Problem #1. Problem 9.2 on page 320. Use an incidence matrix.

For the system shown in Figure

P9.2, construct the Ybus. The parameters are provided in Table P9.2.
1
6
2
5
3
4
Figure P9.2
Table P9.2
Element Series Reactance (pu)
1-2 j0.04
1-6 j0.06
2-4 j0.03
2-3 j0.02
3-4 j0.08
4-5 j0.06
5-6 j0.05
j 1 :=
Assign line notation and directions as shown below:
1
6
2
5
3
4
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
For the incidence matrix, use the following convention: Entering is -1; leaving is +1; no
connection is 0. There are no elements to ground given. The gross incidence matrix is
A
inc
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
:=
Reducing the incidence matrix to delete the effect of ground, (delete the first column),
A
incr
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
:=
Develop the primitive admittance matrix
Y
primitive
1
j 0.04 ( )
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
j 0.06 ( )
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
j 0.03 ( )
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
j 0.02 ( )
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
j 0.08 ( )
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
j 0.06 ( )
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
j 0.05 ( )

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

:=
Use the following formula to find Ybus,
Y
bus
A
incr
T
Y
primitive
A
incr
:=
Y
bus
41.667i
25i
0
0
0
16.667i
25i
108.333i
50i
33.333i
0
0
0
50i
62.5i
12.5i
0
0
0
33.333i
12.5i
62.5i
16.667i
0
0
0
0
16.667i
36.667i
20i
16.667i
0
0
0
20i
36.667i
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
=
Problem #2. Problem 9.4a on page
320-321. For the system given in Figure
P9.4, the line resistances are neglected.
The parameters of the transmission system
are given in Table P9.4.
bus capacitance at 2: y=j0.30 pu
bus inductor at bus 3: y=-j0.60 pu
Determine Ybus for the three-bus system,
both by the method presented in the text
and by the incidence matrix method.
Table P9.4
Line Series Reactance (pu) Shunt Admittance (pu)
1-2 j0.20 j0.24
2-3 j0.10 j0.16
1-3 j0.25 j0.30
j 1 :=
1
3
2
j0.20
j0.24
j0.25
j0.30
j0.20
2
2
By the method presented in
the text, we sum the
admittances at each bus for
the on-diagonal terms and we
sum the admittances between
buses for the off-diagonal
terms.
For bus 1,
Y
bus
1 1 ,
j
0.24
2
j
0.30
2
+
|

\
|
.
1
j 0.20
1
j 0.25
+
|

\
|
.
+ :=
Y
bus
1 2 ,
1
j 0.20
|

\
|
.
:=
Y
bus
1 3 ,
1
j 0.25
|

\
|
.
:=
1
j0.10 j0.20
j0.24 j0.16
2
3
1
j0.30
2 2 At bus 2,
Y
bus
2 1 ,
1
j 0.20
|

\
|
.
:=
Y
bus
2 2 ,
j 0.30 j
0.24
2
j
0.16
2
+
|

\
|
.
+
1
j 0.20
1
j 0.10
+
|

\
|
.
+ :=
Y
bus
2 3 ,
1
j 0.10
|

\
|
.
:=
3
j0.25
j0.10
j0.16
j0.30
y=-j0.60
1
2
2
2
At bus 3,
Y
bus
3 1 ,
1
j 0.25
|

\
|
.
:=
Y
bus
3 2 ,
1
j 0.10
|

\
|
.
:=
Y
bus
3 3 ,
j 0.60 j
0.30
2
j
0.16
2
+
|

\
|
.
+
1
j 0.25
1
j 0.10
+
|

\
|
.
+ :=
Collecting the answer into a single matrix:
Y
bus
8.73i
5i
4i
5i
14.5i
10i
4i
10i
14.37i
|

\
|
.
=
2
Same problem, but using the incidence matrix method. The answer should be the same. To use
the incidence matrix, first draw out the circuit. We will use six branches, so some of the shunt
elements to ground will combine with their parallel neighbors.
1
3
2
j0.20
j0.24
j0.25
j0.30
2
2
j0.30
2
j0.24
2
j0.10
j0.16
2
j0.16
2
j0.30
y=-j0.60
+
V
d
_
+
V
e
_
+
V
f
_
I
C
+ V
c
-
I
a
+ V
a
-
I
b
+ V
b
-
I
d
I
e
I
f
Build the incidence matrix. The convention used here is "enter"=-1, "exit"=+1, and "no
connection"=0.
A
r
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
:=
3
Build the primitive Y matrix. The admittance between the points indicated is the admittance
entered here. Several entries have more than one element between points.
Y
pr
1
j 0.20
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
j 0.10
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
j 0.25
0
0
0
0
0
0
j
0.24
2
j
0.30
2
+
0
0
0
0
0
0
j 0.30 j
0.24
2
+ j
0.16
2
+
0
0
0
0
0
0
j 0.60 j
0.30
2
+ j
0.16
2
+
|

\
:=
Calculate Ybus
Y
bus
A
r
T
Y
pr
A
r
:=
Y
bus
8.73i
5i
4i
5i
14.5i
10i
4i
10i
14.37i
|

\
|
.
=
The answer is indeed the same by either of the two methods.
4
Problem 3. Problem 10.3 on page 367. The transmission links are all the same and each is
modeled by the PI-equivalent circuit shown; the element values are impedances. Find Ybus.
1 2
3 4
Between buses, the admittance
for each of the identical lines is
Y
series
1
j 0.10
:=
The shunt admittance of each
identical capacitance is
Y
shunt
1
j 10
:=
j0.10
-j10 -j10
There are lines between all buses except
2-3. Therefore, all off-diagonal terms will be
Ysereis, except (2,3), which is zero. A bus
that terminates 3 lines (e.g., bus 1) will have
3 series admittances and 3 shunt capacitances
to consider; buses that terminate 2 lines (e.g.,
bus 2) will have two.
Y
bus
3 Y
series
3 Y
shunt
+
Y
series

Y
series

Y
series

Y
series

2 Y
series
2 Y
shunt
+
0
Y
series

Y
series

0
2 Y
series
2 Y
shunt
+
Y
series

Y
series

Y
series

Y
series

3 Y
series
3 Y
shunt
+
|

\
|
|
|
.
:=
Y
bus
29.7i
10i
10i
10i
10i
19.8i
0
10i
10i
0
19.8i
10i
10i
10i
10i
29.7i
|

\
|
|
|
.
=
5
Problem 4. Problem 10.4 on page 368. Write the power flow equations to problem 10.3 in the
form of equation (10.3).
In a complex variable form, the form of the solution is
S
i
V
i
1
n
k
Y
ik

V
k

=
=
Using the values of Yik from the Ybus matrix just calcuated, the answer is
S
1
j 29.7 V
1
V
1

j 10 V
1
V
2

j 10 V
1
V
3

j 10 V
1
V
4

=
S
2
j 10 V
2
V
1

j 19.8 V
2
V
2

+ j 10 V
2
V
4

=
S
3
j 10 V
3
V
1

j 19.8 V
3
V
3

+ j 10 V
3
V
4

=
S
4
j 10 V
4
V
1

j 10 V
4
V
2

j 10 V
4
V
3

j 29.7 V
4
V
4

+ =
In the form of equation (10.5), where all elements are real, the answer is
P
i
1
5
k
V
i
V
k
G
ik
cos
i

k
( ) B
ik
sin
i

k
( ) + ( )

=
=
Q
i
1
5
k
V
i
V
k
B
ik
cos
i

k
( ) G
ik
sin
i

k
( ) + ( )

=
=
The real part of each element of Ybus is zero, so every Gik is zero.
P
1
V
1
( )
2
B
ik
sin
1

1
( ) V
1
V
2
B
ik
sin
1

2
( ) + V
1
V
2
B
ik
sin
1

2
( ) + + =
V
1
V
3
B
ik
sin
1

3
( ) V
1
V
4
B
ik
sin
1

4
( ) + V
1
V
5
B
ik
sin
1

5
( ) +
Q
1
V
1
( )
2
B
ik
( ) cos
1

1
( ) V
1
V
2
B
ik
( ) cos
1

2
( ) + V
1
V
2
B
ik
( ) cox
1

2
( ) + + =
V
1
V
3
B
ik
( ) cos
1

3
( ) V
1
V
4
B
ik
( ) cos
1

4
( ) + V
1
V
5
B
ik
( ) cos
1

5
( ) +
6
Simplifying, where sin(0)=0 and cox(0)=1 and including the values for Bik,
P
1
V
1
V
2
j 10 ( ) sin
1

2
( ) V
1
V
2
j 10 ( ) sin
1

2
( ) + + =
V
1
V
3
j 10 ( ) sin
1

3
( ) V
1
V
4
j 10 ( ) sin
1

4
( ) + V
1
V
5
j 10 ( ) sin
1

5
( ) +
Q
1
V
1
( )
2
j 10 ( ) cos
1

1
( ) V
1
V
2
j 10 ( ) cos
1

2
( ) + V
1
V
2
j 10 ( ) cox
1

2
( ) + + =
V
1
V
3
j 10 ( ) cos
1

3
( ) V
1
V
4
j 10 ( ) cos
1

4
( ) + V
1
V
5
j 10 ( ) cos
1

5
( ) +
The other four equations follow the same pattern.
7
S
3
1 0.5i = S
3
S
G3
S
D3
:= S
2
1 0.3i + = S
2
S
G2
S
D2
:=
calculating the net power generated at buses 2 and 3
S
D3
1 j 0.5 + := S
G3
0 := S
D2
1 j 0.2 + := S
G2
j 0.5 := V
1
1.0 :=
The given input values are as follows:
V
3
1
j 19.98
S
3

V
3

j 10 V
1
V
2
+ ( )

(
(
(

=
V
2
1
j 19.98
S
2

V
2

j 10 V
1
V
3
+ ( )

(
(
(

=
Rearranging them as shown in equation (10.8) on page 331 in the text,
S
3
j 10 V
3
V
1

j 10 V
3
V
3

j 19.98 V
3
V
3

+ =
S
2
j 10 V
2
V
1

j 19.98 V
2
V
2

+ j 10 V
2
V
3

=
The subset of equations that we solve here are the latter two of the three given:
Do one step of Gauss iteration to find a new estimate for V2 and V3. Start with V2 and V3 equal
to 1.0 at zero degrees.
S
3
j 10 V
3
V
1

j 10 V
3
V
3

j 19.98 V
3
V
3

+ =
S
2
j 10 V
2
V
1

j 19.98 V
2
V
2

+ j 10 V
2
V
3

=
S
1
j 19.98 V
1
V
1

j 10 V
1
V
2

j 10 V
1
V
3

=
Problem 5. Problem 10.6 or Problem 10.7 on page 368. We are given the system shown in
Figure P10.6 and the following equations for bus powers:
8
arg V
3
2
( )
4.364 deg = V
3
2
0.987 =
V
3
2
0.984 0.075i = V
3
2
1
j 19.98
S
3

V
3
1

j 10 V
1
V
2
2
+
( )

(
(
(

:=
arg V
2
2
( )
2.82 deg = V
2
2
1.017 =
V
2
2
1.016 0.05i = V
2
2
1
j 19.98
S
2

V
2
1

j 10 V
1
V
3
1
+
( )

(
(
(

:=
If we choose instead to do problem 10.7, Gauss-Seidel iteration of the same problem, all is the
same except the last step.
arg V
3
2
( )
2.936 deg = V
3
2
0.977 =
V
3
2
0.976 0.05i = V
3
2
1
j 19.98
S
3

V
3
1

j 10 V
1
V
2
1
+
( )

(
(
(

:=
arg V
2
2
( )
2.82 deg = V
2
2
1.017 =
V
2
2
1.016 0.05i = V
2
2
1
j 19.98
S
2

V
2
1

j 10 V
1
V
3
1
+
( )

(
(
(

:=
First iteration
V
3
1
1.0 := V
2
1
1.0 :=
Initial guess is recommended as
9
x
1
1
|

\
|
.
= x J
1
f :=
Third, calculate the correction vector
f
1
1
|

\
|
.
= f
x
1
( )
2
x
2
1
x
2
( )
2
x
2
1

(
(
(
(

:=
Second, find the initial value of the mismatch vector
J
2
1
1
2
|

\
|
.
= J
2 x
1

1
1
2 x
2

\
|
.
:=
x
2
f
2
d
d
2 x
2
=
x
1
f
2
d
d
1 =
x
2
f
1
d
d
1 =
x
1
f
1
d
d
2 x
1
=
First, find the Jacobian
Do two iterations only. (This particular problem is known as the classical "Golden Ratio"
problem. The exact solution is x1=x2=1.618; another solution is x1=x2=-0.618)
x
1
1
|

\
|
.
= x
2
1.0 := x
1
1.0 :=
given the initial guess for each unknown is
f
2
x ( ) x
2
2
x
1
1 = 0 =
f
1
x ( ) x
1
2
x
2
1 = 0 =
Problem 6. Problem 10.12 on page 370. Use the Newton-Raphson method to solve
10
f
0.111
0.111
|

\
|
.
= f
x
1
( )
2
x
2
1
x
2
( )
2
x
2
1

(
(
(
(

:=
Second step: new mismatch vector
x
1.667
1.667
|

\
|
.
=
x x x + :=
Second step: new estimate of x
x
0.333
0.333
|

\
|
.
= x J
1
f :=
Second step: new correction vector
J
4
1
1
4
|

\
|
.
= J
2 x
1

1
1
2 x
2

\
|
.
:=
Second step: New Jacobian
f
1
1
|

\
|
.
= f
x
1
( )
2
x
2
1
x
2
( )
2
x
2
1

(
(
(
(

:=
Fifth, calculate a new mismatch vector
x
2
2
|

\
|
.
= x x x + :=
Fourth, add to get the new estimate of x
11