SQL Structured Query Language Data Definition Language (DDL) 1. Create 2. Alter 3. Drop 4. Truncate 5.

. Rename To create a Table Ex: Create Table cig_emp(empno number,name varchar2(25),doj date,job varchar2(25),sal number,deptno number); To View the Structure of the Table. SQL>Describe cig_emp; Or SQL>Desc cig_emp; To Alter the Table Structure? SQL> Alter Table Cig_Emp modify(job varchar2(20)); Note: To resize the column width of Job To add one more column in the existing table. SQL> Alter Table Cig_emp Add(Blood_Group varchar2(10)); To Delete the unwanted Column. SQL> Alter Table Cig_emp Drop(Blood_Group); To Rename the Column Name SQL> ALter Table Dept1 Rename column Deptno To Dno; To Delete the Table. SQL>Drop Table CIG_EMP; To remove the data from the table. SQL> Truncate Table CIG_Emp; To rename the Table Name SQL>Rename CIG_EMP To CIG_EMP1; 2. Data Manipulation Language INSERT UPDATE DELETE

MERGE Ex: SQL>Insert into CIG_EMP Values(1000, Raghu, 02-Apr-2008, Tech_Consult, 20000, 40); For Continuous Input SQL> insert into cig_emp values(&empno,'&name','&doj','&job',&sal,&dno); Note: Use / For insert in desired field only SQL > Insert into CIG_EMP(empno,name) Values (100,Seenu); For insert all rows to a new table Sql> Insert into Dept1 ( Select * from dept ) 5 rows created. Data Retrieval - Select To View the Data SQL> Select * From CIG_EMP; To view Selected Columns SQL> Select Empno, Name from CIG_EMP; How to view the Desired Record? To view the Record of Raghu SQL> select * from CIg_EMP Where empno=1001; or SQL> select * from CIg_EMP Where name='Raghu'; To view the records of name starts with r? SQL> select * from cig_emp where name like 'r%'; Note: % - For Multicharacters. _ For Single Character. SQL> select * from cig_emp where name like '_a%'; To view the records Last character as r? SQL> select * from cig_emp where name like '%r'; To view the records : empno >=1002 SQL> select * from cig_emp where empno>=1002; Using In to extract Data? SQL> select * from cig_emp where empno in (1000,1003); SQL> select * from cig_emp where name in ('Raghu','raja');

Using AND SQL> Select * from emp where job='CLERK' AND SAL > 1000; SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL >=1000 AND SAL <=2000; Using OR SQL> select * from emp where job = 'CLERK' OR job = 'MANAGER'; SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB IN ('MANAGER','CLERK'); Between and SQL> select * from emp where sal between 1000 and 2000; Not (except 1000 to 2000) SQL> select * from emp where sal not between 1000 and 2000; SQL> select * from emp where not job='MANAGER'; SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB NOT IN ('MANAGER','CLERK'); SQL> Select name from trial where name like '%\_%' ESCAPE '\'; NAME -------------------st_thomas sri_ramajayam lathika_saran abi_nayaa a_rvinthan Note: Search for special characters : By using ESCAPE

24.09.2008 To Insert Data in particular fields. SQL> Insert into cig_emp (Empno,Name) values(2000,'Vignesh'); Update : To made Changes in Existing Records. Ex: SQL> Update Cig_Emp1 Set DOJ='02-May-2008' where empno=2000; Note: Update in a Single Field. SQL> Update Cig_Emp1 Set Job='DBA',sal=5000,deptno=30 where name='Vignesh'; Note: To update in multiple Fields. SQL> Update CIG_EMP1 set sal=sal*1.20; Note: To increase 20% of sal to all employees.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

CONSTRAINTS NOT NULL UNIQUE CHECK PRIMARY KEY (UNIQUE + NOT NULL) FOREIGN KEY

To create the table with Primary Key & Not Null SQL> CREATE TABLE CIG_EMP2(ENO NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,NAME VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL,DEPTNO NUMBER,SAL NUMBER); Note: We cant enter duplicate values in ENO & with out leaving the NAME Field. How to set Default Value. SQL> CREATE TABLE CIG_EMP2(ENO NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,NAME VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL,DOJ DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE,DEPTNO NUMBER); Ex: SQL> INSERT INTO CIG_EMP2(ENO,NAME,DEPTNO) VALUES (&ENO,'&NAME',&DNO); Or SQL> INSERT INTO CIG_EMP2 (ENO,NAME,DEPTNO) VALUES (1000,'ASHOK',40); SQL> Insert into CIG_EMP2 values (1004,'Raghu','02-May-2008',40); Note: If we give value then take that value otherwise take the default value. CHECK SQL> Create table cig_emp3 (eno number primary key,name varchar2(30) not null,deptno number check(deptno<50)); Note: Allows deptno is less than 50 How to Add Not Null in existing Column? SQL> Alter table cig modify(name varchar2(20) NOT NULL); How To add constraint? SQL> Alter table cig add constraint cons1 PRIMARY KEY(no); Add Primary Key for Column Sets SQL>CREATE TABLE TR_TAB1(ID NUMBER,NAME VARCHAR2(20),SAL NUMBER, CONSTRAINT TR_CONS PRIMARY KEY(ID,NAME)) Note: If we create as like above then it check for 2 columns not a single column.

Ex: SQL> select * from tr_tab1; ID NAME SAL ---------- -------------------- ---------1000 Saran 2500 1000 Seenu 2500 2000 Seenu 2500 How to Handle More than one Table? 1. List EmpNo, Name, DepartmentNo, Department Name,JOB SQL> select cig_emp2.eno,cig_emp2.name,cig_emp2.deptno,cig_dept.dname from cig_emp2,cig_dept where cig_emp2.deptno = cig_dept.deptno; By using ALIAS Name to the Table SQL> Select e.eno,e.name,d.dname from cig_emp2 e,cig_dept d where e.deptno=d.deptno; Sorting SQL> select * from cig_emp2 order by name; Note: In Default : Ascending Descending SQL> select * from cig_emp2 order by name desc;

Functions
Single Row Function General functions: NVL NVL2 NULLIF COALESCE CASE DECODE
Function Description NVL Converts a null value to an actual value NVL2 If expr1 is not null, NVL2 returns expr2. If expr1 is null, NVL2 returns The argument expr1can have any data type. Compares two expressions and returns null if they are equal, or the first expression if they are not equal Returns the first non-null expression in the expression list expr3.

NULLIF

COALESCE

Ex: NVL SQL> select empno,ename,nvl(comm,100) from emp; Note: Substitute the value 100 for null value. SQL> select ename,sal*nvl(comm,1) from emp; SQL> select empno,ename,nvl(hiredate,sysdate) from emp; Note: Show system date for null of hiredate SQL> select empno,nvl(ename,'Prasanth') from emp; NVL2 SQL> Select empno,ename,comm,nvl2(comm,'YES','NO') "Commision Status" from emp;
Ex: EMPNO ENAME COMM ---------- ---------- ---------- --7369 SMITH 7499 ALLEN 300 7521 WARD 500 7566 JONES Com NO YES YES NO

NULLIF
Syntax NULLIF (expr1, expr2) In the syntax: expr1 is the source value compared to expr2 expr2 is the source value compared with expr1. (If it is not equal to expr1, expr1 is returned.) Note: The NULLIF function is logically equivalent to the following CASE expression. The CASE expression is discussed in a subsequent page: CASE WHEN expr1 = expr 2 THEN NULL ELSE expr1 END Ex: SQL> select ename,job,NULLIF(EMPNO,MGR) "NULLIF" FROM EMP; ENAME ---------SMITH ALLEN WARD JONES XX the Saran ASHOK JOB NULLIF --------- ---------CLERK 7369 SALESMAN 7499 SALESMAN 7521 MANAGER 7566 Sales 1321 manager 1121 100 TECH

The COALESCE Function The COALESCE function returns the first non-null expression in the list.

Syntax COALESCE (expr1, expr2, ... exprn) In the syntax: expr1 returns this expression if it is not null expr2 returns this expression if the first expression is null and this expression is not null exprn returns this expression if the preceding expressions are null SQL> Select ename,coalesce(comm,sal,1000) "COALESCE" From emp; ENAME COALESCE ---------- ---------SMITH 800 ALLEN 300 WARD 500 JONES 2975 MARTIN 1400 the 5000 Saran 1000 ASHOK 25

Conditional Expressions Provide the use of IF-THEN-ELSE logic within a

SQL statement Use two methods:
CASE expression DECODE function
SQL> Select ename,job,sal "Current Salary", CASE JOB When 'CLERK' THEN 1.10 * SAL 2 When 'SALESMAN' Then 1.15 * sal 3 When 'MANAGER' Then 1.20 * Sal 4 ELSE 5 Sal 6 End "Revised Salary" From Emp; ENAME ---------SMITH ALLEN WARD JONES MARTIN BLAKE kannan JOB Current Salary Revised Salary --------- -------------- -------------CLERK 800 880 SALESMAN 1600 1840 SALESMAN 1250 1437.5 MANAGER 2975 3570 SALESMAN 1250 1437.5 MANAGER 2850 3420 SALESMAN 850 977.5

SCOTT

ANALYST

300

300

SQL> Select Ename,Job,Sal "Current Salary", DECODE(Job, 'CLERK', 1.10 * Sal, 'SALESMAN',1.15 * Sal, 'MANAGER', 1.20 * Sal, sal) "Revised Sal" From Emp; ENAME ---------SMITH ALLEN WARD JONES MARTIN BLAKE JOB Current Salary Revised Sal --------- -------------- ----------CLERK 800 880 SALESMAN 1600 1840 SALESMAN 1250 1437.5 MANAGER 2975 3570 SALESMAN 1250 1437.5 MANAGER 2850 3420

Try it Yourself 1. Find a Grade for the Employees Depends upon the Salary: A > 3000 B > 2000 & <=3000 C Others 27-09-2008

Character-Manipulation Functions
These functions manipulate character strings:
CONCAT To Add more than one text. Ex:1 SQL> select concat('Hello',' World') from Dual; CONCAT('HEL ----------Hello World SQL> Select Concat(Ename,Job) from Emp; CONCAT(ENAME,JOB) ------------------SMITHCLERK ALLENSALESMAN WARDSALESMAN JONESMANAGER In Real Time Example. SQL> Select ename || ' is a ' || job "Ename with Job" From Emp; Ename with Job

------------------------SMITH is a CLERK ALLEN is a SALESMAN WARD is a SALESMAN JONES is a MANAGER SUBSTR To extract a particular character(s) from the existing text. Syntax: SubStr(text,startpos,no.of Char) SQL> Select SubStr('Murshidh',4,5) from dual; SUBST ----Shidh SQL> Select SubStr('Ashok',3) from Dual; SUB --Hok To extract from Right of the Text. SQL> Select Substr(ename,-3) from emp; SUB --ITH LEN LENGTH SQL> Select Length('Ashok') from Dual; LENGTH('ASHOK') --------------5 SQL> Select Ename, Length(Ename) "Length" from Emp; ENAME Length ---------- ---------SMITH 5 ALLEN 5

SQL> Select * from Emp where Length(Ename)=5; EMPNO ---------7369 7499 7566 ENAME ---------SMITH ALLEN JONES JOB MGR HIREDATE --------- ---------- --------CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81

Or SQL> Select * from emp Where Ename Like '_____'; EMPNO ---------7369 7499 7566 ENAME ---------SMITH ALLEN JONES JOB MGR HIREDATE --------- ---------- --------CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81

INSTR To find the Position of the Character in the Text. SQL> Select Instr('Ashok','o') From Dual; INSTR('ASHOK','O') -----------------4 SQL> Select Instr('Murshidh','o') From Dual; INSTR('MURSHIDH','O') --------------------0 SQL> Select Instr('amirtha','a') From Dual; INSTR('AMIRTHA','A') -------------------1 SQL> Select Instr('amirtha','a',2) From INSTR('AMIRTHA','A',2) ---------------------7 Exercise: Extract the Characters upto second - in a column SQL> select * from ex1; Dual;

COL1 -----------------------------5676-2345-6572-5672 56-57-565 567-676-752-110 5-7865-656-756 Result Select Substr(col1,1,Instr(col1,'-',instr(col1,'-')+1)-1) from ex1 / SUBSTR(COL1,1,INSTR(COL1,'-',I -----------------------------5676-2345 56-57 567-676 5-7865

LPAD To Add Given Character in Left Side (For filling the Empty Space) SQL> Select LPAD('Saranya',20,'#') From Dual; LPAD('SARANYA',20,'# -------------------#############Saranya SQL> Select Lpad(Ename,25,'*') From Emp; LPAD(ENAME,25,'*') ------------------------********************SMITH ********************ALLEN *********************WARD RPAD To Add Given Character in Right Side (For filling the Empty Space) SQL> Select Rpad('Kiran',20,'$') From Dual; RPAD('KIRAN',20,'$') -------------------Kiran$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ SQL> Select Rpad(sal,15,'%') From emp;

RPAD(SAL,15,'%' --------------800%%%%%%%%%%%% 1600%%%%%%%%%%% 1250%%%%%%%%%%% TRIM To remove the blank space or first character of a text. SQL> Select Trim('a' From 'aaaalagi') from dual; TRIM ---Lagi SQL> select trim(ename) from emp; TRIM(ENAME ---------SMITH ALLEN 29.09.2008 Replace : Syntax: Replace(Text,Searching Text, Replacing Text); Ex: SQL> Select Replace('saravanan','a','z') from dual; REPLACE(' --------szrzvznzn SQL> Select Replace ('This is sample','is','was') from dual; REPLACE('THISISS ---------------Thwas was sample SQL> select ename,replace(ename,'a','x') from emp; ENAME ---------kannan SCOTT kannan the kumar nithya1 REPLACE(EN ---------kxnnxn SCOTT kxnnxn the kumxr nithyx1

To remove all a in a Given Text SQL>select replace('aaaalagi','a') from dual REP --lgi

Case Manipulation Functions

These functions convert case for character strings. LOWER(SQL Course) UPPER(SQL Course) INITCAP(SQL Course) SQL> Select Lower('AShok') From dual; LOWER ----ashok SQL> Select Lower(ename),Upper(Ename),Initcap(Ename) From emp; LOWER(ENAM ---------smith allen ward jones martin UPPER(ENAM ---------SMITH ALLEN WARD JONES MARTIN INITCAP(EN ---------Smith Allen Ward Jones Martin

Number Functions ROUND: Rounds value to specified decimal

ROUND(45.926, 2) 45.93 SQL> SELECT ROUND(45.923,2), ROUND(45.923,0), 2 ROUND(45.923,-1) 3 FROM DUAL; ROUND(45.923,2) ROUND(45.923,0) ROUND(45.923,-1) -------------- --------------- ---------------45.92 46 50

TRUNC: Truncates value to specified decimal

TRUNC(45.926, 2) 45.92

SQL> select round(2000.3589,2),Trunc(2000.3589,2) From Dual; ROUND(2000.3589,2) TRUNC(2000.3589,2) ------------------ -----------------2000.36 2000.35 SQL> Select Round(3564.25,-2) from Dual; ROUND(3564.25,-2) ----------------3600 TRUNC(3554.25,-3) ----------------3000 MOD: Returns remainder of division
MOD(1600, 300) 100

SQL> Select Mod(26,5) from dual; MOD(26,5) ---------1 Calculate the remainder of a salary after it is divided by 5000 for all employees whose job title is sales representative. SELECT last_name, salary, MOD(salary, 5000) FROM employees WHERE job_id = 'SA_REP' / LAST_NAME SALARY MOD(SALARY,5000) -------------------- ---------- ---------------Abel 11000 1000 Grant 7000 2000 Date Functions To view the System Date SQL> select sysdate from dual;

SYSDATE --------29-SEP-08

Arithmetic with Dates Add or subtract a number to

or from a date for a

resultant date value. Subtract two dates to find the number of days between those dates. Add hours to a date by dividing the number of hours by 24. SQL> SELECT last_name, (SYSDATE-hire_date)/7 AS WEEKS FROM employees WHERE department_id = 90; LAST_NAME WEEKS -------------------- ---------King 1110.78507 Kochhar 992.642216 De Haan 818.92793
For example, display the employee number, hire date, number of months employed, sixmonth review date, first Friday after hire date, and last day of the hire month for all employees employed for fewer than 36 months.

SQL> SELECT employee_id, hire_date, 2 MONTHS_BETWEEN (SYSDATE, hire_date) TENURE, 3 ADD_MONTHS (hire_date, 6) REVIEW, 4 NEXT_DAY (hire_date, 'FRIDAY'), LAST_DAY(hire_date) 5* FROM employees
EMPLOYEE_ID HIRE_DATE TENURE REVIEW ---------- --------- ---------- --------100 17-JUN-87 255.403214 17-DEC-87 101 21-SEP-89 228.274182 21-MAR-90 102 19-JAN-93 188.338698 19-JUL-93 103 03-JAN-90 224.854827 03-JUL-90 104 21-MAY-91 208.274182 21-NOV-91 NEXT_DAY( LAST_DAY( --------- --------19-JUN-87 30-JUN-87 22-SEP-89 30-SEP-89 22-JAN-93 31-JAN-93 05-JAN-90 31-JAN-90 24-MAY-91 31-MAY-91

Using Date Functions

 MONTHS_BETWEEN (01-SEP-95,11-JAN-94) SQL> Select Round(Months_Between(Sysdate, To_Date('15-Jan-1975'))/12) From Dual; ADD_MONTHS (11-JAN-94,6) SQL> Select Sysdate,ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,6) From Dual; SYSDATE ADD_MONTH --------- --------29-SEP-08 29-MAR-09 NEXT_DAY (01-SEP-95,FRIDAY) SQL> Select Sysdate,Next_Day(SYSDATE,'WEDNESDAY') From Dual; SYSDATE NEXT_DAY( --------- --------29-SEP-08 01-OCT-08 LAST_DAY(01-FEB-95) SQL> Select Last_Day(Sysdate) From Dual; LAST_DAY( --------30-SEP-08 Explicit Data Type Conversion To_Char SQL> Select sysdate,To_Char(sysdate,'MM/YY') From Dual; SYSDATE TO_CH --------- ----29-SEP-08 09/08 AS Like We use the Below Terms YYYY YEAR MM

MONTH DY DAY MON DD To Spelled the Year SQL> Select To_Char(sysdate,'YEAR') From Dual; TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YEAR') -----------------------------------------TWO THOUSAND EIGHT To Spelled the day SQL> Select To_Char(To_Date('15-Jan-75'),'ddspth') from dual; TO_CHAR(TO_DAT -------------Fifteenth To Spelled the Day of the Date SQL> Select To_Char(sysdate,'DAY') From Dual; TO_CHAR(S --------MONDAY Note: For MON Use DY To Spelled the Month of the Date SQL> Select To_Char(sysdate,'MONTH') From Dual; TO_CHAR(S --------SEPTEMBER Note: For JAN Use MON To Show in Roman Letter SQL> Select To_Char(sysdate,'RM') From Dual; TO_C

---IX SQL> Select To_Char(sysdate,'DD "of" Month') From Dual; TO_CHAR(SYSDATE --------------29 of September SQL> Select To_char(sysdate,'DD') || ' of ' || To_Char(sysdate,'Month') from dual; TO_CHAR(SYSDATE --------------29 of September SQL> 2 3 4* SELECT last_name, TO_CHAR(hire_date, 'fmDD Month YYYY') AS HIREDATE FROM employees; HIREDATE ----------------17 June 1987 21 September 1989 19 January 1993 3 January 1990 21 May 1991

LAST_NAME -------------------King Kochhar De Haan Hunold Ernst 9 0 $ L .

Represents a number Forces a zero to be displayed Places a floating dollar sign Uses the floating local currency symbol Prints a decimal point

Prints a thousand indicator

SQL> Select To_Char(sal,'9,99,999.99') from emp; TO_CHAR(SAL, -----------800.00 1,600.00 1,250.00 2,975.00 1,250.00 2,850.00 SQL>Select To_Char(sal,'0,99,999.99') from emp TO_CHAR(SAL, -----------0,00,800.00 0,01,600.00 0,01,250.00

SQL > Select To_Char(sal,'$9,99,999.99') from emp; TO_CHAR(SAL,' ------------$800.00 $1,600.00 $1,250.00 $2,975.00 SQL > Select To_Char(sal,'L9,99,999.99') from emp; TO_CHAR(SAL,'L9,99,999 ---------------------800.00 1,600.00 1,250.00 2,975.00 For Negative values only SQL > select To_Char(-4500,'999999MI') from dual;

TO_CHAR ------4500SQL>select To_Char(-4500,'999999PR') from dual; TO_CHAR( -------<4500> SQL> Select To_Char(4578456874,'9999EEEE') from dual; TO_CHAR ------5E+09
V Multiply by 10 n times (n = number of 9s after V) 9999V99 123400 SQL> Select To_Char(1234,'9999V99') from Dual;

TO_CHAR ------123400
B - Display zero values as blank, not 0 B9999.99 1234.00

SQL> select To_Char(0,'9B') from dual; TO -To_Number SQL> Select To_Number('145') from dual; TO_NUMBER('145') ---------------145 To_Date SQL> Select To_Date('19-Sep-2008') from dual;

TO_DATE(' --------19-SEP-08 SQL> Select To_Date('25-Jul-1973') + 7 From dual; TO_DATE(' --------01-AUG-73

30-09-2008 Displaying Data From Multiple Tables

Cartesian Products

When a join condition is invalid or omitted completely, the result is a Cartesian product, in which all combinations of rows are displayed. All rows in the first table are joined to all rows in the second table. A Cartesian product tends to generate a large number of rows, and the result is rarely useful. You should always include a valid join condition in a WHERE clause, unless you have a specific need to combine all rows from all tables. Cartesian products are useful for some tests when you need to generate a large number of rows to simulate a reasonable amount of data.

Ex: Sql>Select Ename,Dname From Emp,Dept; 135 Rows Selected.. (27 x 5 Records) Note: Cartesian Product occurs SQL> Set Pause On; SQL> Set Pause Press any key to Continue.. (Wait for each page)

To Avoid Cartesian Product..

SQL > Select Ename,emp.deptno,Dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno; ENAME DEPTNO DNAME ---------- ---------- -------------SMITH 20 RESEARCH ALLEN 30 SALES WARD 30 SALES JONES 20 RESEARCH MARTIN 30 SALES BLAKE 30 SALES Note: If we use the common named columns then we use the table name also as prefix. (emp.deptno)
Note: Equijoins are also called simple joins or inner joins.

Using AND condition. SQL>Select Ename,emp.deptno,Dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno AND dept.deptno=20; ENAME DEPTNO DNAME ---------- ---------- -------------SMITH 20 RESEARCH

JONES SCOTT ADAMS Using Table Alias

20 RESEARCH 20 RESEARCH 20 RESEARCH

Qualifying Ambiguous Column Names You need to qualify the names of the columns in the WHERE clause with the table name to avoid ambiguity. Without the table prefixes, the DEPARTMENT_ID column could be from either the DEPARTMENTS table or the EMPLOYEES table. It is necessary to add the table prefix to execute your query.

SQL> Select e.ename,e.job,e.sal,e.deptno,d.dname, d.loc from emp e,dept d where e.deptno=d.deptno;

ENAME ---------SMITH ALLEN WARD JONES MARTIN JOB SAL DEPTNO DNAME --------- ---------- ---------- -------------CLERK 800 20 RESEARCH SALESMAN 1600 30 SALES SALESMAN 1250 30 SALES MANAGER 2975 20 RESEARCH SALESMAN 1250 30 SALES LOC ------------DALLAS CHICAGO CHICAGO DALLAS CHICAGO

SQL > Select e.ename,d.dname,l.name From emp e,dept d,location l where e.deptno=d.deptno and d.loc_id=l.loc_id

ENAME ---------kannan kannan Raman XX SMITH ADAMS FORD

DNAME -------------ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTING RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH

NAME -------------------EAST EAST EAST EAST WEST WEST WEST

SQL >Select Distinct e.ename,d.dname,l.name From emp e,dept d,location l where e.deptno=d.deptno and d.loc_id=l.loc_id; ENAME ---------ADAMS ALLEN ASHOK BLAKE FORD JAMES JONES DNAME -------------RESEARCH SALES RESEARCH SALES RESEARCH SALES RESEARCH NAME -------------------WEST SOUTH WEST SOUTH WEST SOUTH WEST

Non-Equijoins A non-equijoin is a join condition containing something other than an equality operator. The relationship between the EMPLOYEES table and the JOB_GRADES table has an example of a non-equijoin. A relationship between the two tables is that the SALARY column in the EMPLOYEES table must be between the values in the LOWEST_SALARY and HIGHEST_SALARY columns of the JOB_GRADES table. The relationship is obtained using an operator other than equals (=).

SQL> 2 3 4

SELECT e.last_name, e.salary, j.grade_level FROM employees e, job_grades j WHERE e.salary BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal;

LAST_NAME SALARY GRA -------------------- ---------- --Matos 2600 A Vargas 2500 A

Lorentz Rajs Davies Whalen Hunold

4200 3500 3100 4400 9000

B B B B C

The slide example creates a non-equijoin to evaluate an employees salary grade. The salary must be between any pair of the low and high salary ranges. It is important to note that all employees appear exactly once when this query is executed. No employee is repeated in the list. There are two reasons for this: None of the rows in the job grade table contain grades that overlap. That is, the salary value for an employee can lie only between the low salary and high salary values of one of the rows in the salary grade table. All of the employees salaries lie within the limits provided by the job grade table. That is, no employee earns less than the lowest value contained in the LOWEST_SAL column or more than the highest value contained in the HIGHEST_SAL column. Note: Other conditions, such as <= and >= can be used, but BETWEEN is the simplest. Remember to specify the low value first and the high value last when using BETWEEN. Table aliases have been specified in the slide example for performance reasons, not because of possible ambiguity. SQL> SELECT e.last_name, e.salary, j.grade_level FROM employees e, job_grades j WHERE e.salary >= j.lowest_sal AND e.salary <= j.highest_sal LAST_NAME SALARY GRA -------------------- ---------- --Matos 2600 A Vargas 2500 A Lorentz 4200 B Rajs 3500 B

SQL > select ename,dept.deptno,dept.dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno(+)=dept.deptno ENAME DEPTNO DNAME ---------- ---------- -------------kannan 10 ACCOUNTING kannan 10 ACCOUNTING BLAKE 30 SALES MARTIN 30 SALES JAMES 30 SALES TURNER 30 SALES WARD 30 SALES PRIYA 40 OPERATIONS 65 ADMIN SQL>select ename,dept.deptno,dept.dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno(+) ENAME DEPTNO DNAME ---------- ---------- -------------SMITH 20 RESEARCH ADAMS 20 RESEARCH JAMES 30 SALES FORD 20 RESEARCH 10 ACCOUNTING the kumar nithya1

Raman Raman PRIYA

20 RESEARCH 10 ACCOUNTING 40 OPERATIONS

ENAME DEPTNO DNAME ---------- ---------- -------------XX 10 ACCOUNTING the 20 RESEARCH Saran ASHOK 20 RESEARCH Ashok

SQL> ed Wrote file afiedt.buf SQL > SELECT worker.last_name || ' works for ' || manager.last_name FROM employees worker, employees manager WHERE worker.manager_id = manager.employee_id WORKER.LAST_NAME||'WORKSFOR'||MANAGER.LAST_NAME --------------------------------------------------Kochhar works for King De Haan works for King Haritstein works for King Zlotkey works for King Whalen works for Kochhar

Higgins works for Kochhar Hunold works for De Haan Lorentz works for Hunold Abel works for Zlotkey Grant works for Zlotkey Fay works for Haritstein Gietz works for Higgins 12 rows selected. 03-Oct-2008

CROSS JOIN SQL> Select Empno,Dept.deptno,Dname From Emp CROSS JOIN Dept;

EMPNO DEPTNO ---------- ---------7369 10 7499 10 ---- -100 65 5000 65 145 65 135 rows selected.

DNAME -------------ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTING ADMIN ADMIN ADMIN

OR SQL> Select Empno,Dept.Deptno,Dname From Emp,Dept; NATURAL JOIN SQL>Select Empno,Deptno,Ename,Dname From Emp NATURAL JOIN Dept EMPNO DEPTNO ENAME DNAME ---------- ---------- ------------------------- -------------7369 20 SMITH RESEARCH 7499 30 ALLEN SALES 7521 30 WARD SALES 7566 20 JONES RESEARCH 7654 30 MARTIN SALES 7698 30 BLAKE SALES 4567 10 kannan ACCOUNTING 7788 20 SCOTT RESEARCH 4568 10 kannan ACCOUNTING 7844 30 TURNER SALES 7876 20 ADAMS RESEARCH 7900 30 JAMES SALES 7902 20 FORD RESEARCH Using Where Clause in NATURAL JOIN SQL>Select Empno,Deptno,Ename,Dname From Emp NATURAL JOIN Dept Where Deptno in (20,40) EMPNO DEPTNO ENAME DNAME --------- ---------- ------------------------------ ---------7512 40 PRIYA OPERATIONS 7369 20 SMITH RESEARCH 7566 20 JONES RESEARCH 7788 20 SCOTT RESEARCH JOIN & USING (As like EQUI JOIN) SQL> Select e.ename,d.dname from emp e join dept d using (deptno); ENAME -----------------------------SMITH ALLEN DNAME -------------RESEARCH SALES

WARD JONES MARTIN BLAKE kannan SCOTT

SALES RESEARCH SALES SALES ACCOUNTING RESEARCH

LEFT OUTER JOIN

Instructor Note It was not possible to complete this in earlier releases using outer joins. However, you could accomplish the same results using the UNION operator. SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name FROM employees e, departments d WHERE e.department_id (+) = d.department_id UNION SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name FROM employees e, departments d WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id (+);

Aggregating Data Using Group Functions

Group Functions Unlike single-row functions, group functions operate on sets of rows to give one result per group. These sets may be the whole table or the table split into groups.

Groups of Data Until now, all group functions have treated the table as one large group of information. At times, you need to divide the table of information into smaller groups. This can be done by using the GROUP BY clause.

Standard Deviation SQL> select stddev(sal) from emp; STDDEV(SAL) ----------14044.1804 1 row selected. SQL> select variance(sal) from emp; VARIANCE(SAL) ------------197239002 1 row selected. 04-Oct-2008

Subqueries
In this lesson, you learn about more advanced features of the SELECT statement. You can write subqueries in the WHERE clause of another SQL statement to obtain values based on an unknown conditional value. This lesson covers single-row subqueries and multiple-row subqueries.

Note: The outer and inner queries can get data from different tables.

Multiple-Row Subqueries (continued) The ANY operator (and its synonym, the SOME operator) compares a value to each value returned by a subquery. The slide example displays employees who are not IT programmers and whose salary is less than that of any IT programmer. The maximum salary that a programmer earns is $9,000. <ANY means less than the maximum. >ANY means more than the minimum. =ANY is equivalent to IN. <ALL means less than the maximum. >ALL means more than the minimum

Multiple-Row Subqueries (continued) The ALL operator compares a value to every value returned by a subquery. The slide example displays employees whose salary is less than the salary of all employees with a job ID of IT_PROG and whose job is not IT_PROG. >ALL means more than the maximum, and <ALL means less than the minimum. The NOT operator can be used with IN, ANY, and ALL operators.

Manipulating Data

To create a Table from existing with record SQL> Create Table Dept_Dupe As Select * from Dept; Table created. To create a Table from existing with out record
To insert Records SQL> Insert into Dept_Dupe1 Select * From Dept; To a Particular Column SQL> Insert into Dept_Dupe1(Dname) Select Loc_Id from Dept; SQL> Create Table Dept_Dupe1 As Select * from Dept Where 0=1;

6-Oct-2008

To change a name in the existing record? SQL> Update emp SET ENAME = 'ABISHEIK' where ename='kannan'; To Change in 2 columns SQL> UPDATE EMP SET ENAME='THIRU',JOB='TECH' WHERE EMPNO=4569; Update for 2 Emp numbers

SQL> UPDATE EMP SET ENAME='PRASANTH',JOB='CONSULT' WHERE EMPNO=1254 OR EMPNO=1245; To Change the salary as 1000 those who get Less than 1000 SQL> Update emp set sal=1000 Where SAL < 1000;

Ex: SQL> Update Emp set Job = (Select Job from emp where ename='PRIYA'),Sal = (Select Sal from Emp Where Ename='PRIYA') Where Ename='ABISHEIK';

Ex: SQL> UPDATE EMP2 SET ENAME=(Select Ename From Emp Where Empno=4569) Where empno=4569;

EX: SQL> Truncate Table Departments; Truncate Table Departments * ERROR at line 1:

ORA-02266: unique/primary keys in table referenced by enabled foreign keys

Ex: To delete a particular row SQL>Delete From Emp2 Where Empno=1000; To Delete all Rows SQL>Delete From Emp2; Note: Rollback the Deleted Rows

Using IN SQL>Delete From Emp Where Empno IN (145,100,1321,11111)

Ex: SQL> Delete From Emp Where Deptno = (Select deptno from dept where dname='OPERATIONS');

7-Oct-08

Ex: SQL> UPDATE CIG_STAFF SET DEPTNO=DEFAULT WHERE ID=3000; 1 row updated. SQL> SELECT * FROM CIG_STAFF;

ID ---------1000 2000 3000

NAME DEPTNO ------------------------- ---------PRASANTH 20 ASHOK 20 20

SQL> UPDATE CIG_STAFF SET NAME=DEFAULT WHERE ID=1000; 1 row updated. SQL> SELECT * FROM CIG_STAFF; ID NAME DEPTNO ---------- ------------------------- ---------1000 20 2000 ASHOK 20 3000 20

Ex: SQL> 2 3 4 5 6 7

Merge into copy_staff cs using cig_staff ot on (cs.id = ot.id) When Matched then Update set cs.name = ot.name , cs.deptno=ot.deptno When Not Matched Then Insert values (ot.id,ot.name,ot.deptno);

5 rows merged.

Ex: SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> insert into copy_staff values(8000,'Saro',65); 1 row created. SQL> SavePoint A; Savepoint created. SQL> insert into copy_staff values(9000,'Seenu',75); 1 row created. SQL> SavePoint B; Savepoint created. SQL> insert into copy_staff values(7500,'raja',85); 1 row created. SQL> rollback to savepoint A; Rollback complete. SQL> select * from copy_staff; ID ---------1000 2000 3000 5000 4000 8000 NAME DEPTNO ------------------------- ---------Saran 20 ASHOK 20 Saran 20 Abishiek 60 Thiru 50 Saro 65

6 rows selected. SQL> rollback; Rollback complete. SQL> select * from copy_staff;

ID ---------1000 2000 3000 5000 4000

NAME DEPTNO ------------------------- ---------Saran 20 ASHOK 20 Saran 20 Abishiek 60 Thiru 50

SQL> delete from copy_staff; 5 rows deleted. SQL> rollback; Rollback complete. SQL> select * from copy_staff; ID ---------1000 2000 3000 5000 4000 NAME DEPTNO ------------------------- ---------Saran 20 ASHOK 20 Saran 20 Abishiek 60 Thiru 50

11-Oct-08

Creating and Managing Tables

Ex: SQL>Select * From SCOTT.EMP;

Ex: SQL>CREATE TABLE STAFF(ENO NUMBER,ENAME VARCHAR2(25),DOJ DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE);

Ex: SQL> SQL> SQL> SQL>

SELECT SELECT SELECT SELECT

* * * *

FROM FROM FROM FROM

USER_TABLES; USER_VIEWS; USER_SYNONYMS; USER_SEQUENCES;

USE ALL_ SQL> SELECT * FROM ALL_TABLES; SQL> SELECT * FROM ALL_VIEWS;

Ex: SQL>Create Table Emp2 As Select * from emp;

Ex: SQL> SELECT * FROM ALL_TAB_COMMENTS WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'EMPLOYEES';

Including Constraints

Ex: Sql>CREATE TABLE CIG_CONS1(ID NUMBER,NAME VARCHAR2(15),NICK VARCHAR2(10), CONSTRAINT CONS_1 UNIQUE(name,nick));

ISQLPLUS

Note: If we give the value by Define then take that value otherwise it asking for a value. SQL>DEFINE TN=DEPT; SQL>SELECT * FROM &TN;

Note: SQL>SET VERIFY OFF; Now old & new are skipped.

Ex:

SQL>BREAK ON JOB; SQL> select * from emp order by job;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE ---------- ------------------------------ --------- ---------- --------7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 7902 FORD 7566 03-DEC-81 7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 4567 ABISHEIK 7698 11-JUN-08 7900 JAMES 7698 03-DEC-81 7876 ADAMS 7788 23-MAY-87 7512 PRIYA 7902 17-JAN-08 4568 ABISHEIK 7698 11-JUN-08 1254 PRASANTH CONSULT 7698 11-JUN-08 1245 PRASANTH 7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81

Compute SQL> COMPUTE SUM LABEL 'TOTAL' OF SAL ON JOB; SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY JOB;
EMPLOYEE_NUMBER --------------7788 7902 7369 4567 7900 7876 7512 4568 ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL ------------------------------ --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 1000 FORD 7566 03-DEC-81 3300 ********* ---------TOTAL 4300 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 1000 ABISHEIK 7698 11-JUN-08 2200 JAMES 7698 03-DEC-81 1045 ADAMS 7788 23-MAY-87 1210 PRIYA 7902 17-JAN-08 2200 ABISHEIK 7698 11-JUN-08 2200 ********* ---------TOTAL 9855

How to remove the Compute? SQL>Clear Computes;

TTITLE
TTI[TLE] [printspec [text|variable] ...] [ON|OFF] where printspec represents one or more of the following clauses used to place and format the text: COL n S[KIP] [n] TAB n LE[FT] CE[NTER] R[IGHT] BOLD FORMAT text Places and formats a specified title at the top of each report page or lists the current TTITLE definition. The old form of TTITLE is used if only a single word or string in quotes follows the TTITLE command.

Examples
To define "Monthly Analysis" as the top title and to left-align it, to center the date, to right-align the page number with a three-digit format, and to display "Data in Thousands" in the center of the next line, enter TTITLE LEFT 'Monthly Analysis' CENTER '01 Jan 2001' RIGHT 'Page:' FORMAT 999 SQL.PNO SKIP CENTER -

'Data in Thousands' Monthly Analysis 01 Jan 2001 Data in Thousands Page: 1

To suppress the top title display without changing its definition, enter TTITLE OFF

Ex: SQL>REPHEADER WELCOME SQL>REPFOOTER GOOD BYE 15-Oct-08

Creating Views

Ex:

SQL>create or replace view emp_view AS Select employee_number,ename,sal from emp;

Ex:

SQL>CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW CVIEW AS SELECT D.DEPTNO,MIN(E.SAL) MINSAL,MAX(E.SAL) MAXSAL,AVG(E.SAL) AVGSAL FROM EMP E,DEPT D WHERE E.DEPTNO=D.DEPTNO GROUP BY D.DEPTNO;

SQL> SELECT * FROM CVIEW; DEPTNO MINSAL MAXSAL AVGSAL ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------10 1000 3740 2290 20 1000 71500 11315.3125 30 1045 3135 1723.33333 40 2200 2200 2200

Ex: Sql>select rownum Rank,ename,sal from (select ename,sal from emp where sal is not null order by sal desc) where rownum < 5;

Other Database Objects

16-Oct-08

Ex: SQL>ALTER SEQUENCE CIG_SEQ1 INCREMENT BY 5;

Ex: SQL> ALTER SEQUENCE CIG_SEQ1 MAXVALUE 50; ALTER SEQUENCE CIG_SEQ1 MAXVALUE 50 * ERROR at line 1: ORA-04009: MAXVALUE cannot be made to be less than the current value

Ex: SQL> DROP SEQUENCE CIG_SEQ1; Sequence dropped.

Ex: SQL> CREATE INDEX CIG_INDEX1 ON CIG_TAB1(NAME); Index created.

Let students know that to create a function-based index in your own schema on your own table, you must have the CREATE INDEX and QUERY REWRITE system privileges. To create the index in another schema or on another schemas table, you must have the CREATE ANY INDEX and GLOBAL QUERY REWRITE privileges. The table owner must also have the EXECUTE object privilege on the functions used in the function-based index.

Ex: SQL>CREATE SYNONYM EM FOR EMPLOYEES; SYNONYM CREATED.

Controlling User Access

Using SET Operators

Ex: SQL> SELECT ID,NAME FROM CIG_SET1 2 UNION 3 SELECT ID,NAME FROM CIG_SET2; SQL> SELECT ID,NAME FROM CIG_SET1 2 UNION ALL 3 SELECT ID,NAME FROM CIG_SET2; SQL> SELECT ID,NAME FROM CIG_SET1 2 INTERSECT 3 SELECT ID,NAME FROM CIG_SET2; SQL> SELECT ID,NAME FROM CIG_SET1 2 MINUS 3 SELECT ID,NAME FROM CIG_SET2;

Ex: SQL>select id,name,remarks from cig_set2 2 union 3* select id,name,'BETTER' from cig_set1;

NOPRINT To hide a column upto the current session SQL>COLUMN ENAME NOPRINT; Note: The column Ename is hidden;

17-Oct-08 Oracle9i Datetime Functions

To view all zones

SQL>Select * From V$TIMEZONE_NAMES;

Enhancements to the GROUP BY Clause

SQL> 2 3 4

SELECT department_id, job_id, SUM(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id < 60 GROUP BY ROLLUP(department_id, job_id); JOB_ID SUM(SALARY) ---------- ----------AD_ASST 4400 4400 MK_MAN 13000 MK_REP 6000 19000 PU_MAN 11000

DEPARTMENT_ID ------------10 10 20 20 20 30

Note: If we use as like above , just eliminate the subtotals of jobid wise.

Advanced Subqueries

Ex: SQL> select deptno from dept d where Not Exists (Select 'X' from Emp where deptno = d.deptno); DEPTNO ---------65

Ex: SQL> Update cor_emp e set dname = (Select dname from dept where e.deptno=deptno); 29 rows updated.

Hierarchical Retrieval

Oracle9i Extensions to DML and DDL Statements