The rate of reaction between Sodium Thiosulpha te and Hydrochlor ic Acid

In this investigation, I will be exploring what factors affect the rate of reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid. There are 4 ways that affect the rate of reaction which are using a catalyst, changing the temperature, changing the concentration and changing the surface area. Thus, I will be changing the concentration of the Sodium Thiosulphate in order to establish if the rate of reaction is affected by the concentration of Sodium Thiosulphate Junaid [Pick the date]

By Mohammed Saleh 11.6

In this investigation, I will be exploring what factors affect the rate of reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid. There are 4 ways that affect the rate of reaction which are using a catalyst, changing the temperature, changing the concentration and changing the surface area. Thus, I will be changing the concentration of the Sodium Thiosulphate in order to establish if the rate of reaction is affected by the concentration of Sodium Thiosulphate.

Contents Page:

Overview: When the two reactants Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid reacted, it produced a cloudy yellow substance which evidently the reactants changed colour from previously being colourless. It also produced Sulphur Dioxide which is a poisonous gas that is often released from volcanoes and other products which are shown in the equations below.

WORD EQUATION:
S ODIUM T HIOSULPHATE + HYDROCHLORIC
ACID

S ODIUM CHLORIDE + W ATER + S ULPHUR D IOXIDE + S ULPHUR

UNBALANCED EQUATION:

BALANCED EQUATION :

BALANCED IONIC EQUATION:

Hypothesis: Because to my prior knowledge, I predict that the rate of reaction will increase if the concentration of Sodium Thiosulphate is also increased as this is one of the many ways that increase rates of reaction. When you increase the following: activation energy, concentration, surface area, temperature and catalyst, then the time taken for these two reactants to react will decrease. Eliminating Bias/Fair Test: To gain precise and accurate results from my experiment, I had to consider all the factors which could entirely change the results of my experiment. Firstly, I had a controlled variable which is a factor that remains unchanged throughout the whole experiment. In this case, the controlled variable is the concentration of the Hydrochloric Acid and the temperature as this would affect the rate of reaction, therefore I will be carrying out the experiment at room temperature (27C, taking into account that the windows are open in the classroom so the poisonous gas, Sulphur Dioxide can be removed from the classroom because of safety precautions which could alter the room temperature). Secondly, I had a dependent variable which is the experimental factor in order to verify a change in the independent variable which is shown on the y axis. In this case, the dependent variable is the time in seconds. Thirdly, I had an independent variable which is a factor that represents a change in a value in order to identify that particular variable and how it alters depending on the dependent variable. In this case, the independent variable is the concentration level of Sodium Thiosulphate which is shown on the x axis. On the same note, to make the experiment fair I need to repeat the test to obtain an average, keep the temperature the same (using a thermometer throughout the whole experiment) and insure that all the equipment that I am going to use is clean (e.g. distilled water that is not removed from the conical flask can alter the concentration which could effectively produce anomalies or outliers).

OVERALL METHOD:
Equipment: Hydrochloric Acid (1M) Sodium Thiosulphate (1M) Distilled Water Measuring Cylinder(x2) Thermometer (was not available on the preliminary test) Safety Goggles Cotton Wool

Label Stickers(x2) Conical Flask Piece of Paper Black Board Marker Pipette (x2) Stopwatch (x2) Cuvette (not used in the preliminary test) Colourimeter (not used in the preliminary test)

Preliminary Test: To check that my experiment would suffice, I carried out a preliminary test to check for problems and proving hypothesis. In addition, I wanted how the different concentrations caused a significant change in the rate of reaction/ time taken for these two reactants to react giving me a rough idea of whether or not my prediction is true or false. From the evidence shown in my preliminary test results, I have chosen to use a concentration of 0.5(Sodium Thiosulphate) and this is because the mid-point will give me a base to work upon. A concentration of 0.7.5M and 0.25M will be used in order to find out the upper quartile range and lower quartile providing me an overall average without carrying out the experiment using all the concentration levels of Sodium Thiosulphate. Lastly, I will be using the lowest concentration of 0M and the highest concentration of 1M to obtain a good range of data, hence a more accurate graph. Step by Step Method (Preliminary Test): 1. I gathered all the equipment as shown above. 2. I wore the safety goggles. 3. I then labelled the two measuring cylinders with Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid (This will prevent any additional risks, e.g. accidently adding Sodium Thiosulphate to the measuring cylinder used for Hydrogen Chloride causing a reaction). 4. I measured 10ml of Sodium Thiosulphate in one measuring cylinder and in the other I measured 10ml of Hydrochloric Acid giving me a concentration of 1M for both reactants(Based on the concentration, distilled water was used. E.g. 0.5M 5ml of Sodium Thiosulphate and 5ml of distilled water). 5. I then marked a cross with the black board marker on a piece of paper as an indication for me to know that the reaction has fully completed. This was put underneath the conical flask. When I could not see the mark, I would stop the time on the stopwatch. 6. After that, I mixed the Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid in the conical flask and instantly I started the time on the stopwatch. 7. I stopped the time until the two solutions completely react (until I could not see the mark). After that I put my results in the form of a table.

8. My friend also took his own time for how long the reaction took. The two results were then averaged out giving us a mean result which is far more reliable. 9. We carried out steps 4 8 again but altering the concentration level every time. Preliminary Results: Concentrat ion (Molar) Volume of Sodium Thiosulph ate (ml) 10 10 10 Volume of Hydrochlo ric Acid (ml) 10 2 2 Volume of Distilled Water (ml) 0 8 8 Time (seconds) Average Time (seconds ) 10.575 41.375 20.795

1.0 (At 27C) 0.2 (At 27C) 0.2(At 60C)

10.71 10.44 42.72 40.03 20.23 21.36

Preliminary Test Evaluation: As you can clearly in the table above, I only could carry out 3 tests because of the lack of time given by my teacher. Time was also wasted as we had to figure out how to carry out this experiment as we have not done this before. The results maybe flawed as we did rush the experiment in order to gain some results from the preliminary test. We used the method called Precipitation which is very subjective and can cause a mistake due to human error. Hopefully, this would be changed in the real experiment. We did not use a thermometer; therefore the room temperature affected the results as the windows were open. Luckily, there were no problems with safety as we took a lot of thought into this. Examples of this were opening windows to remove poisonous fumes, wearing safety goggles, cleaning the conical flask immediately after the reaction has completed so it does not leave a stain, covering the conical flask with cotton wool so less Sodium Dioxide comes out

into the air that we breathe in tucked in our stools and put away our bags in an appropriate place so it is not a trip hazard and anyone who had long hair had to tie it. If we had more time then we would have taken much attention to measurements and readings to ensure that we gain the most reliable results possible. The purpose of the preliminary test was to give us an insight of how the experiment will go allowing us to make drastic improvements for the real test. I believe that we do not have sufficient results to verify the hypothesis made.

Main Test Safety:

We made sure that everyone who was performing the experiment wore goggles to protect their eyes. Also we could have been more careful by wearing masks to cover our mouth from the poisonous gas sodium dioxide (SO2). Fortunately the room was well ventilated so we didnt inhale much sodium dioxide.

Main Test Step by step method:

1. We gathered the equipment required to perform the experiment. 2. We equipped ourselves with our safety gear