Effluent treatme nt plant

Introduction

Textile is a major source of income and of great importance

for Bangladesh seconomy. At the same time textile processing

has major environment al impact.A large proportion of the

environmen tal issues are related to the use anddischarg e of water.

Textile manufacturi ng is among the major industrial water users.

To produce one kg of textile fabrication about 200 liters of

water is used.A lot of chemicals are added to the process for

cleaning and dyeing purposes.O bviously the wastewater effluent

from this unit contains considerable amountsof hazardous

pollutants, and where heavy metals are very common.

InBanglades h most of the effluent from the textile industry is

discharged untreatedint o rivers. Today 20% of available river water

in Bangladesh is polluted bytextile waste water Water

treatment is a very important step to change these

conditions and toachieve a sustainable situation. Bangladesh

s government has an awareness of this and limits for

water effluent quality exist. Unfortunatel y, this

regulation isnot closely supervised and a lot of places do not follow

the regulation. Properties of effluent before processing.

1.

Impart color to water bodies even if present in

small quantity
2.

Not harmful but undesirable

for aesthetic reason

3.

Reduces light penetration

and photosynthe sis

4.

Carcinogeni c or mutagenic
5.

Azo dyes are more

toxic as they affect microbes thereby affecting bi ological

degradation treatment.
6.

Dyes increases BOD of

effluent thereby affecting aquatic life.

7.

Salts of chromium and aluminum & iron as

mordents in dyes
8.

Toxic to fish & microbial organisms

9.

The discharge of heavy metals into

aquatic ecosystems
10.

Increase in alkalinity of water

11.

The turbidity and color along with oil and

scum create an unsightlyap pearance. T he mineral materials,

mostly sodium salts increase salinity of the water.

Effluents Character Wastewater discharged from a textile wet

processing plant contains varioustype s of impurities

depending on the type of dyes, chemicals, auxiliaries and process

used. Some of these impurities are considered toxic while

some are not.Off course the toxicity or harmfulness also

depends on the amount present in acertain amount of wastewater.

Various countries have different standards for accepta

ble level of toxicity for various purposes. Different types of

water applic ation also require different level of acceptable

toxicity. For example water is used for drinking purposes,

irrigation in the fields, in various types of textile,chem ical, food

processing, leather processing and pharmaceut ical

industries,a nd also to maintain the aquatic life in the canals and

rivers. In all these casesdiffere nt level of purity in terms of

toxicity and harmfulness is required. This ismainly intended for

wastewater generated in the various textile wet processingi

ndustries. Therefore, the present discussion will mainly be

concentrate d onwastewat er generated in various

types textileprocessing industries. Table 1shows the

acceptable level of various parameters of wastewater

generated fromtextile wet processing industry. This is

Bangladesh Standard. The level of toxicity was considered

for water intended to be discharged into river or canals.The

wastewater generated in a textile wet processing industry can

be recycled ba ck for consumptio n in the plant or

even can be used for drinking purposes bu t this is expensive

enough. So wastewater is generally discharged into theriver or canals.

Table 2.1: Characteristi cs of wastewater to be discharged

into the environment .(Stipulated by the Dept. of Environment

, Government of Bangladesh) Parameter Limit

P H 6 9 B O D < 5 0 P P M

o m C 2 P o

r g / L O D < 0 0 P M r

m T 1 P o m

g S 0 P r g

/ L S < 0 M / L

T D S < 2 , 5 0 0 P P M o r m g / L O I L &

G R E A S E < 1 0 P P M o r m g / L C O L O U R C L

E A N T E M P E R A T U R E < 3 0
0

CThe typical characteristi c of wastewater generated in a textile

wet possessing plant is given in table 2.2. Parameters

have been referenced about a range rather than a particular

value of the parameters. This is because the characteristi cs of textile

wastewater for a factory are not always same which may be due

to thevariation of raw materials, dyes, chemicals

and process. For example a factorysome time process

100% cotton and sometime process 50/50 cotton &

polyester bl end or even 100% polyester. The three different

cases will require twodifferent dyes and chemicals of varying

quantity. For white goods no dyes areused at all, in that

case too the effluent characteristi cs will be different from thatof

dyeing effluent. For woven (sized) fabrics the effluent

characteristi cs will bedifferent from that of knit fabrics. The values

shown in table 2 are not actualteste d values of a particular

industry rather they are average of variousantic ipated wet

processing pollution characteristi cs. The values are assumed

onthe basis of experience about the contaminan ts present

in a textile wet processi ng industry.Tab le 2: Characterist

ics of wastewater of a typical textile wet processingi ndustry.

ETP
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Bottom of Form Download this Document for Free rod which is then followed by the second filter made of the same materialhaving a hole of 4 square centimeter and the last but not the list is a filter madeof stainless still having five holes per square centimeter.

Picture: The screening chamberCross-sectional view of sceenCollection/Equalization Tank: Here collection tank is nothing but the proper mixing of effluents of differenttypes. Its a rectangular tank of 20 m diameter and 2.5 meter surface water depth. So the volume effluent carrying is 800.75 cubic meter. Effluent is treatedhere for 10 hour 40 minutes. Here effluent without suspended solid and oil ismixed with air by means blower. Air is filtered first and then blows air at 1260 m 3 per hour. 585 diffusers are used to supply air to the effluent for treatment.Here dissolved oxygen of water is increased by the air. The dissolved oxygensquantity is increasing to meet the Chemical oxygen demand by the effluent. 3 blowers are used to blow air for 16 hours continuously. And each blower iskeeping working off for 8 hours. So 2 blowers of 50 kw/ hr are blowing air tot h e c o l l e c t i o n t a n k . A f t e r m i x i n g p r o p e r l y e f f l u e n t i s a l l o w e d t o p u m p t o reaction tank.

Reaction tank: Effluent from the collection tank is directly passes to reaction tank for treatingwith chemicals used in physico-chemical process. In reaction tank the mainchemistry of physico-chemical method for effluent treating is involved. It bearsmaximum maintenance cost for the treatment. This is a highlighted demerit for this method. Picture: reaction tank (left) & X-section of reaction tank Primary clarifier:

Primary clarifier is used to sediment sludge and discharge clear water withoutcolor. As we discussed above that coagulation and flocculation removed all polis used to sediment sludge and discharge clear water without color. As wediscussed above that coagulation and flocculation removed the toxic elementsfrom here the crystal clear water is formed but it is alkaline. Here 2 chambersare used as primary clarifier. Each chamber is allowed to keep 105.625 cubicmeter of effluent. And effluents treatment duration is about 2 hour 49 minutes. Equalization tank

Picture: X-section of primary clarifier and the surface primary clarifier. This chambers bottom is sloped down around 45 degree to sediment sludgeeasily. Effluents from reaction tanks are directly pass to this tank. Here sludgesediment at bottom and the clear effluent pass out by means of over flow. Later a s i g n i f i c a n t a m o u n t o f s l u d g e i s p u m p e d o u t t o t h e s l u d g e t a n k . H e r e t h e delivery effluent is alkaline and a fewer hot than the atmospheric temperature.The over flowed effluent is directly pass to the aeration chamber. Aeration tank: In aeration tank basically aeration is occurred by means atmospheric air. Air from atmosphere is firstly filtered then blower sucks them and flows air to theaeration tank through 860 diffusers. There are three blowers are used to performtheir function. Every blower is running for 16 hours in the set of two. And every blower pauses blowing for 8 hours every day. Usually two blowers are runningall the time to blow 1500 cubic meter of fresh air per hour. 860 diffusers areuniformly distributed around the 470 sq meter area.

Picture: blowers for aeration. Picture: aeration system totank Diffusers are kept at bottom of the tank floor. Blower takes air from atmosphereand then it passes though pipe to the diffusers. Then diffusers supply air as wellas oxygen to the effluent. These blowers possesses the 25% cost of the plan.Blowers are highly stronger than the normal. These blowers are micro chipped program with the reader JUMO GMBH (it is a dissolve oxygen reader). Whenthe dissolved oxygen comes up to 7.6 mg/L then the inverter of blowers motor worked to reduce rpm of blower.These are the description of plan for aeration tank. Now the question how doesthe function of air? This aeration does nothing but increase the quantity of dissolve oxygen. 4700cubic meter effluent is treated here for 47 hours, its ahuge time. During this time oxidative chemicals are liked to fill up their oxygendemand from the water. Thats why increasing amount of dissolved oxygen isr e q u i r e d t o m e e t t h e demand. Without this the aquatic life in this tank i e , bacteria demands oxygen which is also filled up by this dissolved oxygen.T h e s e a r e a l l a b o u t a i r , a t a e r a t i o n t a n k . D u r i n g a e r a t i o n b a c t e r i a i s a l s o involved to degrade effluents. Next chemical reactions will describe better.. Secondary clarifier:

Picture: Secondary clarifier In aeration chamber acid is given to neutralize t h e s o l u t i o n w i t h s t i r r i n g . Though manufacturer suggests using a scrapper but the authority does not asthey dont need to use it. Without stirring relatively a few hot effluents is become cool naturally. Aeration tank has an open area around 490.625 sq. meter and its volume for effluent capacity is 2060.625 cubic meter. Effluent is treatedhere for 23 hour which is a huge time. So temperature is naturally fall downeasily.The inlet pH of the effluent is 11.8. to neutralize its alkalinity around 7 liters of 3 3 % c o n c e n t r a t e d hydrochloric acid per cubic meter is used. A f t e r neutralization its pH comes down to 7.16.If any sludge remains in the effluent they are allowed to sediment again in thesecondary clarifier. From aeration tank neutralized effluent is entered to thesecondary clarifier. 212 cubic meters this is kept here for 2 hour 52 minutes. Itstime is sufficient enough to sediment sludge. The ground of secondary sludge issloped down around 15 degree. Here treated effluent is also passing by means of over flowing. From here

treated effluent is directly discharged to the cannel.S l u d g e f r o m h e r e i s a l s o p a s s e s t o s l u d g e t a n k b y m e a n s o f p u m p i n g arrangement. Filtration: In filters, such as Pressure Sand Filter (PSF), the filtered wastewater has to be regularly checked for quality (such as total suspended solids,trace elements, and residual chlorine) so that backwashing can be affected at theright time. Since regular sampling and analysis may not be possible in a largetreatment facility, backwashing is automated with regular time intervals whenthe filtration flow is expected to decrease to a certain level. The chosen timeinterval for backwash operation is normally fixed arbitrarily based on theexperience and expertise of the plant operator. Choosing an arbitrary backwashinterval may not be a perfect decision. It is possible that the planned timeinterval for backwash operation may either be longer or, shorter than it isactually necessary in most of the cases as the feed quality and the condition of the treatment unit changes continuously. If frequent backwash is carried out, itm a y i n c r e a s e t h e d o w n t i m e a n d r e d u c e o v e r a l l t r e a t m e n t c a p a c i t y . S i n c e backwash operation is normally conducted with water recovered from thereverse osmosis system down the line, frequent backwash can also result inoverall decrease in the output of reusable water. Instead, if the backwash isdelayed, it may reduce the operating capacity and filter efficiency. Thus, it isv i t a l t o o p t i m i z e t h e filters for better performance to increase o p e r a t i n g efficiency and reduce the maintenance cost. ETP

Download this Document for FreePrintMobileCollectionsReport Document This is a private document. Info and Rating torsha fahad Share & Embed Related Documents PreviousNext 1.

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