C

oem r
0

=0

:3rt CD

2:3 C), C

S ii
=0

a
0 0) C C

CD

fflQ

FOREWORD
The first edition ol Korean Building CodeStructural, KBCS (2005) was the culmination of extensive efforts to integrate various structural design codes for buildings into a single comprehensive set of regulations by Architectural Institute of Korea, and notified by Korean Ministry of Construction and Transportation as an enforcement ordinance of Building Act in April 6, 2005. One of the primary goals of this building code is to encourage structural design and building practices that follow up the rapid developments and improvements in engineering professions and address the international standards, As a turther step is embody the purposes of the Korean Building Code, the need for English version ot the code has been apparently recognized by the structural engineers and code officials, Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures English Version is a standard for structural design loads based on the Korean Building CodeStruclural, KBCS (2005). and Korean Standard Loads for Buildings (2000). The provisions in this English version are prepared mainly for the adoption in internationalized structural engineering protession and building industry, The design loads prescribed in the provisions involve dead load, live load, snow load, wind load, earthquake load, soil and hydrostatic pressure, and other loads, This standard establishes the minimum regulations for structural design of buildings and the other structures, And the priority in the adoption and use would be given to the Korean Building CodeStructural, KBCS (2005) in the case ol different engineering interpretations,

April 29, 2006 LiHyung Lee, PhD,, PE President Architectural Institute of Korea WanHo t1, Ph.D. PE Chairman, Committee for English Version of Standard Design Leads

MEMBERS OF COMMIVFEE
Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (English Version, WeanHo Yi, Ph.D., P6, Ohairman MyeongHan Kim, Ph.D., Secrelary NamShik Ahn, Ph.D YoungSang Cho, Ph.D., P2 HeeJung Ham, Ph,D, BongBoo Jean, P6, R~ LiHyung Lee, Ph.D., P2 YoungHak Lee. Ph.D. KangPyo Cho, Ph.D. YoungHwan Choi, Ph.D. SungGui Hong, Ph.D. JangHo Kim, Ph,D, MoonSung Lee, PhD,

Standard Design Loads for Buildings (Korean Version, 2000) DucJae Kim, Ph,D,, P2, Chairman

2006)

HeonSoo Chung, PhD,, Secrelary SeungLyeol Cha, P2 HanWook Cho, Ph.D. ChangSik Choi, Ph,D,, P2 KiBong Choi, PhD, JaeChul Chung. Ph.D., P6 VoungCheol Ha, Ph.D. SangWhen Han, Ph.D., P2 BongBoo Jeon, P6 HaRim Kim, Ph.D. HyoJin Kim, P2 ChulHo Cho, PhD,, P2 SangKyuu Cho, Ph,D,, P2 Hang Choi, Ph.D. MunSik Chol, PhD, P2 SiHyun Chung, P2 Sang2u1 Han, Ph.D. SungGui Hong, Ph.D. DongHyeok Kim, Ph.D. HeeCheul Kim, Ph.D. JongHo Kim, P6 KyuSuk Kim, Ph.D., RE SangSik Kim, Ph.D., P2 DongGeun Lee, Ph.D. KwangYerl Lee, Ph,D, MyungJae Lee, Ph.D. HongGun Park, Ph,D,, P6 YeongSoo Shin, Ph.D., P2

Korean Building CodeStructural (Korean Version, 2005) BongSoo Jeon, P2, PA, Chairman HongGun Park, Ph.D., P2, ViceChairman JinGyu Song, PhD,, Secretary JuneSig Choe, P2 CanChul Choi, Ph.D. YoungCheol Ha, Ph.D. MyungJai Heo, Ph.D., P2 SoonJo Hong. Ph.D. SungMok Hong, Ph.D., P2 ByungJoo Jeong, PhD, DucJae Kim, PhD,, P6 HyoJin Kim, P2 KyuSuk Kim, Ph.D., P2 SangSik Kim, Ph,D,, P2 WonKi Kim, Ph,D,, P2 Dong-Geun Lee, Ph,D, JunJae Lee, Ph.D. MoonBc, Lee. PhD SeungJoon Lee, PhD, DeeYoung Park, P2 TaeHo Son, P2 HoKey Yoon, P2 MunSik Choi, PhD,, P6 JaeChul Chung, PhD,, P2 SangWhan Han, Ph,D,, P2 KapPyo Hong, Ph.D. SungGui Hong, Ph.D. SangSik Jang, Ph.D. HaSun Jeong, Ph,D, HakMoon Kim, Ph.D., P2 JongRak Kim, Ph.D. SangDee Kim, Ph,D, SeokKoo Kim, Ph.D., P2 ChaDong Lee, Ph.D., P2 HanSean Lee, Ph.D. LiHyung Lee. Ph.D., P6 MyungJae Lee, PhD, ChoonKyong Mah, P6 Sungwoo Shin, Ph.D. WaonHo Yi, Ph.D., P2

JongRak Kim, Ph.D. MyungJun Kim, Ph.D., P2 WonKi Kim, PhD,, P2 HanSeon Lee, Ph.D. LiHyung Lee, Ph.D., P6 BokMan Park, Ph.D., P2 Sungwoo Shin, Ph.D. WoonTaek Woo, Ph.D.

Contents
1 General 1.1 Scope 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Symbols and Notation 1.4 Classification of Design Load 1.5 Combinations of Londs

9 9 9 15 IS
19

5.3 Design Wind Loads on Root Frames 5.4 Design Wind Loads on Building Components and Cladding

43 44

5,5 Dynamic Response Due to Wind Actions 5.6 Velocity Pressure 5.7 Gust Effect Factor for Structural Framas and Roof Frames

46 46 53

2 Dead Wads 2.1 Definition 2.2 Weights of MateriaL, and Constructions

21 21 21 22 22 22 26 27 28 28 28 29 31 33 36 39 40
itt

5,8 Pressure and Force Coetticients for Structural and Root Frames

57
5.9 External and Internal Pressure Coefficients for Loads on Building Components and Cladding 63

S Live Loads
3.1 Genera! 3.2 Classification of Liv) Loads 3,3 Reduction in Live Loads 3.4 Similar Live Loads

6 Earthquake Loads
6,1 General 6.2 Load Combinations 6.3 Site Ground Motion 6.4 Earthquake LoadsCriteria Selection

75 75 76 77 79 66 93 97 103 05 112 118 118 118 118 119 119 120

4 Snow Loads 4.1 Generats 4.2 Ground Snow Loads, 5,. 4.3 FlatRoof Snow Loads, S~ 4.4 SlopedRoof Snow _oads, S, 4.5 unbalanced Roof Snow Loads 4.6 Drifts on Lower Roes (Aerodynamic Shade) 47 RainonSnow Surc~arge Load 4.8 The Rest Snow Loan

6.5 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure icr Seismic Design 6.6 SeismicForceResisting Systems 6,7 Dynamic Analysis Procedure 6,8 Structural Component Design Requirements 6,9 Architectural, Mechanical And Electrical Comoonents 6,10 Seismic Design Requirements for Nonbuilding Structures

7 Soil and Hydrostatic Pressure and Other Loads

7.1 General 7.2 Soil and Hydrostatic Prossure 7.3 Thermal Stress

5 Wind Loads 5.1 General 5.2 Design Wind Loads on Structural Fromes

41 42

7.4 Fluid Pressure 7,5 Contents Load in Storage Tank 7.6 Transportation Equipment and its Component Loads

1 General
1.1 Scope This standai-d provides the requirements for the calculation of loads, which is applied to buildings and other structures. For the calculation of design loads and external forces based on the specL.l studies and researches, and if it is approved to be equal or more than the requirements presented in this standard, however. some of the provisions in this standard need not be applied. 1.2 Definitions Acrosswind Vibration Irregular vibration in acrosswind direction due to buffeting, vortexshedding, and wakes. Active Fault: A fault determined to be active by the authority having jurisdiction from properly substantiated datn Aeroelastic Instability Vibration Vibration occurred when the modification of wind pattern around a structure 1w aeroelasticitv is surh that it increases rather than decreases vibration. Attachments : Means by which components and their supports are secured or connected to the seismicforceresisting system of the structure. Such attachments include anchor bolts, welded connections, and mechanical fasteners. Base : The level at which the horizontal seismic ground motions are considered to be imparted to the building. Base Shear : Total design lateral force or shear at the base. Basic Wind Speed : 10minute mean wind speed over a flat and open terrain at an elevation of 1Dm with a return period of 100 years.

I I

General

l3earing provide

Vail System -A structural system without a complete vertical load--earning 5~iCO frame. Bearing walls or bracaig elements support Cur suhstanlial vertical loads. Seismic lateral force resistance is provided oy -hear ails or braced frames. Boundary Element In ightframe construction, diaphragms and shear

Exposure Category An exposure category thaI adequately reflects the characteristics of ground surface irregularities for the site at which the building or structai-e is to be constructed. Exposure Con sI ant The height rove ground in -a hich change of vertical wind speed prol5les with height by the infiuence of surface roughness starts.
External Pressure Factors Producl of the external pressure coeflicient

tvall boundary members elements include choids

o which sheathing transfer forces, Boundai nd drag struts at diaphragm and shear wall

perimeter, interior opening -. discontinuities and reentrant corners,

and gust effect factor to be used in determination of wint loads for

As~ essentially vertical truss, or its equivalent, of the concentric or eccentric ty)e that is provided in a bearing wall, building
Braced Frame frame, or dual system to resist seismic forces. Building Frame System A structural system with an essentially

building components and cladding Flexible Diaphragm A diaphragm is flexible for the purpose of

distribution of story shear and torsional moment when l:he maximum inplane deflection of the diaphragm itself under lateral load is more than two times the average dnfi. of adjoining verticalresisting elements under equivalent tributru-v lateral load. Flexible Structures Dynamically sensitive structures due to additional

complete space frame pro cling support for vcrtical load. Seismic lateral

force resistance is provided by shear walls or braced frames.

Design Earthquake

Tl:-, earthtit,ake effects that are the corresponding

maximum considered uartnquake effects. Design Spectral Respu Sc Acceleration Design spectral response

load generated by interaction between wind and a structure. Gust Effect Factor It is defined as the ratio of expected maximum to mean structural response that represents the dynamic response phenomena pi-oduced by the action of wind gustiness of longitudinal component. Importance Factor A factor that accouats for the degree of hazard to human life and damage to property. The importance factor is used to adjust the level of structural reliability of a building or other structure to be consistent with the building classifications.

acceleration at short perio 5. S1~ and at I - secood period, S~1. Design Wind Speed a building. Bauble Frame System \Vind speed for use in design considering basic

wind speeds, terrain condions. topographic conditions, and importance of

A structural system with an essentially

shear walls or braced frames. The momeat

complete space framc prcvding support for vertical loads, Seismic force resistance is provrded lx frame shall be capable

resistrng at least 25 percent of the design

seismic forces, Enclosed Structure walls fi-ort, floor to roof l building that has a roof and full perimeter el

Influence Area The total summation of influence area fran the upper stories. The influence area is four times the tributary area for an interior column and an interiut foundation, two times the tributary area for a girder or a continuous beam, Intermediate Moment Frame A moment frame in which members
I General

10

Design Leads tor BuSdnr~s and Other Struacres

--15

11

and joints are capable of resisting forces by flexure as well as along the axis or the members. Internal Pressure Coefficient Product of internal pressure coefficient and gust effect factor to be used in deterniiimtiuri of wind loads for building components and cladding Leeward Face Thc side sheltered from the wind,

projected on a plane normal to the wind direction. Reduction Factor A factor that accounts for the reduced design live

load due to the area supported by the member. Return Period The basic probability of high winds needed for structural design is the exceedence probability that a given wind speed will be exceeded within a oneyear pedod. The reciprocal of exceedance probability is called the return period. Rigid Structuies A building or other structure vhicb can neglect an additional load generated by interaction between wind and a structure.
Seismic Forces The assumed forces prescribed herein? related to the response of the building to earthquake motions, to be used in the design of the building and its components. Seismic Force Resisting System The part of the structural system

Mechanical and Electrical Components Components permanently attached to structures, including supporting structures and attachments. Moment Frame System A structural system with an essentially complete space frame pr-rwiding support for vertical loads. Seismic
lateral force resistance is .ovided by moment frames, Monnslope Free Roof Planar roof with no enclosing walls underneath. Wind speed

Nominal Height of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

that has been considered in the design to provide the required resistance to the seismic forces prescdbed herein. Seismic Response Coefficient Eq. (6.5.4) A coefficient decided 1w Eq. (6.5.2)

is zero at the surface, and it increases with height above the ground in
an atmospl~eric boundanr layer. Above this height of layer exists gradient wind which does not vafl with height. This height is defined as such. The height above ground ~~hich is not to be affected by ground surface roughness. Wind speed is not to he changed in this height. Nonbuitding Structures Nonbuilding structures include all

C.

Seismic Use Group Seismic use groups and occupancy importance factors in accordance with <Table 6.4.1>. Seismic Zone A zone classified by the expected seismic activities and

selfsupporting structures that cmxv gravity loads and that may be required to resist the effects of earthquake.

seismic intensities. Nonstructural Member The constructional element of the building excluded for structure analysis. Normal Moment Frame A moment frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces by flexure as well along the tLXis
of the members. Projected Area Area
Art

Shear Wall

A wall, beadng or nonbearing, designed to resist seismic

forces acting in the lane of the wall,

Site Class 6.3.2> building either normal to wind direction or
General

A classification assigned to a site based on the types of

<Table

soils present and their engineering properties as defined in

1 2 uesign Loads for Bucrdings and OIlier slruclures

13

Strong Diaphragm A diaphragm is rigid for the purpose of distribution of story and orsional moment when the lateral deformation of the diaphragm is less than or equal to two times the average story drift, Story Drift The horizontal deflection at top of the story relative to the bottom of the story. Story Drift Ratio The qory drift divided by the story height.

force resisting structui-al system of roof. Wind Load on Structural Frames Wind loads for the desgn of main windforce resisting structural system of buildings Wind Pressure Coefficient A coefficients that are normalized by the velocity pressure at the reference height. Wind Speed Profile Factor Factor accounting for the rhange in wind speed with height and surface roughness. Windward Face The side from which the wind is blowing.

Story Shear The summation of design lateral seismic forces at levels above the story under cot;eideration. Topographic Factor Topographic factor, which reflects the change of the mean wind speed that occurs when wind passes at right angles to escarpments or ridgeshaped topography. Torsion Vibration Torsional vibration is caused by asymmetric wind pressure distribution on the windward face, side faces and leeward face. This is due to both wind turbulence and the vortex in the buildings wake. Tributary Area Area o~ floor is supported by the vertical members. to be used in the

1.3 Symbols and Notation A influence area j140in2) A Projected area or effective wind area,
A A A,, B B1 C C, C1
.

site coefficient . shear sectton area of shear wall parallel to the direction of the seismic load at 1st level, m tnbatary area donension of a building or a structure not-mal to wind direction. m background excitation factor (factor representing frequency component except for natural frequency of the huildingi reduction factor of live loads base roof snow load factor exposure factor wind force coefficients for the design of structural and roof frames roof slope factor thermal factor external pressure coefficient eternal pressuie coefficient on the wind~nid face external pressure coefficient on the lee;x ard f ice mtemal precsurc coefficient fot enclosed buildings a length of ssc a wall at 1st lerel
iii I General

Velocity Pressure Design wind pressure determination of wind loads for buildings. Vottexinduced Vibrati,.in created by vortex shedding,

Vibration due to periodic lateral force

Wind Force Coefficient A coefficients that are norma]ized by the wind load operating on the wall of structure at the reference height.
F

C,

C
C, C, C5
,

Wind Lond on Claddint. elements of huildings

Wind lo id fos the design of ci idding os othe

suxicturcs

Wind Load on Roof Fr acs I4

005100 Loads for Soitd,ngs and Other sirucicres

Wind loads for the Oesign ot miii uind

OK

15

F,
F,

wind force spectrum factor portion of the seismic base shear included at level equivalent static force for the seismic design of nonstructural component lateral seismic force at level x gust effect factor for structural and roof frames
I

seismic design shear in story x design wind speed at height a above ground level, rn/s
W

total weight of structure wind load on cladding, N/rn wind load on structural frames, N/rn 2 weight of structure in story f.~ total weight of the nonstructural element wind load on roof frames, N/rn2 distance to center of pressure from windward edge of roof, in height above ground level, m exposure constant, m nominal height of the atmospheric boundary layei-.
in

F,
Cf

C,
CC,,

gust effect factor ~or internal pressure external pressure oefficient for building components antI cladding internal pressure coefficient for building components and cladding height of hill or escarpment m importance factor turbulence intensit-c at the reference height importance factor for wind load importance factor for snov load exposure factor topographic factor honzontal dimension of a building measured parallel to the wind direction, m turbulence length scale at the reference height, in horizontal distance upwind from the crest to where the difference in ground elevation is half the height of hill or escarpment, m

K
L

diameter of circular crosssections and least horimntal dimension of square, hexagonal, or octagonal crosssection at elevation under consideration, m depth of protruding elements such as ribs and spoilers, in height from springline to roof top, m g gravitational acceleration peak factor mean roof height of a building, m height of obstruction above the surface of the roof, in height of balanced snow load, m
clear height from top of balance snow load to (1) closest point on

I? i?, SI

response modification coefficient resonance factor snow load on flat roofs, kN/m2 size reduction fact or (factor representing reduction of turbulence effect due to scale of a building) ground snow load, tN/rn2
2

s1

adjacent upper roof, (2) top of parapet, or (3) top of a projection on the roof, m height of chimney, tank, and similar suucture, in height of snov drift, in the height from the base to level
h, h,

sloped roof snow load, kN/m

or x. m
in

fundamental period of the structure, sec base shear force

V0 it,,

height of the structure above the base to the roof level, height from bottom of dome to springline, height of sign board, m diameter of domed roof, m
in

basic wind speed, rn/s design wind speed at the mean roof height h above ground level, ni/s

length of the roof upwind of the projection or parapet wall, in

16 Dadgn toads for nuifeings and Olser Siruclures

is

General

17

larger dimension o sign board, in smaller dimension of sign board, in 1st mode frequency of building, t-t p p, design wind pressre on cladding, N/tn2 design wind force on structural frames, N/rn2 design wind force on roof frames, N/o~ velocity pressure
I at mean roof

5. Etu-lhquake load C E1

1. Soil and hydrostatic pressuit C if) g. lemperature load ( T) h. Flood load (F) i. Machinery and moving load C U)
j, Other loads

height h above ground level, N/rn2

1.5 Combinations of Loads

velocity pressure at height Z above ground level, N/rn2 r,se-to--span ratio of domed roof turbulence factor separation distanc between the roof and adjacent structure,
in

15.1 Load Combinations for the Design of Concrete Swucturcs 1.5.1.1 Strcutures, components, and foundations shall be designed so that their design strength equals or exceeds the effects of the factored loads
on the following combinations. U= 1.4/3+ IlL (1.5,1) (1.5.2)

iv

width of the additi :nal snow drift, in power law exponent of mean wind speed
deflection of level tat the center of the mass at and above level x

a.
a~.

deflection of level,- at the center of the mass at and above level x determined by an elastic analysis damping ratio of I ~t mode angle of plane of roof from horizontal in degrees, von Karman constant( ~s0.4) level crossing frerj~ency, fi. ratio of solid area~ to gross area ratio of solid area to gross area of one tower face for the segment under consideration
upwind slope C

U= 0.75(1.4D+ IlL-I- 1.7 TV) U= 0.9D+ L3 TV

U=0.75(l.4D-I-L7L) 1 OF

(1.5.3) (1.5.4)
C1.5.5

U=O.9D+ 1.OF U= 1.4/3+ 1.7L + 1.811 U=09D+ (.811 U 1.1/3+ l.7L-I- I 5F U=O.SDl.5F U=0.75C1.JD+1.7L+ LST) U~1.4D+1.5T

(1.5.6) (1.5.7) (1.5.8)

(1,5.9) 1.5.10) (1.5.11)

rI/2L,) the average downwind slope, measured from the crest of a hill,
~=

ridge, or escarpment to the ground level at a distance of SI-I 1.4 Classification of Design Load Loads for the structural design of structures are as follows and details are based on from Chapte 2 to Chapter 7. a. Dead load CD) lj. Live load C L1
c. Snow load (3) ul, Wind load C iv1

1.5.1.2 For the structnres in which the majority of loads zcc dead load.

such as underground structures,

1. 1D instead of f) in the term of

1 .4D shall be applied in the above combinations. 1.5.1.3 The load combinations of Eq. C L5.2), t5,4} and 11,5.5) shall include both full and zero value of L to detemune the more severe condition. 1.5.1.4 Detailed provisions for the load combinations in the tlesign of

1 8 Oesioo Loads lou Oujtdungs and Other Structures

15

General

19

r
concrete structures are ivcn in Section 0503 32 of Korean Buihdng GodeStructuial KBGS (2~K)5)

1 32 Load Combinations

f0r

the Design of Steel Structures

2 Dead Loads
2 1 Definition Dead leads consist of the weight of all matenals and fi\ed equipments incorporated into a building or othei structure 2 2 Weights of Materials and Constnictions In deteimining dead loads foi design puipose the actual weights, and combineu weights of mateiials

1 5 2 1 Sttcuturcs, compor~nts and foundation, shall be designcd so that their design stiength eciuals 0 e<ceeds the effects of the factoied leads on the following combinations U1 a U 1 2D~ 1 6L+0 i(L
U= 1 2D+ 1 6(L
r

ci S

)
o~

(1 o12) (1 1) (1 ti14) (1 nib) (1,16)

(1517)

~cights of

o, S)+ (f~ o, 0 SW)

r

materials and construttions shall he calculated based on dc isities unit

U= 1 213+1 6W+I L+0 5(L U~lZD+l0E+fiL+ S U=0 9D+(1 OE o; 16W)

5)

1522 The load factoi ni L f1 in the Eq (1514) (1515) and (1316) shall lie tnken as 10 foi paiking gaiages arens occupied as places of
public assemhl~ live loads I 5 2 3 The load factor on configutation that do not ~ and ccc ipancies in which live load is greatm than or equal to 48 kN/ni2 The I ad factot is pci nttted to equal 05 foi all othei

f,

shall he taken as 07 foi the ioof

hcd snow off the structure such as saw tooth

and 02 for other ioof con iguiation 1 5 2 4 Where thc effec a pphcd of flood load F or soil and hythostatic 1

piessure, H is considereo the factored load of 1.3F ci

611

shall he

1.5.5.5 Detailed piovisions for the load combinations in the design of steel structures are gi en in Set tion 07017 of Korean Builidng CodeSituctural, I(BCS 12Th)

20 I Design coadi for Buildings and Oiher Siruciures

115

Oead coeds 21

lIve load exceeds 4 lcN/m~. 3.2.2 Concentrated Live Loads

3 Live Loads
3,1 General 3.1.1 Application 31.1,1 This section shall be applied in determining the minimum live loads produced by the usage and occupancy of buildings and other structures. 3.1.1.2 In case this sectio ~ is not applied, the estimated live loads shall he specified by their source. 3.2 Classification of Live Loads Live loads are divided into uniformly distributed live load and concentrated live load, and the load which produces the greater load effect shall he applied. 3.2.2.1 Live loads expected by the intended usage or occupancy shall be not less than minimum live loads i-equired by <Table 3.2.1>.

3.2.2.2 Concentrated loads shall he located so as to produce we maximum load effect in the structural members.

3.2.2.3 Contact area in <Table 3.2.2> shall be used in checking twoway shear.

3.2.2.4 Roofs of a building for manufacturing or storage shall be designed for dead loads and additional concentrated load of minimum 10 IcN which is assumed as dead load to be applied at main structural components or the bottom chord of a roof truss. Roofs of other use shall be designed for additional concentrated live load of minimum 1 kN which is considered as dead load.

3.2.1 Uniformly Distributed Live Loads

3.2.1.1 Live loads expecten by the intended usage or occupancy shail not he less than the minimum live loads required by <Table 3.2.1>.

3.21.2 If live loads in <Table 3.2.1> are inappropriate for the consideration of vibration ad impact forces, live loads shall be increased according to actual contlitiens.

3.2.1.3 In office building~ or other buildings where partitions will be eiected or rearranged, nunimum partition weight of 1 kN/n~ at least shall be added to minimum unifermly distributed live loads, unless the specified 22
Destgn Loads br SuildEn5s and Oiher Siruciures

Uie Loads 23

(Table 3.2.1) Minimum Uniformly Olalrlbuted Live Load (kN/m) Occupancy S I Residential Living rooms use common areas and corridors for Live Load 20 3.0 2,0 30

Occupancy

use
a. Lobbies and corridors b. Siege Iloora c. Realauranla

uvo Load 50 7.0 5.0 7 0 4,0

dwe,ng b, Eolccniea of aparimeni houses a, Private rooms and their corridors ~Operahng rooms, common areas corr Hors a, Pivale rooms and heir corridors

Assembly areas and recraallonal areas

d. Cock rooms (for business) e, Booed seals I, Movable seals

HospItals

end

llieir

5,o
5,0 5,0 4,0

2.0 5,0 2.5 4.0 5,0 9 LIbraries 5.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 5.0 5,0 4.0 6.0 Ouldoor Indoor

Accomm000liOn

0. Dance halls and ballrooms a, Gymnasium floors, sporis ground

b.

Public areas and Iheir corridors

a. 0 Ices and corridors b, a Lobbies 4 Office buildings c, a Offices or special use and their corridors d, Cocumeni slack a. Classrooms and their corridors b. Lobbies S Schools c, General taboralories d. Laboralorles br heavy materials a. Ralalla and deparimenla (lirst floor) 6 Stores b. Retails and deparimenls above llrsl 110cr c. /Tho]esale

Sports lscil,liea

b, Fixed stands c, Movable stands a, Reading rooms and corridors b, Slack rooms a, Passenger car b. Lighlwalghl reck and emply bus c. Truck and heavyweighl truck0 less than total weight lalont

5.o
3,0 7.5

4.0 5.0 12 0

to

Parking Indoor Driveway and ramp

a, Passenger car b, Lightweight Iruck and amply bus

I

s.c
10,0 16 12,0

c, Truck and Ileavymeighi truck veighl IS ionl

less than total

a. passenger car, 11gb bwei ghl Irucic and emply bus b, Truck and heavyweight Iruck less lhsn lolel melohi lB tonI a, Lighl

5.0 12,0 6,0 12.0 1,0 2,0 5,r 5,0 5,0 2,0

it

Storage a:arehouses b. Heavy a. Light

12

Manulacluring b, Heavy ~ a, Roof dillicull to access

13

Roots b. Roof with Ilitle loading

J
4 15 MachIne rooms Yards and sQuares

c, a, Roof gardens or assembly ourposes d, Heliport Air conditioning rooms. eleclrical/mochanlcal rooms Open yards or squares

II Ikiign loud for nook wriglirjsg zaire thrir, lii tim! visit] Is, slcirmdard iii caisidcroitiroz of retail In,,

24

Design Loads for Buildings and Other Slruclures

AIK

i Live Loads

25

(Table 3.2.2) Minimum

Ccncentraied Live Loads

3.3.2 Limitations

Occupancy or Cue

I[

Concentrated Load (kNI 5.0

Contact Area for Twoway Shear Cm) 0.5 0.5

3.3.2.1

For

column

or

foundation,

reduction

factur,

(4

shall

be

1 2

Classrooms and tibrartas Offices, hospital rooms, and tignt manufacturing

determined using Eq. (3.3.1), ~vliere Use value uf the reduction factor. (4 is not less than 0.5 for members with a tributary area from just one floor, nor less than 0.4 for other members.

10.0

Portono

~~r~er car ~ Truck nct bus

10.0 Vasi mum wheel toad 1.5 .35 28

o.ots
0013 0.5 0,0025

.1 5

Root difllcutt to access Stair steps Cappty to tIle mtddti-r 01 steps) Maxtaum allowable takeoff ~ load less than 20 Ml ~~lm attowabte lakeott

3.3.2.2 For a girder or continuous beams, the reduction factot, (4 shall be detennined using Eq. (3.3.11, hut not less than 0.7.

Hetiport

0,04

3.3,2,3 A simply supported beam or slab is not permitted to he designed

load sos than 60 kM 0,09

with live load reduction.

3.3 Reduction in Live Loads 3.3.2.4 Reduction of live loads is not permitted in item (6) to item (12), item (14) and item f 15) of <Table 3.2.1> except when a column anti a 3.3.1 Reduction Based on Influence Area foundation are permitted to be designed with the reduction factor, C, nut. less than 0.8 3.3.1.1 For columns, founuations, girders and continuous beams for which influence area is 40 mu o greater, the design live loads are permitted to 3.4 Similar Live Loads

he reduced to a unreduced live loads times reduction factor. C

c=
where, C A reducti n factor of live loads. Influenre area with A ~ 10m.

(3.3.1)

3.4.1 Applications c.tf Similar Live Loads

3.4.1.1 Hanclrails, guards, and grab bars of a parapet, a balcony or stairs shall he to resist at least a horizontal load 0.4 RN/rn foraresilence, and 0.8 kN/no for others.

3.3.1,2 The influence arc~

/1, for a column or a foundation is the total 3.4.1.2 An inner ;vail with height clearance greater than or eoual ta 1.8 m shall be designed to withstand a uniformly distributed load, 0.25 RN/n?, acting perpendicularly to the partition face except for partition or similar wall components whose locations are subject to change.

summation of influence area from the upper stories. The influence area, A, is four times due triburary area for an interior column and an interior foundation, two times du beam. tributary area for a girder or a continuous

26

Oesign Loads

for

Buildinls and OtIter Structures

yR

SluveLaads

27,

4 Snow Loads
4.1 Generals 4.1.1 Scope

4.2.1.1 Ground snow loads to be used in the determination of design snow loads for roofs shall he as set forth in <Table 4.2.2>. When <Table 4.2.2> is used it should be considered that local variation can be brought due to regional climate and topography. Even though it is the same area <Table 4.2.2> cannot he used for specific regions such as a hilly areas or mountainous regions.

4.1.1.1 When the effect of snow toads acting on a roof is huger than the minimum roof live loads determined from r32 and r34 the snow loads in this section shall be applied.

4.2.1.2 Grotuxl snow loads for sl~c,flc region can be calcilated considering the snowfall average outs and average snow weight through actual investigation and study.

4.2.1.3 Minimum ground snow loads shall be 0.5

lcN/mt.

4.1,1.2 The effect of snow loads shall be considered on the wall surface expected to act.

4,2.2 Basic Value of Ground Snow Loads The basic value of regional ground snow loads (

s~,

IQOvear mean

4.1.2 Guideline of Snow Loads

recunence interval) shalt he in <Table 4.2.2>,

(Table 4.2.2) Basic Value of Ground Snow Loads(

S5)
Ground snow Loads

4.1.2.1 The design roof 5mw loads shall be calculated based on ground snow loads considering basic values of roof snow loads factor, exposure factors, thermal factors, imoortance factors, shape factors of roof and load disbibution condition.

Region seoul. Suwon, chuncheon Seosen, chungju, Ocejeon chupungreyong, Pohang. Gunsan, Taegu, cheonfu, ulsan, Gwang~u, Pusan, cl,ungmu, klokpo, Veosu Chelu, Seogwipo, Jin1u, Wullin, IC Ii so n lnchaon

kN/ni~)

0,5

0 8 2,0 3.0 7,0

4.1.2.2 The basic value of ground snow loads are based on the maximum snowfall average outs (IOUyear mean recurrence interval) shown in <Table 4.2.2>. If the mean recurrence interval is not applied as 100 years, compensated values of ground snow loads in accordance to the mean recurrence interval shall be used. 4.2 Ground Snow Loads,

Soacho Gangneung Uileungdo, Daegwan[yeong

s~

4.3 FlatRoof Snow Loads,

The

s1
(4.3.1)
4 snow Loads

4.2.1 Calculation of Ground Snow Loads

snow loads, 5~ S~

on a flatroof shall be calculated using Eq. (4.3.1)

C, C~ C, J~ Sg (kN/m2)

28

Design Loads for Buildings and Olher slruclures

AS

29

r
4.3.1 Basic Roof Snow Load Factor (C~) The basic roof snow load lactor defined in Eq. (431) is generally 0.7.
category Nature of Occupancy
-

<Table 434) Importance Factor

I,)
i
-- -

tmporlance Factor

4.3.2 Exposure Factor cc The \ralue for C~ defined in Eq. (4.3.1) shall be determined from <Table 4.3.2>.

/,)

Fsctlttisa wtlh greater tItan 1000 m total floor area storage o~ Irealment lad lily nt dan~prntta articres, hospitals and crop healthcare tacililies, communication centers and other pc es required for emergency reaponse. power generating stations and re and rescus stations pubtic utility lacititlasi Greater than 15story apartment and otticetet

(Table 4,3,2) Exposure Factor

(
Terrain Category

A. Above tire recline in windswept arruntatnous areca 0. FbI. unobstructed areas exposed r wind flowing over open water C. Open tarrat n with scattered cbs truc~ ons having heights generetly teas than 9,1 in. 0. Urban and suburban aroas, wood-.d areas, or other terrain with numbarous closely spaced obstructions having the sir. at singlefamily dwellings Or larger. 5, Large city centers a4th at least 5051 of the buildings having a height excess 01 213w, I ti, ynnait car star. Jolt lv i~a1.i.n. ic.
tin ;a,ticrtsit,.tl t,ixttini<

0,8 0,9 1.0 itt IV

Facillttes with greater than 5000 m total hoer area (asbity whore people congregate in one ores, sports Iscililtos. transoorlalion facilities . eahtbihton facilIties and maritabing becilitiest Greater than 5story acceminodetiona, ofticetet. dormitory and apart ment - Greater than 3story school Alt buildings except those listed In Categories I, II, and IV -Agricultural facilities, temporary facilities, and Ilinor storage tecitilies 0.8

4.3.5 Minimum Allowable Values of

1.2

s.

for LowSlcpe Roofs

It ltw,el< laln,rl,,ia<,in. riley.- du.-r,t.jr trws liril crc

tattler,

iii

turitlir.

dw,ae tSr Ito tir C <trill hr claiw-teet lii

4.3.5.1 Minimum allowable values of S~ shall apply to monoslope, I-ia. antI gable roofs with slopes less than 15 and curved roofs where thi, vertical angle from the eaves to the crown is less than 10.

4.3.3 Thermal Factor (C, The value for C, defined

4.3.3>.
~ti

Eq. (4.3.1) shall be determined from <Tnblo

4.3,5.2 For locations where the ground stiow load, S~,. is I kN;m2 or less. the flatroof snow load, S1
,

shall be not Jess than the grrrvnd snow load

(Table 4,3.3) Thermal Factor

( C,i
C,

multiplied by the impootance factor.

Thermal Condition Healsd structuros (snow loads under control) Unheated structures (snow loads without control)

4.3.5.3 In locations where the ground snow load, the flatroof snow load, the importance facton.

s..

exceeds 1 kN/nn~,

1.0 1.2

s~

shall be not less than 1 leN/rn1 multiplied by

4.3.4 Importance Factor ~j The value for 4.3.4>.

30
Destgn toads for Suildings and Other Structures j,

4.3.5,4 The live load reductions shall not be applied to snow toads. Eq. (4,3.1) shall he detensiined from <Table 4.4 SlopedRoof Snow Loads,

defined

ti

s,

The slopedroof stiow load, S., defined in Eq. (4,3f shall be obtained by

/ 4
i

snow Loeda

31

multiplying the flatroof snow load, S,= C, S, (kN/n:)

s~.

by the roof slope factor,

c;
(4.4.1)

i.o
0.8

1.0 0.8 0.6 c,

Values of C, for warm roofs, cold roofs, curved roofs, and multiple roofs aie determined from r441 to
r444
Cs

0.6

4.4.1 WarmRoof Slope Factor, C,

0,4

0.4

0.2 4.4.1.1 For wann roofs vitli an unobstnicted slippery surface that will

0.2

allow snow to slide off the eaves, the roof slope factor determined using the dashed line in [Fig. 4.4(a)].

C, shall be 20 60 Roof slope

(a) Warm Roots. c.
-

90
8.0

Roof Slooc (b) cold Roofs,

30

90

c.

1.0

IFig. 4.41 Roof 5lope Factor

( C,)

4.4.1.2 For warm roofs that do not meet the aforementioned conditions, the solid line in [Fig. 4.4 (a)] shall be used to determine the roof slope factor C,-

4.4.3 Roof Slope Factor for Curved Roofs

4.4.2 Cold Roof Slope Factor

4.4.3.1 Portions of curved roofs having a sloped exceeding 70 shall lie considered ft-ce of snow load (i.e., C, 0).

4.4.2,1 For cold roofs with an unobstructed slippery surface that will allow snow to slide off he eaves, the roof slope factor C, shall be determined using the dashed line in [Fig. 4.4th)].

4.4.3.2 Root slope factor for curved roofs shall be determined the
appropriale curve
in

[Fig. 4.41. The roof slope means an angle belween

a horizontal line and a tangent line slope from eaves to Ihe top.

4.4.2.2 For cold roofs that do not meet die aforementioned conditions, the solid line in [Fig. 4.4(b)] shall be used to determine the roof slope factor C,

4.4.4 Roof Slope Factor for Multiple Folded Plate, Sawtooth, and Barrel Vault Roofs
Multiple folded plate, sawtooth, or barrel vault roofs shall have a 1.0. with
TiO

C,

reduction In snow load because of slope (i.e.. S

4.5 Unbalanced Roof Snow Loads Balanced and unbalanced loads shall he analyzed separatelY. Winds from all directions shall he accountad for when establishing unbalanced loads.

I 32 Design Loads for Buildings

and Olher Slruclures

4 Snow Loads 33

4.5.1 Unbalanced Snow Loads for Hip and Gable Roofs 4.5.1.1 For hip and gable roofs with a slope less than 15 or exceeding 70, unbalanced snow loads are not required to be applied.

4.5.2.3 If the slope of a straight line from the eaves (or the 70 point, if present) to the crown is less than 10 or greater than 60, unbalanced snow loads shall not be taken into account.

Wind

.,,.,,.~.

4.5,2.4 Unbalanced loads shall be determined according to the loading diagrams in [Fig. 4.5.2]. In all cases the windward side shall be considered free of snow.

Balanced Load

~H~HH~
~

I
S.

T I
~V2

25,/C
-

Unbalanced Load

-r

1.55/C,

a
Cave Crown (a) Roof Slope < 30

C Cave

a/a

tl,tvvt*irct ,e,ts.t;,,,crd ,.-,,o,v tends for a Xnt*, loin lion IS exrcding 70 W,nd

[Ftg. 4,5.1) Balanced and Unbalanced Loads for Curved Roots

0a 4.5.1.2 For slopes between 15 and 70, the structure shall be designed to resist an unbalanced unifcian snow load on the leeward side equal to 1.SS,/C,. In the unbalanced situation, the windward side shall he considered free of snow.
Cave

A Crown

a
30 po,nt Cave

Alternate distribution it another roof abula (b) 30 < Roof Slope < 70

0.55,
,Wind

.2~3rrrT]11l~
a
crown

~ 25 C,

4.5.2 Unbalanced Snow loads for Curved Roofs

A Cave

aa
Cove

30 point 70 pont

Alternate distribution it another roof abuts

4.5.2.1 Portions of curved roofs having a slope exceeding 70 shall be considered free of snow load.

Ic) Root slope > 70 1Ff0. 4.5.2] Balanced and Unbalanced Loads for Curved Roots

4.5.2.2 If the slope of a straight line from the eaves (or the 70 point, if present) to the crown is greater than 70 unbalanced snow loads shall be determined using [Fig. 4.4].

452,5 If the ground or another roof abuts [Figs. 4.5.2(b) and c.i curved roof at or within 0.9 in of its eaves, the snow load shall not be decreased between the 30e point and the eaves but shall remain constant ( 2 S,/ c,) at the 30 point value. This distuSbution is shown as a dashed line in

34

Daatgn Loads or Buildtnga and other Structures

AIX

I 4

snow Loads

35

r
[Fig. 4.5.2], 4.6.1 Lower Roofs Roofs shall he designed to sustain localized loads from snow drifts that form in the wind shadow of (1) higher Potions of the same structure; and (2) adjacent structures and terrain features. 4.6.1.1 Regions with Light Snow Loads
rn areas where the ground snow load is less than 0.5 kN/m2, drift loads are not required to he applied.

4.5.3 Unbalanced Snow Loads for Multiple Folded Plate, Sawtooth, and Ban-el Vault Roofs

4531 Unbalanced sno~ loads for multiple folded plate, sawtooth, and barrel vault roofs shall increase from 0.5 Sf at ridge or CrOWn to

at the valley as shown ic [Fig. 4.5.31.

4.6.1,2 Lower Roof of a Structure

4,5.3,2 Snow depths aboc the valley shall he determined by dividing the Surcharge load due to snow drifting at a lower roof shall be as shown in [Fig. 4.6.1], the drift loads shall be superimposed on the balanced snow load. ff hr/kb is less than 0.2, drift loads are not required to be applied. The drift height.~,, shall he determined directly from [Fig. 1.6.2] and it is not required to be greater than hr~ The drift width. Ic. shall equal 4 lid and if it exceeds the width of the lower roof, the drift shall be truncated at

snow load by the densty of that snow from Eq. (4.5.1). Therefore unbalanced snow loads alove the valley shall be substituted by the value less than 3S,JC~ 0.43 S~t 0.0023

6.6 ( kN/in)

(4,5.11

the far edge of the roof, not reduced to zero there. The maximum intensity of the drift surcharge load equals ~d multiplied by Eq. (4.5.1).
S,ijaecrs Lea:

$1 EJ_LILE ~4~4E + 1
belong

/
U,,tara ~
aLess

L0,,J
S.c Os somewhat teas; see searron 453

~rLr

is. c,

151g. 4.5.3] Salanc 4 and Unbalanced Snow Loads for a Sawtooth Root

4.5.4 Partial Loading Any adverse effect of removing half the balanced snow load over any one portion of the loaded ca shall he considered. 4.6 Drifts on Lower Roofs Aerodynamic Shade) For adjacent higher struct cc or a hump drift and sliding of snow shall he considered to calculate cealized loads 36 ocsrgn
Loads

[Fig. 4.6.1] configuration of Snow Drifts on tower Roots

4.6.1.3 Adjacent Structures mid Terrain Features

The requirements in Sections 4.6.1.1 and 4.6.1.2 shadl also be used to determine drift loads caused byu higher structure or terrain feature within 6 m of a roof. The separation distance, s. between the roof and adjacent structure or tenain feature shall reduce applied drift loads on the lower roof by the factor (6 s)/6. If the height of structures exceeds 6 m drift loads is

for

Oui!drngs and OThsi Slrucrrsres

snow Loath

37

nut required to be applied.

onto the lower roof. The solid lines in [Fig. 4.4] shall he used to determine the total extra load available from the upper roof, regardless of the surface of the upper roof.

4.6.2 Roof Projections 4.6.3.2 The sliding snow lend shall not he reduced unless a 4.6.2.1 The method in 4.6.1 shall he used to calculate drift loads on all oruon of

the snow on the upper roof is blocked from sliding onto th lower roof by snow already on the lower roof or is expected to shde c]ear of the lower roof.

sides of roof projections if the prqjection length exceeds 4.5 m.

4.6.2.2 The height of suc

drifts shall be taken as half the drift height

tO

from [Fig. 4.6.11 (i.e.. 0.5 1. i. /, equals

the length of tire i-oof upwind

4.6.3.3 Sliding loads shall he supenmpused on the balanced snow load, if lower roof and higher roof are separated as load is not required to he applied.
j;,

of the projection or p~u-ape. ~vall and its value is less than 15 m.

or 6 m. the sliding snow

a 4.6.4 Overhanging Eaves

ho, Drift Height (ml 2

The roofs that drain water over their eaves shall he capable if sustaining a uniformly distributed load of 2.05, on all overhanging port ens there.
4.7 Rain-on-Snow Surcharge Load

5 S. r;o,n,ss..orLoad( kNfm (F~. 4.6.21 Drill Height ~~d1

4.7,1 Rain Stucharge Load For lorations where it rains on the roof with snow the rainonsnow surcharge load shall be determined in <Table 4.7.1>.
<Table 4.7,1) RainonSnow Surcharge Load

4.6,2.3 The d]ift loads at the junction of two projections shall he used a bigger value.

Roof Slope < 1124 ~1/24

RainonSnow Surcharge Loed 0.25

kN/m

4.6.3 Sliding Snow 4.7.2 Ponding Instability 4.6.3.1 The extra load ca.secl by snow sliding off a sloped roof onto a lower roof shall be derenmned assuming that all the snow that aectimulates on the upper :oof under the balanced loading condition slides 38 Roofs shall be designed to preclude uonding instability. Roof deflections caused by full snow loads shall he investigated when determining the likelihood of

ponding

instability froni rainonsnow or

.Oili

snow

DesIgn Loads or Buildings and Other Siruclures

IL

Snow Leeds

39

ineltwater.

4.8 The Rest Snow Load The effect shall be required to be applied if the iest snow load affects on the structural safety as follow: 4.8.1 The lateral pressure due to snow on the exterior wall of
structures

5 Wind toads
5.1 General 5.1.1 Scope
5,1,1.1 Design wind loads specified in this section are applied to the estimation of minimum wind loads on buildings which are presupposed to

4.8.2 Sedimentation load of snow

elastically behave during strong wind.

4.8.3 For snow blows to a veranda, the snow load

5,1,1.2 Design wind load applications on wind forceresi~ong systems shall be classified into wind loads on souctural frames and wind loads on roof frames respectively.

5.1.1.3 Design wind loads on components and cladding shall be applied to

the design of cladding, finishing materials of building surface, and their base structural components (just called cladding hereafter).

5.1.2 Fundamentals 5.1,2.1 Design wind loads are divided into design wind loads on structural frames, design wind loads on roof frsunes. and design wind
loads on cladding. Their respective design wind loads are calculated by multiplying design wind force or design wind pressure by projected area or effective wind area.

5,1.2,2 Velocity pressure is die product of air density and square of design wind speed as shown in Section 5.6.1.

5,1.2,3 Design wind force is calculated by multiplying velocity pressure,

gust effect factor, and wind force coefficient together. For the design

wind pressure, wind pressure coefficient

40 Design Loads for Buildings and Oilier Siruclures

is used instead of wind force

5 Wind Loads

All

41

coefficient. However, design wind pressure on cladding is calculated by multiplying external pressurt coefficient. internal pressure coefficient, and velocity pressure together, weere external pressure coefficient and internal pressure coefficient include gist effect factor.

where, q~

velocity pressure at mean roof heighti N/rn2) velocity pressure at height Z abet c ground level C N/rn2) (described in 5.6) gust effect factor for structural frames and roof frames (described in 5.7)

512.4

Windtunnel

tests

or

other

appropriate

analytical

procedures

external pressure coefficients on the windward face (described in 5.8.2) external pressure coefficients on the leeward face described in 5.8.2)

covering windtunnel tests should be conducted in cases that in ~vind load calculations for struci oral vibration, torsional fi-anie design, roof frame design and cladding design, buildings or structures are subjected to have acrosswind vibration, vortex--induced vibration. and aeroelastic instability or to he so light in weight and vein, low in stiffness such us long span suspension roofs~.~ staved cable ronfs, and long span membrane ioofs that aeroelastic instal Hi ty in roof frames can occur or to have vibration of inappropriate c adding doe to the extent and construction method. where, 5.2 Design Wind Loads on Ssuetural Frames
C].

5.2.2.3 Design wind pressure ( p1) for structural frames of open buildings and other structures shall be calculated tising the following equation. (3,2.31 velocity I N/m) ressure at height Z above ground level

a,
5.2.1 Scope This section prescribes desi~.n wind loads on enclosed building structures. open btiilding structures. asic other structtwes,

gust effect factor for structural frames (described in 5.7) force coefficients and in 5.8.9)

fran,cs and roof

c,

described in 5.8.5, SAd, 5.8.7, 5.8.S,

5.3 Design Wind Loads on Roof Frames 5.2.2 Calculation of Design Wind Loads on Structural Frames 5.2.2.1 Design wind load tgi for souetural frames shall be calculated 5.3.1 Scope This section prescribes calculation of design wind loads on roof frames of enclosed buildings and partially open buildings ll~ A design ttsnd pressure for structural frames projected ,reat m11 (5,2,1) N/in2) 5.3.2 Calculation of Design Wind Loads on Roof Franirs 5.3.2.1 Design wind loads C following equatton.
=

using the following equation

and on roof frames of

monoslope free roofs.

where, p~ A

5.2.2.2 Design wind pressure

p~) fur structural fiames of enclosed

on roof frames shall be calculated by the

buildings shall lie calculated using the following equation. fr0, (q~ C,~

(5.2.2

,53.il

42 Design Loads for Ouildings and Other Siructures

ALE

Wind Loads

43

where, p~ A

design wmd force on roof franes( N/rn2) effective wind area( m21

5.4.2 Calculation of Design Wind Loads on Building Components and Cladding 5.4.2.1 Design wind loads on building components and cladding shall be calculated using the following equation. jy p~ A design wind
pressure

5.3.2.2 Design wind pressure ( p,) on roof frames of enclosed buildings and partially oi~n buildings shall be calculated in accordance with the following equation.
Pr Qh

(6.4.1) on cladding~ N/rn1), provided

(Gf C~ C, C5)

(5.3.2)

where, p

where, ~

velocity pressure at mean roof height h( N/mi) gust effect factor for structural frames and roof frames described in 5.7) gust effct factor for internal pressure (described in Section 3,3.2)

~.

that it should not he less then SOON/rn2. effective wind area(rn2)

5.4.2.2 Design wind pressures on building components and cladding shall he calculated using the following respective provisions. (1) For external walls subjected to positive pressure on buildings with mean roof height greater than 20m, p~ = q~(GC, GC~,) t5.4,2) (2) For external walls and roofs subjected to negative pressure on buildings with mean roof height not less than 2Dm.
Pc
=

external pressure coefficients (described in Section 5.8.2) internal pressure coefficients (described in Section 5.8.3)

5.3.2.3 Design wind force p. on roof frames of nionoslope free roofs shall be calculated using the following equation.
=

QIJCCr.

0Cc)

Qh

c1
velocity pressure at mean roof height h( N/rn2)

(.3) For external walls and roofs of buildings with mean roof L~ght less than 2Dm, (where velocity pressure, q~,. shall be applied based on Exposure Category C) P= q~(CC~
where, q1

where, ~

gust e~fect factor for structural frames and roof

frames cescnbed In 5.7) Cf force coefficients (described in 5.8.6)

CC5)

(5.1.4)

velocity pressure at mean roof height h1 N/rn2) velocity pressure at height Z above ground level

5.4 Design Wind Loads on Building Components and Cladding

I~
CC,~. CC5,

C N/rn2)

5.4.1 Scope This section prescribes desgn wind loads on building components and cladding.

external

pressure

coefficients

for

building building

components and cladding(described in 5,9) internal pressure coefficients for components and cladding(described in 5.9)

44 Oesign toa~ for Buildinos and Other Sirucluan

AIK

Wind Loadi

45

5.5 Dynamic Response Due to Wind Actions

5.6.2.2 Design wind speed

V.

J7,, shall be calculated

using Eq.

(5.62)

considering basic wind speed, exposure factor, topographic factor, and 5.5.1 Scope
This section prescnbes desieii policy for acrosswind vibration, torsional vibraoon, vortexinduced vibration, and aeroelastic instabibty which may he responsible for turbulence md wakes. 5.5.2 Design Policy Windtunnel tests or approriate analyses should he performed lien buildings or other structures are expected to have acrosswind vibration, torsional vibration, vortexinduced vibration, and ae,oelastic instability. 5.6.3 Basic Wind Speed 5.5 Velocity Pressure Basic wind sl~ed V.1 shall he as given in <Table 5.6.3: and [Fig. 5.6.3] by the construction site. However, if there are effective measured data, the can be replaced. 5.6.1 Scope This section prescribes a ba:ic wind speed being used in design velocity pressure, exposure factor, top~.graphic factor, and importance factni. where ~ basic wind speed ( mjs) (described in 5.6.3) exposui-e factor (described in 5.6.4) topegiapluc factor (described in 5.6.5) importance factor of a building (described i;: 5.5,5) iportance factor.
(56~)

Ic.
C: L,

5.6.2 Calculation of Velocit, Pressure 5,6.21 Velocity pressure evaluated at height Z above ground shall be

~.

calculated using Eq. (5.6.la) ,:nd velocity pressure ~ at mean roof height using Eq. (5.6th).
rh~P V,2
~

(5.6.1 (5.61 hi (assumed to be 1.25 N s2 /rnt)

.L~
~,

V. air densit design

where,

~tind speed at mean roof height

J~ above

ground .evel(ni/s)

V.

design .vind speed at height Z above ground level

(ni/si

46

Dos:gn toads or Suiidings and Other Structures

Wind Loads

47

(Table 5.6.3) Basic Wind Speed by the construction She

t.ocalicn

V0
V5 (abed 30

Seoul. Incheon nrelropolilan city. Gyeonggido

~ Seoul, lnchecrr, Gimpo, Sucheon, curl, 05cc, Songtsn, Pyeonglaek, Siheung, Geauheur, kiymg, Suwon, Mean, Gunpo, Uiwang, Anseorg, canghwa Yangpyeong, Seongrurm, Hanam, yongin. Uijoorrgbu, Oongducheon. Pocheon, Paiu, Gwualgiu, Olheung, Migum, Veoju, Icheon, Shingel, Jengh omen Sokcho. oangneung, Kongyang. Jumun(in

26 40 35

Gang no nh a

Geclin. Ganeung, Oonbae, Samcheok, Wcrrdeolc chuncheon, Hwachecn, Yanggu, cheorwon. Kimbus. Inie. .leongsoon. Teebaek. Wonju, Pyeongchang. Hongcheon Yeongwol,

Janghang
oaeiecn merropohilan city, chungchecng nanrbukdo Tosses. Seceun, che~nglu. Omecheon, Seocheon, Anmyando, Jcclliwon, cheonan, tdongseong. <wsngcheon. arson Oae(eon, Danigjin, Harcluk, Sunghwan, ,Jincheon, ,leungpyeong, Onyang Eumseong. Cheongyoig. Geumsan, Ycongdong, Garigp. Nonsan, Jecheon. chungju, Buyeo, Soc5 r, Oanyang, Goesan. ckcheon Pohang, ulleungdo. G.jrycngpo, Ocheon, Honglise. Kempo Susan, Guano, Jangar, yconil, Oedong, Gadeckdo Susan metropolitan oily, oaegu meiropolilan ally. Gyeongsang nambukdo ulsan, Tongyeong, G;die. cocoons, Jinhee, cimhae, Mason, changwon. Vangsan, Jinycong, Ulyn, Pyconghae, Mgang. Gyeonguu. Namhae. Samcheonpo Ge oncheon. Soya, So iranglin, Neongdeck. Sschecn Desgu, Veongiu, S ml, Gn,cheon, Veongcheon, Andong. Songhwa, pungg. Yecheon, Cneongsong, veongyang, Hayang, Gyeongean, cheongdo. Namji, u ryeonlg, chupungryeong, Sanglu, Seoneen. Gunwi, uuscong. klungyeong. Jeomchon, Flamcheng, Jrniu, csocrrang, Hamyang, Sancheong, Goryeany curangnyeong, Hapcheon, Mllyanlg Gunean. Misung Gmangiu, w,elrcpoullan ally, Jeollanambukdo
-

40

30 25 45 40

35 30
iron

25

1Pm0. 5.6.31 BasIc Wind Speed V. (Table 5.6.4.1> Exposure Factor

Height Z Above Ground Level

40

J<,

based on Exposure

)hokpo, Veosu. Wandc. Jindo. Okgu, Hohwa. Ikean, Geumil. Heenem, Saansan. Oaeduck. Doyang, Grlreung. Gwsngju Naju rlwa;un, yeongsm, mo, Sanglin, Janigheung, Soseong, Beolgyo, Suncheon, cl.rangyeng, tdueri, Hampyeong, Yeonggeang Jeonju, Hamyol. Jinani, Nuts, Samnye, Damyong. Sum,, lawmen, Sunchang, Gurye. Gochang, Jury u, Jangeu, Seungiu, mmii, Teem Je1udo The whole area 40 Hal rITZ, a Exposure category A B
-

(ml

c
1.0 0,717~
1,13

25 4~ 254
erector ecenslent
ll,lI

0.58 0,2221

0,61 0.45r

0.972

The nominal hebbl Dl atmoaphen: boundary layer 1w)

Paum, roe exponoer Cl a

nrrmdn peru

o.6.4 Exposure Factor 5,64,1 Exposure factor K.0 shall be provided in <Table 5.641> 5.6.4.2 Exposure constant Z4 and power law exponent of mean wind speed a with exposure categories shall be given in <Table 5.6.4.2.>

according to the exposure of construction site, exposure constant, and the nominal height of atmospheric boundary layer.

48

Design Loade for autldlngs and Other Structures

ASK

Wind Loads

(Table 5.6.4,2) Exposure Constant Layer Z0, and Power Law.Exponer Exposure Category A 2Dm 50Dm 0.33

~,

Nominal Height of the Almospheric Boundary a

(Table 5.6.5(1)) Topographic Faclor

K-.
Topographic Factor

of Mean Wind Speed B 15m

(K
l~ 0.1)

Upwind Slopel C tOm 30Dm

0,15

(6)

Escarpments

( 6,S

0.05)

Hills and Ridges

z.
Z

(ml (ml a

5Dm 250m 0~I0

005 0.1 0,2

1.05 1.09 1,18

1.27

400m 0,22

21 141
1.01

D.3

Ri as

Eva saarb celotsi itt 11w Neonunat lrsi5ri at tIE OlnXlsbtlOrts Soup Ktry layer (ml Pe-saei law esporteet ci aeon misc-at

Notes: For hilts and riders a,llt downeund dose Opo< title oils tones dIsh be altered
oshane.g

<5,1.

tuscan interpolation btiitsecrt lila Se

values tar

rcarsaan.a.

upvt.nd a-cool ut

JL1 lila Cl*dt a I eacarltnettts - bits and 115000 is starcrtcw Cl 1w at gloried

e 5,6,4,3 Exposure category hall be provided in <Table 5.6.4.3> by the

la,cl

t~rnra ~nd downwind stopa lisa

surface condition of construclian site.

(Table 5.6.5(2)) Application Scope of Topographic Factor K
.~

(m)

(Table 5.6.4.3) Exposure Category

Enpasare Category .4 B l Surface R sghnann Condition of Ihe Sarroundiag Ground

Topographic Category

Height and Distance Vertical hnignt

Scooa upwind Greater of /, and t Itt

Large city centers mar closely spaced tall buildlaga higher than tOstory

F~ height atand suburban oro~-aas with closely spaced nnaidenliol Urban 3.5w or so acaltered mediutnriae buildings

Hills arid Ptdgea

(above ground level) Horizontal distance I (From crest) Verttcal height (above ground oval) Greater ot Is!, and 2.~/f

or other builDings with

Opon ternai n with acr1ito red ohatrucltons with the height at 1.5tOm on so or scattered lowrise butto-ngs Eocanpmorita Pat, unobstructed arora or scattered abstractions less than tErn such go coastal area, groabland, airport wlc, ~ I

[
Greater 35JJ at

Greaten of I .SL and

a.

and I-tB

Horizontal distance Front cneal)

Greate~ ,tL

and PH

rictus, nun n,:ia ass rages cr111 dnartcrr.d dope

() O5-<b5~<t) I.

!wgar

tntetpctalgn Darw.cti rho

K,,

maca

Ice

5.6.5 Topographic Factor 5,6,5.1 TopographiC factor shall be basically 1.0 where there ate no
effects of escarpllsents, hills, and ridges on wind speed.

0000rnmenia. tails, and edges shall be biloarar

Uppur vent onourdac p15w

-a,

I ~ /

Lhnddrecton czzr~ Hortyantat boundary a 900

Honiroalat boon

nan

5,6,5,2 Topographic factor

j,,

necessary for speedup aver escarpments,

hills, and ndges shall be I ted in <Table 5.6,5(11> and its scope of applications shall be in <Ta); e 5,6,5(2)>.
~GZOtlSH~eaterol~i~2Lor059d0 and asg
H

~ia a

5 Ii

and 25j

eat ot bent c-It aot,nlary wand strait he 05cc ad as grarnn roar o

50

Design

Loade

for Buildings and Other Structures

Alit,

Wind Loads

SI

Upper vertical boundary plane

(Table 5.6.6) Importance Factor I

Importance Nature ot Occupancy and Scale ci Buildinga ~ ttarardnus substance storage or treatment facilities, hospitals and

Horirontal boundary
W~drrecton

// l,/~

/////Q~?~ / / / z

tnponlance Factor

~
sIc 0.03 Greater of 3 L, andsH

boundary mane Special

othet hearth care Iacitrlies, broadcasting stations, communicalion and

operation canters, pnaer generating stations, lire stations, public service lacilities. arid facilities tor the old and the weak iyith a total ttonr areas greater than 1000 a ~
Dl

.10

~reator~l and 25ff Height or verlical boundary pa

.erstt be selected aa greater value

L, and 7ff
1

Apartments and otticeFrotels higher than 15story Viewing and assembly tacilities, eports lacititiea, transportatior facilities, exhibition lacilirea, and sales laci inca with a total ho:, area greater than 5,000 aa Lodging tactliiies, otlicehotels, dormilortoa, and apartments higher than 5story Schools htgher ihan 3story

where ~

upwind slooe, calculated from ~ = the average downwind slope, measured from the crest
2

Buildings and other structures escept those listed in category I Special, (1). and (31 Temporary facilities, agricultural lacitities, and light storage lacilittes

[
0,8t

of a hi]1, ridge, or escarpment to the ground level at a distance of SE II : height of~.sca~jments, hills, and ridges Cm) La: horizontal distance upwind from the crest to the point where the ground elevation is a half of the height of hill or esi::arpment (in) 5.6.6 Importance Factor Importance factor j~ shall he defined in <Table 5.6.6> in accordance with the design return period which considers use, sociality, economical efficiency, and importance of buildings.

[S

5.7 Gust Effect Factor for Structural Frames and Roof Frames

5.7.1 Scope This section prescribes gust effect factors for the calculation of design wind loads on structural frames and roof frames. 5.7.2 Gust Effect Factor 5.7.2.1 Gust effect factors, calculated for structural frames and roof frames in case that, building structures are assumed to be rigid or resonance effect due to wind actions can be neglected, are listed in <Table 5,7,2,1>, However, the gust effect factors can be calculated by the following Eq. (5.7.1).

52

Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

AtK

WindLoads

53

(Table 57.2.1) Gust Effect Factor (or Structural Frames and Roof Frames C ~) Exposure Cttcgory A
3

actions

can not the

be neglected buildings

shall and

he calculated using die flexible buildings

Eq.

(5,7,21. be

However,
Gust
CIted

rigid

shall

Factor 2.5 2.2

1.9

determined by [Fig. 5.7.2.2] ~tnd vertically slender structures such as chimneys with heighttowidth ratio less than 7 are assumed to be rigid structures. G7= 1 + where. (5.7,1)
~-

C 0

V B,-t- R,

(5,721i

1.8

c,

gust effect factor turbulence factor

C1= 1 where,

47j

I~
-

~f

turhulencv factor / 3l-3a \ ~ 2+a

~ 2a

turbttlence intensity at reference height

turbulence intensity at reference height

b

4= 0.l(-~ B.
:

)~~

0.1
:
background excitation factor(factor representtng

backgrountl

excitation

factor(factoi than

representing the natural

B7

fretiuencv component other frequency of a building) Bf= 1

fieqtjency component except for natural frcquency of a 1 iilding) B,= 1

(1+ 5.1(LJ~~Wi(Bih)tJj

[T~ 5.1CLSWITB)t](Bf/t)9t1j
Ar

0.33 : ]~ B 0.33 it Are B

1.33 k
=

Jr~ B

0.33: heR roof height of

ii

mean roof height of a building Ira I ooilding witith measured normal to wind direction (ml longitudinal turbulence scale at reference height of a builditig (tn)

mee

building, ni

B : builcing width measm-ed normal to wind direction (ml loigitudinal turbulence scale at reference height
01

a building (nil

L,,= power law exponetit of neat] vincI speed (described tn 5.6.31

cower law exoenent of mean wind speed (described in 5.6.31 nominal eight of the atmospheric houndruv layer (nil (describori in 5.6,31

z.

: the nominal height of the atmospheric boundary layer

Cm) (described in 5.6.3)

peak factor
g,= V 2ln(600v,)+ 1.2

level crossing frectuencv C Hz) 5.7.2.2 Gust effect factors (or flexible structurEs, structures greater than lOOm in height, and buildirns of which resonance effects due to wind
54 Oestgn Leeds for Buildings and Other Structures

AtS

Wind Loads

55

~j

flo~ ~fl~ natural frequency for the first translational mode in the windward direction (it can be obtained by the dynamic ~.nalysis) resonance factor (factor representing natural frequency component of fluctuating displacement of a building)

5.8 Pressure and Fnrce Coefficients for Structural and Roof Frames

5.8.1 Scope In Section 5.8, the design pressure and force coefficients for structural and roof frames and internal pressure coefficients and gust effect factor for internal pressure for roof frames are defined. 5.8.2 External Pressure Coefficients,

c~,

on Structural and Roof

FlaxiblobuidIngs

Concrete structures

Frames for Enclosed or Partially Enclosed Buildings External pressure coefficients, C~. for enclosed buildinqs shall he as given in <Table 5.8.2>. External wall pressure coefficients, C~ are specified in a) of <Table 5.8.2>. For windward wall, velocity pressure,
,~., calculated at height .r shall be used. For leeward and side walls, the velocity pressure, q ,, evaluated at mean roof height, h, shall be used. For

Steel structures E
l.7~

Elevation
o
0, 01 0.2 06 I 2 6

Rigid building

Logarithmic decrement ~ (Damping ratio)

roof, external pressure coefficients in h) of <Table 5.8.2> shall he applicrl for windward and leeward faces with considerations of roof elope angle 0.
<Table 5.8.2> External Pressure Coefficients, C,~. for Enclosed Buildings

I, -~o
~

.czE:Jo

Plan
[Fig. 5.7.2.2] classification oF Rigid 51 ruclurca and Ficicibic Structures Wind

3]

Rf=-fr

S1F

damping ratio for the first mode in windward direction (It can be obtained by the dynamic analysis) F wind force spectrum factor (factor representing power of fluctuating wind for the first mode in windward direction F,, {l + 7l(n~L6! V,,)9~ size redu-tion factor (factor representing reduction of
4(arL,,!

PLAN

ELEVATION

a) Wall Pressure Coefficients,

turbulence effect due to the scale of a building) Sf= { 1 + 2.11 nob! v~ 1111 -~ 2. l(n0Bf V~)l
56
Design Loads for Buildings and older structures

.SI

Alit

Wind Loads

57

Surface Wndward Wall

LII; Al] valv~a 0]

ci

Applicable Velocity Pressure

in

5.8.3 Internal Pressure Coefficients,

,.,

and Gust Effect Factor for

0.5 0,5 0,2 0.2

Internal Pressure, or, for the of Roof Frames of Enclosed Buildings For enclosed buildings, internal pressure coefficients,

or,,, and gust effect

Leeward We]]

2 ~

factors, C, shall he complied as given in (Table 5.8.3>.

<Table

5.8.3>

Internal Pressure Coefficients tar Internal Pressure,

,~,

end Gust Effect Fader

Side Walls
Naive I. Naiaiiafl: C a Mcafl,oa iieiiliii, in meTe,;. Neigh] eli here ~,evwa, in

Al] va]vs

07

,.

for Enclosed Buildings C.

1.3

c,
pee

[
04

Ve]aoie Dressier in mInions

vies to fedora ri/nil. doriuiiiOd ii ilIpeci ice nei11lit.

or

5.8.4 External Pressure Coefficients,

given in

c,.

for Arched Roofs

For arched tools, external pressure coefficients,

c,~,

shall hr complied as

<Table 5.8.4>. The values of external ptessure coefficients,

C ~., are dependent upon the heighL above ground to the edge of the
eaves of the arched roof and the location along the external surface of
bI Hoof Pressure Cieefliciunts.

C.,
Windward Angle 0 (degreos) 30 0.3 0.2 075 0,2 i 40 04 0.3 0.3 0.35 50 05
o.s

the arch, either windward quarter, center half, or leeward quarter.

Leeward <Table 5,8,4> Exlernal Pressure Coefficients, iO-1S 02 09 20 02 60 0010 Condition 07
t,,;(i
~

Wind
Direction

I,

~T

C~.. for Arched Roots

0 0,3 Marina] 10 ridge

1

07 0.7

!_____i________ I
0,0W 0010 0.5 0.2

Rise to Open Ret]o.

.~

[
Windward Quarter Central tell 0.7,
0.7,
07n. . i

Leeward duerler 0,5

0.5

~t 0,7 ] 09
07

]
~

1,5 Paral] a] 0 ridge

Ii ]~-ie.,lri, eiitel \O~i iiS~
rv,i; iii.

o~fl__0.9] 0,9
0] 0.S

cow h.~ti
0.8

O.2y(O.3 O.3y06 Qy<o.5

ii Oi 557103 l.Sr1L3

O<,<O.2

1SyO,Z 2.75yO,7 1.47

0.9

0.5

~ or

/i/LS2.5 hi B Or k/L>2.5
1.1 ..vi,...

0.7, run
Ii,

0.5
liv

Shiv,, tier deriiieire,i iafi,

tiis,ieiii\

,i]ionui,ir,elliv-e,,i.

or:] mist,, h,eeenl(i

,liie]d ii.o,rrvii~.

iiiirivniu,axielirrieiae,i

e,i

eK

l.
ii, iii

en.eii;eliw,;

Ji:lt,,ri~i.eiiiii,hri, ,,.iiia.i ]xiiliiii;,iiiii,,iiev:ii.,i.,ierietii.i,iinilieiiiiiiili]iiieiiiei,

5.

f/I

,,eevr .ircvi:eirrinl psiridlie] iii ifi,elilivritiw

lldalui ]ueiir.ieiiialiiies,rieiiri,iie j: Simm 0 rae, ~,f eec,,, sun]

Ii

Slaici ii,. lids],]. 4, iiici.e

iii

Ii~ fta,dii Inc mmmiii] level

irivrieir. en., iii
ii.

cc. 0

iflecin. iii iii

iiei,rI i>lin

i,

ev.iloeieii

iii

rc.eicxriw

ll,iI he. eire~he.

iIcisifl.~

58

ossion Loads Icr dulloings end otter Slruclures

AIK

Wind Loads

59

(Table 5.8.6) for monoslope roofs. The values of force coefficients, C1, are dependent upon the roof slope angle 0 and
Cole
i

ccrz C,

H
0.6 -J

the ratio of dimension of roof measured normal to wind direction to dimension of roof measured parallel to wind dtrection, LID. Location of central pressure, X,. shall be determined as the distance to a center of pressure from windward edge of roof.
<Table

5.8.6> Force coefficients. C

,..

icr

Monoalope Roots over

for

Open

BuildIngs

Root Angle

C,
3 025 0.45 0.6 0.8 1,0 2 0,3 0.5 0,75 0,95 1.2

LI/I Values of:

1 0.45 0.7 0.9 1,15 1,3 1)2 0,55 0,85 1.0 1.1 1.2 1/3 1)5 0,75 0.85 0.9 0.95

58.5 Force Coefficients,

C,, for Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar

Degrees 10 IS 20 25 30

5 0,2 v.35 0.5 0,7 0.9 I

Structures For chimneys, tanks, and simlar stsuctures, force coefficients, C,,, shall be complied as given in <Table 53.5>. The values of force coefficients, C~ are dependent upon the crosssectienal type and surface condition, and the ratio of height of structure to least horizontal dimension of crosssection, 4 ,Id.
<Table 5.8.5> Force Coefficients c, for Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures

o,r
0,9 0.95 105
0,1

I
I

Roof Angle
~ Degraeo

Location of central Pressure, :1 IL

tar

LID

24

LID Values of: LI/I = 1

0.3 0,35 0.4

-,

LID

1)5~l)2 0.3 0,4 0.65

C,
CrossSection Square wind normal to taco) Souare wind along diagonal) Hexagonal or octagonal Suriince Condition
/s,
-

Id =1
1,3 .0 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.8 0,7

I,, H aT
1,4 1.1 1.2 0.6

1, Id x25
Nones: 2,0 15 1.4 0.7 0,9 1.2 1.2

1020 25 30

0,35 0.35 0.35

All All All

I. Nuns i occs act noreei to the turrace Two cases slut beconudenuot lund sloe directed outinete

II ste a loran dime,. music: usa 2)

2. nIna eMail Os .,stanred to deemed by a Notation:

to depsees roe heirontal

Moderately smooth Round Id z1q. 5,3) Rough

(did

0.02)

L : Dtaznsion ci rest enca: urea nertnai to naiad direction in incurs: B: Orannsion ft real enamored parallel to wind demise, in 501Cc;
K1 Distance I 0 center ci p,css are tent vIlla saurd edge ci root In moons. 5.10 & : Root stops angie In dagiees~

0,8 1,0 0,8

Very rocgh (did ~a (1.08) Round (dh17 5.53) 050755;

Notation;

All

5.8.7 Force Coefficients, C

Disnels, el circular crosssections aeu lead horizontal dimercion 01 Square, heragonal, or ectagoral crozssscllenalsioua lion under con, Carailon It, eaters;

for Solid Signs

d d
/t, Ca

Force coefficients,

C7 shall be complied as given in <Table 5,8.7> for Iz j fl and the ratio of larger dimension to
~,

Depth 01 olotrecing nemesis ouch as rLz area zosilero, in molars

HaishI of Slmcloro. I neater, and velocity pressure eeaiualed at arbitrary height z steno ground, in nea.lons

solid signs. The values of force coefficients, C,. are dependent upon the ratio of height to width.

per squat eeetete (H/ml,

5.8.6 Force Coefficients, Buildingsporce coefficients, 60

Design Loads icr Buildings and Olter structures

C,a for Monoslope Roofs over Open C1, shall be complied as given in

smaller dimension, zn signs, respectively.

for at ground level and above ground level

AOl

5 i Wind Loads

61

<Table 5.8.7> Force Coellicienls, At Ground Level Ralio of height 0 width

br Solid Signs Above Ground Level Ratio of larger dimension to smaller dimention 15 / II I C,

5.8.9 Force Coefficients. C

for Trussed Towers

C,, are dependent upon

-~

Force coefficients, C,, shall be complied as given in <Table 5.8.9> for

trussed towers. The values of force coefficients,

11,

5)

the cross sectional type of a tower.

<Table 5.8.9> Force Coelficienis, C,. for Trussed Towers
Tower

3
5 5

12
13

6
10 16 20 40

.2
1.3 1.4 5 175

14
15

0
20

1:5
1

cross

SecI,on

C-,

~0
40

2 C

60 80

1.85 2.0

square
slrrlC< I. I_ar <I Ir,r,l sb,rcliisir

it,F~ 5.5/

4.11

\Cyrlis
~5l1,5- LVIII, Ll)1flitIL,
XIIIIOIVIISS

L_~__~ZEZEEZJ~7Z,
dccsl. II,,, w,s,c,,,.,...I, ~ir.r,I,
TI,, lrI,wlrvlIr,e II Ii~

lo--

OLILL 0<

2. slur, liv wisslr do ,I,,I;wrv In,,, liv g,r-r,rsI I IsS ls,er,isslrrwrl 5, Iv iv <awl k<-I

IV. l4V~Ofl.I I~d[ Is. vIes, I Is Trill asr IsIl~< II,,,, Il_a, Ifle Iv 005111 ,lilVOVLrrlI

.:lx-,.,fl,_I (,,sasf,icicr

lr,ili s

Ows,!

1,0, 1,_allIs

l,r.,aI

CI,osrIIIIfl-rss,nr,I~-r.Tj-r,

ii ,,,sl ~irlws-V~1 ,l,r,cI,,s, ~h.1l I .sr-trxI

:5

l,rr,vn-nr i,r;I,0 rIo,

crlI;iri,e,-

r,,,,I, liv l,srrnIlx~rs. firer.,.

urrisnl;, it<15,I ,nerlrr~. llI:-L!sctrlLlOiIletosrlliiIlIz Ill, I.I5,Ir< li5r,ir r,rcfii,rirr,1-. I

1.,..

<-II ~

o
/
it

~~tmi iii :ll,r,ql,t

,klsa,sriir,, ,virid
-1

on -.,r,l,
v

.1
<si,. I,, LI] ill

11.51

0.57 <.1.1)
,-er,,<,,-Ii.

Iansr ,lr,_aia,rii 1

I. I,,r ,s.rrr, ss,,Tli .ilr~.r,s

vr-ci ,.rI I

<uP] I ,IT,,II,

diLl .1.115 1,115. srirr, Ir,l~.

55

s44~ lIirsrLr,l

~iilIVIlIll5~iO~lilI irLiLlllIilcs,lr.

I ~-O,75$1.2
SOs!
l,rl,rr I taVstiI lns,,wa-.rv<, ,o

lr~~kts. osslails,

]irOil. rlrsal

sir,

,:4u4 Iv

c- ,],:oi

j --IlIspl!nilni~Ip

1,,Leavidrfl,r,,r

I1,riill.,r(, ,din,s,r.

5.8.8 Force Coefficients,

Ii

2~ iiali,,rI
,,rrll-lsl,ss,

for Open Signs and Lattice Frameworks

C,.

ISiS

l,rr-~,,,s,,

ii,st~rr,,,u- I

Force coefficients, C ,~ slial be complied as given in <Table 5.8.8> for

open signs and lattice frame corks. The values of force coefficients. are dependent upon the ratio of solid area to gross area. . <Table 5.8.8> Force Coefficients, C,. and Lattice Frameworks

for Open Signs C

5.9 External and Internal Pressure Coefficients for Loads on Building Components and Cladding

FlatSideo Members 2.0

Rounded Members 0
1,2 1,3

5.3

,/V~

.~

53

(
NOTeS.

0,1

0.l0,29 0.30.7

I.e
,

0.8 09
1,1
4I052

5.9.1 Scope In Section 5.9, the design external pressore coefficients. CC,,, and the design internal pressure coefficients. CC ri for building comtxtnents and
cladding are defined.

1.6
0~ ma,

.5
<II,, <Olin we:,ae class,lrecI all Cecil

swIll opo~.rwiV sss,pr,smn 30% 2

Nolairow 5.

Sals 0 seP. dive a 0 WO5< Oa,,,ler ala lyr.~crs!

,s,.rsaV -roe, I, m<iVVZ v.1:1

5.9.2 External Pressure Coefficients Equal to 20 m

cc

<~.

on Loads on Building

VSar.rIs aresCu,o veolsoled 0, ,s,ghl a abase ground ,n,penloos oar <qvae slivers, N,rr

Components and Cladding with Mean Roof Height Greater than or

62

Design Loads for Ouildings and Other Struclures

AIR

Wind Loads

63

External pressure coefficients

Cc

shall he complied as given in

<Table 592> for wind loads on building components and cladding with mean roof height greater than or equal to 20 m. External pressures acting on the edge of the wall and roof are higher than other areas, therefore the wail and roof surfaces are divided into different zones for the purpose of specifying the design pressure coefficients. External pressures on the roof of the building are negative and shall be determined for each roof pressure zone. External pressures on the ~~all of the building are both positive and negative and shall be detennincd for each wall pressure zone,

oc~.

(walls)
.4

.-ll

I Pocin~e Pressue r Hi1 ~rr

l I.e 3 4 -6

13

3 3.2 -4

H23

4~-4JPLi4-H~ fl~[J
-

ii ~ZZL JNegative Pressure H ~F

~

III

2345

Ii

to

Bliacliva Wnd Area

Square Oelers (ii,)

l..lf~nrv.m,l

~,r.Sfl_41,ic

,r,d1

cnn,l .kft.~

aur.iI ul

,,

c.Inn,s.r4 ,.e~lxfrlj,a IO~,a~

In,ikli4tr
.LCa.-tIiucnI!casr 1,crcx,kw,,l,rsl,,O 6111 lflw,,b:rn,4a,lea

Gc,.,

-,.ij.-

flce,locrc ci

.:T,,I4e (Table 5.9.2> External Pressure Coefficients CC,.. on Loads on Building Components and Cladding with Mear Roof Height Greater than or Equal to 20 m

555l1~~ ,,,xl ,tlnts,l ,

bred ret l5cp~cuc C.

1. Itch tc:,ll ,I,,,ll he irsigecel Icr ,cxicr.un, rsc,Inc u,d ,breI,vc,,rr~c,,,e,

cci,,

ken

t,crtys,t-,,l iS,,,cer,cII. but car

Ice 2:,tj 15,.

oc~

\la,,,,,ni IlIxhI. II aacr,: ted moo

345

10

50

I Ir~~l,t

:,hw, ,imi,n,I

J~sitive Prescore

[I

ZZTI
2 25
4

~
.10
3.2

CZL
~

1.3 2 2.6 3 4

a l

59.3 External Pressure Coefficients

cc,~,

for Building Walls with

5 I

I
I

~: NegaUve l~essure tF
2345 Ii Ellacliva Wind Area Square Nialars (a)

Gable Roofs and Roof Surfaces on LowRise Buildings with Mean Roof Height Less than 20 m External ~val] pressure coefficients, CC . shall be complied as given in <Table 59.3(1)> for gable roofs on lowrise building with mean roof height less than 20 in. The values of external wall pressure coefficients, Cc ~, can be reduced by 1096 if roof slopo o is less than or equal to 10. It is noted that the vertical ordinate denotes extei-nal wall pressure coefficients, GC,~, to be used with the velocity pressure, q~, evauated at mean roof height I, based on Exposure C. Each wall shall be designed for positive and negative pressures. It is also noted that a caution shall be taken in the region of notation a which indicates the edge of a wall.

64

Daacgn Loads for Buildings and Other Sliuctures

AIK

Wind Loads

65

<Table 59.3(2)> represents the external pressure coefficients for the joof surfaces of gable roofs, art) those can be classified into 3 types for application. Type 1: Wind angle

(Table 5,9,3(1)) External Wall Pressure Coefficients

GC~..

for Gable Roots on LowRise

Buildings with Mean Root Height Less than 20 m

:ts shown in figure a).

cci.
P-icr Pt
-s

Type 2: Wind angle 10 K Or.

39as

shown in figure hI.

l

Type 3: Wind angle 30 K Or 45 as shown in figure c). As external pressures on th building of roof slope angle less than 3~
Walls
4
S

are negative, external press to coefficients shall be determined based on the coiresponding roof presr-ule zone. As extet-nal pressures on the oaf of the building for 30 K 6 K 45
3

fl7~ F Ii
I

are both positive and negative, roof

FT] IF

i]F

F F
1:.
-

F F

Negative

structures shall he designed

a safe manner for both cases.

4 is Elteclive Wind A Square Macor- In)

solEs:
I. tilija.
iii

Stint]

-5-ill I a- Rnionn t St

Ill -

riot 0 50

a
4.

Cii

It issnx.iooil tort rttttlilsr 0-tilt ti,lcigiixrt l-:r lr:lsiiisliii isi.:iiitt ttilroni:,vo inLnsrc. :iiti,itl&i.~ (X hi is ti-al nh Si h.isttn sit tr1.i sri. U lOt
Si

02.tiiiii,,: iii

I .ini hi-.ittsitil chhiixs-inh lath:. lit airier.

Ii-

ii.lhi_ 5th

itrnis ninik,. h-i into..

ilojiottoor i-:.

ii

otto ix rail

Is

2 trait

(Table 5.9.3(2)> External Root Pressure Coelfictents

GC~.

for Gable Roots on LowRise

Buildings with Mean Roof Height Less than 20 so a)

(;c.
i.

J_,jPositivo Pressure

Fi. F

~FFt
Ii

F
-2

Root
Plan

i-s
-2

!
_______

~
CL
Wi

2 2.2
1 -5 i-i

-4 -5

-6

rNe~ciur-c Pressure
Ii 54

2345

Elleclive Wind Area Square Meters ri)

66

Design

Loads los Outlrhincis and Other Slruclures

AlE

Wind Loads

67

b)

GCk
-~

5.9.4 External Pressure Coefficients

~n_1jtiyg Pressure

cc,~

for Monoslope Roofs on

in

n m n

a.

act

CL

-~t
ci
-I., -2

Low-Rise Buildings with Mean Roof 1-leight Less than 20 n0 External roof pressure coefficients, Gc_. shall be complied as given
I -1-4 -2 -26

O)-~
~

$1
___

.3 .5
-6

H_-4~

-2.6 .4

EffUF~
~ E
I

j_~

.3
.4 .5

<Table 5.9.4> for monoslope roofs 00 low-rise building :tth mean r~f height less than 20 m. The values of external roof pressure coefficients, cc.. are specified in figures a) and b) for two types of the roof slope angle 0
component and cladding shall be designed for maximum
.

ItT Negative Pressure

50

-6

positive

Each and

negative pressures. The external roof pressures are not dependent upon the effective wind area if effective wind area is greater than or equal to 10
m2.

5345 Elimailve

50

Wind Ares Square Melers (ri)

The values of positive pressures shall be determined with the roof and are same for all the pressure zones. It is noted that a in <Table 5.9.4> represents the width of pressure

Pool Plan

so cl

<

30

slope angle B the notation cc, .J~JrPosiUveThu

I, I_S

coefficient zone, in meters.

cc

Ga

cc
0 -i-s
-22

l .05 Is

3 -4 S
-0

~~th-

~::
The lade
Pressure
0

s
-6

2306

Ellective Wind .ssea Squnre Motors (nil

so
SSOTES
Notation:

<0

i-

45

0% of least horisoolol dimension o- 0_40. eihichoeer is osolles. be 501 less lion cuTter 4% ci local hoi,snnlal
dimension Or t~o n. js:Mean root mighT in nnI,,s

68

tOesigri Loads (or Buildings and Oilier Structures

Aik

Wind Loads i

69

(Table 5.9.4) Exlernal Roof Pressure Coefficients . Gc,0, for Monosfops Roofs on LowRise Buifdingo with Mean Roof flaighf Less than to 20 m a)

5.9.5 External Roof Pressure Coefficients

~, for Multispan Gable

r
1~t

___

Roofs on LowRise Buildings with Mean Roof Height Less than 20

2 345 15 50 In

Os
C
2

j
~i

~Positive poesrt;~~ fl

~:it

2 0.2

External roof pressure coefficients. GC

,~,

slityll he complied ass given in

0.2 1.7 3 4 4,4 5 5

~~0 - Tt~.Em:ai

<Table 5.9.5> for multispan gable roofs on lowuse building with mean roof height less than 20 rn. The values of external roof pressure coefficients, CC , are sp.::ned in figures a) and b) for two types of the roof slope angle 6 . The values of external roof pressure coefficients shall be determined by a of <Table 5.9.3(2)> if the roof slope angle 6 is less than or equal to 100.

z_zz iLL JJLJ~t Negative_lkessure

~

4
50

345

10

a
B)

-.

io

Etteclive Wind Area Square meters (a)

In this table, the notation ~ represents the width of precsure coefficient zone, in meters, and is based on a single span module, \Terdcal ordinate denotes the external roof pressure coefficients. CC,, . basetl on Exposure C. The component and cladding shall be designed for maximum positive and negative pressures.

/i.

217

2a
U

0.7 0

0,5 t

4a

I.e
2,2 2.7 3

-11
3.0

3
.34 4

C r~I

a a

45

tO

01

to
54 Itll_S. I

<

so
twkir,rrle 012I\IflrrIfl,

Effecttve Wind Area Square meters Is)

Owl, any emory art nirr000lyn th.rII

3 rnitiraf rryrhir,rte&,rrryro

CC,,

In ~

Ieoalerr l;soruw C

.2 Iron Ireyldixyso rylef my Cloy Ewionsv B. rolculootre. roe yule slidt In IymtIltJtrsnI lyo 03. I,
NOe;,lireI

yr

lI)r

000

I._rL~t hlin000teJ thlIle0sOI,a 001 0 ci:

mtijdis.vtc yr mollor. Ixyt yr.

loso yloyry moIre 1. 1 moO tzwoer,00I

IJIINIOIOreI err 1.0 IlL

iOlr.rrryyyel

70

Oeslgn Loads for Buildings end Other Struofures

.415

WInd Loads

71

I
(Table 5.9.5) Exlernal Roof Pressure Coefficients GC,. for Mullispan Gable Roofs on LowRise Buildings with Mean Roof Height Less than 20 in
a)
Ii,Iin.itn.,,,caavl.-t,shr.,v:

ln,[Iss,ha-,,ain,llar
-

I ~,4ai,vi4 tail li-icy -liii 0nnn-~- ci yr 0-hi clir,:ll.-vLca~ ,,iaill.-n_ bitt,,, S las: ditncni-,xt-r ID in. bl.ni,inn.t Iisc~n,
-thais

li-si

cc,.
2

5.9.6 External Roof Pressure Coefficients, QC,. for Sawtooth Roofs on LowRise Buildings with Mean Roof Height Less tErm 20 m External roof pressure coefficients, ~C shall be cornpli~-ct as given in <Table 5.9.6> for sawtooth roofs on lownse building with mean roof height less than 20 in The values of external roof pressure coefficients. CC,,., shall be determined by a) of <Table ft9,5(21> if the roof slope angle 0 is less than or equal to 10. If the roof slope angle 6 is greater
than or equal to 10 and less than 30, roof zone

0.7
0
I

act

a a-

.5 3 4 5

2 -3 4

2.4

5 .0 2 345 10 ss

ti

for negative pressure

calculation is divided into different spans, a, 5. c. and ci, and tie values

a
10
-< 0

Etlective Wind Area Square meters (ml

3W

of external roof pressure coefficients shall be determined for -tch span. The component and cladding shall be designed for maximum - -~ sitivo and negative Pressures.

hI

K
a act a a

Iil 0
I

0
I

2
3 3--,
4

.4 2

4-,

~~:~E:::: E~Cz
Negative
Phtaautw I 2345 10

2 3 4 5 -e

a
30 <9

50

Effective Wind Area Square maters (ml

45

50410 I. Eisa
~-

liT. utlires em

cc,,

hum at

sO <tait - 2lOlh2l> sliadi is used. based iii Eiqxaun, c.

2. \aia-st enithuate ukuato CC.,, to ha toad dii-

3. IS,- tauluti,gs $cd suttan Ln1xnsjre It. adaulatyci mania shalt hi naithidird boa 1.9

72

oestan Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

AIR

WInd Loads

73

(Table

5,9.6>

External Roof Pressure CoeFficients, CC1~., For Sawtooth LowRise Buildings v1th Mean Roof Height Less than 20 in

Roots

on

6 Earthauake Loads
CC
I 2315 tO

l.a

FFFFesiti~eftessure

1.4 .2

.4
.2

6.1 General Every structure, and portion thereof, shall as a minimum. be- designed and conslructed to resist the effects of earthquake motions as prescribed by Section 6. 6.1,1 Additions to Existing Buildings An addition that is structurally independent from an existing structure shall be designed and constructed as required for a new structure in accordance with the seismic requirements for new structures. An addition thai is not structurally independent from an existing structure shall lx- designed and constructed such that the entire structure conforms to the seismicforce resisting requirements for new structures unless the following conditions are satisfied. (1) The addition conforms with the requirement for new structures. (2) The addition does not increase the seismic forces in any structural element of the existing structure by more than 5 percent, unless the
capacity of the element subject to the increased forces is still in compliance with these provisions. (3) The addition, which is limited to the extension of 1/10 that have been used for nnore than five years

t0 -3.6
4

-s

ma
5A

EEJ~~; ~ ~ ~ a [ Negative Thessesee

1 2345
13

~+

2,7 3 -0.2
-4 3

3-s 6
-/

50

Elleclive Wind sea

cc go
<

Square meters (at)

to,
N0TtS~ 1:1)1
Z I. 1111011

I 30

lit. va[ucs of 01:1010 it-cocci

CC, uitni

1N

ib.il be used. 50,104 00 lto,uaun: 0.

is be 11001011,

ii

:5.

bsekbuus

I. Itd, ciannewc dull 11, duasied for lucolilt,

u,tcd silisri ltx~uya,o, 0. c:4c,itj uS noure 1i.1l Is nult,ol:al In 451 .1 tOOStIOS cool 102111w
,,,

total floor since the

areas or of 1 story in height, or remodelling of the enistiig buildings aclmowledgements for use of buildings were issued.

5 Nceiion:
a lin.,of]c,u lc,duuueS ciis, :so~,w 0. am or 1.0
SI.

wliid,evcr ii. casIo,: baa mt boo tic::, ,,aI,er1c,ot

Olnaa nsf sight. in macro

5.9.7 Internal Pressure Coefficients,

a for Buildings

For enclosed buildings, the xulues of internal pressure coefficients. CC,, shall be 0 or 0.52 for components and cladding.

6.1.2 Change of Occupancy When a change of occupancy results in a structure being reclassified to a higher seismic use group, the structure shall conform to the seismic requirement for a new structure. 6.1.3 Alternations Existing structures being altered need riot comply with Chapter 6, provided that the following conditions rn-c met. (1) The alternation do not create a structural irregul~uitv as defined iii

74

oesign Loads For Buildings and Olher Slruclures

AlE

6 I Earthquake Loads

75

Section 6,4.4 or make an existi p structural irregularity nioie severe. (2) The alternation does not increase the seismic forces in any structural element of the existing structure by more than 5 pet-cent, unless the capacity of the elenient subject to the increased forces is still in compliance with Chapicr
ii

load combination, design strengths are pcrniitted to be deiemiined using an allowable stress increase of 1.7 and a resistance factor, or load combination reduction.
~,

of 1.0.

This increase shall not be combined with increases in allowable stresses

(31 The alternation does nt decrease the seismic resistance of any structural element of the existing structure to less than that required for a new structure. (4) The alternations do not rt-ult in the creation of an unsafe condition. 6.2 Load Combinations

6.3 Site Ground Motion 6.3.1 Seismic Zone and Site Coefficient
Seismic zones and corresponding site coefficients are set for ii 6.3.1> <Table 6.3,1.> Seismic Zone nd Sire Coctitciont I A
ii

<Table

6.2.1 Ultimate Strength Design Where Ultimate strength descn or limit state design is used, the factor for seismic load incorporated with each design methodalogy shall he 1.0.

Seismic Zone
1 All

Areas in korca areas fbi included in zone 2 area of

Seinmic Numerical creificient (A)

oil
0,07

6.2.2 Allowable Stress Design

\\Oiet-e allowable stress design working stress design) is used, the factor for seismic load in the load cornNnation involving seismic load shall be 0.7. In this case, increases in allowable stresses are penmttcd by this code or the nlatenal reference standard.

2
Na,iitiai era, >1

NorThern area of Kangwondo, Souihwesl em JeoilaNamdo, Jejudo le,,anra,iaicSia,ia. c,1.

Tharci,er,.

e,il,,rraic-ni,,,me,.~ j,,itiNaniii,

clirwa,s,. Itii[i iflvr. i~vmscl,iaiii. !iiiiOiiL (1,1 rl,eid,,et Oi.. Sekrh,(,ir Ole,a,. Sire. hi,,xie, ,eieeaa,eer i,,rf,. I [maim V.vieg,en. Ci.!il in. i a i;inriiyor~rec \utia, Oir

6.3.2 Site Class Definitions

6.2.3 Special Seismic Load Where the design of the memaers like a piloti structure causing instability of entire structure, or members inducing a significant change of seismic loads, special seismic load (F.,) shall be used as seismic load combination involving seismic loads in lie uf using seismic load (El. E,,,s25E0,2S05D where, i6.3.t)
Slim class Soil Profile Name <Table 6.3.2) Site Class Definitions Averaga Properiies in Top 30m

The site shall he classified as one of

tile

site classes in <Table 6.3.2>

considering the effects of soil properties, geological conditions, surface or underground topography on the ground motion.

soil Shear Wave

volocily.

Standard Penairation Realsiance,

s~

A redundancy coefficient obtained in accordance with <Table Ii 6.1>. need not exceed the maximum force that can be to the e:lement by the other elements of the

Soil tenironed Sheer _ Sieall. ~lt) NImm1)

C
5A S5 Hard rock Rock Very dense soil and soil rock

Ar the number or nile) e)1500 blocs_/30Jmm

The terra transfened

760< a ,t 1500
360(r,,760 11>50 >100

lateral forceresisting system. Where allowable stress design methodologies cue used with the special

-h~ 5,, 5,

Stat soil proliie Soft

soil prolile

180<

a, ii

350

IS
11< 15

50

50 s,
<

100

080

so

76 Design Loads for Buildings and Oilier Siruclures

MN

6 i Earthquake Loads I 77

6.3.3 Design Spectral Response Acceleration

The design spectral response accelerations for shont period, design spectral response accelerations for 1second period, S,~, and the

S
(3)

OS

For

periods

greater

than

T5.

the

design

spectral

response

s,,,,

shall be

acceleration, 5~, shall he given by Eq. (6.3.3).

determined based on <Table 6.3.3> and on <Table 6.3.4>, respectively.

(Table

SC=0.6-~Tr0.1Sj),

(632)

6.3.3) Design Spectral Response Acceleration Mr Short Periods.

(6,3.31
Seismic site

S,,,
Zone 2 class

where,

Fundamental periodtin second) of tl=srr octure.

=

5.t

5 .s,
5,, 5,,

L. . . ~. . . . . L
, -

1 2.0 M1 .4 2,5 AlA 3.0 hA 3.6 MA 50 11.4

Is

0.2S,,1/50,
5,i/~,c

i.e MA
~5 MA 3,0 .14,4 4,0 MA 6.0 IrA

T4~

H.
3,,,

C o_LoT

8.33

r.

33 (In I IIS Case, he ess, en 0. ~4r,I en p0~00 sccnlerallsn a Iwo 115155 Cl ISO CalIhqsske, tim re0.lrsnso sme CI 2400 yeas.

lot ul,mOIa level eOs[vsIsnl

<Table Sb!

6,3,4) Design Spectra! Response Acceleration for I Second Period,

iT

N
T~ 1.0

~ Silo class I 1 0,8.11,4 Sn Si 5,,

, --

Seismic Zone

7~,
2 0,7.1111 ID AlA .6 ,If.1 2.3 MA 3.4 .11.4

[Fig, 6,3,11 Design Resoonse Spectrum.

1,0 sItu .6 MA 2,3 JJ,4 64 31,5

6.4 Earthquake LoadsCriteria Selection 6.4.1 General Each structure shall be assigned to a seismic design on category height in and accordance with Section 6.4.3. Seismic design categolies are used to

SI,

6.3.4 General Procedure Response

indicated in [Fig. 6.3.11.

Spectrum

determine

permissible

structurai

systems,

limitations

The general design response spectrum curve shall he developed as

(1) For periods less than o~ equal to acceleration, 5
,.

irregularity, those components of the structure that must be designerl for seismic resistance and the types of lateral force analysis that must be performed, 6.4.2 Seismic Use Groups and Occupancy Importance Far Irs Each structure shall he assigned a seismic tise grotip and corresponding occupancy importance factor as indicated in <Table 6.l.l>,
6 EarthQuake Losde

T11. the design spectral response

shall be determined from Eq. (6.3.2).

T1, and less than or equal to

(2) For periods greater that or equal to

T
78

~,

the design spectral

lesl.ilnse Alt

acceleiatioi~, 5,, shall he taken equal to

Design Loads for Buildtngs end Other Structures

79

Where a structure is occupied for two or more occupancies not included in the same seismic use goup, the structure shall he assigned tile classification of the highest seismic use group corresponding to the various occupancies. Where structures have two or more portions that are structurally separated in accordance with Section 6.8 each portion shall be sepasatelv classified. Where a structurally separated portion of a structure provides required access to, oequired egress from or shares life safety components ~vitil another portion having a higher seismic use group, both portions shall be assigned the higher seismic use group.

(Table 6.4.1) Seismic Use Groups and Occupancy Importance Factors Occupancy Iriportarice
Seismic Use Group nature at Occupancy Footed /et

I city Planning Pogions

Besides

Wuilding or structure containing asic or

explosive substances nih total tloor area Buildings and other structures that oroasni essential tacitilies or hasardous tacilities therein housing or supporting toxic or explosiva chemical and substances,
.

mare or equal to 000 rn, hosottals, tire stations, power generation stations, buildings and at hor at ucture S having critical national dofense tunctions. toreign diplomatic estebtishmants, lacilitiso for children, wotlare tacittlies or the aged public welfare facititios end labor wettare lscilttiea Aparlmsnt or attica building higher than or equal to Is stories. Facilities for public psrlormance, gathering, inspection, exhibition, business or commercial pusuii larger than or a equal to 5000m5 at the total tioor are Building or structure for accomodations, attica buildings, dormitories or apartments higher than or eoaet to 5 stortes,
.

1,5

1,2

6.4.3 Determination of Seismic Design Category All structure shall be assigned to a seismic design category based on their seismic use group and the design spectral response acceleration coefficients, S,w and S05, dctenuined in accordance with Section 6.4.2 and 6.3.3. Each building and structure shall be assigned to the most severe seismic design catego.v. if seismic design categories determined based on <Table 6.4.2> and Table GAS> are discrepant.

~_________________

Buildings and other structures that represent a oubstanliet hazard to human tile in the event ot failure

1,2

1.0

School higher than or equal to S stories.

Buildings and other structures except those listed in Categortes 5 and I,

buildings except those tided in categories (5) and i,

1,0

0.8

6.4.4 Building Configuration Buildings shall be classified as tegular or irregular ones based on the criteria in this section. Such classification shall be based on the plan and vertical configuration. 6.4.4,1 Plan Inegulanty Buildings having one or more of the features listed in <Table 5.4.4> shall he designed as having a plan structural irregularity, and shall comply with the requirements in the sections refeired in <Table 6.4.4>.

6,4.4.2 Vertical frregttlarity

I

80

Design Loads tar Buildings and Other Structures

AtK

Eerthauake Loads I 81

Buildings having one or more of the features listed in <Table 6,4.5> shall
he designed as having vertical irregularity, and shall comply with the requirements in the section relorred in <Table 6.4.5>.

6.4.5 Analysis Procedures A structural analysis shall be made for all structures the requirements of this section.
ill

accordance with

Exceptions: (1) Shuctural irregularity of Type 1 or Type 2 in <Table 6.4.5> do not apply where no story drift ratio under design lateral load is greater than 130 percent of the store drift iatio of the next story above. Torsional effects need not he considered in the calculation of story drifts for the purpose of his determination. The story drift ratios for top two stories of the building are not required to be evaluated. (2) Irregularities of Types 1 and 2 of <Table 6.4.5> are not reqtnred to he considered for buildings with less or equal to two stories in any seismic design category.
(Table 64.2) Seismic Design Category Based on Shortperiod Response Accelerations Seismic use Group
Value of 5,,, S
-

6.4.5.1 Analysis for Structtires Assigned to Seismic Design Category A, or B Structural analysis of structures assigned to Seismic Design Category A. or B is permitted to carry out through equivalent lateral farce Section 6.5.
i

nalysis

iii

6,4.5.2 Analysis for Structures Assigned to Seismic Design Category C Structures assigned to Seismic Design Category C may be designed based on equivalent lateral force analyses in Section 6.5.

Exceptions: (1) Structures assigned as having regular configuration uvutli more or equal to 7Gm in height or 21 story;

II 0
C B A

(2) Irregular structures with more or equal to 2Gm in height or 6 story: shall be designed based on dynamic analysis.

O.50g $,.

0
0

D
C

o.33g

S,,. <

O,50g

O,rYg 5,,, < 0.339 s,,,<0.17g

C
A

B
A

6.4.5.3 Analysis for Structures Assigned to Seisitrie Design Categurv t) The analysis prucedures identified in <Table 5.1.6> shall be 4 for

structures assigned to Seismic Design Category B. or 5110cc ngoroos analysis shall he made. If the structures are categorized as having plan
(Table 6.4.3) Seismic Design Calegor; Based on 1 Second Period Response Acceleration Seismic use Group
Value of S,~ 5 Il.alcrS,, hugs S,~ ll,uOg I 0 C

inegolaritv of lype 1 or 4 b into having regularity.

<Table 6.4.4>, or as having vertical

irregularity of Type 1, 4, or 5 by <Table 6.4.5>, those may be divided

II 0 C

Il.oigcusa:..o.14g

C
A

B
A

B
A

s,~:

hl.07g

82 Design Loads br Buildings end OIlier Struclures

AIlS

Earlirguake Loads

83

<Table 6.4,4) Plan Structural Irregularities Seismic No. Type Description

.

<Table 6.4.5>
No.

Vertical Sthscturnt liTegulasitics SeismIc assign Category Application

Reference Section are not

Design Category Application C. P

Type

. . Description

To do cone dared Itexibie, iorsionat Irregularity

when

diaphra gms

~ A sott story is one in which the interal attttness is less than 70 percent of that In the story above or teas than 80 percent at the average stiftnnss of the three stories above, Mass irregutarily shalt be considered to exist where the ettectivo tttxss Of any story Is ttrcro than 150 percent ot the eltective mass at an . adjacent story. A roof that is ttghler thsn the ttoor betow need not be constdered, Verttoai geometric irregularity shaft be considered to exist where the hortsontal . . dimension of the lateralforceresisting systew in any story ts more than 130 percent of that in an adjacent story. An inptane ottsel of the taterettorcerasisling elements greater than the length of those . . elements or a reduction in stitfness of the resisting eletnsnt in the story ottiow A weak story Is one tn which the story tatorst Discontinuity in
. .

Reference Section

6,5.6.4 (Tebte 6.4.6)

Torsional irregulartut, shsil be considered lo exist when the maximum story drifts, computed including acciderito~ torsion, at one end at the structure lransverso to an axis is more than l.a lines the average of the story drills at tho two dens ci the structure Plan configuration or a structure and Its taterettorcereatstng system contain reentrant corners where both projections at Ihe structure beyond a reentroul corners are greater than IS percent of Ihe plan dimension Cl the structure In the given direction Diaphragms with abrupt discontinutties or variations in xtiftess, including those having cutout or open areas greeter than 50 percent of the gross enclosed diaphragm area. Or changes in etloctive diaphrigm stillness of more than 50 percent tram one riory to the next olsoontlnultlet in r- taterallorcereslatance path, such as oulotuene ottsets of the vertical elements. The vertical tatetsi torceresisting elements are not pereltet to p symmetric about the major orthogonal axes c- the lateret lorceresisting system.

Silt tn ass , lrregulx*ritysott story

sloble

6.4.6)

6.5,7.1

C, P

Weight . trreguiarity

i,Tobto ,, 0.4.6)

Reentrant Cornsrs

Vertical . Geometric Irregularity tnplane Discontinuity to Vertical LaleratForce Resisting ale men is

(Table

6)

Diaphragm oiscontinuity

6.8.3

8,0,0

actofPlane Of Is els

6,a,3
6842 684

~,

C, 0
0 0

Nonpareltet Sysiews

CspacityWestc ~ ory

strength is less than 80 percent of than in the story above, The story slrength is the total
-

&.s.t

a, 0, 0

the story sheer br the direction tinder strength ot seismicresisting elements sharing j consideration,

<Tabte 6.4.6) Anatyttoal Procedures for Setsmto Design Category 0

Strecturat Description I, Seismic use Group II buildings at ltghttramad construction nat eecseding 3 storIes In height 2. Other structures not exceeding 7Cm in height in addition to those ittustreled in item t above, 3 Structures having vetlical Irregularity Df Type I, a or 3 in (Table 6,4.5); regular structure oxooodtng 70m in height: arsiruc lure exceeding S stories or 2Cm in height with having irregularity of Type I in (Tabte 6,4,4) 4, Other struotere having plea or vertical Irregularity, Dynamic anaiysix Analysis Proceduro tor Seismic Design Equivalent lateral iorce procedure or Oyaawic analysis Equivetent lelerel force procedure or aynemic enstysrs

Dyn nmto ana ye

84

Design Loads or Buildings and Other Strrtclurea

AtK

Earthquake loads

85

6.4.6 Deflection and Drift L:miLs The design story drifts, .g, as determined in Section 6.5.7, shall not
~,,

with Eq. (6.5.2).

exceed the allowable story dri~t,

(Tabe 6.4.7) Allowable Story drift, ci.

as obtained from <Table 6.4.7>.

[7-fr
s/wi

SflI

(6.5.2)

The value of C, computed in accordance with En. (6,5,2) need not e,xceed
Seismic Use Group

the following:
n

;
Allowable
iv,
Story Drill 4, (I .01
.,

0.01 Sir

0.0200

R 14 C, shall not less than C ,~0.044S,.~I~

16..,.,,)

,t~ri Icier, kOr, Lv,

(6,54)

6.5 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure for Seismic Design wloete

F:

the

occupancy

importance

ft ctor

cictenru net)

it~

6.5.1 Seismic Base Shear The seismic base shear, V, In a given direction shall be detennined in accordance with the following equation. V= C ,W where, C, the sLu~nic response coefficient 16,5.1) determined in 1? S
~<

accordance with <Table 6.1.).> the response modification factor from <Table 6.0.1> thc design spectral response acceleratlo ttt short period as determined from Section 6.3.3 the design spectral response acceleration at 1second period as determined from Section 6.1.3 7 the fundamental penod of the holding detem,ined in Section (15.3 (seconds)

s,

accordance with Section 6.5.2 Wthe effecti e seismic weight including the total dead load imd other loads listed below: 1) In area used for storanc, a minimum of 25 percent of the reduced floor live load (floor live load in public garages and open parking structures need not be included). (2) Where an allowance for partitions is included in the floor load design, the actual paration weight or a minimum weight of 0.5 lcN/m~ of floor area, wiichever is greater. (3) Totol operation weight of permanent equipment. Twenty percent of the flat roof snow load where a flat snow load exceeds 1.5 kN/m.

6.5.3 Period Determination of the structure, I in the direction under he estaolished using thu structural propel) us and deformational chaaacteristics of the resisting elements in it properly substantiated analysis, or shall he taken as the approxima It fundamental consideration shall penod, 6.3.4. T,. determined in accordance with the requirements of Section The calculated fundamental period determined lv a properly The fundamental period

substantiated analysis shall not exceed the product of 12 itt* approximate building period. y,.

6.6.2 Seismic Response Coe?ficient The seismic response coeffirient, Cu shall he determined in accordance
86 Design l.oads br Buitdings and Other Structures 4(5

Eertltquake Loads

87

6.5.4 Approximate Fundamental Period The approxunate fundamental period C Ta), in s, shall he determined from the fol]owing equation.
Ja=Crh~

(6.5.8)

v.74
to

(6.5,9)

(6.5.5)
=

where, C,.

0.085 0.073

momentresisting frame systems of steel

-

where, C
of

vertical distribution factor. a distribution exponent related to the building period as follows:

momentresisting

frame and

systems

reinforced
=

concrete,

eccentrically

braced steel frames 0.049 ill other building systems

the height in m above the base to the highest level of the building Cm) Alternatively, the del emiination of the approximate fundamental period , T,, in secones. from the following equation for concrete and steelmoment reststing frame buildings not exceeding 12 stories in height and having a minimum story height of 3 iii is permitted.
=

k= 1 : for buildings having a period of 0.5 sr-:ond or less. k= 2 : for buildings having a period of 2.5 conds or less. For buildings having a period between 0.5 and 2.5 seconds,
/, shall be determined by linear interpolation between 1 and

2. 5, Ic : the height from the base to level j or x

building.

V : total design lateral force or shear at the base of the w

,,

: the portion of the total gravity toad of the or x

where, N

0.IN number of stories T

(6.5.6)

building, w located or assigned to level number of stories.

The approximate fundamental period,

in s for concrete shear wall

structure is permitted to be d.serrnined by Eq. (6.5.5) or from Eq. (6.5.7). T,=0.0743(h )

iM/\/~

6.5.6 JIorizontal Shear Distribution The seismic design story shear in any story, from the following equation:
V~= ~F,

~a

shall be determined

(115.7)

A ~=EA J0.2+(D~/h ,j2j Djh 0.9 where. A 7) shear see don area in in of shear wall parallel to the direction of the seismic load at 1st level length in in of shear wall at 1st level.

(6.5.10)

where, F, : the portion of the seismic base shear induced at level

6.5.6.1 Rigid Diaphragms For rigid diaphragms, the seismic design story shear, V, shall be tlistributed to the various vertical element of the seismic force-resisting system in the story under consideration based on the relative lateral stiffness of the vertical resisting elements and the diaphragm.

6.5.5 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces The lateral force, F ~, included at any level shall be determined from the following equations:

88 Oes,gn Loads for BuildIngs and Other

Structures

At<

Earthquake Loads

89

6.5.6.2 Flexible Diaphragms

Level

~-,

~w

shall be determined from the following equation:

For flexible diaphragms, the design story shear shall be distributed to various vertical elements based on the tributary area of the diaphragm to
each line of iesistance.

M~ r~F.(h h,)
where, F.

(&l2)

= the

portion of the seismic base shear induced at

level j 6.5.6.3 Tomion Where diaphragms are not flexible, design shall include the torsional moment, which is the sum o~ the torsional moment, the diffet-ence in locations a stiffness and accidental torsonal moments,
iW

~.

: the height from the base to Level 7 or as follows:

~.

tnt

resulting from

the overturning moment reduction factor. determined (1) 1.0 for the toP 10 stories 12) 0.8 for the 20th story from the top and below (3) value between 1.0 and 0.8 determined by a straight line interpolation for stories between the 20th and 10th stories below the top 6.5.7 Drift Determination and p~ Effects
Frames and columns shall he designed to resist both brittle fracture and overturning instability during the maximum lateral excursion of each

the center of mass and the center of 41,.,, where

~w, shall he
shall

computed as the story shear multiplied by the eccentricity and 44

he equal to the story shear caused by an assumed displacement of the center of mass each way from its actual location by a distance equal to 5 percent of the dimension of the building perpendicular to the direction of the applied forces.

5.5.6.4 Dynamic Amplification if Torsion For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category C or D having plan irregularity Types 1 of <Tabl 6.1.4>. the effects of torsional irregularity at each from the shall be accounted for by multiplying the sum of ~, plus 5w level by a torsional amplil cation factor. A
,,

story. while supporting full dead and live load.

6,5.7,1 Story Drift Determination The design story dri 0 .
~.

determined

shall be computed as the difference of the

following equotion: A

doflections at the center of mass at the top and bottom of the story under consideration. Where the allowable stress design method is used, 4 shall (6.&lll be computed osing earthquake forces without dividing by 1,1, For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category C or D having plan

~={

~]
: the (rut:. mum displacement at Level x points the structure at Level .r
~.

where, ~

irregularity Types I of <Table 6.4.4>, the design story drift, 4. shall be computed as the largest difference of the dellections along ar\ edges of the structure at consideration. the top and hottom of the r-orv of the under

the avt -rage of the displacements at the extreme

,

lhe torsional amplification factor. A 3.0. The more severe

is not reqtured to exceed

-ading for each element shall be considered

The deflections of Level

following equation

~,

,.

shall be determined in accordance with

for design. 6.5.6.5 Overturning

The building shall be designed to resist overturning effects caused by the seismic forces determined in Section 6.5. The overturning moment at

C,,4
where, C

16.5.13)

,~

: the deflection amplification factor in ~Table 6.6.1>

90

Oesign Loads (or Bui]dings and Other Structures

AIt<

Earthquake Loads

91

the deflecions determined by an elastic analysis of the seismicforce--resisting system the occupancY importance factor determined from
<Table 6.1,1>
:6.5.15)

where, p : the ratio of shear demand to shear capacity for the story between Level x and x 1. Where the ratio, p. is not calculated, a value of fl~ l shall he used. V/hen the stability coefficient, 0 is greater than 0.1 but loss than or equal to p ,,,~, interstory drifts and element forces shall be computed including p~ effects. Where

For determining comp]iance with the story drift limitation of <Table 6.4.7>, the deflections of Level x, 8 ~., shall he calculated as required in this section. For purposes of this drift analysis only, the upper bound limitation specified in Section d.5.4 on the computed fundamental period, T, in seconds, of the building, shall not apply. The design ston drift, 4, shall be increased by the incremental factor relating to the j ~ effects, ag 1.0/Cl 0). where 0 is the stability coefficient as determined in Section 6.5.7.2.

is greater than

the structure is pntentiallv unstable and shall be redesigned. 6.6 SeismicForceResisting Systems The appropriate response modification coefficient. R. system overstrength factor, ~, and deflection amplification factor, c4~ indicated in <Table 6.6.1> shall be used in determining the base shear, element design forces and design story drift. Seismicforceresisting systems listed as other strucwres Or hot indicated in <Table 6.6.1> are permitted if analytical and test data coy
submitted that establish the dynamic characteristics tind demonstrate the

6.5.7.2 pi) Effects Pdelta effects on story shears and moments, the resulting member forces and moments, and the story drifts induced by these effects are not required to be considered when the stability coefficient, 0, as determined by the following equation is eqaal to or less than 1.0:
PA Viz ~C ~ (6.5J4)

lateral force resistance and energy dissipation capacity to he equivalent to the structural systems indicated in <Table 6.6.1> for equivalent response
modification coefficient, R. system overstrcngth coefficient. 12
~.

and

where, p

: the total unlactored vertical design load at and above Level ~; when calculating the vertical design load for purposes of determining p4, the individual load factors need not exceed 1.0

deflection amplification factor,

~,

values.

6.6.1 Dual Systems Total seismic force resistance is to he provided by the combination of the moment frame and the shear walls or braced frames in proportion to their
stiffness. The moment frame shall be capable of resisting at least 25 percent of the design forces.

4 : the design story drift occurring simultaneously with

vs
V.
It

the seismic shear force acting between Level x and x 1 : the story height below Level x the deflection amplification factor in <Table 6.6.1> p from Eq. (6.5.14) shall not exceed 0 6.6.2 Combination along the Same Axis
For other than dual systems and shear wallframe interactive systems, where a combination of different stmctural systems is utilized to resist lateral forces in the same direction, the value, p. used for design in that direction shall not be greater than the least value for any of the systems utilized in that same direction.

C4

The stability coefficient, determined as follows:

92

Design Loads Ion Buildings and Other Structures

.41K

Earlhqual<e Loads

93

6.6.3 Combinations of Framing Systems Where different seismicforce resisting systems are used along the two orthogonal axes of the structure, the appropnate response modification coefficient, I?, system oerstrength factor, s20, and deflection amphfication factor,
he used.

portion shall be those determined from the analysis of the upper portion amplified by the ratio of /? of the upper portion to I? of the lower portion. This ratio shall not he less than 1.0.

,,

indic:rted in <Table 6.6.1> for each system shalt

6.6,3.2 Combination Framing Detidling Requiremenr.s

For strucwral components common to systems having <.liffero:t response modification coefficients, detailing requirements corresponding to higher response modification coefficient, I?, shall he tised,

6.6.3.1 Combination Framing Frctor The response at modification any story coefficient, shall not I?, in the the direction lowest under consideration exceed response

6.6.4 System limitations for Seismic Design Categories D Structures assigned to Seisnt Design Categories 1) shall lie subject to the followings.

modification coefficient,

R. fr~ the seismicforceresisting system in the Q,,. in the direction under consideration at

same direction considered oh ye that story, excluding penthouses. The system overstrength factor. any story shall not he less than the largest value of this factor for the seismicforce resisting systerra in the same direction considered above that story. Exceptions:, (1) Detached one and twofamily dwellings constructed of light framing. (2) The response modificatic-r coefficient, R, and system overstrength tactor, s2~, for supported structural systems with a weight equal to or less than 10 percent ct the weight of the structure are permitted to be detennined independent of the values of these parameters for the structure as a whole. (3)The following twostags permitted to followings: pnrtion. ~ihe period of the entire snuctur-e shall not be greater than 1.1 times the period of tIre upper portion considered as a separate structure fixed at the lnrse, The flexible upper port: n shall he designed as a separate structure using the appropriate vriues of I?. -:4; The rigid lower portion shall he designed as a separate structure using the appropriate 94 easign Loads for
Buildings and Ciher Structures
-

6.6.4.1 lntenrction Effects Momentresisting frames that are adjoined by stiffer eicmcnts not consider-ed to be part of the seismicforce--r-esisting svst,-:c sImlI he designed so that the action or failure of those elements will riot impair the vertical load and seismicforceresisting capability of the frame. The design shall consider and provide for the effect of these rigid elements on the structural system at deformations corresponding to the design story drift, 4, as determined iii Section 6.5.7.1. in addition, the effects of these elements shall he considered when determining whether one or more of the irregularities defined in Section 6.4.4.
ii

structure has

static analysis procedure the structure

((~f

and ~f:l is with the

6.6.4.2 Deformational compatibility Even structural component not included in the seismic-- force resisting system in the direction under consideration shall be designed to he 4, as determined in adequate for vertical loadcarning capacity and the induced moments and shears restrlting from the design story drift, accordance with Sections 6.5,7.1. Where the allowable stress design is used, 4 shall be computed withotrt dividing the earthquake force hr 1.4. The moments and shears induced in components that are not included in the seisniic--forceresisting system in the direction under consrderation shall he calculated including the stiffening effects of adjoining rigid structural and nnnstructtrrrrl elements.

he used

rrovided
a

complies

Y~ The lower portion shall have

stiffness at least it) times [lie upper

alues of K The reactions from the upper Carrlrnoake Loads 95

AIR

(Table 6.6.1) Design Coefficients and Faclors for Basic SeismicForceResisting Systems Design Coefficients 2nd Factors Basic seismicForceResisting Sintem Response Modification C oe If ics nt I? I, Bearing Walt Systeas 1a, Ordinary reinforced consrele shear walls 1b, Ordinary reinforced masonry shear waits 1c. Ordinary pisin masonry shear maui; 2. BuIlding Frame Systems 2a. Sleet eccentrically braced francs, momontI resisfing. connections at colur.lns away Irom links Sleet eccentrically braced lrares. moment resisting, connections ci cotun.m away Ironi links 8 2 I 4.5 2.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 1.5
1,5

Design Coetlicienis and Factors Response Basic SeismicForceResisting System Moditicafion Coefficient System Ovarstrenglh ado ,~ Oellection Amplification feclor C,

System Overslrenglh Factor. ~

Delusion Nnpttltcaton Factor. C,

RI
6, Inverted Pendulum Systems
5a, Canlilevered column syslems

2,5 125

2 2

2,5 2,5

5b, fleet moment frames 6. other structures 6a, other structures

2.5

Tee setrdlrs seismic teicerr:sia are em shell tie desirleed a as awaited in accedrirre nih I lie sp~ie rencriem, etc per malerirt spacilir cosmic design slaedsiss re eapelaaalai ar analysis h: its pailonr,d by ramble research iasrlslca

SI r.tssoary sasar wails at, rst ecrnilte a br rlrsustarsa cssgasd a Saisrsic Design csrlecorv C ar 0,

2b.

7 5 6.5 5 3 1,5

2 2 2,5 2,5 2.5

4 4,5 5,5 4,5 2 1.5

6.7 Dynamic Analysis Procedure

2c, Ordinary sleet concentrically brared frames 2d, Stool plate sheer wails 2e, Ordinary rainlorced concrete shea- wails 2I, Relntorced masonry sneer walls 2g, Ordinary plain masonry shear wails 3. Momentresisting Frame Systems 3a. Ordinary steel moment lramss 3b Intermediate reinlorced concrete rrst,enl Irames 3c, Ordinary reinforced concrete moment frames 4, Duei Systems with inlermedisle Moment Frames 4a, Ordinary steel concentrically bracrd trarnes 4b. Ordinary reinforced concrels shew walls 4c. Steel plate sheer walls 4d raintorced masonry shear wallsh
-,

2,5

3 5 3 3 3

3.5 45 2,5

6.7.1 Analysis Procedure Selection One of the following dynamic analysis procedures perfotmed in accordance with the requirements of this section may be used in lieu of equivalent lateral force procedure. (1) Modal Response Spectra Analysis (2) Linear Timehistory Analysis (3) Nonlinear Timehistory Analysis 6.7.2 Modeling A mathematical model which represents the spatial distribution of mass and stiffness throughout the structure shall be constructed. For regular buildings with independent orthogonal seismicforce resisting systems, independent twodimensional models may he constructed to repsesent each system. For irregular buildings without independent orthogonui systems, a threedimensional model incospnrating a minimum of three dynamic degrees of freedom consisting of translation in two orthogonal plan directions and torsional rotation about the vc rlscal axis shall be included at each level of the building. Where the diaphragms are not rigid compared to the vertical elements of the lateralforceresisting system, the model shall include representation of the diaphragms flexibility and such additional dynamic degrees of freedom as are required to account for
6 i Earthouake Loads

5 5,5 6.5 3

2,5 2.5 2,5 3

4,5 4.5 5 2.5

96

Design Loads for Buildings and Older Siru-clures

Alit i

97

the participation of the diaphragm in the stmcture s dynamic response. In addition, the model shall inciude the effects of cracked sections for concrete and masonry e]emt as and the contribution of panel zone deformations to overall story (ift for steel moment frame systems.

is greater

Ii Total operating weight of permanent equipment

20 percent of flat roof snow load where t-he flat roof snow load exceeds 1.5 kN/in The displacement amplitude at the

f
mode

level of the

6.7.3 Modal Properties The period of each mode, the modal shape vector, the mass participation factor, and the modal mass of the buikling shall be calculated by established methods of structural analysis for the fixed base condition using the masses and elasce stiffness of the seismicforceresisting system. The analysis shall include a sufficient number of modes to S obtain a combined modal mass participation of at least 90 percent of the actual building mass in each o two orthogonal directions.

building when vibrating in its The modal seismic response coefficient, following equation: C

,,i~

,,,,

shall be determined hr the

IR
where, j,
-

(07.3)

the occupancy

importance factor oe(ermined in

accordance with Section 6.4.2 6.7.4 Modal Base Shear The portion of the base shea: contributed by the be determined from the following equations: C
.,.

,,,

IE~

mode,

the modal design spectral respon ~c acceleration at

,,,,

shall

period design

7,,

determined

from

either or a

the

general

response

spectrum

sitesnecific from

w,.

(6.7.1)

response spectrum

I?
l/
=

the

response

modification

factor determined

Cable 6.6.1> (6.7.21

2~1

Execi tion: For hi ii ding c on Si to Class Sn. or S~, the ni odal sei Sn tic the inoda! seismic response coefficient determined in Eq. (6.7.:). the effecve modal gravity load. the p00 on of the total gravity load, building ut Level
~,

\vllele, ~

,,,~

design coefficient.

,,.

for motles other than the fundamental

mode that have periods less than 0.3 second :~ permitted to be determined by the following equation: IV. of the

~ 2.5H)
where, I

(1.0+5.0 T)

where

the total dead load

and other loads listed below:

~J)

In areas tised for storage, a minimum of 25 percent of the retluced floor live load (flour live load in public garages included) and open parking structures need not he

the importance factor determined in aceor i: ace with Section 6.4.2

I?
5

: the response modification factor determined from <Table 6.6.1> : the design spectnd response actelc ml ion at short periods determined fiom <Table 6.3.3> the morlal period of vibration of the a, mode ci the
Eamlhquake Loads

2~ Where an all ~\vance for partition load is included in the

floor load design, the actual partition weight or a minimum we -4ht of 0.5 kN/rn 98 Oesi~rs toads br Bu(din~s and Giber Siroclomes

of floor area, whichever

AIK

99

building

o
6.7.5 Modal Forces, Deflections and Drifts The modal force, F fl,,, at each level shall be determined by the following equations:
F~=C,.,,,, Vm C
,~,, =

.. 1.5

=1~~~V \.l~~Jl
F
~

T)VFW w.~

where

: the

portion of the seismic hise

shear in

he in

mode, induced at Level x the acceleration due to gravity

T

(6.7.5)
(6.7.6)

: the modal period of vibration, in seconds, of the

mode of the building

in1

Lv

10 the vertical distribution factor in the

ad

effective weight of level x The modal drift in a story, 4 the deflectioni.,

consideration,
_,,,, ,,,

where,

c v

mode

shall be computed as the difference of

,~,

the total design lateral force or shear at the base in the ,,~t node as determined from Eq. (6.7.1)
LU
S

at the top and bottom of the story under

the portion of the total gravity load of the building. 14 located or assigned to Level or x
j

the displacement amplitude at the building vhen vibrating in its

rn~

level of the

node

the dispacement amplitude at the x~ level of the building when vibrating in its ,,/h mode
~

6.7.6 Modal Story Shears and Moments The story shears, story overturning nioments, and the shear forces and overturning moments in vertical elements due to the ~eismic forces determined from Section 6,7.5 shall he computed for each mode by linear static methods. 6.7.7 Design Values

The modal deflection at each level, following equation: 8,,

= ~

shall be determined by the

(6.7.7)

6,7,7,1 The design value for the modal base shear.

each ol lIe story

where,

c,

: the deflrction amplification factor determined from <Table 6.6..t> the importance factor determined in accordance with Section 6.4.2

shear, moment and drift qtiantities: and the deflection at eac1 level shall be determined by combining their modal values. The combirci tion shall he
carried out by taking the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) of each of the motlal values or by the complete quad .ie combination

(CQC) technique.

o~

the deflection of Level x in the m mode at the center of the mass at Leve] x determined by an elastic analysis

6,7,7,2 The hose shear, V, using the equivalent lateral force pro< educe
shall be calculated using a fundamental period of the building of 1.5 times the approximate fundamental penod of the building calcu1ated in accordance with Section 6.5.4 for regular structures and L2 limes the

The elastic modal deflection,

equation I 00 I Design Loads or Buildings end Olher structures
Alit

a54~,,

shall be determined by the following

approximate fundamental period of the building for irregular structures.

Earthouake Loads 101

Where the calculated base shear, V is greater than the modal base shear; V, the design values in accordance with Section 6.7.7.1 shall be multiplied by C,,, the modification factor:
C,, V V

(6.7.9)

damped sitespecific spectrum of the scaled horizontal components shall he constructed. The motions shall be scaled such that the average value of the SRSS spectra is not less than 1.4 times the 5 percent damped spectrum of the design earthquake (or maximum considered earthquake) fur periuds from 0.2 T second to 1.5 T seconds. 6.7.10.2 Linear TimeHistory Analysis Design parameters such as story shears, story overturning moments, or member forces, which are obtained by the linear timehistory analysis. shall be multiplied by the importance factor and the inverse of response modification factor. The design parameters determined may he modified in accordance with the requirements of Section 6.7.7. 6.7.10.3 Nonlinear TimeHistory Analysis Capacities and characteristics of nonlinear elements shall he modeled consistent with test data or substantiated analysis, considering the importance factor. The inelastic responses may not be reduced by the quantity RI! ,. The maximum inelastic response displacement shall comply with Section 6.4.6. 6.8 Structural Component Design Requirements The design and detailing of the components of the seismicforceresisting system, except those of the stmctures assigned to Setsmic Design Category A, shall comply with the requirements of this section. 6.8.1 Discontinuities in Vertical System Structures with a discontinuity in lateral capacity, vertical irregularity Type 5, as defined in <Table 6.4.5>, shall not be over two stories or 9 meters a height where the weak story has a calculated strength of less than 65 percent of the story above. Where the weak story is capable of resisting a total seismic force equal to the design force multiplied by the 75 percent of deflection amplification factor C ,,, the height limitation does not apply.

6.7.7.3 The modal base shear,

v,,

need not exceed the base shear

calculated from the equivalent lateral force procedure in Section 6.5.

6.7.8 Horizontal Shear Distribution The distribution of horizontal shear shall be in accordance with the requirements of Section 6.5.6 except that amplification of torsion per Section 6.5.6.4 is not required For that portion of the torsion included in the modal analysis model. 6.7.9 p ~ Effects The pjJ effects shall he determined in accordance with Section 6.5.7. The story drifts and story shear-s shall he determined in accordance with Section 6.5.7.1. 6.7.10 Time~History Analysis

6.7.10.1 Time Histories Timehistory analysis shall he performed with pairs of appropriate horizontal ground motion timehistory components that shall he selected and scaled from not less than hree recorded events. If three timehistory analyses are performed, then Ute maximum response of the parameter of interest shall be used for design. If seven or more Lime history analyses are performed, then the average value of the response parameter of interest may he used for design. Where appropriate recorded groundmotion time history pars are not available, appropriate simulated groundmotion timehistoi-y pairs shall be used to make up the total number required. For each par of horizontal groundmotion components, the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) of the 5 percent

1 02

Oesrgn Loads for Buildings and Other structures

Alk

6 I Earthouake Loads

103

6.8.2 Inverted PendulumType Structures Supporting columns or piers of inverted pendulumtype structures shall be designed for the bending moment calculated at the base detenuined using the procedures given in Section 6.5 and varying uniformly to a moment at the top equal to enehalf the calculated bending moment at the base. 6.8.3 Elements Supporting Dtscontinuous Walls or Frames Discontinuous walls. columns -,r other elements of structures having plan irregularity Type 4 of <Table 6.4.4> or vertical irregularity Type 4 of <Table 6.4.5> shall have the design strength to resist special seismic load combinations of Section 62. 6.8.4 Direction of Seismic Load 6.8.4.1 Seismic Design Cntegor~ B The direction of application of seismic forces used in design shall be that which will produce the most critical load effect in each component. The requirement will be deemed satisfied if the design seismic forces are
applied separately and indep .ndentlv in each directions. of the two orthogonal

Category D shall be designed for one of the following combinations of

prescribed loads.

1) One hundred percent of the forces for one direction plus 30 percent of the forces for the perpendicular direction. The combination requiring
the maximum component strength shall be used.

(2) The effects of the two orthogonal directions are permitted to be combined on a square root of the sum of the squares (SRSSl basis. 6.8.5 Vertical Seismic Forces In addition to the applicable load combinations, horizontal cantilever and horizontal prestressed components of the structures assigned to Seismic Design Category P shall he designed to resist a minimum net upward force of 0.2 times the dead load. 6.8.6 Building Separations All structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D shall be separated from adjoining structures. Adjacent buildings on the same proerty shall be separated by at least a ~ where
MT~

(u,)

1+(a~) 2

(6.8.t)

and 3
6.8.4.2 Seismic Design Categor C The structures assigned to Seismic Design Category C shall conform to the requirements of Section 6.8.4.1. For structures that have plan structural irregularity ~ype 5 in <Table 6.4.4>. their components and foundations shall he designed for one of the following combinations of prescnbed loads. (1 One hundred percent of tb- forces for one direction pits 30 percent of the forces far the perpencicular direction. The combination requiring the maximum component s rength shall he used. (2) The effects of the two orthogonal directions are permitted to be combined on a square root of the sum of the squares (SI1SS) basis.

,,,

and

~..

are the displacements as determined in Section 6.5.7 or

6.7.4 of the adjacent buildings. When a structures adjoins a property line not conunon to a public way, that structure shall also be set back from the property line by at least the displacement, a of that structure. 6.9 Architectural, Mechanical And Electrical Components 6,9.1 General Architectural, mechanical, electrical, and other nonstructural components in buildings shall be designed and constructed to resist the equivalent static forces and displacements detemuned in accordance with Section 6.9. \-Vhere the combined weight of the supported components and nonbuilding structures exceeds 25 percent of the weight of the structures, structures shall be designed in accordance with Section 6.10.

6.8.4.3 Seismic Design Categor P The components and foundatio s of structures assigned to Seismic Design 1 04 Onion Loads for Sutldrngs and Other Stnxturts
AlIt

Earthquake Loads I 1 05

6.9.1.1 Applicability to Com~xinents Components shall he considere:i to have the same seismic design category as that of the structure that hey occupy or to which they are attached, as desci-ihed in Section 6.4. The ful]owiog nonstructural components are exempt from the requirements of Section 6.9. (1) Components in Seismic Deign Category A. (2) Other than parapets supported by heating walls or shear walls, architectural components
q

F, where, a

0.33 ~~IJ1, compnnent amplification factor that varies from 1 6.9.2>) seismic design force cenlererl applied mass distnbution
at

6.93) to 2.5

(select appropriate value from <Table 6.tJ> or <Table

tb, components

center of gravity and distributed relative to components component importance (actor that is either 1.0 or 1.5. as determined in Section 6.9.1.4 averaged roof height of structure waS relative elevation 1? ,: component response modification factor that ~ai5es from 1.0 to to the base

Seismic Design Category 13 when the

component importance facti :. I,. is equal to 1.0, (3) Mechanical and electrical c ruponents in Seismic Design Category B. (4) Mechanical and electrical remponents in Seismic Design Category C. provided that the cnnlponei t importance factor.
j,,

is equal to 1.0.

(3) Mechanical and electrical components in all Seismic Design Categories that are linked with ductwork or piping hr flexible connections. mounted at 1.2 meters or less above a floor level, and weigh 1800 N or less, provided that the snmponent importance factor, i~. is equal to 1.0. (6) Mechanical and electrical ompunents in Seismic Design Category U that are linked with ductwork or piping hr flexible connections and weigh 100 N or less, pros ded that the component importance factor. is equal to 1.0.

5.0
S~

(select appropnate value from <Table 6.9.10ev <Table spectral acceleration at eoct rHod

6.9,2>) design
I~~~;p3i1m

determined in Section 6.3.3 component operating weight z z

=

height in structure of point of atuichment of component. 0

ii

for items at or below the base fur items at or above the roof

6.9.1.2 Equivalent Seismic Forces Equivalent seismic forces, Eq. (6.9.11. The force F
.

6.9.1 .3 Seismic Relative Displacements shall he determined in accordance with Seismic relative displacements, D,. shall he determined in accordance

F, sl all he applied independently longitudinally F,, for

with the equations in this Section. For two connection points on the same Structure A or the same structural system. one at a level x and the other at a level
y.

and laterally in combination with service loads associated with the

component. When positive antI negative wind loads exceed nonhearing exterior wall, these wind loads shall govern the design. F,
=

,.

shall be determined as

a~
(6.SlI D is not .reqti i red to be taken as greater than B,
=

((5.9.4)

0.4a ~ (i

2t)

(j)
F
,

(K

(tk9.3l

is not required to he taken as greater than F, 1.6S

&,w,

6.9.2) For two cunnection points on separate Structure A and 13 or separate structural system. me at a level x and the other at a level v.
jj

and F, shall not he taken as less than

106

shall
Esrlhoaske Loads 107

Design Loads or Buildings and Oilier Slruclures

Age

be determined as
=

(I) The force in the connected part shall be determined based on the
+

Ia

a,,,j

1aa6

is not required to be taker as greater than B where,

Xii

prescribed forces for the component specified in Section 6.9.1.2. Where the component anchorage is provided by shallow expansion anchors. shallow chemical anchors, or shallow (low duct:litl castinplace anchor, a value of x ~= 1.5 shall he used in Section 6.9.1.2 to dete~ne the forces on the connected part. (2) Anchors embedded in concrete or masonry shall be propoitioned to carry the lesser of the following: ~ the design strength of connected part

~-~-

(6.9,7)

B,

relative se ;mic displacement that the component must be designed to accomodate story height used in the definition of the allowable drift in <Fable 6.4.7>.

~.

~.

a,.11

deflection at building level x or y of Structure A or B, determined by an elastic analysis as defined in Sections from 6.5.3 to 6.5.7

1.3 times the force in the connected part as given by F R The maximum force that can be transferred to the connected part
(3) by the component structural systcm Determination of forces in aochors shall include the expected conditions of installation including eccentricities and prying effects.

x
y

height of upper support attachment at level x ~IS measured rom the base height of lower support attachment at level x ~ measured fom the base afr,wable story drift for Structure A or B as defined in <Table 6.4.7>

6.9.2 Architectural Component Design Architectural systems, components or elements listed in <Table 6.9.1> and their attachments shall meet the requirements of section 6.9.1 6.9.3 Mechanical and Electrical Component Design Attachments and equipment supports for the mechanical and elcctrical systems, components or elements shall meet the requiren~cnts of Section 6.9.1.

6.9.1.4 ~mponent Importance Factor

The component importance factor,

j ,.,

for other components shall be

taken as 1.0, but the factor shall he taken as 1.5 if any of the following conditions apply: (1) Lifesafety component is required to function after an earthquake. (2) Component contains hazartous or flammable materials. (3) Storage tacks in occupancies open to the general public (eg. warehouse retail stores) (4) Component is in or attached to an Occupancy Category S structure in <Table 6.4.1> and it is needed for continued operation of the facility or it is its failure could imnair the continued operation of the facility. 6,9,1,5 Component Anchorage Components shall be anchored in accordance with the following:
108
DesIgn Loads For Butidings and Other Structures AIR Earthquake Loads

109

(Table 6.91) Architectural Cornoonenis Coetttcimnla Architectural comportnl or Element

t. ii j

(Table 69.2) Mechanical and Electrical Components Coellicients

.-________

Mechanical

end Electrical Component or Element

is

A,

intenor Nonstructural Watts and Parlttton: a Plan (unreintorcod) masonry walls C All other nuans and partittcna

I. Senerat Mechaniszti
a. Boilers and tutnaces

1.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.0

-

~,

2,5 2,5 2,5 2 5 2.5

S Pressure vessels on skirts and ireeslandine 2.5 25

2, cantilever Elements (Embraced or brace-I to structural rams below its carter of masst a. Parapets and cantitavor intsrtcr nonctucturat walls h, Chimneys and stacks when Iaterall~ eraced or supportad by structural
rattle

c, Stacks 2.5 25 d. Cantitevered chimneys e, Other 2, Menutocturing end Process Machinery

3, Cantilever Ci scents (Braced I ostrucluri, Irarne above its center Di easel a, Parapets 5. ChImneys and Slacks c. Extenor Nonstruelural Walls
4
--______________

-C,-,.._

1 0 1.0 t~O

2.5 2,5 2.5 a. General 5. Conveyore Inonoersonnet) 3. Ptptng Systems to 25 2.5 2.5

Exterior Nanstruclurat Wall Elements anti Connections a. Wall Element 10 t~0 1.25 2.5 2.5 1.0

a, Highdetormabitity elements and etlachments 5. Llmileddefermabilily elements and attachments c. Lowdolcraebiltly elements end attachments 4. HVAC System Equipment

I 0 ,O .0
,

3.5 25 1.25

.....2: early
5. Veneer

at watt panel connections c. Pasleners cI the connecting system

a. LimIted dalcrmabitily elements and siinchmsnls bLow detorsabthly elements and altar 5ments 6, Penthouse (except when Iramed by an uttenston of the buttding trace) 7. Ceilings 8. Cohtr.els a. Storage cabinets and laboratory peel n~inenl 9, Access Floors a. Special access Iloors 5. Att other 1O.Agoendagas end ornamentations li~ Signs and etllboards 12. Other Rigid Components a, Higla deiormabihty elements and ettelinenis 0. Limited detormsbtlity elements and anchmanls c, Low determabllley elements and ailsctln ants 13. Other Flexible components a. High detormability elements and alteshments 0. Limited deformabsity elements and eliachmenls c, Lam detormebility elements and altar mania
It peeve i-Jail lies by seated dreams a nslys:s. ices redasedvaisool vi, shah be Lelaeeett ills 0 esioirattacttadesuioecne
v~ i -____________________

1.0 1,0 2.5 t,0

2.5 1.25 3.5 2.5 a, Vibtehlon isolated b. Noneibral,on isolated c. Mounted inline vnth ductwork d. Other 2.5 10 1,0 1,0 1,0 1.0 2.5 2.5 25 2.5 2.5 2,5 2 5 2.5

1,0

2.5

5, Elevator Componenis e. escalator Coaoononts

~
tO 2.5 2.5

2.5 1.25 2.5 2.5

7 Trussed Tomers (Ireealanding or auyaol 8. General Electrical o Distributed Systems (Bus Ducts, Conduit, Cable Tray) 5. Equipments

10

3.5 2.5 1.25

.o
,

1.0 1,0 .0

3,5 2,5 1.25

9. Lighting Pistures

.0

1.0 2,5 2.5

3.5 2,5 1.25

-.

VS 5

1 ltsimtied. Cur alms sat 55 isas I

2.5, iv

ilnsa it ticeibie a, liesbis iitlarttsa e5av5rnsel.iina 5. ixisi nasa to

ii 0

Design Loads toe Euitdtnt~e slid Dicer Structures

Aik

Earlltquake Loads

Ill

6.10 Seismic Design Requirements for Nonbuilding Structures

6.10,2 Structural Design Requirements

Design of nonbuilding structures to resist seismic loads shall conform to this section. 6.10.2.1 Weight

6.10.1 General

6.10.1.1 Nonbuilding Structures The requirements of this section apply to selfsupporting structures that carry gravity loads that are not defined as buildings, vehicular or railroad bridges, nuclear power generation plants, offshore platforms, or dams. 6.10.1.2 Nonbuilding Structures Supported by Other Structures (1) If a nonbuilding structure is supported above the base by another structure and the weigh of the nonbuilding structure is less than 25 percent of the combined weight of the nonhuilding structure and the supporting structure, the design seismic forces of the supported
nonbuilding structure shall be determined in accordance with the

For purpose of calculating design seismic force in nonbuilding structures. the weight shall include dead load and normal operating contcnts for

items such as tanks, vessels, bins, and contents of piping. The weight
shall include snow and ice loads when these loads constitute 25 percent or more of the seismic effective weight.

6.10.2.2 Fundamental Period The fundamental perioo of nonbuilding structure shall be determined by

method as described in Section 6.5.3, or by using other rati nI methods. 6.10.2.3 Drift Limits The drift limitation of Section 6.4.6 need not apply to nonhuildirtg
structures if a rational analysis indicates they can be exceeded without

requirements of Scction 6.9. (2) If the weight of n nonhuilding structure is 25 percent or more of the
combined weight of the nonbuilding structure and the supporting

adversely affecting structural stability. 6.10.2.4 Seismic Design Forces Nonbuilding strictures shall be deisgned to resist miniorunt seismic
lateral forces following: not less than thc requirements of Section 6.5.1 and

structure, the design seismic forces of the nonhuilding structure shall be determined based on the combined nonbuilding structure and supporting structural system (3) Response modification factors shall he determined in accordance with
following:

(1)

For supported nonbuilding structures that have component dynamic characteristics that are not rigid, the combined system R factor shall be a maximum of 3.

(1) The response modification coefficients shall be the lesser of the

values given in <Table 6.10.1> or the values in <Table 6.6.1>. (2) For nonbuilding systems with response modification coefficients provided in <Table 6.10.1>, the minimum value specified in Eq. (6.5.4) shall be replaced by the following: C~=0.l4 S~5J~ (6.10.11

(2)

For supported nonbuilding structures that have rigid component dynamic characteristics, the combined system R factor shall be the value of the supporting structural system.

6.10.1.3 Architectural, Mechanical

and Electrical Components

(3) The importance factor shall be given in <Table 6.10.2>.

Architectural,

mechanical,

and

electrical

components

supported

by

The

vertical

distribution

of

lateral

seismic

forces

in

nonhuilding

nonbuilding structures shall be designed in accordance with Section 6.9.

structures covered by this section shall be determined in accordance with Section 6.5.5.

112 Oesign Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

AIK

Earthquake Loeos

ii 3

ii::

6.10.2.5 Rigid Nonbuilding Structures Nonbuilding structures that have a fundamental period, 7, less than 0.06 second, including their anchorages, shall be designed for the latera] force obtained from the following:

(Table 6,1O,1~ Seismic Coefficients for Nonbuliding Structures

NonbLtitding Struclure Type I, Nonbuilding Irawe systems: a, Concentric braced frames of steel 2. Momentresisting frame systems: a, Mosisns Irames of steel b. Intermediate moment frames Cl concrete C. ordinary moment frames 01 concrete 3, steel storage racks 4, Elevated tanks, vessels, bins, or hoppers1 a, On braced legs b. On unbracod tags c, single pedestal or skirt supported d. Welded steel a. concrete 5. Horizontal, saddle supported aelded steal vessels 6, Tanks or vessels supported on structural towers similar to buildings 7. Flat bottom, groundsupported tanks, or vessels: a, Mechanically anchored (welded or bolted steel) b. sellanchored (welded or bolted steel) B, Reinforced or prestressed concrete e. Tenks milh rotntorcad nonsliding base b. Tanks with anchored flexible base 9, Tsnke wIth unanchored or unconstrained tanks a. Flexible base b. Other meleriet

4,5

v= 0.3S,,5Wl~
where,
j~.

(610,2)

the importance factor as defined in <Table 6.10.2> the site design response acceleration as detesmined from Section 6.3.3 : the total design lateral seismic base shear force applied to a nonhuilding stricture : oonbuildisng structure operating weight as defined in Section 6.10.2,1

s ~ V iv

4 5 3 4 5

3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

3,5 ~ 2.5 3.5 25 2.5 2

The force shall he distributed with height in accordance with Section 6.5.5.

3 3

2 2

2,5 2

3 2.~

]
I

2 2

2.5 2 2

2 2

1.5 1.5 3

1.5 1,5 175

1.5 1,5

10. castinplace concrete silos, etscks, end chimneys having watts

continuous to the foundation

11. Other reinforced masonry rtruclures not similar to buildings5

12. Other nonrainlorcsd moscnry structures not similar to buIldings5 3, Oher steel and reintorced concrete distributed mass cantilever structures not covered herein Including stacks, chimneys, silos, and skirtsupported vertical vessels shel are not sImIlar to buildings 14, Trussed tower (irsestsndirtg or guyed), guyed stacks and chImneys IS, Cooling lomars a. concrete or sieel b. Wood trame

3 1.25

2 2

2.6 1,5

2,5

2.5

35 35

155 3

3 3

II 4

Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

AltO

Earthquake Loads I

115

j
Nonbuilding Structure ~ype IS, TelecommunIcation towers a. Truss : Steel b, Pole : Steel Wood Concrete
c, Frgmc 1?

Th~
1,5 1,5 .5 1.5 1.5 1,5 15 2 2 1.75 2 3 1,5 1.5 .5 1.5 1,5 1,5 2 2 3 2.5

<Table 6.10.2> Srnportance FerLcrr C J~t mid Seismic Use Group Clrtssrihcrdon

for Nunhuilding Sbticture

Importance Factor

3 1,5 1,5 1.5 3 2,5 2 2 2 3.5 1.25

f,qi~ 1.0

fyar

IS

SeIsmic use Group as uettned In (Table 64)) Hazard Function

HleTttosts~~ product is

Ii
Hi FI <2

Stoot Wood Concrete

17, Amusemcnt structures and monuments 18. Inverted pendulum lype structures (not ole red tanks)i 9, Signs and billboards

bioIcgicaey Or onriroementally benign: tour lire or tow physLeal Trio clams product is toted hi3h or rederale erpansion hazard. high lire hasaul, Cr ru pr shooter F 1dec10 en determined by hr setrisnity having trriseiotcen, FI Nonbu,Idingslludute500tciassllied as Fa FS = seiemc ues Creep S nonbuildieg structures Or OeSigliaied osbitary 000bslllOirla structures (COOS 55: ~am~~celien loners, lee siorago ranks, cociin3 towers, or etrelriral ssbslwiicn slnictsrresl requited Err operation ol Seismir Use Group Suhuiclurest Ha

20, Other sellsupporting structures, tank, or ur:ssetr not covered above

It Tourer with Irregularity es detiard in Seclion 5,1.4
St Consort tsr ligitling Soot ilgtillrg. etc. 3) tbsoirry structures nisatloet be eltovoed a Seismic design

curing cries C

arid 0

11 6

Design Loads or Buildings and Other Slructures

AIK

Si Earthguake Loads i 117

change shal] be considered.

7 Soil and Hydrostatic Pressure and Other Loads

7.1 General

7.4 Fluid Pressure

7.4.1 Above and atgrade storage tanks contalithig thud such as water
or oil for example shall be considered as fluid pressure acting structures.

7.1.1 Application 7.4.2 In the design of storage tanks, horizontal pressure applier to walls 7.1.1.1 This section shall he applied in detennining the soil and hydrostatic pressure and the othtr loads. and vertical oressure to bottom horizontal structures shall be considered. Also, in the case of air pressure acting on the fluid surface, both additional horizontal and verLical forces shall he considered. 7.5 Contents Load in Storage Tank

7.1.1.2 Other live loads include thermal load, content pressure load in storage tank, and transportation quipment and its components loads. 7.2 Soil and Hydrostatic Pressure 7.2.1 Pressure on Basement Walls

7.5.1 Liq~d Pressure Provisons of Section 7.4 shall be used in calculating the liquid pi-essure caused by liquid contents in storage tank. 7.5.2 Pressure of Powdered and Grain Contents

7.2.1.1 Basement walls shall bc designed to resist lateral presstire of adjscenr soil, and possible snrrlwrge fmm fixed or moving loads. 7.5.2.1 Stored contcnt pressures shall be calculated considering the variations of pressure due to loading, unloading, sudden break off of archshaped stacking, air pressure, and eccentric exhaust as well as static contents pressure. For clustered storage tanks, cunihination of vruious cases ranging from full loaded case to empty case in a tank snail be
considered. 7,2.2 Uplift on Floors and Foundations In the design of basement floors and similar horizontal structural elements below grade, the upward pressure of water, where applicable, shall be taken as the full hydrostatic pressure applied over the entire area, 7.3 Thermal Stress In the design of building, the lemial load effect due to teniperamre Design pressure shall he calculated by multiplymg either adequate luad 118 Design Loads for Buildings and Older Structures

7.2,1.2 When a portion or the hole of the adjacent soil is below a freewater surface, computations shall be based on the weight of the soil

diminished by buoyancy, plus full hydrostatic pressure,

7522 Static pressure acting

on the storage tank by the contents

consists of unit vertical sonic pressure, horizontal static pressure, and vertical friction force shall he considered. 7.5.2.3 ~sign Pressure of the Contents

AlK

7 Soil and Hydrostatic Pressure and Other Loads 11 9

factor or impact factor.

75.2.4 Design Pressure of Air Pressure Vessel Design pressure of air pressure vessel shall be largest value among following: (I) Design pressure ignoring air pressure. (2) Design pressure that has less air density than static state Considering air pressure, since floating particles are not contacting each other. (vertical friction force per unit length of wail shall be assumed to be equal to the case with no air pressure.)

7.5.2.5 Increase or Decrease of Pressure due to Eccentric Exhaust of the Contents In design of vessel, flexural moments in circumference direction due to variation of the pressure arou nd the vessel shall be reflected as considering effect of eccentric exhaust of the contents at outlet. 7.6 Transportation Equipment and its Component Loads

7.6.1 Transportation Equiprnen~ and its Component Loads

7.6.1.1 Loads caused by transporrition system and equipment

7.6.1.2 In case of structure supporting shaft or motordriven machinery, the weight and moving loads due to vibration or impact

7.6.1.3 Loads of HVAC of lnilding, ductwork, piping system and accompanying attachments

7.6.1.4 Large stress causing transportation equipments and device loads when concerned with occurrence of large stress in structure

120 Design Loads for Buildings and DO,er struotures

AIK