UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

Syllabus for F.Y.B.Sc. (BOTANY) Introduced from the academic year 2003 2004

The revised syllabus for the F.Y.B:Sc Botany course has already been introduced with effect from the current academic year. (2002-03). The revised syllabus for the S.Y.B.Sc. Course in Botany will become operative from the next academic year (2003-04). Meanwhile, the University of Mumbai has decided to adopt, with certain modifications, the pattern suggested by the U. G. C. and accordingly, at the Second Year level students will continue to offer the same three subjects which they are currently offering at the F Y.B.Sc. Concequently, the S. Y.B.Sc. syllabus in Botany which is being sent herewith comprises onJy Two papers and Two practicals.

Further, in order to maintain uniformity in different subjects as well as to ensure that all topics are represented in the Question papers which will be set for the Theory examination Papers I and II have now been into Units, wherein the total marks for each of the Units are more or less similar. This has necessitated certain changes (alterations/deletions/regrouping of topics, etc.) in the S.Y.BSc. Syllabus. These changes will become effective from the next academic year (2003-2004).

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI SYLLABUS IN THE SUBJECT OF BOTANY AT THE FIRST YEAR B.Sc. COURSE TO BE INTRODUCED FROM THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2003-2004.
There will be two papers of 60 marks each and two practicals of 40 marks each. (Figure in the bracket indicate the no. of lectures allotted to each topic) FIRST TERM PAPER I Algae(10),Fungi-I(5) Bryophyta(6),Pteridophyta(9) Morphology(15) PAPER II UNIT I : Physiology- 1,5&6(15) UNIT II : Environrnenta1Botany(15) UNIT III : Cytogenetics(15) SECOND TERM PAPER I UNIT I : Fungi2&3(5),Microbiology(10) UNIT II : Anatomy(12), Gymnosperms(3) UNIT III : Angiosperms PAPER II UNIT I : Physiology-2.3&4(15) UNIT II : Plants in Human Nutrition(15) UNIT III : Current Trends in Plant Sciences NOTE: The followingsystems of classification are to be followed: Cryptogams: G:M.Smith.{1955} Gymnosperms: C:J.Charnberlem. (1935) Angiosperms: Bentham & Hooker =15 = 15 = 15 =15 =15 =15 =15 =15 =15

UNIT I : UNIT II : UNIT III :

=15 =15 =15

The study of the development of the sex organs & sporophyte is not expectcd.

PAPER 1 MICROBIOLOGY 1 Bacteria: ultrastructure & multiplication. 2 Viruses: ultrastructure & rnultiplication. 3 Fermentation: Acetic acid, Alcohol, Lactic acid, Antibiotics. Algae: 1 Distinguishing characters of Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta,Chrysophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta with reference to pigments, reserved food & reproduction. 2 Structure, life cyc!e & systematic position of Zygnema. 3 Economic importance of Algae. Fungi: 1 Distinguishing characters of Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes with reference to thallus & reproduction 2 Structure ,life cycle & systematic position of Rhizopus 3 Economic importance of fungi

3 3 4 10 6 3 1 10 6 3 1

Bryophyta : 6 1 Distinguishing characters of Hepatice, Anthoceratae, Musci with emphasis on Alternation of generations. 4 2 Structure, life cycle & systematic position of Riccia. 2 Pteridophyta: 1 Distinguishing characters of Psilophyta, Lepidophyta, Calamophyta & Pterophyta. 2 Structure. life cycle & systematic position of Adiantum Gymnosperms: 1 Distinguishing characters of Cycadophyte & Coniferophyta. Anatomy: 1The Primary Body: Epidermal tissue system, Cortex, Endodermis & Pericycle 2 Types of Vascular bundles. 3 Primary Structure of Root & Stem.of a Dicotyledonous(Sunflower) plant & a Monocotyledonous (Maize) plant. Structure of Dicotyledonous & Monocotyledonous leaves including Stomata in surface view. Morphology: 1 Morphology of flower: Thalamus:Forms of thalamus, Androphore, Gynophore, Androgynophore & Gynandrophore; Explanation of the following terms: Hypogyny, Perigyny & Epigyny; Complete & incomplete flowers, Bisexual, Unisexual- staminate & pistillate flowers, Actinomorphic, Zygomorphic& Irregular flowers. 9 5 4 3

12 4 2

6 15 10

Calyx: Functions, Variations: Peteloid Pappus & spurred. Corolla: Functions Forms: Cruciform, Tubular, Salvershaped, Infundibiliform, Papilionaceous, Ligulate & Bilabiate Aestivation: Definition, Types: Valvate, Contored, Imbricate & Vexillary & Significance Androecium: Parts of a Stamen, T.S. Anther, Attachment: Basifixed, Dorsifixed and Versattle. Union of Stamens: Cohesion (Adelphy, Sygeny, Synandry). Adhesion (Episepalus, Epipetalus & Gynostemium). Variations of stamens: Staminal corona & Staminodes Gynaecium:Parts of a Carpels, Functions & Types of Carpel, Placentation: Definition. Types (Marginal, Axile, Basal & Pendulus) Ovule: Structure of osthotropous ovule. Functions of its various parts Floral Formula 2 Germination of seed: Epigeal & Hypogeal, Seed dormancy, breaking of dormancy (mechanical factors)

Taxonomy of Angiosperms: 15 1 A study of following families with emphasis on the morphological peculiarities & economic lmportanceof its members: Cruciferae,Malvaceae,Meilaceae, Legumenosae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Apocyanaceae, Solanaceae, Euphorbiaceae & Amaryllidaceae.

Physiology: 30 1. Functions of water in plants: water potential, solute potential & matric potential 3 2. Plants in relation to water: water loss by transpiration- transpiration ratio, Measurements of transpiration rates, plant antitranspirants, opening and closing mechanism of stomata, stomatal movements in response to light and CO2 3 3. Absorption of water by transpiring plants, Ascent of sap in transpiring plants. 3 4. Transport of solutes across the cell membrane: the cell membrane, passive transport, diffusion, ion exchange, mass flow, Donnan equilibrium, free space, active transport, carrier concept, mechanism of active transport (including a brief reference to proton pump, sodium pump, & transport enzymes) 9 5. Enzymes: properties and nomenclature, classification, coenzymes, kinetics (derivation of the equation not expected), specificity, effect of pH and temperature on enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, enzyme immobilization 6 6. Carbohydrate metabolism: synthesis and degradation of starch, sucrose and cellulose 6

Environmental Botany: 1 Ecosystern concept: Levels of organization in nature, components of ecosystem, types of links amongst organisms, types of ecosystems in the world and their structural and functional attributes: forests, grasslands, hot deserts, wetlands,coastal zones, oceanic systems.

15

2 Flow of energy in biosphere and in ecosystem:Flow of energy from the sun to the biosphere; Significance of photosynthesis; Food chain and energy flow; Second law or thermodynamics; Energy flow models; Significance & quantitative aspects. 3 Ecological adaptations with relation to water: hydrophytes, hygrophytes, mesophytes, xerophytes, and halophytes. Cytogenetics: 1 Mitosis, Meiosis & their significance. 2 Mendelism & post Mendelian concept Monohybrid, Dihybrid ratios, Back cross & test cross: Gene interactions, Epistasis, Multiple genes, Multiple alleles. Problems on above topics(except multiple genes) Plants in human nutrition: 1 Classification of food stuff,Proximate principles, their functions and soures: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals. 2 Food processing,and loss of nutritive values 3 Concept of balanced diet; Malnutrition:(protein calorie), Vitamins and minerals. 4 Non-nutritional factors: Alkaloids, tannins,resins, glycosides, fibers. Current trends-in- Plant Sciences:

5 5 15 3

12 15

9 2 2 2 15

Biotechnology: 5 Biotechnological processes Recombinant DNA and genetic engineering, cell culture, waste treatment and utilization, enzymes as biocatalysts, fuels, N2 fixation, fermentation and pharmaceuticals. Forestry: 5 Forests: definition and classification of forests based on methods of regeneration, age composition, object of management, ownership & legal status and growing stock. Foresty: definition and its scope, classification-protection, commercial and social. Pharmaceuticals and Herbals: 3 Difference between pharmaceuticals & herbals, General information about various Ayurvedic preparations. Horticulture: Definition and branches of horticulture. PRACTICALS 2

PRACTICAL I Microbiology: Gram staining: Alcoholic fermentation by Kuehn's tube (demonstration only), Bacteria from root nodule (permanent slide) 1

Algae: Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Zygnema, Ectocarpus Fungi: Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Agaricus, Fusarium Bryophyta: Riccia Pteridophyta: Adiantum Morphology: Seed: structure of Bean & Castor seeds and Maize grain Germination: Epigeal and hypogeal; (demonstration only) Morphology of Root, Stem, Leaf and Inflorescence Morphology of flowers

1 6

4 2

Taxonomy of Angiosperms: 8 Study of one plant from each of the families prescribed for theory; Morphological peculiarities & economic importance of the members of these families. Anatomy: 8 Types of vascular arrangements with the help of temporary or permanent slides; T.S. of dicotyledonous root (permanent slide) Primary structure of T.S. of sunflower (young) stem & leaf, T.S. Of maize root. stern & leaf; stomata in surface view-betalleaf &monocot leaf Cell inclusions: Starch grains(potato, pea & latex of Euphorbia), Proteins(castor seed & maize grain), Inorganic crystals-Calcium oxalate (raphides & sphaeraphides), Calcium carbonate(cystolith) PRACTICAL II Physiology: Solute potential by plasmolytic method Chloride uptake by potato tissue Activity of enzyme amylase: effect of pH, temperature, & substrate concentration Activityof enzyme lipase Immobilization of enzyme Environmental Botany Pond as an ecosystem 5

4 1

Adaptions: Hydrilla(stem), Eichchomia(1eaf & root}, Nympbaea(petiole & leaf),Nerium(leaf) Opuntia(phylloclade), Avicennia(leaf & pneumatophore) 3 Cytology: Mitosis Karyotypes: normal male & female Plants in human nutrition: Tests for Carbohydrates: (Sugars, Starch), Proteins, Fats, Alkaloids, Glycosides, Tannins. Estimation of Vitamin C Estimation of Ca & Mg from unpolished & polished rice 2 1 1 5

Excursions/Field work: In addition to the requisite no. of lectures and practicals the students
are required to undertake field excursions to places of botanical interests, under the guidance of a teacher(ar least one teacher per batch of 15 students).There shall be at least 4 excursions during tile course of the year, preferably two in each term. While computing the workload. it ( should be considered equivalent to one period per batch per week The-excursion/field work should include: Study of plant materials(wild and cultivated) from all groups of plants available to the locality; a study of the flora. with emphasis on plants of economic importance, rare plants the area and non vascular plants; ecology and phytogeography of the area ; VISIt to coastal are gardens, parks, industries and research institutes.

Submission:
1) Laboratory journal: Students will be allowed to appear for the practical examination only on submission of the journal duly certified by the Teacher in-Charge and the Head of Department. 2) Field report

-X-

Enclosure to item No. Appendix 'B' UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI QUESTION PAPER PATTERN FOR THE TERM END EXAMINATION IN THE SUBJECT OF BOTANY F. Y. B. Sc.

FIRST TERM PAPER I ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY Question 1. a) Objective type (multiple choice) b) Write notes on (any 2 out of 3) Question 2. a) Algae b) Fungi Question 3. Morphology. Question 4. a) Pteridophyta b) Bryophyta PAPER II ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY Question 1. a) Objective type (multiple choice) b) write notes on (any 2 out of 3) Question 2. Environmental Botany Question 3. Plant Physiology Question 4. Cytogenetics a) Short question b) Problem 6 8 12 or 6+6 12 or 6+6 6 6 6 8 8 4 6+6 or 4+ 4+4 8 4

F.Y.B.Sc.
SECOND TERM

PAPER I

ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY Question 1. a) Objective type (multiple choice) b) Write notes on (any 2 out of 3) Question 2. a) Microbiology b) Fungi Question 3. Angiosperms Question 4. Anatomy 6 8 8 4 6+6 or 4+ 4+4 12

PAPER II

ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY Question 1. a) Objective type (multiple choice) b) Write notes on (any 2 out of 3) Question 2. Plant Physiology Question 3. Plants in Health care and Nutrition Question 4. Current trends in Plant Science 6 8 12 or 6+6 12 or 6+6 6+6 or 4+ 4+4 3+3+3+3

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI QUESTION PAPER PATTERN IN THE SUBJECT OF BOTA.NY S. Y. B..Sc.

FIRST TERM PAPER I ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY Question 1. a) Objective type (multiple choice) b) Write notes on (any 2 outof 3) Question 2. a) Algae b) Bryophyta Question 3. a) Fungi b) Lichens Question 4. Angiosperms PAPER II ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY Question 1. a) Objective type (multiple choice) b) Write notes on (any 2 out of 3) Question 2. Environmental Botany Question 3. Plant Physiology Question 4. Cytogenetics a) Short question b) Problem 6 8 12 or 6+6 12 or 6+6 6 6 6 8 6 6 6 6 12 or 6+6 or 4+4+4

PAPER III ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY Question 1. a) Objective type (multiple choice) b) Write notes on (any 2 out of 3) Question 2. Medicinal Botany Pharmacognosy Question 3. Forestry Question 4. Instruments and Techniques 6 8 12 or 6+6 12 or 6+6 12 or 6+6

SECOND TERM

PAPER I

ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY Question 1. a) Objective type (multiple choice) b) Write notes on (any 2 out of 3) Question 2. Microbiology Question 3. a) pteridophyta b) Gymnosperms Question 4. a) Angiosperms b) Palynology 6 8 12 or 6+6 6 6 8 or 4+4 4

PAPER II

ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY Question 1. a)Objective type (multiple choice) b) Write notes on (any 2 out of 3) Question 2. Anatomy Question 3. a) Environmental Botany b) Plant Physiology Question 4. Cytogenetics 6 8 12 or 6+6 6 6 12 or 6+6

PAPER III

ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY Question 1. a) Objective type (multiple choice) b) Write notes on (any 2 out of 3) Question 2. Medicinal Botany -Ayurvedic Question 3. Horticulture Question 4. Biotechnology 6 8 12 or 6+6 12 or 6+6 12 or 6+6

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI REVISED SYLLABUS FOR S.Y.B.Sc. BOTANY (WITH EFFECT FROM ACADEMIC YEAR 2003-2004)
Theory : 3 Papers each of 60 marks and 2 hours duration. Practicals : 3 Practica!s each of 40 marks and 3 hours duration. Paper I : Plant Diversity II Paper II : Form, Function and Adaptation II Paper III : Current Trends in Plant Sciences I Note: 1. The following systems of classification are to be followed: Cryptogams: G.M.Smith Gymnosperms: Chamoerien Angiosperms: Bentham and Hooker 2. The students are not expected to study the developmental stages of any of the types.

Term wise distribution of topics ( Figures in the brackets indicate number of lectures allotted to the topic)

First term
Paper I UNIT I : Algae and Bryophyta UNIT II : Fungi and Lichens UNIT III Angiosperms-Families (except Rutaceae, Anacardiaceae and Palmae) Paper II UNIT I : Environmental BotanyI- [Environmental (Climatic and Edaphic) UNIT II : Plant Physiology 1- Photophysiology and Photorespiration UNIT III : Cytogenetics I - Chromosomal Aberrations , Linkage and Crossing over Paper III UNIT I : Medicinal Botany-Pharmacognosy UNIT II : Forestry UNIT III :Instrumentation and Techniques =15 =15 =15 =15 =15 = 15 =15 =15 = 15

Second Term
Paper I Unit I : Microbiology Unit II : Pteridophyta, Palacobotany and Gymnosperms Unit III : Angiosperms-Systems of classification,study of families Rutaceae, Anacardiaceae and Palmae and Palynology Paper II Unit I : Anatomy =15 Unit II : Environmental Botany II (Plant succession) Plant Physiology (Nitrogen Metabolism) =15 Unit III : Cytogenetics II- Sex determination and Sex linked inheritance =15 Paper III Unit I : Medicinal Botany- Ayurvedic Botany Unit II : Hortculture Unit III : Biotechnology Paper I Plant Diversity : Microbiology, Algae, Fungi, Liabons, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Palaeobotany, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Microbiology : 1) Soil Microbiology: Diverse groups, methods of detection and enumeration, distribution, rhizosphere, rhizoplane;their role: symbiotic, including parasitic, in recycling of minerals. 2) Culturing of microorganisms(bacteria & fungi) Culture media: Types, Preparation, Sterilization Techniques: Hot air, steam(under pressure), intermittent. Algae : 1. Life cycles: Anabaena, Volvox, Diatoms, Sargassum. Fungi : 1. Life cycles: Penicillium, Ustilago 2. Predaceous fungi: Nematophagues and entomophilous, taxotrapping mechanisms, significance. Lichens: 1. Classification and structure, methods of reproduction, economic importance and ecological significance 9 5 4 5 15 =15 =15 =15 =15 =15 =15

11 4

Bryophyta : 1. Life cycles : Anthoceros, Funaria Pteridophyta : 1. Life cycles: Selaginella, Equisetum Palaeobotany: 1. Methods of fossilization Gymnosperms: 1. Life cycle: Pinus Angiosperms: 1. Systems of classification: Natural, artificial and phylogeneticone example of each and limitations of each one of them. 2. Study of the following families with morphological peculiarities and economic importance of their members: Annonaceae, Tiliaceae, Rutaceae, Anacardiaceae,Combretaceae, Myrtaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Convolvulaceae, Acanthaceae, Verbenaceae, Amaranthaceae, Li1iaceae and Palmae Palynology: 1. Pollen morphology: Major types of apertures fu,d excrescenccs 2. Palynology in relation to honey industry

7 8 1

6 24 4 20

6 4 2

Paper II: Form, Function and Adaptation II

Anatomy, Envirnmentel Botany, Plant Physiology and Cytogenetics. Anatomy : 1. Stellar evolution 2. Mechanical tissue system 3. Normal secondary growth in a dicotyledonous stem and root 4. Tylosis, growth rings, periderm, lenticels, heartwood and Sapwood Environmental Botany: 1. Environmental factors: Climatic- Temperature, wind, light and precipitation Edaphic- Soil: definition, classification, formation: Properties of soil: soil profiles, texture, soil organisms, soil reaction, soil- water,-air,-temperature,-organic matter: soil erosion: types of erosion, methods to control erosion 2. Plant succession: Definition, types- primary and secondary; Lithosere, psammosere, hydrosere; climax. Plant Physiology: 1. Photophysiology: Visible spectrum, radiation biology, photochemistry, Action and absorption spectra. Chlorophyll and accessor pigments, role of pigments in photosynthesis, Emerson effect, fluorescence, phosphorescence, photophysiological processes in plants, chlorophyll a synthesis. photosynthesis, phototropism; photomorphogenesis, photoperiodism, phytochrome: its photochemical transformations and mode or action. 15 3 4 4 4 21 5

10 6 24

2 Photorespiration: Respiration of chlorophyllous tissue in light, biochemistry of photorespiration in C3 plants, photorespiration in C4 plants, plant productivity. 5 3 Nitrogen metabolism: General aspect of nitrogen fixation, biochemistry of nitrogen fixation, reduction of nitrates, assimilation of ammonia, synthesis of amino acids and proteins: structure of proteins, classification of proteins. 9

Cytogenetics:

30 1. Chromosomal aberrations: Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation; their subtypes, synapses and their effects. 6 2. Linkage: Bateson and Punnett's experiment, phenomenon of coupling and repulsion, calculation of linkage and linkage groups. Crossing over: Single and double cross overs, calculation of crossover. Chromosomal mapping: Location of genes, linkage maps, practical importance of linkage and crossing over, maker genes. Problems based on the topics.9 3. Sex determination: Chromosomal mechanism, genic balance theory, in monoecious and dioecious plants, by environment, honey bee method, intersexes and gynandromorphs, role of hormones, sex reversal, Klinefelter's and Turner's syndromes. 9 4. Sex linked inheritance: Dominant and recessive sex linked genes, holandric genes, mode of inheritance with different examples; sex limited and sex influenced genes. 6

Paper III : Current trents in Plant Sciences

Medicinal Botany, Forestry, Instrumentation and techniques, Horticulture and Biotechnology. Medicinal Botany : 30

Pharmacognosy : 1. Definition, Present status and scope of pharmacognosy; Pharmacopoea of India (general information). 3 2. Study of phytoconstituients, classification, structure, properties, General methods of extraction, plant sources and uses of alkaloids, tannins, glycisides, volatile oils, gums and resins. 12 Ayurvedic Botany : 15

1. Tridosh concept of Ayurveda: Vata, Pitta, Kapha; their relation with five great elements (Panchmahabhootas), Prakurn, Agni (fire), Mala (metabolic waste products). 4 2. Ayurvedic concept of nutrition: Nutrition in relation to time and season, processing of food, incompatibility of nutrients, six tastes. 5 3. Grandma's pouch (Balguti): Harda, Behada,Ashwagandha, Vekhanda, Jaiphala, Kuda (Holarrhena), Soonth, Papptha, Jeshthamadha, Haldi, Dikamali and Akkaiakada. 6

Forestry:

15 1. Silviculture: Definition, objects of study, relation between silviculture and forestry and its branches 5 2. Forest regeneration: Definition,methods of regeneration- natural and artificial; Artificial-definition, objectives; afforestation in different sites viz.abandoned cultivable land, dry areas without irrigation,along roadside, saline and alkaline soils . 10

Instrumentation and techniques : 1. 2. 3. 4. Chromatography and electrophoresis. Microscopy-compound, phase contrast and electronmicroscopy. Colorimetry and spectrophotometry. Plant preservation techniques.

15 6 4 3 2

Horticulture:

15

1. Types of garden: Private and public gardens, kitchen garden, Indoor, rock, water, terrace, greenhouse. 8 2. Garden features: Paths an d avenues, arches and pergolas, lawn, floral beds, carpets, edges and hedges. 5 3. Bonsai. 2 Biotechnology : 15

1. Gene cloning: Types of vector-plasmids, cosmids, Bacteriophages and Agrobacterium; process of cloning in E.coli 7 2. Plant tissue culture: Micropopagation-commercial application with reference to floriculture 8 PRACTICALS Practical I 1. Sterilization of glassware. 2. Preparatiopn of PDA and Sabouraud broth (suspension medium) and pouring of plates and slants Demonstration 3. Isolation of soil microflora (direct inoculation) 4. Study of the change of pH as a function of microbial growth 5. Study of the following types with the help of fresh/ preserved materials and permanent preparations: Anabaena, Volvox, Diatoms, Vaucheria, Sargassum. Penicillium, Erysiphe, Ustilago, Lichens. Anthoceros, Funaria. Selaginella, Equisetum. Pinus.

6. Morphology of fruits: Simple fruit: Dry fruit: Indehiscent-achene, caryopsis, cypsela, nut; Dehiscent-legume, folliole, siliqua, capsule. Schizocarpic-lomentum, cremocarp, regma,carcenule, samara. Fleshy fruit: Drupe, berry-pepo; hesperidium, balausta, pome Amphisarca. Aggregate or Etaerio-of follicles, of achenes, of berries. Composite or Multiple: Sorosis, syconus 7. Systematic Botany: Study of the morphological peculiarities and economic importance of the plants belonging to the families prescribed for theory (F.Y.as well as S.Y.B.Sc.). 8. Pollen grains from Pancratium, Imomoca, Colcus and Bougainvillea. 9. Pollen grains from honey sample.

Practical II
1. Epidermis, epidermal outgrowths and stomata 2. Secretory tissue system: digestive glands, hydathode, oil glands, resin ducts, laticifers 3. Mechanical tissue system: inextensible, inflexible, incompressible organs in root, stem and leaf (any suitable and locally available material) 4. Normal secondary growth in dicotyledonous (sunflower) stem and root 5. Types of stele, tylosis, growth rings, periderm lenticels, heartwood & sapwood (from permanent slides/ specimen) Demonstration only 6. Mechanical composition of soil by sieving method (loam, clay and sand) 7. Detection of chlorides and carbonates 8. Determination of pH of soil using pH meter 9. Determination of organic matter in the soil by ignition method 10. Detection of mineral matter in the soil by ignition method 11. Estimation of nitrate, nitrite and amino nitrogen from the given plant material 12. Estimation of total chlorophyll and study of absorption spectrum of the chlorophyll extract 13. Study of Hill's reaction Demonstration only 14. Extraction and detection of nuclieic acids 15. Karyotype analysis: Klinefelter's, Turner's and Cri-du-chat syndromes 16. Chromosomal aberrations from permnent slides/ photomicrographs 17. Biometry: Determination of mean (arithmetic), median, mode and frequency distribution using suitable plant material/ given data

Practical III
Tests for alkaloids from Strychnos (seed), Holarrhena (bark) Tests for glycosides from Glycyrrhiza (rhizome) Aloe (leaf) / senna(leaf) Tests for tannins from clove/ arjuna bark/ catechu Stomatal intex, palisade ratio, vein-islet number Prakruti nidan-with the help of chart Identification of drugs from Granma's pouch, commenting on their uses Garden planning: public and private (2 each) Identification of plants for different garden locations Preparation of standard graph and estimation of reducing sugars, proteins and phosphate(phosphorus) 10. Chromatographic separation of photosynthetic pigments and amino acids 11. Micrometry 12.Working of instruments: camera lucida, autoclave, pH meter, colorimeter, centrifuge, monopan balance, micritome 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Excursions/ Field work

In addition to the requisite number of lecture and practicals, the students are required to undertake excursions to places of botanical interests under the guidance of a teacher (at least one teacher per batch of 15 students). There shall be at least 4 excursions during the course of a year, preferably two in each term. While computing the workload it should be considered equivalent to one period per batch per week The excursion/ field work should include: Study of plant materials (wild and cultivated) from all groups of plants available in the locality; Study of the flora, with emphasis on plants of economic importance, rare plants of the area, non vascular plants; ecology and phytogeography of the area; visit to coastal areas, gardens, parks, industries and research institutes.

Submission:
1. Students will be allowed to appear for the practical examination ONLY on the submission of the Journal duly certified by the Teacher-in-Charge and the Head of the Department. 2. Field report.

Paper- I
Unit I
Microbiology :

Plant Diversity III

(30)

1. Microbial study of air (significance as aeroallergens; common aeroallergens; microbial content of air) and water (only organisms Types of water, Range of organism, Fungi, bacteria, protozoa; marine and fresh water microbiology) 2. Microganisms in sewage and Sewage treatment (Sewage microorganism; BOD and COD; Treatment- small scale, large scale) 3. Waste Disposal i) Cellulosic- paper, cloth; ii) fruit and vegetable processing; iii) Agriculture waste; iv) waste from wood industry; v) Applications of waste disposal treatment, alcohol and single cell proteins; Water as a resource: organic compost, Biogas.

10 10

10

Unit II
Algae: 1. Structure, life history and taxonomic position of Chara, Diclyota and Polysiphonia. 2. Range of thallus in algae 3. Sexuality in Algae Unit III Fungi 1. Structure, life history and taxonomic position of Albugo, Claviceps and Puccinia 2. Elementary knowledge of the physical, chemical and biological control methods for plant diseases. 3. Study of plant diseases and their control measures: Black stem rust and Powdery mildew. (30) 15 (30)

20 05 05

07

08

Unit IV
Bryophyta 1. Structure, life history and taxonomic position of Marchantia and Pellia. 2. Evolution of the Sporophyte in Bryophyta. Pteridophyta 1. Structrue, life history and taxonomic position of Lycopodium and Marsilea: 2. Evolution of the sorus. (15) 10 05 (15) 10 05

Paper II (Plant Diversity IV)

Unit I
Gymnosperms General account of Gnetales, Structure, life history and taxonomic position of Gnetum. Economic importance of Gymnosperms Paleobotany Geological time scale. Lepidodendrales : Lepidodendron and related forms Pteridospermae: Lyginopteris Pentoxylon (15) 10 05 (15) 02 05 05 03

Unit II
Angiosperms:. Aims of taxonomy heirarchial levels of taxonomy, major and minor categories, taxonomy as a synthetic branch. Study of the plant families: Magnoliaceae, Capparidaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Umbelliferae, Sapotaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Labiatae, Polygonaceae, Commelinaceae, Graminae. Evolution of Anther Evolution of the Placenta (30)

06

20 02 02

Unit III
Embryology 1. Microsporangium, microsporogenesis and development of male gametophyte 2. Megasporangium, megasporogenesis and development of female gametophyte (Polygonum type). 3. Double fertilization and its significance. 4. Development of dicotyledonous embryo: Capsella type. (20) 10

06 02 02

Palynology

(10)

1. Exine ornamentation (stratification), concept of palynogram 2. Application of palynology in taxonomy, coal, oil exploration and forensic sciences

03 05

3. Pollen viability, germination and growth ofr pollen tube, factors affecting tube growth 02

Unit IV

Anatomy

(30)

Stomata: Distribution and structure: Types of stomata in dicot and monocot leaves. Root stem transition. Anomalous secondary growth in stems of Bignonia, Salvadora, Achyranthes, Dracaena and storage roots of Beet and Radish . Wood anatomy : ring porous, Diffuse porous wood, distribution and types of wood parenchyma, tracheary elements, fibre types.

05 05

12

08

Paper III FUNCTIONAL BOTANY Unit I Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (30)

Translocation of solutes: Translocation of organic and inorganic solutes, transport pathways, anatomy of sieve tube, mechanism of sieve tube translocation. 04 Lipid metabolism : Biosynthesis and degradation of fatty acid and glycerol, respiratory metabolism in germinating seeds, energetics of beta oxidation. 07 Growth and development : general phases of growth, growth curves, factors affecting growth, growth regulating substances, auxins gibberellins, cytokinins and ethylene, biosynthesis and bioassay of these growth substances, growth inhibitors, coumarins, cyclitols, abscisic acid, morphactins. 12 Reproductive growth: Vernalization and its significance 03

Biological clock: Concept of biological clock, practical importance, circadian rhythms. 04 Unit II Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 1. Mutations: Definition, Types, Reverse mutations and suppressor mutations, Causes of mutations (Spontaneous and induced), DNA replication errors. 2. Plant Breeding: Aims and objectives, plant introduction and acclimatization, Selection: mass, pure line and clonal, Hybridisation techniques, hybridization in self pollinated and cross pollinated crops. 3. Polyploidy: Auto and allopolyploidy, induced polyploidy, role of polyploidy in plant breeding and evolution. Aneuploidy and syndromes in man ( Down's Edward's and Patau's syndrome) 4. Extrachromosomal inheritance: Plastid transmission in plants, Male sterility in plants. Streptomycin sensitivity/ dependance in Chlamydomonas, Carbon dioxide sensitivity in Drosophila, Coiling in snails, Kappa particles in paramoecium. Pigmentation in Ephestia Moth. Red colonies and Petite colonies in yeast, milk factor in mammals. (30)

5. Population genetics : Gene pool, gene frequency, Hardy and Weinberg's law, factors affecting equilibrium. 3 6. DNA replication and recombination, Transcription, RNA molecules and RNA processing, Translation of the genetic message. 5 7. Biometry: Central tendency, standard deviation, Coefficient of correlation, Regression analysis, Chi Square test and Yate's Correction 4 Unit III Environmental Botany Plants and plant communities as indicators: Indicators of agriculture, forests as indicators, grasslands as indicators, indicators of soil types, indicators of salinity, grazing, overgrazing, forest, land classification (30)

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Plant Community: Qualitative characters ofa community: physiognomy and growth forms (Raunhkier's classification) , Biological spectrum, phenology, periodicity,stratification: vertical, horizontal and temporal. Species diversity and abundance, viability and sociability. Quantitative characters: Density, frequency, species, dominance, cover and biomass. Measurement of community: Study of quadrats, transect and bisect. 20 Unit IV Ecosystems dynamics and management; stability and complexity of ecosystems; speciation and complexity of ecosystems,speciation and extinction. Environmental impact Assessment(EIA), Principles of conservation strategies including Protected Area Network (PAN), sustainable development. Plant Geography a) phytogeographical regions of India. b) Forest types of India.

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Paper IV Unit I

Current trends in Plant Sciences

Biofertilizers: Definition and advantages, Role of bacteria (Azotobacter, Rhizobium), algae ( blue green algae), fungi (VAM). Mushroom cultivation: Spawning of edible mushrooms, methods of cultivation, Agaricus (button) ande Plerotus(Dhingri, Oyster mushroom), Volvariella ( paddy Straw mushroom), nutritive value of mushroom. Beverages: Definition and types, non alcoholic and alcoholic and natural, Non alcoholic Processing of tea, coffee, cocoa. Fruit juices: Mango, Kokam, orange, pine apple. Alcoholic: Fermented and distilled their preparation and sources Natural: Nira Unit II Small scale industries: With reference to sources, preparation and uses Sugar: Jaggery and Khandsary -sugarcane Tadgur -Palmyra palm ( Borassus) Paper -Handmade paper Fibre- Coir coconut), sisal (Agave sisalana) Natural dyes and pigments (General idea- different sources and uses): Logwood, sappanwood and brazil wood, red sandal wood, indigo, henna, madder, beet, turmeric, safflower, saffron. Annatto.

07

08

15

12

Forestry: Types of forestry,a) non commercial farm forestry b) commercial farm forestry c) community forestry d) urban forestry. Natural regeneration of forest. 12 Forest industries : Pulp, Paper and newsprint. Unit III Medicinal Botany 30 06

1. Biological soures, geographical distribution, common varieties, macroscopic and microscopic characters and uses of 1) Vinca(leaf). Isapgol(seed). Clove(bud). Cardomem(fruit). Cinchona(bark).Turmeric(rhizome). 15 2. Methods of extraction and characterization of alkaloids: isoquinoline, morphine and repane 15

3. Pharmaceutical aids: wool fat, hydnocarpus oil, almond oil, olive oil, benzoin, spirit, alcohol. 03 4.Health food: Barly, ragi, horsegram, lentil, arum, spinach, bitter gourd, onion, tomato, bottle gourd, ridge gourd, snake gourd, drum stick, turmeric, fenugreek leaves and seeds, cumin, asafoetida, dill seeds and leaves, mustard. 07 Unit IV Biotechnology 1. Somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seeds 2. Protoplast isolation, culture, application, somatic hybridization 3. Recombinant DNA technology and manipulation of DNA, Transgenic plant production by Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer ( molecular basis), selectable markers, reporter genes, promoters used in plant vectors. Transgenic plants for improving quality of seeds, edible vaccine. 4. Fermentation: Solid state fermentation for production of fungal biomass ( for industrial enzymes) 30 03 04

20 03

T. Y. B. Sc. Botany Practicals : PRACTICAL I

MICROBIOLOGY 1. Study of aeromycoflora by exposing the plates - colony characteristics and microscopic screening. 2. Study of sewage sample by serial dilution. 3. MIC of sugar. 4. Study of activity of enzyme cellulase. 5. Study of microbial activity in terms of CO2 evolution. ALGAE 1. Study of following types with the help of fresh material, permanent slides and photomicrographs. Oedogonium. Chara, Dictyota. Batrachospermum and Polysiphonia. 2. Types for the study of range of thallus in algae (i) Unicellular -Chlamydomonas/Euglena Chlorella/Cosmarium Diatoms (ii) Colonial -Pandorina/Pediastrum/ Scenedesmus (iii) Filamentous -Unbranched, Uniseriate -Zygnema/ Spirogyral/ Ulothrix/Oedogonium (iv) Filamentous- Branched -Cladophora/Pithophora (v) Heterotrichous -Chaetophora/Trentepohlia (vi) Discoid -Coleochaete (vii) Foliaceous -Ulva (viii) Siphonaceous -Vaucheria/Caulerpa (ix) Parenchymatous -Dictyota/Sargassum FUNGI 1. Study of following types with the help of fresh materials, permanent slides and photomicrographs. Albugo, Chaetomiun, Puccinia and Trichoderma 2. Classification on the basis of disease symptoms -Rust, Powdery mildew. smut. blight and hypertrophy BRYOPHYTA 1. Study of following types with the help of fresh material, permanent slides and photomicrographsMarchantia and Pellia. PTERIDOPHYTA 1. Study of following type with the help of fresh material, permanent slides and photomicrographsMarselia and Lycopodium 2. Identification of following types on the basis of soral arrangements and structures Ophioglossum. Osmunda. Lygodium Pleopeltis. Pteris. Asplenium.

PRACTICAL II
GYMNOSPERMS 1. Studyof following types with the help of fresh material, permanent slides and photomicrographs -Gnetum stem, leaf, male and female cones, and ovule.

PALAEOBOTANY Lepidodendron, Lepidocarpon, Lepidostrobus, Lepidophyllum Lyginopteris oldhamia, Pentoxylon.

ANGIOSPERMS 1. Study of plant families prescribed for theory with reference to morphological peculiarities and economic importance of its members. 2. Study of the morphology of entire plants (at least 5 plants). 3. Identification of genus and species of the plants from families studied at F. Y., S Y. and T. Y.B.Sc with the help of flora (Cooke's or any other available flora).

EMBRYOLOGY 1. A study of stages in microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis with the help of permanent slides and/or photomicrographs. 2. To mount and study the endosperm of Myristica/Betelnut/Annona, Castor and Maize. 3. To mount and study the embryo of Citrus, Cucurbita, Scoparia. 4. To demonstrate the in vivo growth of the pollen tube in the styles- Portulaca.Vinca.

PALYNOLOGY 1. To study the germination of pollen grains and growth of pollen tube in varying concentrations of sucrose. 2. To study the spores/pollen in coal samples. 3. Determination of pollen viability (any one test) 4. Study of airborne pollen grams with the help of gravity slice sampler.

ANATOMY 1. Study of types of stomata in surface view: (i) Anomocytic (Ranuncuiaceous) (ii) Anisocytic (Cruciferous) (iii) Paracytic (Rubiaceous) (iv) Diacytic (Caryophyllaccous) (v) Graminaceous 2. Study of anomalous secondary growth in the stems of Bignonia, Aristolochia, Salvadora, Achyranthes and Dracaena. And in roots of Raphanus and Beta. 3. Study of following structures in wood. a) Ring porus wood, Diffuse porous wood. b) Distribution and types of wood parenchyma i)Apotracheal: aggregate ii)Paretracheal: Vascicentric, Aliform confluent and Banded confluent c) Ray: Homogenous (any one type); Heterogenous (any one type). 4. Study of wood elements by maceration technique Michelia, Annona and Pinus.

PRACTICAL III
PHYSIOLOGY Major experiments: 1. Estimation of iron from plant tissues. 2. Estimation of fatty acids from seeds.(colorimetric) 3. Determination of saponification value. 4. Estimation of phytosterols from plant tissues. Minor experiments: 1. Separation of fatty acids by thin layer chromatography. 2. Determination of temperature coefficient (Q 10) of water uptake by plant tissues. 3. Measurement of stomata. 4. Determination of the stomatal frequency. CYTOGENETICS 1. Karyotype analysis of the following syndromes: i) ii) iii) iv) Down's syndrome D-G translocation Edward's syndrome Patau's syndrome

2. DNA sequencing. 3. To determine the sequence of amino acids in the protein molecule synthesized. from the given m-RNA strand. 4. Meiosis. BIOMETRY 1. Determination of frequency distribution using any suitable material. 2. Determination of standard deviation in relation to the material provided for the study of frequency distribution. 3. Calculation of coefficient of correlation using any suitable material. 4. Use of chi-square for evaluation of given data/plant material.

ENVIRONMENTAL BOTANY MAJOR EXPERIMENTS 1. Study of ecotypes of Portulaca oleracea, Euphorbia hirta and Clerodendron inerme on the basis of morphological and anatomical features of stem and leaf. 2. Estimation of total soluble salts from the soil sample. 3. Determination of organic matter content from the soil sample. 4. Determination of primary productivity by Winkler's method. 5. Study of vegetation of an area by list quadrat method. 6. Study of vegetation of an area by chart quadrat method. MINOR EXPERIMENTS 7. Determination of water holding capacity of oven dried soil samples. 8. Determination of turbidity of soil solution by colorimetric method. 9. Determination of heavy metals Hg, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Cd by qualitative tests. 10. Instruments used for ecological studies working and setting of instruments used for measuring temperature, relalive humidity, rainfall, wind velocity and light intensity.

PRACTICAL IV
BIOFERTILIZERS 1. Identification of blue green algae, bacteria and V AM. 2. Study of nitrate reductase from treated and controlled plants. FUNGI 1. Mushroom cultivation in the laboratory and spawning (Demonstration). SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES 1. Identification of sources of: sugars and types of sugars as per theory, paper and types of papers, fibres and types of fibres. 2. Extraction of pigments from turmeric, beet and Lawsonia. 3. Preparation of squash/syrup/jarn/jelly. 4. Determination of pectin content of the fruits, acidity and T S S.

FORESTRY 1. Identification of forest products such as gums, resins and their sources, eg: Gardenia, Sterculia, Moringa, Acacia, Semecarpus MEDICINAL BOTANY. 1. Macroscopic and microscopic characters ana chemical constituents of plant prescribed in theory. 2. Study of pharmaceutical aids. (as prescribed in theory) SECONDARY METABOLITES 1. Extraction of phenolics from Capsicum. 2. Extraction of alkalolds from Nicotiana. 3. Extractivn of sulphur compounds from garlic. BIOTECHNOLOGY Encapsulation of yeast cells and study of invertase activity Encapsuiation of axillary buds Fermenters (industrial visit) General Instruction: 1. Studefits opting for three units of Botany will study papers II and III and will do practica1s of the same papers. 2. Four botanical excursions are compulsory of which one will be out of Mumbai.

Enclosure to item No. Appendix 'A ' UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Skeleton Paper for the Practical Examination PRACTICAL I Total Marks 40. Duration -3 Hours. Microbiology,Algae, Fungi, Bryophyta, Psteridophyta, ,Gymnospenns, Morphology and Taxonomy. Q.l. Perform the microbiology experiment A alloted to you. 04 Q.2. Identify, classify and describe the specimens B,C,D & E. 16 Q.3. Assign specimens F & G to their respective families giving reasons 08 Q.4. Identify and describe the specimens/slides H,I,J,K,L & M 12 PRACTICAL II Total Marks 40 Duration -3 Hours. Anatomy, Palynology, Environmental Botany, Plant Physiology & Cytosgenetics. Q .l.a. Make 3 temporary stained preparation of T .S. of specimen A, so as To expose Mechanical tissue/secondary growth. 06 b. Make a temporary preparation of epidermal/secretory structures Observed in specimen B 03 Q.2. Perform the ecological experiment C allotted to you.. 05 Q.3. Perform the physiological experiment D allotted to you. 07 Q.4. Determine mean, median, mode/frequency distribution from the given plant material/data E or prepare an idiogram from the Photomicrography provided to you 05 Q.5. Identify and describe the specimens/slides F & G. 04 Q.6.a. Journal 06 b. Field note book 04 (Key for examiners) A- Microbiology experiment B- Algae, C-Fungi, C-Fungi/Lichen, D and E- Bryophyta/Pteridophyta/Gymno F & G -Families H- Morphology J-Economic Botany J & K Types L-Fossil M- Palynology

PRACTICAL III
Total Marks 40. Duration -3 Hours.

Medicinal Botany,Horticulture, Instruments & Techniques.

Q.1.a)Perfom the test for.................. from the given material A. b) Calculate the stomatal index/palisade ratio/vein islet number of the given material B. Q.2. Prepare a garden plan in the given area C. Write the names of two Plants for each of the three locations mentioned. Q.3. a)Prepare a standard graph for reducing sugar/protein/phosphorus and estimate the same in the given sample D. b) Seperate the amino acids/photosynthetic pigments from sample E. Q.4. a. Identify and describe the specimens F & G. b. Explain the principle and working of instruments H & I

03 06 08 08 05 04 06

A- Alkaloids/g1ycosides/tannin

F & G -Drugs from Grandma's pouch.

F.Y.B.Sc. PRACTICAL I
Q .1. Make a gram stained preparation of specimen A Q.2. Identify, classify and describe specimens B & C Q.3. a) Assign specimens D & E to their respective families giving Reasons. Give floral formula for each. b) Describe the morphology of specimen F Q.4) a) Make a temporaiy stained preparation of TS/LS of specimen G. Comment on its anatomical features. b) Mount from specimen H. Identify and comment Q.5. Identify and describe specimens/slides I, J, K, L, & M. Key to examiners A Bacteria B Types from Algae/Fungi C Bryophyta/Pteridophyta D & E Families F Flower morphology G Anatomy Root/Stem/Leaf H Cell inclusions/stomata I Types K, L &M-Morphology (other than flowers) J Anatomy 03 08 08 03 05 03 10

F.Y.B.Sc. PRACTICAL II
Q .1. Set up the physiology experiment, show the results to the examiner Q.2. Coll1ment on the ecological status of specimen B Q.3. Prepare a squaslvidiogrmn from specimen C and comment Q.4. a)Perform the test for from specimen D b) Estimate vitamin C/Calcium/Magnesium from sample E . Q.5. a) Journal b) Field note book Key to examiners B-- Ecological specimens D-- Glycosides/proteins/Carbohydrates/ Alkaloids/Fats 08 06 06 04 08 04 04

SKELETON PAPER OF PRACTICAL III (Total marks:50) 1. Set up the physiology experiment A allotted to you. (major expenment) 2. Set up the physiology experiment B allotted to you. (minor expenment) 3. Carry out the experiment C allotted to you. Discuss its ecological significance. 4. Carry out the experiment D allotted to you. Discuss its ecological significance. 5. Journal

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SKELETON PAPER OF PRACTICAL IV (Totalmarks:50) 1. Make a squash preparation of specimen A to show the stage of mitosis. Comment on the same. 2. Make a squash preparation of the pretreated material B,and identify the aberrations. 3. By means of chemical tests, identity the active constituents of specimen C. Sketch and label the microscopic structure whereever possible. 4 Identify and mention the botanical source and the medicinal properties of specimens D and E. 5. Identify and comment on the slides / photomicrographs / specimens F, G, R.and I 6. Journal . 7. Viva-voce.

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M.Sc PART I BOTANY

SKELETON PAPER OF PRACTICAL I (Total marks:50) 1. Identify, classify, and specify points of morphological and / or reproductive interest seen in specimen A. B. C. and D. (12) 2. Identify and describe with the help of labeled sketches the vegetative/reproductive structures seen in specimens E &F (08) 3. By mean of chromatography, seperate algal pigments from specimen G, and determine out their Rf values. OR Determine the activity of enzyme cellulase from specimen G 4. Identify and describe any three types of algae from the given mixture H 5- Identify and comment on the specimen/ slides I, J, K, L, and M. 6. Journal.

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ON PAPER OF PRACTICAL II Identify, classify and describe specimen A giving reasons. (a)Classify specimen B to its respective family giving reasons. Give a floral diagram and floral fom1ula. (b) Identify the familiy, genus and species of specimen C with the help of flora. 3. Macerate specimen D to expose the xylem elements. Sketch and label the cell types. 3. Perform an experiment to show the effect of temperature on pollen viability specimen E. OR Perfonn an experiment to demonstrate in vitro germination of pollen tube 4. (a) Identify and describe slide F, G and H. (b) Identify specimen I State its morphological peculiarities / economic importance Journal and field diary (Total marks:50) (4) (4) (8) (6)

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