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molecular electronics final.pptx (Size: 820.22 KB / Downloads: 133) MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS IC TECHNOLOGY Main frame computers Desktop computers Laptop computers SSI(small scale integration) MSI(medium scale integration) LSI(large scale integration) ULSI(ultra large scale integration) Limitations of IC technology Beyond ULSI Moors law fails Physical limitations Economical issues

molecular electronics semina report.DOC (Size: 148.5 KB / Downloads: 551)

Molecular Electronics abstract.doc (Size: 91 KB / Downloads: 352) ABSTRACT The field of molecular electronics seeks to use individual molecules to perform functions in electronic ci times smaller than the smallest features conceivably attainable by semiconductor technology. Because constructed from molecules will be hundreds of times smaller than their semiconductor based counterp Moreover individual molecules are easily made exactly the same by billions & trillions. The dramatic red benefits promised by the field of molecular electronics.

INTRODUCTION Will silicon technology become obsolete in future like the value technology done about 50 years ago? S molecular electronicsis a relatively new field, which emerged as an important area of research only in th was born. Conventional electronics technology is much indebted to the integrated circuit (IC) technology. IC techn the gradual increased scale of integration, electronics age has passed through SSI (small scale integra scale integration). These may be respectively classified as integration technology with 1-12 gates, 12-3 The density of IC technology is increasing in pace with Famour Moores law of 1965. till date Moore good. He wrote in his original paper entitled Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuit roughly a factor of 2 per year .certainly, over the short term, this rate can be expected to continue, if no there is no reason to believe that it will not remain constant for at least ten more years. It is now over 30 years since Moore talked of this so called technology-mantra. it is found that I.Cs a 2010.the prediction was based on a survey of industries and is believed to be correct with research of p technology may become competitive to semiconductor technology. This new technology is known as Molecular electronics. Semiconductor integration beyond ULSI, throu limitations like quantum effects, etc. For a scaling technology beyond ULSI, prof.Forest Carter put forward a novel idea. In digital electronics defined by ON and OFF conditions of a switching transistor. Prof. Carter postulated that in molecule) might be used to represent the two states, namely YES & NO of digital electronics. For e.g. one can use positive spin & negative spin of a molecule to represent respectively YES & transistor is proposed to be used, the scaling technology may go to molecular scale. It is therefore defin terms of scaling. In order to augment his postulation Prof. Carter conducted a number of international conferences on the molecularelectronics. However, as of today, molecular electronics is a broad field. The field is a result of a search for alternat materials. The field is a challenge but not a replacement for inorganic electronics on immediate terms. Molecular e materials, non-linear optics and biologically important materials in the field of electronics. Therefore hop chemical or bio-computers with inbuilt thinking functions and bio-chips etc.. In the field of communication the role of optical soliton, which is a by product of non-linear optics, will be rate networks. Economic solar cells are another existing promise of molecular electronics. Molecular electronics, which is a high investment and high-risk field, is at the same time a highly promis phases the cost molecular systems shall be cheaper. The prospects of molecular electronics depend on computer, electronics, physics, chemistry, biology, material science, etc. Historically the concept of molecule electronics dates back to the last century. The familiar e.g. is the us scientists started working on organic solids as alternative semiconductors because of their attractive op U.S. But Forest Carter who conducted in 1980s a number of international conferences on the subjec Since then although the progress of molecular electronics has always been smooth, the prospects of th

ORGANIC DEVICES Molecular Electronics, as on date, can be divided into broad areas: Molecular materials of electronics (M

or bulk properties of molecules or macro molecules or organic materials in electronic devices. MSE dea small aggregate of molecules for application in electronics. The main categories of MME are organic se piezo- and pyro- electric materials, photo and electro-chromic materials, non-linear optical materials an The use of molecular organic materials as active elements in electronic devices was actually augmente flexible, versatile and easy to process. These properties, along with the electrical property of conducting arsenide ,etc.) , make the polymer a material of hot current research. But the basic question is whether molecular organic materials will behave like real semi conductors. If a reasonable charge carrier mobility and demonstrate the existence of controllable band gap of the order see a comparison in Fig.1.

Typical resistivity Here it can be pertinent to mention the functioning of p-n junction. The solid state error of electronics ow through silicon. The flow of electricity can be controlled by adding impurities to silicon. Mobilities are seen to be low in molecular organic materials. Polymers took a leading high mobility char impure and too inhomogeneous to access experimental high mobilities. Despite this, the conjugated or confirm that synthesized conducting polymers could be employed as either metallic or semi conducting diode, with rectification ratios in excess of thousands There are reports of polymer based MISFET (metal insulator semiconductor field effect transistor) devic LED with quantum efficiencies in the region of 1% photons per electrons. Organics, which are intrinsica polymers. There are recent reports of n-type organic semiconductors. This behavior is found when T N C Q (tetra maximum field mobility has been observed as 3x10-5 cm sq / volt sec. An active polymer transistor was first reported by Burroughes et al in 1988. the device had some impor But the operating frequency was low due to low carrier mobility. However a dramatic lead was achieved by Prof. Francis Garnier and co-workers in 1990. they reported semiconductor structure comprising an oxidized silicon substrate and a semiconductor polymer layer. It poor. There are also reports of organic FET from Dr.Friend and co-workers Cavendish Laboratory of Ca capability in comparison with inorganic FETs, in addition to low operating frequency. These problem ne Recently, pure semi conducting polymers have channeled into display devices. These conjugated with is the possibility that conjugated polymers would be used to manufacture LEDs out of plastic. This has screen displays, two stumbling blocks which are yet to be overcome are efficiency and life time. LEDs s other hand, where as a minimum of 10000 hrs lifetime is required for flat screen or panel displays till da Organic materials have not being able to compete with silicon or inorganic materials to form active elec there is a world wide trend towards organics, at least in research areas. Two of the molecules that have phenylene-based chains and carbon nanotubes.

POLYPHENYLENEBASED CHAINS Polyphenylene based molecular wires and switches use chains of organic aromatic benzene rings. Rec electrical currents. In addition, polyphenylenes as well as similar organic molecules have been shown t An individual benzene ring less one of its hydrogens, giving the phenyl group C6H5, can be bonded as group C6H4, you have two binding sites in the ring. Polyphenylenes are obtained by binding phenylenes to each other on both sides and ending the chainOther types of molecular groups (e.g., singly-bonded aliphatic groups, doubly-bonded ethanol groups, a chain to make Polyphenylene-based aromatic molecules with useful structures and properties. Recently molecules conduct electricity. In one experiment, an electrical current was passed through a monolayer nanometer-scale pore and adsorbed to metal contacts on either end. The system was prepared so that based chain molecules. The measured current that passed through the molecular-wires was 30 mA, or being transmitted across the short polyphenylene-based molecular wire. For comparison, a larger molecule, the carbon nanotube (bucky tube) has been measured transmitting polyphenylene-based molecular-wires do not carry as much current as the bucky tubes however, becau those of the carbon nanotubes. These current densities are quite high - about a half a million times grea Polyphenylene-based molecules also have the advantage of a well-defined chemistry, synthetic flexibili synthetic techniques for conductive polyphenylene-based chains have been refined by J.M. Tour who h come to be known as Tour wires".

The way energy is transferred or channeled from one end of a molecule to the other is via p-type orbita over the length of the molecule thus connecting with the neighboring molecule creating a polyphenylene bonded components is maintained. Polyphenylene-based molecules bonded with multiply bonded groups (such as ethenyl, -HC=CH-, or et linkages can be inserted as spacers between phenyl rings in a Tour wire. Spacers are needed to elimin interference can affect the extent of p-orbital overlap between adjacent rings thereby reducing conducti CARBON-NANOTUBES A second type of molecule that can be used for a molecular electronic backbone is the carbon nanotub nanotube structures make a very conductive wire. They differ in diameters and chiralities and come in a insulation. Bucky tubes are fairly new to the world of chemistry having only been discovered and charac structure while excluding others. Once made, carbon nanotubes are stable but they are made only under extreme conditions. Their synth of structures. To get the precision required to function in electronic circuits, the use of physical inspectio chemical method for this purpose. Currently, the molecular electronic community is in a situation where the most chemically flexible molec conductive, the carbon nanotube, is not the most flexible chemically. Development has been undertake molecular circuits. Here, two particular components, aliphatic molecular insulators and diode switches, focused on. Aliphatic Molecular Insulators Aliphatic organic molecules have nodes in their electron densities above the atomic nuclei. For this reas bias. This enables aliphatic molecules or groups to act like resistors. Diode Switches A diode is a two terminal device in which current may pass in one direction through the device, but not off. Two important types of molecular-scale diode switches have been demonstrated: rectifying diodes a Rectifying Diodes Rectifying diodes, also called molecular rectifiers, use structures that make it more difficult for an electr terminal B to A, than it is to go the opposite forward direction from A to B. Rectifying diodes have been They have also had a role in the forming and testing of strategies for molecular scale electronics. In fac Rectifiers by A. Aviram and M.A. Ratner that appeared in the journal Chemical Physics Letters in Novem groups demonstrated practical molecular rectifiers. One group was led by R.M. Metzger at the Universi Resonant Tunneling Diodes (RTDs) Unlike the rectifying diode, current can pass just as easily in both directions through an RTD. The RTD source and drain to control the diode so as to switch current on and off, and so as to keep electrical cur device has been recently synthesized by Tour and demonstrated by Reed. The device is a molecular a semiconductors and used in solid-state, quantum-effect circuitry. Advantages of Polyphenylene-Based Structures With Polyphenylene-based molecules, it is relatively easy to propose complex molecular structures that synthesized. For their size, polyphenylene-based molecular devices conduct an impressive current of e Tour-wire-based molecular digital logic has another advantage. Since polyphenylene-based molecules synthesized and operated, they will represent the ultimate in digital electronic logic miniaturization. Any be smaller. REALIZATION OF BASIC CIRCUITS Molecular AND and OR Gates Using Diode-Diode Logic The circuits for the AND and OR digital logic gates which use diode-diode logic structures have been kn would measure about 3 nm x 4 nm. That area is about one million times smaller than would be the area Molecular XOR Gates Using Molecular RTDs and Molecular Rectifying Diodes To complete the diode-based family of logic gates, you need a NOT gate. To make a NOT gate with dio two polyphenylene-based rectifying diodes, an XOR gate measuring about 5 nm x 5 nm can be built. Th backbones. Except for the insertion of the molecular RTD, the molecular circuit for the XOR gate is sim gates inputs are 1 (i.e., a high voltage) at both inputs. This shuts off current flow through the RTD an AND and OR gates, you have a complete set which can be made the same as the complete set AND, O Molecular Electronic Half Adder With a complete set of molecular logic gates, larger structures can be made that implement higher bina AND and XOR gates and measuring only 10 nm x 10 nm. When currents and voltages representing two

The half adder has two inputs that split the current introduced so that the current passes through both o and XOR gates are delivered to separate outputs. By using an out-of-plane connector structure, an in-p though the input to each molecular lead is split, signal loss should not be a problem because the signal methylene aliphatic chain resistor is embedded in the output lead that goes to the ground to help minim Molecular Electronic Full Adder By combining two half adders plus an OR gate, you can make a molecular electronic full adder measur Combining Individual Devices By bonding together existing functional devices, it is thought that devices of higher functions can be ma by themselves. The characteristic properties of each device will in general be altered by the quantum w affected as well. Software is being developed to deal with quantum mechanical issues so that complete

CHARACTERISTICS OF MOLECULAR DEVICES Nonlinear I-V Behavior Unlike solid-state electronics, the I-V behavior of a molecular wire is nonlinear. Some molecular devices Energy Dissipation When electrons move through a molecule, some of their energy can be lost to other electrons motions a electronic energy levels of the molecule and how they interact with the molecules vibrational modes small to significantly large. Gain in Molecular Electronic Circuits In large molecular structures deploying molecular devices with power gain, such as molecular transisto isolation, maintain signal-to-noise ratio, and to achieve fan-out. Speeds Energy dissipation relates closely to the speed at which a molecular electronic circuit can operate. If str charge flow would be needed to ensure the reading of a bit. This would require more time. Because of t semiconductor computers to be highly important. The molecular half-added described earlier is one mil Optical information technology The ever growing demand of increased computing speed is mainly limited by memory accessing time a optical speed is the ultimate speed. Photo chromic materials show a bistable property. They undergo reversible color changes under irradia material, in order to build a three-dimensional optical memory, appears appropriate to build a three-dim filters have also been conceptualized. With the advent of optical fiber communication an interest in components for processing optical signals electronics IC technology such as problems of parasitic capacitance, inductance and resistance, less re (OICs) in proposed all optical computers where full advantage of the fundamental speed of light is prop multi-disciplinary in nature, which has potential applications in computer communication and information properties superior to those of inorganic NLO materials. Discovery of laser in 1960s has given a thrust t Nonlinearity can be used basically in two ways for electronic devices: frequency conversion and refract linearity, may be used for second harmonic generation, frequency mixing and parametric amplification, Molecular Scale Electronics The quest for ever decreasing size but more complex electronic component with high speed ability gave constrained devices was put forward by Carter, who proposed some molecular analogues of convention was proposed by Aviram and Rather. MSE is a simple interpolation of IC scaling. Scaling is an attractiv that of bipolar transistors. Silicon technology has offered us SSI, LSI, VLSI and finally we have ULSI. Such technologies make ev million transistors on a chip is over. But there are some problems now in further scaling in silicon techno increasing packing density. MSE is a remedial measure. Molecules possess great variety in the structure and properties. Therefore bio-electronics is possible the study of a single molecule is not a problem now as we have STM (scaling Upcoming trends At some of the top laboratories around the country, scientists are publicly expressing beliefs that before molecular revolution where molecules will be used in place of semiconductors, creating electronics circ that the impact on computing speed and memory resulting from circuits so small would stagger virtually say that they have successfully created molecular size switches that can be opened and closed repeate Repeated switching is necessary to build functioning digital computers. These breakthroughs in the field

There are several research groups working in laboratories under top-secret conditions. They are makin Random Access Memory (RAM). RAM, on a molecular scale, could offer incredibly huge storage capac Because of the very small scale of such devices, it might be possible to store, for e.g., a DVD movie on The micro electronic devices on todays silicon chips have components that are 0.18 microns in size microns or hundred nanometers. In molecular electronics, the components could be as tiny as 1 nanom that could be incorporated into all manmade items. The semiconductor world predicts it will continue to advance the silicon based chip, making ever smalle enormous. Currently semiconductor chips are made in multibillion dollar fabrication plants by etching ci new generation requires huge amounts of money to upgrade to newer fab-plants. The world of compute Several computer semiconductor companies, including Sun Microsystems and Motorola have been me electronics. Researches say that this is still only the beginning in the making of molecular computers. There are stil

Some researches believe that in order for molecular systems to work as computers, they will need to ha The progress made recently has caused a lot of excitements among researches in molecular electronic looking towards the future and have results that are helping to map the way for them. CONCLUSION The subject of molecular electronics has moved from mere conjuncture to an experimental stage. Rese information explosion. Polymer materials hold hopes of rapid development of improved systems and tec for e.g., polymer optical fibre has a number of advantages over glass fibres like better ductivity,light wei polymers will play a vital role in the coming years and MSE shall compete with IC technology which is g