The following verbs take tre as the helping verbs.

These are verbs of movement that make up the acronym DR MRS VANDERTRAMPP. Devenir, Rester, Monter, Rester, Sortir, Venir, Arriver, Natre, Descendre, Entrer, Retourner, Tomber, Rentrer, Aller, Mourir, Passer, and Partir. Reflexive verbs also use the forms of tre as the helping verb. (Ex. Elle s'est lav les cheveux ce matin.) Remember the DR MRS VANDERTRAMPP acronym.

The heart is one of the most important organs in the entire human body. It is really nothing more than a pump, composed of muscle which pumps blood throughout the body, beating approximately 72 times per minute of our lives. The heart pumps the blood, which carries all the vital materials which help our bodies function and removes the waste products that we do not need. For example, the brain requires oxygen and glucose, which, if not received continuously, will cause it to lose consciousness. Muscles need oxygen, glucose and amino acids, as well as the proper ratio of sodium, calcium and potassium salts in order to contract normally. The glands need sufficient supplies of raw materials from which to manufacture the specific secretions. If the heart ever ceases to pump blood the body begins to shut down and after a very short period of time will die. The heart is essentially a muscle (a little larger than the fist). Like any other muscle in the human body, it contracts and expands. Unlike skeletal muscles, however, the heart works on the "All -or-Nothing

Law". That is, each times the heart contracts it does so with all its force. In skeletal muscles, the principle of "gradation" is present. The pumping of the heart is called the Cardiac Cycle, which occurs about 72 times per minute. This means that each cycle lasts about eight-tenths of a second. During this cycle the entire heart actually rests for about four-tenths of a second.

What is the heart? The heart is a hollow, cone-shaped muscle that's about the size of an adult fist and usually found to the left of our breastbone. The heart is the most important organ in our body. It is basically a complex pump, responsible for circulating blood, oxygen and nutrients around the body. Parts of the heart Did you know? The average weight of a healthy female human heart is 9oz (255g). A man's heart is usually slightly bigger at around 10.5oz (300g).
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Every heart is made up of three layers: an inner lining called the endocardium a middle layer of muscle called the myocardium an outer fluid-filled sac known as the pericardium. The heart is divided into four chambers: the right atrium and left atrium are the upper chambers of the heart the right ventricle and left ventricle are the lower chambers.

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A muscular wall called the septum separates the right and left sides of the heart. Each of the chambers has valves. The valves have different names: the tricuspid valve is at the exit of the right atrium the mitral valve is for the left atrium the pulmonary valve is at the exit of the right ventricle the aortic valve is at the exit of the left ventricle. Their purpose is to allow blood to move forwards through the heart and to prevent it flowing backwards into the previous chamber. How does the heart work? The heart muscle contracts in two stages to squeeze blood out of the heart. This is known as systole. In the first stage, the upper chambers (atria) contract at the same time, pushingblood down into the lower chambers (ventricles). Blood is pumped from the right atrium down into the right ventricle and from the left atrium down into the left ventricle. In the second stage, the lower chambers contract to push this blood out of the heart to either the body via your main artery (aorta) or to the lungs to pick up oxygen. The heart then relaxes known as diastole. Blood fills up the heart again, and the whole process, which takes a fraction of a second, is repeated. The different sides of the heart have different functions. On the right side, the upper chamber fills with oxygendepleted blood from your body and pushes it via the lower chamber and the pulmonary artery back to the lungs. Here blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. On the left side, the upper chamber fills with oxygenrich blood from the lungs. This is pumped via the lower chamber into the aorta and out to the body to provide cells with the crucial oxygen they need.

What makes the heart beat? On average, most people have a heart rate of around 72 beats per minute at rest. This varies according to fitness, age, exertion and general health. Each heart beat is triggered by an electrical pacemaker - a group of cells in the heart that have the ability to generate electrical activity. They cause electrical impulses to spread over the heart and make it contract. The largest natural pacemaker of the heart is called the sinoatrial or SA node and is found in the right atrium. From it, specialised groups of cells that carry the electrical charge lead off to the rest of the heart. How does the doctor check the heartbeat? Your doctor usually checks your heartbeat in two ways. Taking your pulse Your pulse can usually be felt at the wrist just below the level of the bottom of the thumb. Use your forefinger and middle finger of the other hand and gently press on this area - you will feel the pulse beating. Your doctor will check for its speed and consistency. Using a stethoscope Your doctor may listen to the heart with a stethoscope. The sound of the heart is often described as 'lub-dub'. The first heart sound (lub) is caused by the movement of blood through the heart and its vibration. This is due to the valves of the upper chambers closing. The second heart sound (dub) is caused by the same movement of blood, but this time vibrations are linked to the closing of the valves in the lower chambers. What can go wrong? Problems can arise in any part of heart from the muscle walls (cardiomyopathy) and valves (heart valve disease) to problems with the pacemaker (irregular heartbeat or arrhythmia) and blood supply.

If a coronary artery becomes furred up or partially blocked with fatty material called atheroma, that artery cannot then supply enough blood to the heart muscle to meet its needs during exertion or activity. The muscle cramps, causing chest pain. This is known as angina. If the poor blood supply to the heart worsens, so that chest pains start to happen more easily and with less exertion, it's known as unstable angina. This requires increasing levels of heart medication or active surgical intervention such as an angioplasty or heart bypass surgery. When a coronary artery is completely blocked and no blood or oxygen reaches the heart muscle served by that artery, it causes a heart attack. This also causes chest pain as the heart muscle served by that artery dies. Depending on which part of the heart muscle is affected and the severity of damage to the heart muscle, the effects of a heart attack can range from a good recovery to instant death. Heart disease is the biggest killer in the UK, often causing death before the person reaches hospital. In an average lifetime the heart is required to beat over 2.5 billion times--38 million times a day, doing the same amount of work as a machine lifting a one-ton weight to a height of 41 feet each day. The heart accomplishes this amazing feat without interruption. The heart is susceptible to many diseases. The most common disease of the heart is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Most Americans have cholesterol plaques lining and narrowing the inside of their arteries, which is known as artherosclerosis; when this happens in the arteries which supply blood to the heart, it is called CAD. These plaques reduce the amount of oxygen-carrying blood that can flow in a given period of time. Artheroclerosis does not provide advance symptoms. If the narrowing reaches an

advanced stage, it may result in a sudden coronary event such as cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest means that the heart has stopped beating. How do you prevent this? Regular physical exams can help monitor blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Diet, exercising and quitting smoking also help. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is another common disease of the heart. This occurs when the pumping action of the heart becomes inefficient. The inefficiency could be caused by the muscle being weakened, by disease, mechanical fault in the valves that control the flow of blood, the heart having too work to hard because of high blood pressure, or it has to pump an overload of blood. Heart failure does not meant that your heart stops beating, it means that it is not working efficiently. Depending on how badly the heart is affected, symptoms could include shortness of breath, chest pain, and swollen ankles. Untreated heart failure imposes a strain on your entire system that can be fatal. There are diseases that are also related to the electrical impulses of the heart, such as ectopic heartbeats. Ectopic heartbeats are early beats in an otherwise steady beat. This can mean your heart skipping a beat or adding an extra beat. Other times the SA node(which is the pacemaker) of the heart can stop working or work very poorly. In these such cases a person may be required to have a pacemaker(an electrical device) implanted in their heart. Ultimately, the most-feared heart disease is the "heart attack," or, as health care professionals call it, an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This is where the coronary arteries have narrowed so much that part of the heart muscle dies. This is usually due to CAD, but can be caused by blood clots or drug use (especially cocaine). Depending on how much damage is done, a person may return to an almost normal life, die, or anything in between.

The heart is a complex organ, and one of the two most important organs in your body (the other being the brain). Regular physicals and talking to your doctor can help you take care of it for your lifetime.