HUMAN OUTPUT

Organizati on Systems Level Group Level

Human Resources Policies & Practices Organization structure and design Organizational culture

Communication Group decision making Group structure Conflict

Work teams Power and politics Leadership and trust

Individual Level

Biographical Characteristics Personality and Emotions Values and Attitudes Abilities

Perception Motivation Individual learning Individual decision making

Communication Biographi cal Characteris tics

Personality and Emotio ns Chan ge an d Stress

Perception

Values and Attitud es

Motivation

Indivi

dual Decisio

n M Individual Learning

aking

Huma n Inpu t

Abilit y

 Decisions:

among two or more alternatives.

Problem:

The choices made from

A discrepancy between some current state of affairs and some desired state.

A decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome.
Rational: making consistent, value-

maximizing choices within specified constraints.

Define the problem. Identify the decision criteria. Allocate weights to the criteria. Develop the alternatives. Evaluate the alternatives.

 Problem

clarity Known options Clear preferences Constant preferences Not time or cost constraints Maximum pay-off

 Creativity:

novel and useful ideas.

Three

the ability to produce

Component Model of Creativity: The proposition that individual creativity requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and intrinsic task motivation.

Experti se

CREATIVITY

Task Motivatio n

Creativity Skills

 Bounded

Rationality Common Biases and Errors Intuition Individual Differences Organizational Constraints Cultural Differences

 Bounded

Rationality: Making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.

 Overconfidence

Bias Anchoring Bias: a tendency to fixate on initial information, from which we then fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information. Confirmation Bias: the tendency to seek out

information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgments.

 Availability

people to base their judgments on information that is readily available to them. Representative Bias: assessing the likelihood of an occurrence by inappropriately considering the current situation as

Bias: the tendency for

identical to ones in the past.

 Escalation

increased commitment to a previous decision in spite of negative information. Randomness Error: the tendency of individuals to believe that they can predict the outcome of random events. Winners Curse: a decision-making

of Commitment: an

dictum that argues that the winning participants in an auction typically pay too much for the winning item.

 Hindsight

to believe falsely that wed have accurately predicted the outcome of an event, after that outcome is actually known.

Bias: The tendency for us

 Focus Look

on Goals

for information that disconfirms your beliefs.

Dont

try to create meaning out of random events.

 Increase

your options.

An unconscious process created out of distilled experience.

 Personality:

Conscientiousness and selfesteem play a role in decision making.

Gender:

Evidence indicates that women analyze decisions more than men do, ruminating (reflecting at length) and overthinking about problems before making a decision,

and rehashing the decision even after it has been made.

 Performance

Evaluation Reward Systems Formal Regulations (Programming Decisions) System-Imposed Time Constraints Historical Precedents

 Utilitarian Rights Justice

View

View (Bill of Rights) View

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