IMPRESSION ON THE USE OF WATER-FREE URINALS AMONG SELECTED ESTABLISHMENTS IN DAVAO CITY

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Business Administration Hotel and Restaurant Management University of Mindanao

In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements In Business 6 (Business Research)

Milven Karlo C. Caintic (4703) Alexis P. Revamonte (6811) Dennis Orcenado (6811)

March 2011

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING Background of the Study The constant rising of water waste represents a burden to the world to the industries as a whole and in particular to hotels and tourism. The conservation of water has become a requirement for many facilities, cities and countries. This need is driven by three main reasons: the availability of water, current sewer capacity and rising costs. Commonly, toilet and urinals are still flushed with potable water and it is estimated that up to 20% of the available drinking water in the world is flushed down drain, wastefully. In addition, leakage of water delivery lines may add an additional 8% to the above. According to the research, a water free urinal saves an average of 20,000 to 45, 000 gallons of water a year. Moreover, it is stated that if an establishment has a twenty-two water free urinals it can save up to 1,000,000 gallons of water per year. Waterless.com (2011) According to UCLA water free urinal study conducted in the Philippines the current national standard for new low consumption urinals specifies a maximum flush volume of 1.0 gallons of water. Innovative technologies led to the development of the Water free Technologies urinals in which no water is required. Water free urinals require no water supply and, thus, no flush valve plumbing, thereby saving on the initial costs of purchase and installation, water and sewer expense and reduced maintenance. Furthermore they drain to a standard waste line. The Water free urinal technology uses a recyclable cartridge that contains a special biodegradable liquid. The special liquid is lighter than other liquids and, therefore, floats on and seals the urine from the room atmosphere. The cartridge has a design duty life of 7,000 uses,

at which time the manufacturer recommends replacement. Falconwaterfree.com (2003) Business in various parts of the country are strengthening its corporate social responsibility, Davao City has beefed up its responses in protecting the environment. During the Davao Business Forum, MediSpa of SM said that they find it very fast of putting in place that would make the mall more environmental-friendly. With the technology now, it is easier to set up facilities that would cut excessive use of our resources like water. Water free urinal is a very useful technology, making it an ideal alternative to conserve water considering the worsening effects of the water crisis and the climate change. The use of water free urinal is efficient, eco-friendly and requires very little maintenance. The equipment, water free urinals used to conserve water as well as to eliminate the spread of bacteria because it is touch free can however be expensive, but cost effective in the long run. Thus, the study will determine the impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City. Statement of the Problem

The study will be conducted to determine the impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of: 1.1 1.2 1.3 Age; Gender: and Status?

2. What is the level of the impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City in terms of: 2.1 2.2 2.3 Water Conservation System; Hygiene and Sanitation; and Eco-friendly?

3. Is there a significant difference in the impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City when analyzed according to age, gender, and status? Hypothesis

The null hypothesis will be formulated and tested that there is no significant difference on the impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City when analyzed according to its profile.

Review of Related Literature

Shown in this section are the related literatures that provide additional insights to the present study. Water Conservation. Water is a resource used in many different ways around the home: for drinking, in food preparation, for sanitation (cleaning people, clothes and the home itself) and to maintain lawns and gardens. Water has other uses including industrial, commercial, transportation, hydroelectric power, and agricultural uses. The overall quality of life for humans, animals and plants is therefore linked to the quality and quantity of water resources (Wisconsin 2002). About 70 percent of the Earths surface is covered by water (Emerging Global Water Issues 2005); it is plentiful. However, 97.2% (Table 1) of the water is found in oceans and this water is too salty to use for most purposes and the salt is very costly

to remove. Only 2.8% is fresh water needed by humans and other creatures to survive (WWDR 2003: 8); but most is locked in the polar icebergs and glaciers (EPA 1997: 1). Only about 0.5% of the Earths freshwater is accessible in lakes, rivers flowing in

and groundwater aquifers, but this vital 0.5% is constantly in mot ion,

rivers or evaporating, falling from the sky as rain or snow or filtering slowly through the earth to emerge somewhere else. Fortunately it is a renewable resource (except some groundwater). The availability of clean water varies greatly around the world, from more than 500,000 cubic meters per person in French Guiana and Iceland, to less than 100 cubic meters in Kuwait and the Gaza Strip (WWDR 2003). Water stress for a river basin is defined as the degree of annual water use (water withdrawn from a surface or groundwater source for human purposes) as a percentage of the total water resources available in that basin. Water stress begins when withdrawals of freshwater rise above 10 percent of renewable resources. Medium stress is when water use exceeds 20 percent of available supply. Countries experience high water stress when the ratio of water use to supply exceeds 40 percent. At such levels, the pattern of use may not be sustainable and water scarcity is likely to become the limiting factor to economic growth. The major portion of the water drawn for human needs is taken from freshwater resources, mainly rivers. Although the total volume of water conveyed annually by the worlds rivers is about 43,000 km3 most of this occurs as floods, the normal river flows make up only about 19,000 km3 (Shiklomanov 1997). Of this, about 12,500 km3 can be accessed and present levels of withdrawal account for about 4,000 km3, implying a global medium stress level of about 32%

(4,000/12,500). Withdrawals are anticipated to reach 5,500 km3 per year by 2025. Despite this relative lack of freshwater, most people use water with scant regard for

conservation. However, as the worlds population increases, water consumption increases, making conserving water important to assure supply of water for future generations. Most hotels have estimated that only a small percentage of the water is consumed by the guest. The remainder is used by the chambermaids during cleaning. As with the energy, the approach toward decreasing water consumption is to regularly train staff on how they can contribute with simple measures towards decreased water consumption. In contrast, Webster (2000) warns that the water policies should not have a negative effect on a hotels hygiene and cleanliness. Water cannot be conserved each week if a toilet or urinal is not functioning properly. While more than half of water consumption in a hotel takes place in guestrooms (guest shower, sink and toilets), kitchen operations, laundry and public areas represent the remainder of total consumption. Water conservation in hospitality operation is achieved if the management consistently implements waste reductions, reuse, and recycle. The water management system in a hotel should never affect customers satisfaction. Save water, save life, save money is one of the key slogans used by the utility (Water Utility Corporation 2010). Despite the campaign, some residents act as if the country has an unlimited supply of water for one can see leaking water pumps and pipes, and toilets where the water runs all day and night (Pendley2010). Modern flush urinals are equipped with passive infrared sensor that ensures an economic amount of water is used to flush the urinals after each use. Even better are urinals that do not need to be flush at all, they are coated with nano-particle creating a hygienic film. A cartridge placed at the bottom of the urinals acts as a

funnel directing flow through the liquid sealant, preventing any odors from escaping. This cartridge collects sediment and allows the remaining waste pass freely down the drain. This urinal is a low maintenance fixture. It has no valves or water connections to leak. (Land, 1994) Water-free Urinals. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 mandated the use of low flush urinals (which use no more than 1 gallon of water per flush) to conserve water resources. Newer technologies include ultra low-flow urinals, which use only gallon per flush is available, andthe most efficient alternativewaterless urinals. Thousands of waterless urinals are now in use in commercial, Federal, and DOD facilities, and save millions of gallons of water annually. Annette L. Stumpf (2007) Waterless urinals do away with the requirement of water for flushing and result in saving of between 56,800 litres to 170,000 litres of water per urinal per year. Also, it results in the saving of infrastructure such as water arrangement and also energy consumed to manage the system. Waterless urinals can be installed in urban and rural areas to conserve water, minimize waste water generation and energy conservation. Waterless urinals can facilitate collection of urine from homes and public buildings for productive industrial and agricultural applications, a new paradigm in waste management being promoted in the recent years. Moist environment in the rest rooms caused by conventional water flush urinals provide favorable conditions for germs to thrive. Dry operation of waterless urinals between uses makes them hostile to bacteria and viruses. In addition, because there is no handle, waterless urinals are touch-free, reducing the spreading of communicable diseases. Odour trap mechanism fitted to waterless urinals assist in preventing odour developed inside the drainage lines connected to urinals entering rest rooms. The first waterless urinal trap using sealant liquid method was patented by Mr. Beetz

of Austria in 1894, and it was commercially exploited by the company F. Ernst Engineerin Zurich, Switzerland, who was the sole supplier of waterless urinals worldwide for approximately 100 years. Since then, apart from sealant liquid traps, odour prevention methods using microbial control and membrane /curtain valve have been developed across the globe for odour control in waterless urinals. Chariar et. Al (2011) The dual barrier systems provided in the Falcon Waterfree Technologies urinals are predicted to be 500 times more effective against the back migration of sewer gases as compared to conventional P-trap water barriers. Dr. Michael Hoffman, Ph.D. (2010) Replacement of a standard water-flushing urinal with the waterfree urinal by Falcon Waterfree would yield a competitive rate of return and would not result in any increase in rest room odor or bacterial growth. Dr. Birgitte K. Ahring, Ph.D. (2010) Waterless urinals do not represent any increased health risk when compared with conventional automatic flush urinals and are clearly superior to manual flush urinals. Furthermore, waterless urinals may reduce the risk of bacterial and viral exposure. They are clearly more economical to install and maintain and save considerable water and are therefore better for our environment. Edward L. Schnieder, M.D. (2010) The current national standard for new low consumption urinals specifies a maximum flush volume of 1.0 gallons of water (Reichardt, 2004). technologies led to the development of urinals which no water is required. Waterless urinals appear and work like conventional urinals, except that they do not flush and, therefore, require no water. Like ordinary urinals, waterless types Innovative

are plumbed to a standard drain line but do not use a conventional water-filled trap. They utilize proprietary sealant liquids that act as a vapour trap. These are composed primarily of natural oils that are lighter than water. Urine passes through this liquid and goes down the drain. The liquid, except a minuscule amount that escapes with each use, remains in place to trap odors and prevent them from escaping into the restroom. Using waterless urinals saves time and money, conserve tremendous amounts of freshwater and create more hygienic and odor-free restrooms. These urinals were first invented by a Canadian named Klaus Reichardt. A single urinal is typically used several times per day per person and that the number of urinals per location is regulated by building codes to make that average quite accurate. A conservative annual usage rate is 28,000 per year (approximately 75 per day). Flush urinals consume at least 1.5 gallons of water per use. Multiply 1.5 times 28,000 and you get 42,000 gallons. The savings are much greater when comparing against older, high water use urinals and in situations of higher usage rates. Of course, each situation is different and usage rates do vary. Waterless urinals can offer a viable alternative to conventional flush-type urinals. Potential advantages include odor control and improved restroom cleanliness, water savings, reduced maintenance, and environmental friendliness. Widespread use of waterless urinals can produce a domino effect of conservation. Because no water is required, water utilities will not need to treat and pump as much water. Furthermore, the absence of flushing means that less wastewater is generated. Smaller quantities of water pumped leads to energy savings. Therefore, water is conserved, as are resources needed to generate electricity for treatment. According to Dr. William S. Comanor, Ph.D. of University of California Santa

Barbara, The amount of water that could be saved by adopting the new [water-free] technology could easily approach three-quarters of a billion to a billion gallons annually (Kirsten, 2011). Design and Application. Waterless urinals are suitable for both new construction and retrofits. In both applications these urinals are installed essentially like conventional ones, except that no water hookup is needed. Waterless urinals are an especially practical option where facilities are not connected to a sanitary sewer system. Because there is no flushing, septic systems or on-site treatment facilities do not fill with water from urinals. No-flush urinals may also be attractive in locations such as parks and rest areas where heating is not provided in the winter, because freeze protection is not required. Resembling a common wall-mounted urinal, minus the flush valve, no-flush urinals contain a unique drain cartridge that is the key to their success. Gravity pulls the urine below the sealant level and eventually down the drain. (Hunn, 2011) How does it work? Waterless urinals look like regular urinals without a pipe for water intake. Men use them normally, but the urinals don't flush. Instead, they drain by gravity. Their outflow pipes connect to a building's conventional plumbing system. In other words, unlike a composting toilet, which leaves you to deal with your waste, these urinals send the urine to a water treatment plant. (Nasr, n.d.) The design of the urinal bowl and use of nonporous materials ensure that all urine passes into the cartridge. That's all there is no flush valve assembly, no water supply hook-up, and no waste. Replacing water with a more viscous liquid, waterless urinals don't need any water at all to "flush," which makes a lot of sense since you're getting rid of liquid waste (a lot of which is water). (Dunn, 2009)

The function of the various types of waterless urinal is to allow urine to flow through the urinal into the sewer or storage system without allowing odour to escape into the room. The rubber seal system uses a rubber tube that is flat on the bottom when not in use, serving as a block, but opens up when urine is flowing through. The curtain valve seal works similarly, except that its design employs hydrodynamic laws that give it "self-cleaning properties." A small pressure difference causes the urine to wet the whole inner surface between the curtains, flushing them clean instead of allowing urine precipitates or sludge to build up. (Moore, 2011)

The heart of the technology is the cartridge, which provides odor-free operation and easy maintenance. The pleasant-smelling sealant liquid inside the cartridge provides an airtight barrier between the drain and the restroom to prevent odors from escaping. Other types of water-free urinals require frequent replenishment of costly sealant liquid and regular maintenance that can keep a urinal out of commission for up to 20 minutes. The cartridge also acts as a trap for uric sediment, which could otherwise contribute to drain pipe clogs. This results in a hygienic and odor-free environment, clean pipes, and no water waste. The only maintenance is routine spray-and-wipe cleaning of the fixture and an easy change of the cartridge approximately two to three times per year. Eco-friendly. Dry composting toilets and urinals are the most water efficient toilets on the market, using no water at all. They use biological process to deal with the disposal and the processing of human excrement into organic compost material. Waste is transformed into a composting chamber below the toilet by gravity; vacuum flush system can flush horizontally or upward. There are also commercial systems that use a small amount of water micro flush, usually about 0.51 per use. All work

on the same principle: waste material in the toilet is composted in a separate chamber with no interruption of the process, no unpleasant smell and minimal exposure to unprocessed material. Compost toilets systems are beginning to compete with and replace conventional toilets in public facilities. One example is in the University of British Columbia, Canada, in the C.K. choi building which contains 5 compost chambers with 12 toilets for 300 full-time employees. Additionally, they produce nutrient rich compost for use in the establishments garden. Webster (2000) Hygiene and Sanitation. According to Siyoum (2010) although HIV/AIDS is not water and sanitation related disease, the issues are closely linked. Many of the opportunistic infections like diarrhea that cause high morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV/AIDS are transmitted through contaminated water and unsanitary living conditions. Therefore, a reliable water supply and good sanitation facilities are indispensable to assist in the task of bathing, washing, cleaning and disinfecting the home environment, providing water for taking drug, using latrine to avoid contamination. Access to Water and sanitation services can help home based care clients to live longer in good health, facilitate care for ill patients, improve the quality of life and increase their dignity. However, this is poorly recognized by either organizations working on HIV/AIDS or water and sanitation sector. Almost fifty per cent of the developing worlds population 2.5 billion people lack improved sanitation facilities, and over 884 million people still use unsafe drinking water sources. Inadequate access to safe water and sanitation services, coupled with poor hygiene practices, kills and sickens thousands of children every day, and leads to impoverishment and diminished opportunities for thousands more. UNICEF (2010)

Poor sanitation, water and hygiene have many other serious repercussions. Children and particularly girls are denied their right to education because their schools lack private and decent sanitation facilities. Women are forced to spend large parts of their day fetching water. Poor farmers and wage earners are less productive due to illness, health systems are overwhelmed and national economies suffer. Without WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene), sustainable development is impossible. UNICEF (2010) A lot of people would think that urine is an unclean substance. However, it is generally a sanitary liquid, composed mainly of dissolved metabolic waste and excess water. Urine is a blood byproduct and though it contains some body waster, urine is non toxic. In a healthy person, the toxins in urine constitute a very small percentage of the total volume (Lara, 2009). Unlike flush urinals, water-free urinals are touch-free, which virtually eliminates the spread of bacteria. According to Dr. Charles P. Gerba, Ph.D of The University of Arizona, "Water-free urinals would result in a significant improvement in public restroom hygiene. Flush type urinals are far more likely to be colonized by bacteria because of the greater presence of moisture, to serve as reservoirs of diseases causing microorganisms, and to cause the widespread dissemination of microorganisms in a restroom because of the generation of aerosols during flushing." The cleaning regime utilizing specialist cleaning products complements the cartridge and hygiene seal and provides a day to day solution for the urinal services and the hygiene of the surrounding areas. Water used by conventional urinals gives germs in the moist environment they need to grow. Manufacturers design waterless urinals to dry out between uses. This makes them hostile to bacteria and viruses. Without flushing water, there are no bacteria-spreading flush plumes with waterless urinals. This means that the area

around water-free urinals and the entire restroom is cleaner and more hygienic. Although waterless urinals dont need water to operate, there are procedures specific to their maintenance and cleaning. There are some differences depending on the manufacturer, cleaning a waterless urinal follows most of the same steps and procedures as a conventional urinal. Since the surface is dry, it helps inhibit bacteria growth and odor, and makes the unit easier to clean. Additionally, there are no water deposits or rust stains and water to build up as with a water-based urinal. (Reichardt, 2006) A study was completed by UCLA's Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering about water-free urinals being more hygienic than the one that flushes away urine. Their team found that because water provides a breeding ground for bacteria, water-free urinals actually prevent the harboring and growth of bacteria. No water means no bacteria and, therefore, a more hygienic operation. These findings were confirmed by a study conducted by a German government agency, Ladesgewerbearmt of Bavaria, in a school, an office building, a hospital, and a service station. Also consider that urinals are touch-free so there is little chance of bacteria transfer possible with manual flush systems. The touch less feature of waterless urinals can help reduce the risk of cross-contamination because users aren't required to pull a lever that may harbor more bacteria. (Bennett, 2011) Odor-free. Urine is essentially odorless. A "urine odor" is caused when urine reacts with water to cause ammonia oxide. No water means no reaction. Next, consider that the materials of the Falcon fixture are non-porous and designed to funnel virtually every drop of urine through the sealant layer in the cartridge and down the drain. Next, remember that the sealant liquid is lighter than water and

creates an airtight seal, so the urine passes through it and becomes trapped beneath it. Any urine in the bottom of the cartridge or drain is sealed from the restroom's atmosphere. This has been proven in highly controlled comparative tests by UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles). Plus, testing conducted by the California Institute of Technology concluded that "the dual barrier systems provided in the Falcon Waterfree Technology urinals are predicted to be 500 times more effective against the back migration of sewer gases as compared to conventional Ptrap water barriers. The mechanism to keep the restroom odorless relies on a liquid that is lighter than urine, the urine passes through it and no odor can come back up. (Anonymous, 2010) Environmental Impact. Waterless urinals contribute positively to the environment. First, the absence of water for flushing reduces the demand for water. Also, because no water goes down the drain, additional wastewater requiring treatment is not generated. Next, the special drain cartridges and inserts used in some models are recyclable. Finally, the sealant liquid composed of natural oils is biodegradable. Klaus Reichardt (2004) Waterless urinals reduce the Armys environmental burden by saving water and energy, and reduce sewage and maintenance expenses. They divert fewer Army resources from the mission (e.g., for emergency repairs of flush urinals). The use of waterless urinals is consistent with Federal Executive water and energy conservation requirements, and helps projects earn SPiRiT (Sustainable Project Rating Tool) or LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) credits. Moreover, waterless urinals are strongly encouraged in drought-prone locations such as Arizona, where the state requires them to be installed in all state buildings.

Products listed below are available in the United States; many similar products are available for use in other countries. Annette L. Stumpf (2007) Theoretical and Conceptual Framework This theory is anchored to the theory of Motivation-Hygiene Theory developed by Herzberg (2010). He found that the factors causing job satisfaction (and presumably motivation) were different from that causing job dissatisfaction. He developed the motivation-hygiene theory to explain these results. He called the satisfiers motivators and the dissatisfiers hygiene factors, using the term hygiene in the sense that they are considered maintenance factors that are necessary to avoid dissatisfaction but that by themselves do not provide satisfaction. The waterless urinal can be a cost-effective investment for businesses and households looking to reduce their water bills while also conserving the worlds most precious natural resource in the long run. (Kirsten, 2011) As added by Charles P. Gerba, Ph.D. (2010) Waterfree urinals would result in a significant improvement in public restroom hygiene. Flush type urinals are far more likely to be colonized by bacteria because of the greater presence of moisture, to serve as reservoirs of diseases causing microorganisms, and to cause the widespread dissemination of microorganisms in a restroom because of the generation of aerosols during flushing. In figure 1, conceptual framework is shown consisting of the main variable benefits of the impression on the use of water free urinal with indicators water conservation system, hygiene and sanitation, and eco-friendly. The moderator variables are age, sex, and status.

Main Variable

IMPRESSION ON THE USE OF WATER FREE URINALS y Water Conservation System

Hygiene and Sanitation

Eco-friendly

Moderator Variable PROFILE y y y Age Sex Educational Attainment

Figure1. The Conceptual Framework Showing the Variables of the Study

Significance of the Study The findings of the study would benefit the following: Selected Hotel Administrators. The findings of the study will provide the selected hotel administrators in Davao City a baseline data to initiate green hospitality programs particularly the usage of water free urinals for water conservation and hygiene practices. Guests and Visitors. The findings of the study will give the guests and visitors of the selected establishments in Davao City an idea to follow the rules and regulations and participate in environmental programs set by the establishments to help the environment. HRM Students. The findings of the study will provide the HRM students a basis to be environmentally concern so as to choose and practice green activities for the benefits of everybody. Future Researchers. The findings of the study will serve as the basis in conducting a related study, particularly in the study of the impression on the use of water free urinals. Definition of Terms The term used in the study are defined conceptually and operationally as follows: Hygiene. Conceptually, it comes from the Greek word Neuter plural of hygieinos which means healthful. Moreover, it is a science of the establishment and

maintenance of health. Operationally, this refers to the conditions or practices (as of cleanliness) conducive to health. Water. Conceptually, this refers from a clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid, H2O, essential for most plant and animal life and the most widely used of all solvents. Freezing point 0C (32F); boiling point 100C (212F); specific gravity (4C) 1.0000; weight per gallon (15C) 8.338 pounds (3.782 kilograms). Operationally, we use water to drink, to do the dishes, to take a shower, to flush the toilet, to cook and for many other purposes. But water is not only used for domestic purposes, humans also use water in the industries and in agriculture. Urinal. Conceptually, this refers to a fixture, typically one attached upright to a wall, a specialized toilet for urinating and generally intended for use by males. Operationally, it is used by men for urinating. Establishments. Conceptually, this refers to an economic unit that produces and/or sells goods or services, and operates from a single physical location. If a firm has several such locations, each is termed an establishment. Operationally, this refers to an establishment found in Davao City where travelers, holiday makers, etc. that may receive food, lodging, and other services in return for payment.

Chapter 2 METHODOLOGY Presented in this chapter are the research design, research subjects, research instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment of data. Research Design The researchers will use the descriptive-survey method for the study. The objective in employing descriptive-survey design is intended to describe the nature of a situation involving two or more variables, as it exists at the time of the study and determine the existing relationships or differences from among them. It was an appropriate design to use in determining the impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City. Research Subject . The researchers will use the simple random sampling technique wherein the status and responses of the participants will be carefully considered. There are 30 respondents will be taken for the study who are guests on the selected establishments in Davao City. Research Instrument The researchers will prepare the questionnaire that is based on book references and reliable websites. The first draft will be submitted to the adviser for corrections and then the panel of experts to ensure the questionnaires validity. The questionnaire deal with the impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City with indicators water conservation system,

Hygiene and Sanitation and eco-friendly. There will be 15 questions for the variable of the study with 5 questions for each indicator. The variable of the study was scaled as follows:

Range means 4.50-5.00

of Verbal Description Highly Impressive

Meaning The impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City is very high. The impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City is high. The impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City is moderate. The impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City is low. The impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City very low.

3.50-4.49

Impressive

2.50-3.49

Fairly Impressive

1.50-2.49

Slightly Impressive

1.00-1.49

Not Impressive

Data Gathering Procedure The researchers will observe the following steps in conducting the study:
1. A letter of permission to conduct a study will be forwarded to the office

of the management of the selected establishments in Davao City.

2. Upon approval, the researchers will distribute the questionnaire to the

respondents for completion.

3. The

questionnaires

will

be

retrieved

by

the

researchers

for

consolidation of the results.

4. Afterwards, the data collected will be tallied for statistical analysis.

Statistical Treatment of the Data The researchers will use the following statistical tools in analyzing the data.

Percentage Frequency.

This will used determine the relative frequency of

survey responses on the impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City.

Mean. This will used to determine the impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City. T-test. This will used to determine the significant differences on the

impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City when analyzed according to its profile.

ANOVA.

This will used to determine the significant differences on the

impression on the use of water free urinals among selected establishments in Davao City when analyzed according to its profile.