Fela Langston APUSH Ms. Sharlimar Period 1 30 September 2011 HOMEWORK Chapter 2 Review (Pages 38-54) 1.

The Spanish, French, and Dutch colonial strategies were similar because each country colonized North America with the intent of profiting from commerce. Each country engaged in warfare with the Native Americans during their attempt at colonizing. Both the Spanish and the French wished to convert Natives to Christianity. Their colonial strategies differed in multiple ways. Spaniards were in search of gold, thus causing them to battle with Native Americans in their quest for the fabled seven golden cities of Cbola. Upon realizing that these golden cities did not exist, the Spanish began to force their culture and religion on the Indians. The French initially established their colonies due to the fur-trade, and eventually began to convert native peoples to Catholicism. Not many Frenchmen and women migrated to New France, so they continued to acquire furs, and went to war with the Iroquois. Their warfare resulted in many losses on both sides, and the Iroquois gained control of the fur trade. The Dutch were involved in the furtrade as well, and began to colonize for this reason. However, their colony did not prosper. Because of this, the West India Company granted wealthy Dutchmen estates along the Hudson River. An Indian war resulted in Dutch colonies being ignored by the West India Company. The colonization of New Netherland was not very successful. 2. The Five Nations of the Iroquois united because they wanted better diplomacy in a stable form of government. They feared being conquered, so they decided to unite. They were very successful in achieving peace throughout the confederacy, as well as protecting themselves from the English and the French. 3. The two systems of forced labor that took hold in the Chesapeake colonies were indentured servitude and slavery. However, indentured servants were eventually freed while slaves were not. Chapter 4 (Pages 103-116) NOTES I. Freehold Society in New England Farm Families: Women and the Rural Household Economy Puritan commitment to independence did not include women A wifes duty was to love and reverence her husband The courts prosecuted many women and few men for having sexual intercourse outside of marriage (fornication) Daughters usually received livestock or household goods, while brothers were given land

Women assumed the role of dutiful helpmates to their husbands Bearing and rearing children was a very important task, as most women in New England married in their early 20s and by early 40s had given birth to 6/7 children More women than men became full members of Puritan congregations because they feared the dangers of childbirth and because their children would be baptized Size of farms shrank, so families standard of living was raised because women bore an average of 4 children and were able to focus on other tasks Ministers praised womens piety but excluded them from an equal role in the church

Farm Prosperity: Inheritance European men who migrated to colonies escaped the curse of landlessness Property ownership and family authority were closely related Parents with small farms couldnt provide their offspring with land, so they were placed as indentured servants Sons and daughters in well-to-do farm families received a marriage portion when they reached 23-25 Marriage was not a contract between equals After husbands death, a wife received the right to use, but not sell, a third of the familys property It was a fathers duty to provide inheritances for children & those who failed to do so lost status in community Some fathers willed family farm to 1 son, & gave other children money, apprenticeship contracts, or required the inheriting son to do so The Crisis of Freehold Society New Englands population doubled with each generation In long-settled areas, many farms were divided so many parents could not provide children with adequate inheritance About 60% of farmers owned less land than their fathers had Parents had less control over childrens lives System of arranged marriages broke down. Young people engaged in premarital sex and used urgency of pregnancy to gain fathers permission to marry Number of premarital conceptions rose from 10% of first-born children in 1710s to more than 30% in 1740s Some families chose to have smaller families by using various methods of birth control Other families petitioned provincial govt for frontier land grants and hacked new farms New England changed from a grain to a livestock economy, becoming the major supplier of salted and pickled meat to plantations of West

Indies Household mode of production-families exchanged labor and goods with one another. Allowed households and the regions economy to maximize their output and preserve the freehold ideal

II. The Middle Atlantic: Toward a New Society, 1720-1765 Economic Growth and the Social Inequality Ample fertile land and a longer growing season than New England attracted migrants to the Middle Atlantic colonies, and grain exports to Europe and the West Indies financed their settlement Middle Atlantic farmers brought prosperity to the region by increasing their exports of wheat, corn, flour, and bread Many refused to settle in New Yorks fertile Hudson River Valley because Dutch landlords presided over manors created by the Dutch West India Company, and wealthy British families dominated vast tracts granted by English governors Few migrants wanted to labor as poor, dependent peasants A family with 2 adult workers could reap only about 12 acres of grain Initially, wealth was evenly distributed in rural Pennsylvania and New Jersey First Quakers lived in small houses Expanding trade in wheat and an influx of poor settlers led to social divisions By 1760s, eastern Pennsylvania farmers were using labor of slaves and immigrant workers to grow wheat on large farms of the white population of the Middle Atlantic colonies owned no land and little personal property Many communities became as crowded and divided as communities in rural England, and many smallholders feared a return to the lowly status of a European peasant Cultural Diversity European migrants held tightly to their traditions Migrants preserved their cultural identity by marrying within their own ethnic group and maintaining the customs of their native land Huguenots soon lost their French identity by intermarrying with other Protestants In Pennsylvania and western New Jersey, Quakers were the dominant social group Governor Thomas Penn used dubious tactics to oust Indians from a vast area of land, leading to a war in the 1750s Many Quaker meeting condemned the institution of slavery, and some expelled members who continued to keep slaves Quaker vision of a peaceable kingdom attracted 100,000 German migrants who were fleeing because of war and military conscription,

religious persecution, and high taxes First to arrive (1683) were Mennonites, a group of religious dissenters drawn by promise of religious freedom (1749-1756) redemptioners, indentured servants who migrated as a family Germans soon dominated many districts of eastern Pennsylvania Migrants carefully guarded their language and cultural heritage Germans engaged in local politics to protect their churches and cultural practices. For example, married women should have the right to hold property and have wills as they did in Germany Migrants from Ireland accounted for largest group of incoming Europeans (about 115,000) Religious Identity Ministers in Pennsylvania could not invoke government authority to uphold religious values, so religious sects enforced moral behavior through communal self-discipline Parents listened to Quakers monthly worship meetings reminders of how to raise their children The committee also supervised adult behavior As German and Scots-Irish migration increased, Quakers became a minority Quaker politicians looked for allies among German migrants, many embraced the policies of pacifism and no compulsory militia service German leaders demanded fair representation of their communities in the provincial assembly and legislation that respected their inheritance customs p. 106 1. The lives of women and men in New England were similar because both of their labor was essential in order to maintain the familys status and ensure that their children would have an inheritance. Their lives differed because men were given more freedom and responsibilities, while a womans duty was to serve her husband. 2. The traditional strategies New Englands farming families had relied on had become problematic because of an increase in population which resulted in men being unable to provide their children with as much land as they had been able to in the past, thus causing them to have less control over their childrens lives. Farming households responded by choosing to have smaller families and petitioning the government for more land. p. 111 1. In this essay, Crvecur is not suggesting that the environment formed a common character in the American people. Although he does state that most Europeans are likely to adapt to the American culture, many do not leave the characteristics of their native land behind. He based the likelihood of being successful in America on a persons nationality. 2. Martins remarks suggest that New Englanders were very politically conscious, and

they felt very loyal to their colony. Early ethnic & geographic consciousness is similar to the racial consciousness that develops, for many colonists feel that their colony is better than the others due to its ethnic background. 3. The accounts of ethnicity conflict because Crvecurs account describes Americans as willing to accept the cultures of other Europeans, while Martins account provides examples of peoples feelings of superiority due to their ethnicity. They are consistent because they both show that these people still possess some characteristics of people from their native land. p. 115 1. Religious and ethnic groups of middle colonies were divided due to the need to retain their culture and beliefs. People of different religion were not willing to adhere to the religious beliefs of other religions, and different cultures would require them to compromise in order for the ethnicities to longer be divided. 2. Quakers maintained their economic and political primacy because a majority of Pennsylvanians were Quakers, so they were able to enforce their beliefs through weekly and monthly meetings.