, sleep is not restorative..., and are associated with
impaired…. Token here become identified, and value as identifier.
Halliday (1994) says that “these functions are then conflated with those
of Identified and Identifier; and the conflation can go either way. Either
the Token or the Value can serve as identifying element (identifier)”. In
the next, the only process of possession occurs in the text. That is; and
approximately 10% have a persistent problem. Then, in this stage, there is no
verbal process. it means that the text is not conversational text, and no
other opinion is taken as reference. More over, there is no process of
material either. It means that no process of doing something. Martin,
et.al. (1997) write that “ material clauses construe doing and happening”.
Next, there is no process of behavioral either or mental process. It can be
assummed that no kind of sense or feeling to describe something.

The analysis of the text by Ahmad Darmawan 8

 Halliday (1994) calls process which encode meanings of thinking or
feeling as mental process. In addition, there is no process of existential. It
can be understood that no word there in these stage. Halliday (1994)
adds that existential processes represents that something exists or
happens. As shown in table.1. There is circumstance in this stage to give
more explanation. Such as; during the day as circumstance extent.
Furthermore, in identification stage, there are only two sentences
that can be divided into three clauses. The word Insomnia starts the
sentences as the token. While in the second sentence, these result as the
token, and sleep takes part as token to close the first stage. Based on this,
it can be comprehended that this kind of genre is using multiple theme
patterns in the thematic progressive of the text. Since the themes of the
text have different words or nouns. Next, in giving definition, there is
cause and effect pattern, in which the word because of is included there.

c. Description.
In description stage, it has function to describe the Insomnia
detail. In line with identification stage, description stage is also written in
simple present that shows the fact. Both stage has coherence since the
sentence in description stage is also begun with the same word Insomnia.
In addition, there are one processes of intensive as characterictics
of descriptive text in the beginning of the stage. That is; Insomnia is the
most common …. After that, process of circumstantial occurs in four
clauses as follows; Transient and Short-Term Insomnia are caused by …, and
is usually caused by events, Short-term insomnia lasts about…, and lasts a
month or more. More over, there are eight processes of material. Those
are;… population has experienced it…, Insomnia can be classified in…, …
Insomnia usually requires a greater…, Transient insomnia can be described as
…, that alter your normal…, traveling or sleeping in an …, … and is usually
attributed to emotional…,Chronic Insomnia occurs most…. It means that

The analysis of the text by Ahmad Darmawan 9

 there are process of doing something. Eggins (1994) points that
“processes of doing are what we call material processes. The basic
meaning of material process is that some entity does something,
undertake some action”. Then, in this description stage, there is no
verbal process. It means that the text is not conversational text, and no
other opinion is taken as reference. It is only based on the writer’s believe
or opinion. In other word, the text is arranged on one single opinion
about factuality. Next, there is no process of behavioral nor mental. It can
be assummed that no kind of sense or feeling to describe something.
Martin, et.al. (1997) notes that “ mental clauses construe a person
involved in conscious processing, including processes of preception,
cognition, and affection”. He adds that behavioural clauses contrue
(human) behaviour, including mental and verbal behaviour, as an active
versionof verbal and mental proceses. In addition, there is no process of
existential. It can be understood that no word there in these stage.
In deeper discussion, this stage uses several circumstances in
order to complete the clause and to elaborate the idea. Such as;… in the
United States, …at some time, …in terms of its duration, …from one
night to a few weeks, …in an unusual environment, a hotel. Halliday
(1985) notes that “the principle types of circumstantial element in English
are as follows: Extent and location in time and space, including abstract
space: manner (means, quality and comparison); cause (reason, purpose
and behalf); accompaniment; matter; role”.
The stage uses varying type of theme, textual and topical. It starts
with topical theme only Insomnia. Then followed by, textual and topical
theme in the second clause, About one-third of the adult population. In
the third clause also has textual and topical theme, approximately 10%.
Especially in topical theme, there is no marked theme in the text. All of
topical themes are unmarked theme.

The analysis of the text by Ahmad Darmawan 10

 In further, these stage of the text includes five sentences in passive
voice. Azar (1993) states that “ the passive is most frequently used when
it is not known or not important to know exactly who perform the
action”. Additonally, in the text also provides the classification of
insomnia. Basicly, it includes the good definition text and has its own
unique. Kreuzer (1966) writes that “definition is a fairly formularized
process. in order to define a term, it is necessary to plane it in its proper
category (genus) and then delinate it from other members of that
category by giving its unique qualities or characteristics (differentae)”.
Other authors (team: 1985) adds that in making a difinition, we nomally
give three important parts. Those are:
a. The specific concept being defined
b. The class to which the specific concept belongs
c. The specific characteristics of the concept which make it different
other members of the same class.

3. Summarry of analysis of text

Based on the analysis above, it can be conclude that text 1 consists of 17

clauses. It is descriptive text. It is not report text. Since it is describing
something. It can be known from the table above that there are nine
processes of intensitive. The descriptive text can be divided into two
generic structure; that are identification and description. More over, it is
considered as the easy text to be written. Then, the text is usually written
by a junior writer, since there are so many processes of intensitive while
there is eight processes of mental, and no process of verbal, behavior,
and existential. Next, the thematic progressive of the text includes
multiple theme patterns. Since the themes of the text have different
words or nouns.

E. REFERENCE:

The analysis of the text by Ahmad Darmawan 11

Azar, Betty Schrampfer. (1993). Understanding and Using English Grammar.
Jakarta; Binarupa Aksara and Prentice Hall. 2nd edition.

Borjars, Kersti and Kate Burridge (2001). Introducing English Grammar. New
York. Oxford University Press.

Collerson, John. (1989). Writing for Life. Maryborough; Australian Print Group.

Eggins, S. (1994). An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London;

Pinter Publisher.

Halliday, M.A.K.(1985). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London; Edward

Arnold

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/insomnia/page10_em.htm 22/5/2008

Kreuzer, James R, et.al. (1966). Studies in the Prose Writing. New York; Rinehart
& winston.Inc. Alternate Edition.

Martin, et. al..(1997). Working with Funtional Grammar. London; Arnold.

Team. (1985). Reading and Thinking in English. Discovery Discourse. London.

Oxford University Press. Teacher edition.

The analysis of the text by Ahmad Darmawan 12