Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2 ( tan x ) 1 + sec 2 x
dx ,
2 = 2 2 + 3 3. 2 + (3 1)(1.5) = 1
2. f (2) = 4. 7 + (5 1)(3) = 5 5. 1.5 (241 ) = 12 6. 2 (1.531 ) = 4.5 7. lim 8. lim
5x 3 + 2 x 2 + 16 x 2
x 3x 4
= lim
5x 3
x 3x 4
=0
(sec x )2 dx = 16.404.
2
x0
0 (2 + sin x sec x )
dx = 1.629.
17 2
50
2.691588
dt 6004 people.
dt
(b)
15
15600
8. 10, 11, 12.1, 13.31; 19.487171 10 (1.1)7 9. 1, 1, 2, 3; 21 10. 3, 2, 1, 1; 2 11. (a) 3 (b) a + 7d = 2 + 7 (3) = 19 (c) an = an1 + 3 (d) an = 2 + (n 1)(3) = 3n 5
(c) H (17) = E (17) L (17) 380 people. H(17) is the number of people in the park at 5:00, and H (17) is the rate at which the number of people in the park is changing at 5:00. (d) When H (t ) = E (t ) L (t ) = 0; that is, at t = 15.795
12. (a) 2 (b) a + 7d = 15 + 7 (2) = 1 (c) an = an1 2 (d) an = 15 + (n 1)(2) = 2n + 17 13. (a)
1 2
5 5 = 5+3 8
1 9 (b) a + 7d = 1 + 7 = 2 2
Section 8.1
351
1 2
1/ 3
= 10
1 (n + 1) (d) an = 1 + (n 1) = 2 2
14. (a) 0.1 (b) a + 7d = 3 + 7(0.1) = 3.7 (c) an = an 1 + 0.1 (d) an = 3 + (n 1)(0.1) = 0.1n + 2.9 15. (a)
a1 =
3010 10 3
= 3.01
an = 3.01(10)n 1 , n 1
16 22. r = 1 / 2
1/ 5
= 2
a1 =
1 / 2 = 1/ 4 2
an = (1)n 1 (2)n 3 , n 1
23.
1 2
8
1 (b) 8 = 0.03125 2
1 (c) an = an 1 2
1 (d) an = 8 2
16. (a) 1.5
n 1
24.
= 24 n
(b) (1)(1.5)8 25.6289 (c) an = (1.5) an1 (d) an = (1)(1.5)n1 = (1.5)n1 17. (a) 3 (b) (3)9 = 19, 683 (c) an = 3an1 (d) an = (3)(3)n1 = (3)n 18. (a) 1 (b) (5)(1)8 = 5 (c) an = an1 (d) an = 5 (1)n1
25.
26.
27.
7 (2) 19. =3 3 a1 = 2 3 = 5
28.
3 5 = 2 4 a1 = 5 (2)(4) = 13
an = 13 + (n 1)(2) = 2n + 15
29.
30.
1 42. lim n n 2
[0, 10] by [15, 10]
n
1 1 lim = lim = 0 n n n
31. lim
2n
n n + 3
= lim
2n =2 n
2n 2
1 1 lim = lim = 0 n n n
2n 2 n 1
n 5n 2 + n + 2
= lim
n 5n 2
2 5
1 1 Note: n ! n for n 1
sin 2 n 44. lim n n 2
n
n n 2 + 1
= lim
n n 2
= lim
n n
=0
1 1 lim = lim = 0 n n n
n 1 =1 n+3 n 1 = 1 n+3
= lim ( 1)n
n
n = 2k 1, lim ( 1)n
n
n +1
2
n
2
=0
48. Table (a) 49. False. Consider the sequence with nth term an = 5 + 2(n 1). Here
a = 5, a2 = 3, a3 = 1, and a4 = 1 .
a 50. True. a1 > 0, r = 2 > 0, and a1
an = a1 r
51. C.
n 1
5 (1) =3 2 1 + 3(5) = 14
3 = lim n = 3 n n
Section 8.2
353
3n 1 =1 54. E. n = 2k , lim ( 1)n n n+2 3n 1 n = 2k 1, lim ( 1)n = 1 n n+2 55. (b) lim 2n sin n n = lim 2n = 2 n n 56. (a) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55
(b)
0.1 1+ x
1.1000 1.1046 1.1051 1.1052 1.1052 1.1052
x
0.1 As x , 1+ x
2.
[0, 10] by [10, 60]
approach 1.1052.
x1/(ln x )
2.7183 2.7183 2.7183 2.7183 2.7183
10
= 10 a + ( n 1) d = 10 a (10 d )n 1. Thus 10
{ } is a geometric
an
1 1 x
1 As x 0 , 1 approaches 1. x
y1 y = lim 1 . x0 y x0 y 2
2
1 1+ x
3. y5 =
x cos x sin x x2
y1 is equal to y2
y lim 1 . x0 y 2
1 As x 1 , 1+ goes to . x
5.
As t 1,
t 1 t 1
approaches 2.
6.
By LHpitals Rule:
4 x 2 +1 approaches 2. x +1
[2, 4] by [1, 1]
By LHpitals Rule:
As x 0,
8.
sin 3x approaches 3 . x
1 1 2 2+ x 2 2 (2 + 2) 1 lim = lim =4 x2 x 2 x2 1
3 x 1 1 4. lim appears to be about ; x 1 x 1 3
As
9. y =
1 sin h h
1/ h
10. y = (1+ h)
By LHpitals Rule:
[2, 4] by [1, 4]
[2, 2] by [2, 6]
sin 4 x 4 cos(4(0)) = lim =2 9. (a) lim sin 2 x 2 co s(2(0)) x0 x0 sin 4 x 4 cos(4(0)) (b) lim = xlim+ 2 co s(2(0)) = 2 x 0+ sin 2 x 0
Section 8.2
limit = 1
355
9. Continued (b)
[2, 2] by [3, 3]
sec 2 x tan x = lim =1 10. (a) lim 1 x0 x x0 sec 2 x tan x (b) lim = lim+ 1 = 1 x 0+ x x0
14. Left:
x / 2
sec x tan x lim =1 x / 2 sec 2 x Right: 1+ sec x lim = x / 2+ tan x sec x tan x lim =1 2 + x / 2 sec x
limit = 1
cos(0) sin x = 11. (a) lim 3 = lim x x 0 3 (0) 2 x0 cos(0) sin x = (b) lim 3 = lim + x 0 + 3 (0) 2 x0 x
15. lim
ln ( x + 1) = log2 x
sec 2 (0) tan x = 12. (a) lim 2 = lim x 0 2 ( 0) x0 x sec 2 (0) tan x = (b) lim 2 = lim x 0 + 2 (+ 0) x0 + x
1 x +1 lim = ln 2 1 x x ln 2
5 x 2 3x 16. lim = x 7 x 2 + 1
x
13. Left:
x 1+ cot x
csc x lim =
10 x 3 5 lim = 14 x 7
17. lim ( x ln x ) = 0 i
x0 +
= lim
x0 +
x0 +
x =0 x +1
lim e ln f ( x ) = e 0 = 1
sin x sin 2 x + cos 2 x 1 cos x + cos x sin x lim =1 = xlim+ sin x cos x x0 + 0
20. lim (ln(2 x ) ln( x + 1)) =
x
lim
ln x 1/ x = lim =0 x 1 x
lim e ln f ( x ) = e 0 = 1
27. (a)
x
f(x)
10
1.1513
10 2
0.2303
10 3
0.0345
10 4
0.00461
10 5
0.00058
lim
21. lim (e + x )
x0
= (1+ 0) = 1
ln x 5 5 ln x 5/ x 0 = lim = lim = =0 x x x x x 1 1
x
f(x)
10 0
0.1585
10 1
0.1666
10 2
0.1667
10 3
0.1667
10 4
0.1667
lim e ln f ( x ) = e 2
x0
22. lim ( x1 ( x 1) ) = 1
x 1
x sin x x
3
= lim
x0
1 cos x
1/ x ln x = lim =1 lim x 1 x 1 x 1 1
lim e ln f ( x ) = e1 = e
x 1
29. Let f ( ) =
sin 3 . sin 4
lim e ln f ( x ) = e 0 = 1
x 1
f ( )
10 0
0.1865
10 1
0.7589
10 2
0.7501
10 3
0.7500
10 4
0.7500
lim e ln f ( x ) = e 0 = 1
x
t
f(t)
10 0 0.1884
10 1 0.0167
10 2 0.0017
10 3 0.00017
Estimate the limit to be 0. 1 1 t sin t lim = lim t 0 sin t t 0 t sin t t 1 cos t = lim t 0 t cos t + sin t sin t =0 = lim t 0 t sin t + cos t + co st
Section 8.2
357
= lim
y (2 y + 2) y2 + 2 y ( 2 y 2 + 2 y) y2 + 2 y
10
1.2710
10 2
1.0472
10 3
1.0069
10 4
1.0009
10 5
1.0001
y0 +
= lim
y0 +
Estimate the limit to be 1. ln (1+ x ) ln f ( x ) = x 1 ln (1+ x ) 1+ x 0 lim = lim = =0 x x 1 x 1 lim (1+ x )1/ x = lim f ( x ) = lim e ln f ( x ) = e 0 = 1
x x
2
= lim =
y0 +
4y+ 2 2y + 2
4(0) + 2 2 = =1 2 (0) + 2 2
2 y sin y 37. lim y tan y = lim y / 2 2 y / 2 cos y 2 y cos y + ( 1)sin y = lim y / 2 sin y
32. Let f ( x ) =
x
x 2x
3x 2 + 5 x
10 0.5429
.
10 2
0.6525
103
0.6652
10 4
0.6665
105
0.6667
f ( x)
lim
x 2x 2
= lim
1 4 x
x 6 x + 5
= lim
x
2 4 = . 3 6
x sin x
Let f ( x ) =
lim
x . sin x
x0 +
x0 +
1 x ln 2 1 ( x + 3) ln 3
( x + 3) ln 3 x ln 2 x ln 3 + 3 ln 3 x ln 2 ln 3
1 Let f ( x ) = 2 . x
1 1 ln 2 = x ln 2 = x x
x
1 ln 2 x 1 x
x ln 2
ln 3 ln 2
1 lim 2 = lim e ln f ( x ) = e 0 = 1 x0 x x0
41. lim
3x 5
x 2 x 2 x + 2
= lim
x 4 x 1
=0
42. lim
x0
1 ln x lim = lim x = 1 x 1+ 1 x x 1+ 1
x 1+
1 e
ln (1+ 2 x )1/( 2 ln x ) =
ln (1+ 2 x ) 2 ln x
48.
2x
2x 2x dt = ln t = ln 2 x ln x = ln x t x
x x
lim
2x
dt 2x = lim ln = lim ln 2 = ln 2 x t x x
3x2 = 3 / 11 4 =0
lim (1 + 2 x )
1/( 2 ln x )
= lim e
x
ln f ( x )
=e
1/ 2
= e
49. lim
x3 1 4x x3
3
x 1
= lim
x 1
12 x 2 1
50. lim
2 x 2 + 3x x3 + x + 1
x
Let f ( x ) = (cos x )
cos x
= lim
4x+3
x 3 x 2 + 1
= lim
x 6 x
ln (cos x ) sec x
51. lim
1 cos t dt
x2 1
x 1
= lim
sin x sin 1 x2 1
x 1
= lim
x 1
cos x cos1 = 2x 2
= lim
x / 2
= lim cos x = 0
x / 2
x=
53. (a) LHpitals Rule does not help because applying LHpitals Rule to this quotient essentially inverts the problem by interchanging the numerator and denominator (see below). It is still essentially the same problem and one is no closer to a solution. Applying LHpitals Rule a second time returns to the original problem.
x
lim
9x +1 x +1
= lim
= lim
9 x +1 9x +1
ln (1+ x )1/ x =
ln (1+ x ) x
(b)
x0 +
46. The limit leads to the indeterminate form Let f ( x ) = (sin x ) tan x
ln (sin x ) ln (sin x ) tan x = tan x ln (sin x ) = cot x cos x sin x ln (sin x ) = lim = lim ( sin x cos x ) = 0 lim 2 + + cot x 0 x 0 csc x x0 + x 0
x0 +
(c) lim
9x +1
1 x = 9 =3 = lim x x +1 1 1 1+ x 9+
Let f ( x ) = x1/(1 x ) .
ln x1/(1 x ) =
ln x 1 x
54. (a) LHpitals Rule does not help because applying LHpitals Rule to this quotient essentially inverts the problem by interchanging the numerator and denominator (see below). It is still essentially the same problem and one is no closer to a solution. Applying LHpitals Rule a second time returns to the original problem. tan x sec x sec x tan x lim = lim = lim x / 2 tan x x / 2 sec 2 x x / 2 sec x
Section 8.2
359
= lim
rt r 1+ k
rt = rt 1
kt
r lim A0 1+ k k
The limit appears to be 1.
r = A0 lim 1+ k k
k
kt
= A0 lim e ln f ( k )
1 1 sec x cos x = lim = lim =1 (c) lim x / 2 tan x x / 2 sin x x / 2 sin x cos x
55. Find c such that lim f ( x ) = c.
x0
= A0ert
(b) Part (a) shows that as the number of compoundings per year increases toward infinity, the limit of interest compounded k times per year is interest compounded continuously. 58. (a) For x 0,
lim f ( x ) = lim
x0
9 x 3 sin 3x 5x 3 9 9 cos 3x
x0
f ( x ) 1 = = 1. g( x ) 1
15 x 2 27 sin 3x = lim x0 30 x 81cos 3x 81 27 = lim = = x0 30 30 10 27 Thus, c = . This works since lim f ( x ) = c = f (0), so f is x0 10 continuous.
x0
= lim
lim
lim
x0
f ( x ) =1 g( x )
f (x) 2 = =2 g (x) 1
x0
(b) This does not contradict LHpitals Rule since lim f ( x ) = 2 and lim g(x) = 1.
x0 x0
59. (a) A (t ) =
0 e
t x
dx = e x = e t + 1
0
form 0 0.
ln x ln x = x ln x = 1 x
x
(b) V (t ) = (e x )2 dx
= e 2 x dx
0
1 = e 2 x 2 0
1 1 = e 2t + 2 2
Thus, f has a removable discontinuity at x = 0. Extend the definition of by letting (0) = 1. 57. (a) The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1.
kt
r Let (k) = 1+ . k
r t ln 1 + k r ln f (k ) = kt ln 1 = 1 k k
(c) lim
( e 2t + 1) V (t ) = lim 2 t 0 + A(t ) t0 + et + 1
(2e 2t ) = lim 2 t t0 + e (2) = 2 = 1
r r r t ln 1+ t 2 1+ k k k lim = lim 1 1 k k 2 k k
60. (a)
1 67. E. lim 1+ x x
= lim
x
3x
1 1 x ( x + 1) ln 1+ = lim x = lim x x 1 / 3x 2 1 / 3x
3x 2 3 = lim = 3 x x ( x + 1) x 1
lim e ln f ( x ) = e3
sin x
x0 1+ 2 x
0 =0 1
LHpitals Rule is not applied here because the limit is 0 not of the form or , since the denominator has 0 limit 1. 61. (a) f ( x ) = e
x ln (1+1/x )
lim
f (x)
x 3 g ( x )
= lim
x 3
7( x 3) 7 lim = 7 x 3 x 3 1
(b) f ( x ) = ( x 3)2 ; g ( x ) = x 3
lim
(c) f ( x ) = x 3; g ( x ) = ( x 3)3
lim
f (x)
x 3 g ( x )
= lim
x 3
x 3 ( x 3)3
= lim
x 3 3 ( x 3) 2 )
1 1 2 1+ x x = lim 1 x x2 1 = lim =1 1 x 1+ x
x
lim
(b) f ( x ) = x + 1; g ( x ) = x 2
x
lim
(c) f ( x ) = x 2 ; g ( x ) = x + 1
62. False. Need g (a) 0. Consider f ( x ) = sin 2 x and g(x) = x 2 with a = 0. Here lim f ( x ) = lim g( x ) = 0 .
x0 x0
x 1 1 = = =1 tan x sec 2 x 1
1 cos x 6 x
12
x0
= lim
6 x 5 sin x 6 12 x11
x0
= lim
x0
= lim
x0
= lim
cos x 6 1 = x0 2 2
70. Continued (d) The graph and/or table on a grapher show the value of the function to be 0 for x-values moderately close to 0, but the limit is 1/2. The calculator is giving unreliable information because there is significant round-off error in computing values of this function on a limited precision device. 71. (a) f ( x ) = 3x , g ( x ) = 2 x 1
2
2. D. lim (3x 2 x )
x0 +
= lim
x0 +
= lim
x0
ln x 1 / 2x 1/ x 1 / 2x 2
x0 +
=0
lim 3e ln f ( x ) = 3e 0 = 3
3. B. lim
2 sin t dt
x2 4
x2
= lim
cos x cos 2 x2 4
sin x sin 2 = 2x 4
1/ 3
x2
= lim
x2
1/ 2 4. (a) 4
1 2
f f (0) = 1, g g (0) = 1 2 2
4 =8 1 / 2
(b)
sin c 1 = cos c 1
tan c = 1
1 2
n
c = tan 1 1 =
on 0, 2 4
1 (d) an = an 1 2
72. (a) ln f ( x ) g ( x ) = g ( x ) ln f ( x )
x c
= ( ) =
)(
lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim e ln f ( x )
x c x c
g( x )
= e = 0
= ( )( ) =
x c
)(
ax x
2
= lim
lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim e ln f ( x )
x c
g( x )
= e =
3x
x 2 x
= lim 1 . 5 x =
x
x
3. lim
( x + 1)4 / 3 (4 / 3) x 1 x2
x0
= lim
4 / 3 ( x + 1)1/ 3 (4 / 3) x0 2x
ln x ex ex x3
4 / 9 ( x + 1)2/ 3 = lim x0 2 2 = 9
= lim
1 x x e x
=0 = lim ex ex = lim = x 6 x x 6
2. lim
= lim
ex
x 3x 2
362
Section 8.3
3. lim
x2 x2
x e 2 x
= = lim 2x = lim 2 =0
3. lim
ex
x e cos x
= lim
ex sin x e cos x =
, 1 cos x 1,
4. lim
x e 2 x
x 2e 2 x
x 4e 2 x
x sin x e cos y
lim
ex
5. 3x 4
4. lim
ex 2)
x
x (5 /
ex = x !(5 / 2)
2x3 6. = 2x 2 x
7. lim
5. lim
6. lim
1 1 2 ( x )1/ 2 x 1
=0 =0
8. lim
7. lim
x 3
= lim
= lim
x 1 / 3 ( x ) 2 / 3
= lim
1
x 1 / 3 ( x ) 2 / 3
9. (a) f ( x ) =
ex + x2 e
x
= 1+
x2 ex = 2x x 2 ex
9. lim
x
8. lim
ln x x3
1/ x 3x 2
= lim
x 3x 3
=0
f ( x ) = 2x x 2
2 xe x x 2e x e =0
2x
x2 + 4x x
2
= lim
2x + 4 2 = lim = 1 x 2x x 2
x 4 + 5x x
4
10. lim
x 4 + 5x x
2
= lim
= lim
12 x 2
x 12 x 2
=1
11. lim
( x 6 + x 2 )1/ 3 x x2
2
= lim
x6 + x2 x
6
= lim
120 x 3
x 120 x 3
=1
12. lim
x 2 + sin x
= lim
x + sin x sin x = 1+ ,x0 x x sin x < 1since sin x < x for x 0 . Observe that x lim f ( x ) = 1 + lim
e x +1 ex
=e
sin x = 1+ 1 = 2 x0 x0 x Thus the values of f get close to 2 as x gets close to 0, so f doesnt have an absolute maximum value. f is not defined at 0.
lim
1+ x 4 x2
= lim =
x
1+ x 4 x4
= lim
1 x4
+1 = 1
lim
x2 ex
= lim
2x ex
= lim
x e x
=0
ex
ex
ex
ex x
20
= lim
ex = x 20!
17. lim
x ln x x ex
= lim
1 x + ln x 1 x ex
ln x ex 1/ x ex =0
27. lim
e x 1 = lim x =0 x ln x x e ln x
= lim = lim
5 ln x =5 ln x
xe
ex
= lim x =
x
e = lim = 0 x x x x x lim ex
(e + e ) / 2
x
e
x
1 1 1 = lim + 2 x = x 2 2e 2
x
e +e 2
21. lim
x e x / 2
lim
ex
= lim e x / 2 =
x
x3 + 3 x2
3 = lim x + 2 = x x
15 x + 3 x2
15 3 = lim + 2 = 0 x x x
ln x x2
1 /x 1 = lim = lim 2 = 0 x 2 x x 2 x
lim
2x x
2
= lim
1/ x 1 = lim =0 x ln x x x ln x
1 x
364
Section 8.3
4 = lim 1 x 9
x
=1
lim
2
x2
Thus f1 and f3 grow at the same rate. By transitivity, f2 and f3 grow at the same rate, so all three functions grow at the same rate as x . 34. Compare f1 to f2 .
lim
10 x + 1 f2 ( x ) 1 = lim = lim 10 + = 10 0 x f1 ( x ) x x x
lim
x +1 f3 ( x ) 1 = lim = lim 1+ = 1 x f1 ( x ) x x x
x 4 + 2x 2 1 f (x) x +1 lim 2 = lim x f ( x ) x x3 1 4 x + 2x 2 1 = lim x x4 + x3 2 1 1+ 2 4 x x =1 = lim 1 x 1+ x Thus f1 and f2 grow at the same rate.
Compare f1 and f3.
Thus f1 and f3 grow at the same rate. By transitivity, f2 and f3 grow at the same rate, so all three functions grow at the same rate as x . 32. Compare f1 to f2 .
x
lim
f3 ( x ) = lim f1 ( x ) x = lim
x
2x5 1 x 2 +1 x3 2x5 1
lim
x4 + x f2 ( x ) 1 = lim = lim 1+ 3 = 1 x f1 ( x ) x x 2 x
lim
x4 x3 f3 ( x ) 1 = lim = lim 1 = 1 x x f1 ( x ) x x2
Thus f1 and f3 grow at the same rate. By transitivity, f2 and f3 grow at the same rate, so all three functions grow at the same rate as x . 33. Compare f1 to f2 .
x
lim
9 +2 f2 ( x ) = lim f1 ( x ) x 3x
x
= lim
9x + 2x 9x
x
ex xn
2 = lim 1+ = 1 x 9
Thus f1 to f2 grow at the same rate. Compare f1 to f3.
lim
ex xn
= lim
ex = x n!
Thus e x grows faster than x n as x for any positive integer n. (b) The nth derivative of a x . a > 1, is (ln a)n a x . We can apply L Hpitals Rule n times to find lim
ax xn
= lim
9 4
x
x
x
lim
ax x
n
= lim
(ln a)n a x = x n!
39. Continued (b) Thus a x grows faster than x n as x for any positive integer n. 40. (a) Apply LHpitals Rule n times to find
x a x n
lim
n log2 n n
32
= lim
log2 n
lim
ex
n
+ an 1x + an 1x
n 1
+ +
+ a1x + a0 + a1x + a0
. = lim ex = x a n! n
x a x n
lim
ex
n n 1
an x n + an 1 x n 1 +
+ a1x + a0 as x .
Thus n log2 n grows slower than n 3 2 as n . Compare n log2 n to n( log2 n)2 n log2 n 1 lim = lim =0 n n(log n) 2 n log n 2 2 Thus n log2 n grows slower than n(log2 n)2 as n . The algorithm of order of n log2 n is likely the most efficient because of the three functions, it grows the most slowly as n . 44. (a) It might take 1,000,000 searches if it is the last item in the search. (b) log2 1, 000, 000 19 . 9; it might take 20 binary searches. 45. (a) The limit will be the ratio of the leading coefficients of the polynomials since the polynomials must have the same degree. (b) By the same reason as in (a), the limit will be the ratio of the leading coefficients of the polynomial. 46. True. because lim
lim
ax + an 1x n 1 + ax
n
+ a1x + a0 + a1x + a0
. =
x a x n
lim
+ an 1x
n x
n 1
= lim
(ln a) a = x an n!
+ a1x + a0 as x .
an x n + an 1x n 1 +
ln x x1/ n
= lim
1 x 1 (1/ n ) 1 x n
= lim
n x1/ n
=0
n log2 n n 3/ 2
=0
x6 +1 x + x +1
5 2
= lim
6! x = 5!
=0
42. lim
ln x + an 1x n 1 + + a1x + a0
49. A. lim
x
x a x n n
log3 x e
x
1 x ln 13 e x
50. C. lim
ex + 2 ex
= e2
51. D. lim
x8 + x 4 x
x5 x2
4
= lim
x8 + x 4 x
8
= lim
6720 x 3
x 6720 x 3 0
=1
= lim x 3 =
x
5x 3
x 2 x 3
= lim
x 2
5 2
366
Section 8.4
xn xm xn
= lim x m n = .
x
x p+1 = l im c0 + p + 1
1 c p+1 1 = lim = + p + 1 1 p c0
g( x ) = . f (x)
3 dx = ln x + 3 = ln 6 ln 3 = ln 2 0 x+3
2.
f (x) g( x )
= lim
1 x 2 + 1 = 2 ln x
x dx
1 1 + 1 = ln 2 ln 2 = 0 2 2 1
3.
x2 + 4 = 4 x 2
=
=
dx
dx
2 +1
x 1 2 tan 1 + C 2 4
1 1 x tan +C 2 2
4
4.
x4 = x
dx
1 dx = x 3 + C 3
f ( x ) f (x) = lim =L (b) lim x g( x ) x g( x ) Thus f ( x ) grows at the same rate as g( x ) by definition.
5. 9 x 2 > 0 for 3 < x < 3 The domain is (3, 3). 6. x 1 > 0 for x > 1 The domain is (1, ). 7. 1 cos x 1, socos x 1. cos x cos x 1 = 2 2 2 x x x 8. x 2 1 x 2 so x 2 1 x 2 = x for x >1
dx xp
1 xp
1 x 1
2
1 x
9. lim
3. If p >1, then
0 x p = clim+ c 0
dx
dx x
p
1
x p+1 = lim c0 + p + 1
2x 1 x +3
2 1 x 1+ 3 x = 2
= lim
dx xp
= lim
c0 +
dx xp
0 x 2 +1
b 0 b
2x
dx = lim 2x
2x x 2 +1
10.
b 0
dx
dx
dx
= lim b
1 2( x 2)
= 1 / 8 2
b
2
(b) lim
x +1
2
dx = lim ln( x 2 + 1)
b
b 0
11.
2dx
2dx x 2 1
x + 1 = lim ln b x 1
b
= ln 3
b
diverges 2. (a)
dx x
13
= lim
dx x
13
12.
3dx x2 x
dx
= lim
b 2
b 1
x 1 = lim 3 ln 3 b x x x 3dx
b
= 3 ln 2
2
b
(b) lim
dx
x1 3 diverges
b 1
3 = lim x 2 3 b 2
0
=
1
dx
= ln 2
3. (a)
2x
2x
14.
lim
b 0
2x ( x + 1)2
2
x 2 4 x + 3 = blim b x 2 4 x + 3
x 1 = lim ln b x 3
0
2dx
2dx
dx
= ln 3
b
(b) lim
b b
2x ( x 2 + 1)2
dx + lim
0
2x ( x 2 + 1)2
b
b 0
dx
15.
1 = lim 2 b x + 1
converges 4. (a)
1 + lim 2 = 0 b x + 1 0 b
5x +6 x2 + 2 x
dx = lim
5x +6 x2 + 2 x
b 1
dx
= lim ln (( x + 2)2 ( x )3 )
b
b 1
dx x
b
= lim
dx x
dx x
b
diverges 16.
b 1
2 dx x 2x
2
= lim
b 2 x 2 2 x
b
2 dx
(b) lim
b 1
= lim (2 x ) =
b 1
diverges 5.
x 2 = lim ln b x
= ln 2
2
1 1
dx
x4
= lim
dx
b 1
1 = lim x 4 b 3x 3 2dx x3
=
1 b
1 3 =1
17.
b x 1 2 x 3 2 x e 2 x dx = lim x e 2 x dx = lim e = e b 1 b 2 4 4
6.
2dx
x3
= lim
b 1
2 = lim 2 b 2 x
18.
2 x
e dx = lim
b b
x 2 e x dx
0
7.
= lim x b 1 diverges
3
1
1
dx
3 = lim ( x )2 3 3 b 2 x dx
x 2 x 1 2 x = lim e =2 b 2 2 4
b
=
1
19.
x2 b x2 x ln x dx = lim x ln x dx = lim ln 2 = b 1 b 2 4 1
b
8.
dx
4
= lim
dx
b 1 4
4 = lim ( x )3 4 x b 3
1
diverges
=
1
20.
( x + 1) e x dx = lim ( x + 1) e x dx
b 0
diverges 9.
= lim ( x 2)e x
b
x 2 = blim b
dx
1 dx
1 = lim 2 b x x
b 0
=2
b
=1
b
21.
1 x 1
dx = lim
e b b
1 x 1
dx + lim e 1 x 1 dx = 2
b 0
368
Section 8.4
22.
2 x e
b
x2
dx = lim 2 x e x dx + lim 2 x e x dx =
2 2
b b
b 0
(b)
dx 1x1
= lim
lim e x
0 b
+ lim e x
b
0
b0 1
dx 1x1
+ lim
b0 + b b
dx 1x1 +
b 0
=0
b
= lim 2 x sign ( x )
b0
23.
e x + e x = blim b e x + e x + blim 0
b
dx
dx
dx e x + e x
31. 0
b0 +
( lim ( 2
) sign ( x ) )
1 4 b
=6
lim tan 1 (e x )
2x
0 b
+ lim tan 1 (e x )
b
)
b
b 0
1
x
24.
dx = lim
0
b b
e 2 x dx + lim e 2 x dx
b 0
b
e 1+ e converges.
1
x
on 1, ) , converges because
1 ex
dx
e2 x + lim b 2 b
32. 0
=
0
33. 0
25. (a) The integral has an infinite discontinuity at the interior point x = 1. (b)
0 1 x 2
dx
= lim
0 b1
dx 1 x 2
b
+ lim
b1 +
b 1 x 2
2
dx
34.
dx x +1
4
1 x + 1 = lim ln 2 x 1 b1
diverges
1 x + 1 + lim ln + 2 x 1 b1 0
and 0
=
x +1 1 1 2 on 1, ) x 4 +1 x
4
= 2
dx
= 2
1 0
dx x +1
4
+ 2
dx x 4 +1
1 x2
dx converges.
26. (a) The integral has an infinite discontinuity at the endpoint x = 1. (b)
ln 2 2 1 y
y e
dy = lim
b
ln 2 2 1 y y e dy b0 b
= lim e1 x
b0
ln 2 n b
dx 1 x 2
= lim
dx 1 x 2
b1 0
= lim sin 1 ( x )
b1
b 0
diverges 36.
0
0
dr 4r
ds
= lim
dr 4r
b4 0
= lim 2 4 r
b4
b 0
=4
27. (a) The integral has an infinite discontinuity at the endpoint x = 0. (b)
37.
x +1 x 2 + 2x
dx = lim = lim
b0
x +1 x2 + 2 x x 2 + 2x
(1+ s) s
= lim
ds (1+ s) s
b0 b
= lim 2 tan 1 s
b0
b0 b
dx
38.
(
x
= 3
b
1 u
0
du u 1
2
2
= lim
du u u 1
2
b1 b
= lim tan 1 x 2 1
b1
=
b
28. (a) The integral has an infinite discontinuity at the endpoint x = 0. (b)
4 e x 0
39.
16 tan 1 v
1+ v = 2 2
dv = lim
b 16 tan 1 v
b 0
1+ v
b 0
dx = lim
4 e x
b0 b
dx = lim 2e
b0
4 b
= 2 2e 2
40.
e
2
d = lim
b
e b b
dt
2
d = lim ( x 1) e x
b
b 0
= 1
b
29. (a) The integral has an infinite discontinuity at the endpoint x = 0. (b)
41.
lim 0 x ln ( x ) dx = b0 b x ln ( x ) dx x x = lim ln x b0 2 4
2 2 1
dt
dt
+ lim ( ln( x 1) ) =
b1+ b
= 1 / 4
b
div erges v
42.
30. (a) The integral has an infinite discontinuity at the interior point x = 0.
1 ln (| w |) dw = blim 1 ln (| w |) dw + blim b ln (| w |) dw 0 0
+
= lim ( w ln (| w |) w )
b0
b 1
+ lim ( w ln (| w |) w ) = 2
b0 + b
ln x x2 ln x x2
dx = lim
ln x x2
(b) Both
2 x dx 0
b 1
dx
for
x 2 +1 2 x dx
and
2 x dx x 2 +1
Integrate
dx by parts.
x 2 + 1 to converge.
b b
u = ln x
x2 1 1 du = dx v= x x ln x ln x dx ln x 1 x2 = x + x2 = x x + C
b
dv =
dx
(c) lim
b
2 x dx x 2 +1
= lim ln ( x 2 + 1) b b
= lim ln (b 2 + 1) ln (b 2 + 1) b = lim 0 = 0 .
b
Note that
2x x +1
2
is an odd function so
b b
2 x dx x 2 +1
= 0.
Area =
ln x
dx = lim
(d) Because the determination of convergence is not made using the method in part (c). In order for the integral to converge, there must be finite areas both directions (toward and toward ). In this case, there are infinite areas in both directions, but when one computes the intergral over an interval [b, b], there is cancellation which gives 0 as the result. 47. By symmetry, find the perimeter of one side, say for
b 1
0 x 1, y 0.
y 2 3 = 1 x 2 3 y = (1 x 2 3 )3 2
dy 3 2 = (1 x 2 3 )1 2 x 1 3 = x 1 3 (1 x 2 3 )1 2 3 dx 2
dy 2 3 (1 x 2 3 ) = ( x 2 3 1) dx = x
2
Area = lim 1 (ln x 2 ) = lim 1 (ln b)2 = b 2 1 b 2 45. (a) Since f is even, f ( x ) = f ( x ). Let u = x, du = dx.
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + 0
= =
0
f ( x ) dx
f (u)(1) du + 0 0
0
f ( x ) dx dy 1+ = x 2 3 = x 1 3 dx
2
f ( x ) du + f ( x ) dx
= 2 f ( x ) dx
0
0 x
1 1 3
dx = lim
b0 + b
1 1 3
dx
1
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + 0
=
0
f ( x ) dx
f (u)(1) du + 0
0 0
b
f ( x ) dx
3 = lim x 2 3 b0 + 2 b 3 3 3 = lim b 2 3 = 2 b0 + 2 2
3 Thus, the perimeter is 4 = 6. 2
48. False. See Theorem 6. 49. True. See Theorem 6.
= f (u) du + f ( x ) dx = 0
46. (a)
2 x dx
x 2 +1
= lim
2 x dx x 2 +1
b
b 0
= lim ln ( x 2 + 1) 0 b = lim ln (b 2 + 1) =
b
50. C.
dx x1.01
= lim
dx x1.01
b 1
= 100
1
370
Section 8.4
51. B.
dx
dx
1 b
=2
e2 x = lim b 8
ln 2
4 = 0 = 8 2
56. (a) f ( x ) =
53. C.
dx x +1
2
= lim
dx x +1
2
b 0
= lim tan 1 x
b
b 0
1 2
e x
/2
54. (a)
dx x
0.5
= lim
dx x
0.5
b 1
= lim 2 x
b
( )
b
b 1
= , or it diverges.
(b)
1
1
dx
x
dx x
1.5
= lim
b dx
b 1
b
= lim ln x
( b
) 1 = , or it diverges.
b
(c)
= lim
= lim
dx x
1.5
b 1
2 = lim =2 b x 1
f has a local maximum at (0, f (0) = 0, 1 x 2/ 2 e , x , 1, 1 0.683 (b) NINT 2 1 x 2/ 2 e , x , 2, 2 0.954 NINT 2 1 x 2/ 2 e , x , 3, 3 0.997 NINT 2
(d)
dx x
p
dx xp
b
1 2
b 1
(c) Part (b) suggests that as b increases, the integral approaches 1. We can make make
b b b
dx x
, p >1 p
f ( x ) dx as close to 1 as
1 1 1 = lim b 1 p b p 1 1 p
f ( x ) dx and
f ( x ) dx as small as we want by
1 1 1 1 p 1 p
0 < f ( x ) < e x / 2 for x > 1 .(Likewise, 0 < f ( x ) < e x / 2 for x < 1) Thus,
1 = p 1
, p <1 xp 1 1 1 = 1 p b p 1 1 p =
=
f ( x ) dx < e x / 2 dx
b
dx
b e
x /2
dx = lim e x / 2 dx
c b
= lim 2e x / 2 b c
p 1
= lim [ 2e c / 2 + 2e b / 2 ]
c
= 2e b/ 2
As b , 2e b /2 0, so for large enough b,
55. (a) A( x ) = e 2 x 4
(b) V = (c) V =
b
ln 2
ln 2
A( x ) dx =
2x
e 2 x dx
ln 2
enough b,
f ( x ) dx is as small as we want.
4 e
ln 2
dx = lim
b b
e 2 x dx
x2 e dx 6
6x e 6
dx
dx
b
0 e
dx = lim e x dx
b 0
b lim e 6 x b 6
= lim e x 0 b
b
1 = lim e 6 x b 6 6
= lim [ e b + 1] = 1
For n = 1:
1 1 = lim e 6 b + e 36 b 6 6
1 = e 36 < 4 10 17 6
(b)
u=x du = dx
dv = e x dx v = e x
b b 0
0
dx
xe x dx = lim xe x dx
b b = lim xe x + e x dx 0 0 b
b b = lim b + lim e x dx b e b 0
x2 e 1
dx =
6 x2 e 1
2
dx +
x2 e 6
e x dx + 4 10 17
Thus, from part (a) we have shown that the error is bounded by 4 10 (c)
17
.
2
1 = lim b + 1 = 1 b e
For n = 2;
x2 e 1
u = x2 du = 2 x dx
dv = e x dx v = e x
b b 0
x2 e 0
dx =
3 x2 e 0
dx + e x dx
3
2 x
x e
dx = lim x 2 e x dx
b b = lim x 2e x + 2 x e x dx 0 0 b
3 x2 e 0
dx +
3 x e 3
dx
3 e
3 x
dx = lim e 3 x dx
b 3
b2 b = lim b + 2 lim xe x dx b b 0 e
b
1 = lim e 3 x b 3 3
1 1 = lim e 3b + e 9 b 3 3
1 = e 9 0.000041< 0.000042 3
58. Suppose 0 f (x) g(x) for all x a. From the properties of integrals, for any b > a,
u = xn du = nx n1
dv = e x dx v = e x
f ( x ) g( x ) dx.
a
n x
dx = x n e x + nx n1 e x dx
If the infinite integral of g converges, then taking the limit in the above inequality as b shows that the infinite integral of f is bounded above by the infinite integral integral of g. Therefore, the infinite integral of f must be finite and it converges. If the infinite integral of f diverges, it must grow to infinity. So taking the limit in the above inequality as b shows that the infinite integral of g must also diverage to infinity.
f (n + 1) =
n x
x e
dx
b
= lim x ne x + nx n1 e x dx 0 0 b
bn = lim b + n x n1 e x dx 0 b e = nf (n)
bn lim b = 0 . b e
372
Chapter 8 Review
3. B. 4. (a)
1 0
dx x p+ 1
b
= C when p < 0. dx
f (n + 1) = n(n 1)
n x x e 0
2 ln ( x ) x2
(b) lim
2 ln x
b 1
x2
dx
2 ln x x2
1+ x 2 = blim b 1+ x 2
= lim tan 1 x b b
1 1
dx
dx
x2
dx = 2 ln x ( x 1 ) ( x 1 ) 2 x 1 dx
3 + = 4 2 4 dx b dx 1 1+ x 2 = xlim 1 1+ x 2
=
= 2 4 4 dx 3 1+ x 2 = 4 + 4 =
=
(b)
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + 0 f ( x ) dx c
a40 = (1)40
40 + 1 = 41 / 43 40 + 3
f ( x ) dx =
f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
0
2. 3, 6, 12, 24
Thus,
a40 = 3 (239 )
3. (a) 1 2 (1) = 3 / 2
f ( x ) dx + c
=
0
f ( x ) dx
c 0
f ( x ) dx + 0 f ( x ) dx + c + f ( x ) dx 0
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx + 0
c 0
3n 5 2
f ( x ) dx , because
c f ( x ) dx + c
f ( x ) dx =
0 f ( x ) dx 0 f ( x ) dx = 0.
2 = 4 12
1 (4)6 = 2048 2
(b)
0 . 1x 3 x2
1
= (1)n1 (22 n 3 )
2. C. Since
dx x
5.
f ( x ) = x1 x
ln f ( x ) =
[0, 20] by [2, 4]
x
ln x x
lim
6.
ln x 1x = lim =0 x 1 x
x
lim x1 x = lim e ln f ( x ) = e 0 = 1
3 f ( x ) = 1+ x 6n
n 4 n
7. an = lim
3n 2 1 2n + 1
2
= lim
= lim
n 2
3 = , it converges. 2
8. an = ( 1)n
n
3 ln f ( x ) = x ln 1+ = x
3 ln 1+ x 1 x
9. lim
t0
t ln (1+ 2t ) t2
+
1 = lim
t0
2 1+ 2t = for t 0 and 2t
x0
f ( x ) = x1/(1 x )
ln f ( x ) = lim
lim x
x 1
ln x 1 x
x 1
1x ln x = lim = 1 1 x x1 1
= lim e
x 1 ln f ( x )
1 (1 x )
=e
1 = e
374
Chapter 8 Review
19. The limit leads to the indeterminate from 0 0. . f ( ) = (tan ) ln (tan ) ln f ( ) = ln (tan ) = 1/
28. lim
1 x x 2 1 1 2 x x x 2 1 x2 x 2 1 1 1 1 / x 2 =1
sec ln (tan ) tan lim = lim 1 1/ x0 + x0 + 2 2 = lim x 0 + sin cos 20 = lim =0 2 2 x 0 + sin + cos
2
x0 +
2
ln f ( )
= e =1
0
x 3x + 1
3 2
2x + x 3
2
= lim
3x 6 x 6x 6 = lim = x 4 x +1 4
2
22. lim
3x 2 x + 1 x x +2
4 3
= lim
6x 1
3
x 4 x
3x
= lim
6
2
x 12 x
6x
1 = lim x x
Note that 1
=0
23. lim
log2 x f (x) (ln x ) / (ln 2) ln 3 = = lim = lim 24. lim x g( x ) x log x x (ln x ) / (ln 3) ln 2 3
f grows at the same rate as g. 25. lim
f (x) x / 100 ex = lim = lim = x x g( x ) x xe x 100 f grows faster than g. f (x) x = lim = since x g( x ) x tan 1 x
x
f (x) 10 x 3 + 2 x 2 = lim x g ( x ) x ex
= lim = lim 30 x 2 + 4 x ex 60 x + 4
x x
27. lim
33. lim
39.
3dx
1
3x x 2
= lim
b b
3dx 3x x 2
1
= lim
1 x )2
x 1+ (1
=1
x 3 = lim ln b x b = 2 ln (2)
40.
dx 9 x2
= lim
b3 0
x = lim sin 1 = 2 b3 3 0 2 9 x dx
1
1 = lim 1 (1 x )2
x
x
( x 2 )
41.
0 ln ( x ) dx = blim0 b ln ( x ) dx = blim0 ( x ln x x ) b = 1
2x 3
2 1 (1 x )2 =
42.
= lim
dy
dy
dy
2 = lim 1 b 0 y
43.
2sin x 1 ex 1
2 + lim =6 + b 0 y 1 b
x0
= lim
2 ( + 1)3/5
= lim
3/ 5 b 1 2 ( + 1)
x0
= ln 2
+ lim
b
b 1+ b
d ( + 1)3/ 5
0
2 5 = lim ( x + 1) 5 b 11 2
2 5 + lim ( x + 1) 5 = 0 b 1+ 2 b 2
= lim
x0 +
ln x 1x
1x 1 x 2
44.
2dx x 2 2x
= lim
b 3
2dx x 2 2x
b
= lim
x0 +
= lim ( x ) = 0
x0 +
x 2 lim = b In = In 3 x
3
45.
2 x
x e dx = lim
b 0
b 2 x
x e dx
b
dx x 3/ 2
= lim dx
b 1
dx x 3/ 2
2 = lim b x
b 1
=2
46.
= lim (( x 2 2 x 2 ) e x ) = 2
b 0
38.
xe
3x
dx
x + 7 x + 12
b 1
= lim
dx x 2 + 7 x + 12
b
= lim
47.
e x
b b
x 1 1 xe3 x dx = lim e3 x = b 3 9 9 b
x + 4 5 = lim ln = ln 4 b x + 3 1
dx + e x
= lim
b b
dx e x + e x
b 0
+ lim
b 0
dx e x + e x
= lim (tan 1 e x )
b
376
Chapter 8 Review
47. Continued
53. (a)
+ lim (tan 1 (e x ))
b
b 0
2 x
dx = lim
e b b
b b 0
0
0 2x
dx + lim e 2 x dx
b 0
(b) lim
=
48.
2
0
e b b
0 2x
dx + lim e 2 x dx
b
x 2 + 16 = blim b x 2 + 16 + blim 0 x 2 + 16
x = lim tan 1 b 4
0 b b
4 dx
4 dx
4 dx
0 ( ln x )
1 0
dx
x + lim tan 1 b 4
= (ln x )2 dx
= lim
b b0 +
(ln x )2 dx
=
49. 0
ln z 1
dz ln z dz
1
u = (ln x )2
b
dv = dx
1
1
ln z dz = lim ln z dz = lim ( z ln z z ) =
b 1 b 1
du =
2(ln x ) dx v = x x
2
ln z
dz diverges
(ln x )
dx = x (ln x )2 2 ln x dx
50. 0
et
dt e t dt
1
dv = dx
u = 2 ln x
b
e dt = lim
e b 1
b t
dt = lim ( e t ) = 0 + e = e 1
b 1
du =
2 dx v = x x
et
dt converges
1/ 3
2 ln x dx = 2 x ln x 2 dx = 2 x ln x 2 x + C 2 2 (ln x ) dx = x (ln x ) 2 x ln x + 2 x + C
Area = lim x (ln x )2 2 x ln x + 2 x b b0 +
1
3 / 8 51. (a) 3
= 1/ 2
1 = 6 3 1/ 2
(b)
1 2
n
= 2 lim
b
1 b2
1 (c) an = 6 2
b0 +
b0 +
= 2 lim
= 2 lim
an = 3 (22 n )
5.5 11.5 52. (a) = 1.5 4
11.5 ( 1.5) = 13
(b) 1.5 (c) an = 13 + (n 1)( 1.5)
b0 +
2 (ln b) + 2 lim ( b) 1 b b0 +
2 b 1 b2 lim 2 b = 2
b0 +
b0 +
55. For x 0, y 0 on 0, ).
Area =
xe x dx = lim xe x dx
b 0
an = 1.5 + 14.5
u=x du = dx
dv = e x dx v = e x
Section 9.1
377
55. Continued
xe
dx = xe
+e
dx = xe
+C
+ ( x ) n +
. . .
+ (1)n x n+1 + + (2 x ) n +
(b) lim
xe b 0
xe
x 2
x 2
dx
4. 1 ( x 1) + ( x 1)2 ( x 1)3 + + (1)n ( x 1)n + . This geometric series converges for 1 < x 1 < 1, which is equivalent to 0 < x < 2. The interval of convergence is (0, 2). 5.
dx = x (2e x 2 ) (2e x 2 ) dx
= 2 xe x 2 4e x 2 + C.
Area =
b 0 b b
lim
xe x 2 dx = lim 2 xe x 2 4e x 2 0 b
b
= lim 2be b 2 4e b 2 0 + 4 = 4 .
57. (a)
0 x
b
dy =
b
0 ( y + 1)2
dy
+ (1)n x 2 n +
(b) lim
0 ( y + 1)2
b
dy
0 1 + t 2 dt
0 (1 t
x 2
0 ( y + 1)2
dy
= lim ( y + 1)1
b
b 0
+ t4 t6 +
+ (1)n t 2 n +
)dt
x
1 = lim + 1 = b b +1
58. Note that xe x dx can be found by parts:
xe
So
dx = x ( e x ) ( e x )dx = xe x e x + C.
xe x dx = lim
xe k 0
dx = lim xe x e x 0 k