Presented by :

Rupak Kumar 09D02033

Components:
In general, a basic electronic calculator consists of the following components: Power source (battery and/or solar cell) Keypad - consists of keys used to input numbers and function commands Processor chip (microprocessor) contains: Scanning unit - when a calculator is powered on, it scans the keypad waiting to pick up an electrical signal when a key is pressed. Encoder unit - converts the numbers and functions into binary code. X register - They are number stores where numbers are stored temporarily while doing calculations. All numbers go into the X register first. The number in the X register is shown on the display. Flag register - The function for the calculation is stored here until the calculator needs it. Permanent memory (ROM)- The instructions for in-built functions (arithmetic operations, square roots, percentages, trigonometry etc.) are stored here in binary form. These instructions are "programs" stored permanently. Permanent memory cannot be erased.

 User memory (RAM) - The store where numbers can be stored by the user. User memory contents can be changed or erased by the user. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) - The ALU executes all arithmetic and logic instructions, and provides the results in binary coded form. Decoder unit - converts binary code into "decimal" numbers which can be displayed on the display unit. Display panel - displays input numbers, commands and results. Seven stripes (segments) are used to represent each digit in a basic calculator.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):

In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors found inside modern CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs) accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs; a single component may contain a number of ALUs.

Most ALUs can perform the following operations: Bitwise logic operations (AND, NOT, OR, XOR) Integer arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, and sometimes multiplication and division ) Bit-shifting operations (shifting or rotating a word by a specified number of bits to the left or right, with or without sign extension). Shifts can be seen as multiplications and divisions by a power of two.

A simple example arithmetic logic unit (2-bit ALU) that does AND, OR, XOR, and addition

Adder:

A full adder adds binary numbers and accounts for values carried in as well as out. A one-bit full adder adds three one-bit numbers, often written as A, B, and Cin; A and B are the operands, and Cin is a bit carried in (in theory from a past addition). The circuit produces a two-bit output sum typically represented by the signals Cout and S, where sum = 2 x Cout + S

Subtractor:
The full-subtractor is a combinational circuit which is used to perform subtraction of three bits. It has three inputs, X (minuend) and Y (subtrahend) and Z (subtrahend) and two outputs D (difference) and B (borrow). Easy way to write truth table D=X-Y-Z (don't bother about sign) B = 1 If X<(Y+Z) So, Logic equations are:

Thank You