Topic 3 Oscilloscope and Signal Generator

TOPIC 3: OSCILLOSCOPE AND SIGNAL GENERATOR
TOPIC 3
OSCILLOSCOPE AND SIGNAL GENERATOR
3.1
Introduction to Oscilloscope
3.1.1 Define of Oscilloscopes
Oscilloscope is a device that allows the amplitude of electrical signals, whether they be voltage, current, power, etc., to be displayed primarily as a function of time ( the basic instrument for the study all types of waveforms).
3.1.2 Explain the functions of Oscilloscope. The main functions of oscilloscope are: i. ii. iii. Measure the voltage (AC or DC) Measure the time and frequency Measure the phase differential between two waveforms
3.1.3 Classify types of Oscilloscope (analog and digital).
Oscilloscopes can be classified into two categories:
i. Analog Works with continuously variable voltages. Works by directly applying a voltage being measured to an electron beam moving across the oscilloscope screen. The voltage deflects the beam up and down proportionally, tracing the waveform on the screen. This gives an immediate picture of the waveform.
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ii. Digital Works with discrete binary numbers that represent voltage samples. Samples the waveform and uses an analog-to digital converter (or ADC) to convert the voltage being measured into digital information. It then uses this digital information to reconstruct the waveform on the screen.
3.1.4 Draw block diagram of an analog oscilloscope.
Figure 3.1: An analog oscilloscope block diagram
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3.1.5 Draw block diagram of a digital oscilloscope.
Figure 3.2: A digital oscilloscope block diagram
3.1.6 Explain the basic functional block diagram of an analog and digital oscilloscope Basic functional block diagram of an analog oscilloscope i. When you connect an oscilloscope probe to a circuit, the voltage signal travels through the probe to the vertical system of the oscilloscope. Figure 2 is a simple block diagram that shows how an analog oscilloscope displays a measured signal. ii. Depending on how you set the vertical scale (volts/div control), an attenuator reduces the signal voltage or an amplifier increases the signal voltage. iii. Next, the signal travels directly to the vertical deflection plates of the cathode ray tube (CRT). Voltage applied to these deflection plates causes a glowing dot to move. (An electron beam hitting phosphor inside the CRT creates the glowing dot.) A positive voltage causes the dot to move up while a negative voltage causes the dot to move down.
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iv.
The signal also travels to the trigger system to start or trigger a "horizontal sweep." Horizontal sweep is a term referring to the action of the horizontal system causing the glowing dot to move across the screen. Triggering the horizontal system causes the horizontal time base to move the glowing dot across the screen from left to right within a specific time interval. Many sweeps in rapid sequence cause the movement of the glowing dot to blend into a solid line. At higher speeds, the dot may sweep across the screen up to 500,000 times each second.
v.
Together, the horizontal sweeping action and the vertical deflection action trace a graph of the signal on the screen. The trigger is necessary to stabilize a repeating signal. It ensures that the sweep begins at the same point of a repeating signal.
Basic functional block diagram of a digital oscilloscope
i.
Some of the systems that make up digital oscilloscopes are the same as those in analog oscilloscopes; however, digital oscilloscopes contain additional data processing systems. (See Figure 3.) With the added systems, the digital oscilloscope collects data for the entire waveform and then displays it.
ii.
When you attach a digital oscilloscope probe to a circuit, the vertical system adjusts the amplitude of the signal, just as in the analog oscilloscope.
iii.
Next, the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in the acquisition system samples the signal at discrete points in time and converts the signals voltage at these points to digital values called sample points. The horizontal systems sample clock determines how often the ADC takes a sample. The rate at which the clock "ticks" is called the sample rate and is measured in samples per second.
iv.
The sample points from the ADC are stored in memory as waveform points. More than one sample point may make up one waveform point.
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v.
Together, the waveform points make up one waveform record. The number of waveform points used to make a waveform record is called the record length. The trigger system determines the start and stop points of the record. The display receives these record points after being stored in memory.
3.1.7 Compare advantages and disadvantages digital Oscilloscope with analog Oscilloscope in term of accuracy.
a. Digital Oscilloscope Advantages High-accuracy measurements Display storage Disadvantages Can be more costly Can be less intuitive to operate because they typically have more features) Bright, well-focused display at virtually sweep speed Pre-trigger viewing capability Peak/glitch detection Automatic measurements Computer, printer/plotter connectivity Waveform processing capability including waveform math functions Display modes like averaging and infinite persistence Self calibration
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b. Analog Oscilloscope Advantages Familiar controls Instantaneous display updating for realadjustments Direct, dedicated controls for often used like vertical Adjustments sensitivity, time base speed, trace position and trigger level low cost. Limited bandwidth Higher cost of ownership Limited measurement capability Disadvantages Low accuracy Display flicker and/or dim display No pre-trigger viewing capability
3.2
Understand the basic control functions of Oscilloscope
3.2.1 Explain function of Display Controls. 1) POWER SWITCH ON/OFF Main power switches of the instrument. When this switch is turned on, the LED above the switch is also turned ON
2)
POWER LAMP This LED lamp lights when power is turned ON
3)
INTENSITY KNOB It can control the brightness of the spot or trace.
4)
FOCUS KNOB After obtaining appropriate brightness with intensity, adjust focus for clearest
line
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5)
TRACE ROTATION KNOB This knob is used to correct the horizontal trace when it becomes slanted with respect to the horizontal scale, due to the effect of magnetic fields
6)
SCALEILLUM KNOB This is used to adjust scale brightness. If this knob is turned clockwise, brightness is increased. This feature is useful for operation in dark places, or when taking pictures
7)
CAL 0.5V TERMINAL Outputs a 0.5V p-p 1 KHz rectangular wave for calibrating probes
8)
GND TERMINAL This is a grounding terminal
3.2.2 Explain function of Vertical Controls. 1) CH1 INPUT CONNECTOR This is a BNC connector used for vertical input CH1. The signal applied to this connector when in the X-Y mode becomes the X-axis signal
2) CH2 INPUT CONNECTOR This is a BNC connector used or vertical input CH2. The signal applied to this connector when in the X-Y me ie becomes the Y-axis signal
3) AC-GND-DC SWITCH Select following input coupling options for CHI and CH2 AC: blocks dc signal component allowing only AC signal to pass into attenuator
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GND: input signal is switch off and attenuator is grounded DC: dc coupling, all signal are directly connected to attenuator
4) VOLTS/DIV SELECTOR SWITCH This is a step attenuator switch adjusting the vertical deflection sensitivity. Set to the position which displays the input signal at the most convenient height on the CRT
5) VARIABLE KNOB The fine adjustment is used for varying the vertical-axis deflection sensitivity continuously. If this knob is completely counterclockwise the vertical sensitivity is reduced to less than 1/2.5 of VOLTS/DIV switch setting. This knob is used for comparing two waveform and rise time measurement. However this knob is normally in the locking position.
PULL X5 MAG When the pull x5 Mag is pulled out, the vertical axis gain is magnified 5 times, the maximum sensitivity becomes 1mV/div
6) 20MHz BANDWIDTH The frequency bandwidth of vertical axis is limited to 20MHz. This knob can be used when you cannot synchronize the signal by high frequency noise or expanded trace
7) ALT/CHOP
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When the vertical mode is in dual, this button can display ALT and CHOP mode. ALT mode is a sequential display mode with one cycle of signal between CHI and CH2. CHOP mode is a sequential display mode with a frequency step of approximately 220MHz between CHI and CH2
8) POSITION Used to move the CHI or CH2 trace up or down on the CRT screen
9) INVERT SWITCH When the invert push button is pressed, the polarity of the input signal applied to CH2 is inverted. This function is convenient when 2 waveforms of difference are compared, or for displaying the CHI and CH2 difference waveform using ADD
10) MODE SELECTOR SWITCH Selects vertical axis operating mode CHI: only the signal applied to CH1 is displayed on the screen CH2: only the signal applied to CH2 is displayed on the screen DUAL: when both CH1 and CH2 buttons are pushed in the signals applied to CH1 and CH2 input are displayed on the screen ADD: display the algebraic sum of the CHI and CH2 input voltage
3.2.3 Explain function of Horizontal Controls.
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1) A TIME/DIV Selects sweep speed from 0.05s/div to 0.2s/div in 21 calibrated steps
2) HORIZONTAL POSITION The trace can be moved in a horizontal direction. Tuning this knob clockwise moves the trace towards the right, turning the knob is counterclockwise moves the trace towards the left PULL X10 MAG When pulled out, the trace will be magnified by a factor of 10 times. The sweep time becomes 1/10 of the indicated on-the time/div switch, (eg. 100s/div becomes 10s/div for X10 MAG). To magnify a portion of a waveform: Move the waveform of interest to the center gratitude on the horizontal scale
3) A, B, ALT (H DISPLAY) This switch selects the sweep method of A, B. When both A and B buttons are pushed in, it was display B sweep which was duplicated by A sweep and 2 trace of B sweep simultaneously.
4) X-Y Displays the CH1 and CH2 input signal as an X, Y graph. The vertical deflection signal is applied to the CH1 input and the horizontal deflection signal is applied to the CH2 input. The CH2 Vertical position control is used for the positioning the X, Y display on the vertical axis the horizontal position control positions the X, Y display on horizontal axis of CRT.
5) TRACE SEPERATION
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This trace separation controls the vertical position interval of A sweep and B sweep at the sweep mode is A ALT B.
6) DLY POS Adjusts to starting with B sweep during the A sweep periods.
7) VARIABLE When this knob is turned all the way clockwise (cal) the sweep is indicated by the A time/diy switch, if the knob is turned all the way
counterclockwise the sweep is less than .5 of the A time/div setting. During normal operation, this knob is turned to the CAL position.
3.2.4 Explain function of Trigger Controls. 1) B TRIS'D This knob selects between continuous delay and triggered delay. For continuous delay (normal state), the B sweep starts immediately after the sweep delay time determined by A time/div switch (19) and delay pos (25). For triggered delay (the knob is pushed), the sweep starts with B trigger signal after the continuous delay time.
2)
TRIGGER SOURCE SELECTOR SWITCH Selects sweep trigger signal source. INT: CH2: The input signal applied to CH1 or CH2 becomes the trigger signal The input signal applied to CH2 becomes the trigger signal
LINE: The power line frequency becomes the trigger signal source EXT: The external signal applied to EXT input becomes the trigger signal. This is used when the trigger signal is external the vertical input signal
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3)
TRIG LEVEL KNOB This control sets the amplitude point on the trigger waveform that will start the sweep. Pull Slope knob Selects the polarity of the slope the trigger source waveform will start the sweep. (+) Slope is selected when the pull slope knob is in normal position (-)Slope is selected when the pull slope knob is pulled out.
4)
TRIG-MODE SWITCH Auto: Sweep continuously runs in the auto sweep mode. A trace will be displayed
even when there is no input signal or when the input waveform is not triggered. A stationary waveform will be displayed when the input waveform is properly triggered. Norm: A trace will be displayed only when the input waveform is present and is properly triggered. There will be no trace displayed on the CRT if there is no input signal or if the input signal is not synchronized. Normal sweep is used when the input signal's frequency is less than 2LHz. TV-H: Effective when trig mode is set to TV, and is used when the horizontal of the TV signal is to be synchronized. TV-V: Effective only when trig mode is set to TV, and is used when the vertical of the TV signal is to be synchronized. *Both TV-V and TV-H are synchronized only when the trigger signal is (-).
6)
HOLD OFF By the operation of Hold Off, complicated repetitive signals can be captured.
3.3
Understand the Oscilloscope Probes
3.3.1 Define of Oscilloscope Probes.
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A probe is more than a cable with a clip-on tip. It is a high-quality connector, carefully designed not to pick up stray radio and power line noise. Probes are designed not to influence the behavior of the circuit you are testing. However, no measurement device can act as a perfectly invisible observer.
3.3.2 Classify types of Oscilloscope Probes.
Figure 3.3: Classify types of Oscilloscope Probes
3.4
Understand the application of Oscilloscope
3.4.1 Prepare procedure for calibrate Oscilloscope. 1. Turn on oscilloscope. Allow it to warm up for approximately 10 minutes. Letting the oscilloscope warm up prevents damage to its cathode ray tube. 2. A green light is show on the CRT screen when the oscilloscope is ready. The green light should run across the screen horizontally and should be in the center of the screen. Adjust the position knob on the oscilloscope by and turn it clockwise or counter clockwise until this line is at the center of the screen. If the line shows up as a green dot moving across the screen, adjust the time/div knob until the dot appear as a line and then center it. 3. Usually an oscilloscope has two channels CH1 and CH2. Connect your oscilloscope
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probe to CH1. 4. Find the voltage selector switch and set it to AC volts. 5. Find CAL connector. It looks like a small enclosed hook, similar to the eye of a needle. 6. Attach the oscilloscope probe to CAL connector. Ground the ground wire. A peak to peak square wave one volt above the center division and one volt below the center division. This means the oscilloscope is correctly calibrated at 2 Vpp.
3.4.2 Construct connection between Signal Generator and Oscilloscope for signal measurement.
Figure 3.4: Construct connection between Signal Generator and Oscilloscope
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3.4.3 Use the Oscilloscope to measure voltage, frequency, time and phase angle in sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal waveform from signal generator.
Figure 3.5: Sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal waveform
a. Voltage,V (V) : = No. vertical division X volt/div X probe { x1 or x10 }
b. Period, T (s) : = No. Horizontal division X time/div
c. Frequency measurement, f(Hz): = 1 / period
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3.4.4 Construct connection between simple circuits to Oscilloscope for in circuit waveform measurement.
Figure 3.6: Simple Circuit
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3.4.5 Evaluate the specification of analog Oscilloscope To use an analogue oscilloscope, three basic setting accommodate an incoming signal:
a. The attenuation or amplification of the signal Use the volt/div control to adjust the amplitude of the signal before it is applied to the vertical deflection plates. b. The time base The time/div control to set amount of time per division represented horizontally across the screen. c. The trigger of the oscilloscope Use the trigger level to stabilize a repeating signal, as well as triggering on a single event. Also adjust the focus and intensity controls to create a sharp and visible display.
3.5
Introduction to signal generator Define of signal generator.
A signal generator is a test device which generates an alternating voltage signal suitable for test purposes. It is, in effect, a small radio transmitter generating a signal of a n y desired frequency. The signal may be either modulated or unmodulated and is used for the following checks or tests: a. Alignment of tuned circuits, sensitivity measurements, and approximate frequency measurements. b. For frequency measurements, its use is limited because it is not a frequency meter and cannot be used as a frequency standard.
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The signal generator is used primarily in the alignment of tuned circuits. A signal generator is classified according to its frequency and is one of two types: audio frequency or radio frequency. a. Audio frequency generators produce signals with a frequency range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. b. Radio-frequency generators produce signals covering a r a n g e of frequencies from 10 kHz to 10 GHz. Many radio-frequency generators have audio outputs separately available through front panel jacks. These outputs are normally 100 Hz and 400 Hz.
When using the generator, the output test signal is coupled into the circuit being tested, and its progress through the equipment is traced by the u s e of highimpedance indicating devices s u c h as vacuum-tube voltmeters or scopes. In many signal generators, calibrated networks of resistors, called attenuators, are provided. These are used to regulate the voltage of the output signal and also provide correct impedance values for matching the input impedance of the circuit u n d e r testing. Accurately calibrated attenuators are used, because the signal strength m u s t be regulated to avoid overloading the circuit receiving the signal.
3.5.1 Classify types of signal generator.
There are many types of signal generators. They may be classified roughly by frequency into audio signal generators, video signal generators, radio frequency generators, f r e q u e n c y - m o d u l a t e d RF generators, and special types which combine all of these frequency ranges.
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3.5.1.1 Audio signal generators.
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a.
Audio signal generators produce stable audio-frequency signals used for testing audio equipment. Video signal generators produce signals which include the audio r a n g e and extend considerably further into the RF range. These generators are used in testing video amplifiers and other wideband circuits.
b.
In both audio and video generators, the major components include a power supply, an oscillator, one or more amplifiers, and an output control. Voltage regulation circuits are necessary to e n s u r e stability of the oscillator in the generators which derive power from 115-volt AC sources. In portable generators, battery power supplies are usually used, and these require no voltage regulation.
c.
In the audio and video generators of the beat-frequency type, the output frequency is produced by mixing the signals of two radio frequency oscillators, one of which is fixed in frequency and the other variable. The difference in frequency of the two is equal to the desired audio or video frequency. (1) Audio signal generators often include RC oscillators in which the audio frequency is directly produced. In these a resistancecapacitance circuit is the frequency-determining part of the oscillator. The frequency varies when either the resistance or the capacitance is changed in value. (2) In commercial generators, however, the capacitance alone is often chosen as the variable element. The change in frequency which can be produced by this method is limited, and it is usually necessary to cover the entire r a n g e of the generator in steps. This is accomplished by providing several RC circuits, each corresponding to a portion of the entire r a n g e of frequency
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values. The circuits in the oscillator are switched one at a time to give the desired portion of the audio range. d. The amplifier section of the block diagram (fig 3-2) usually consists of a voltage amplifier and one or two power amplifiers. These are coupled by means of RC networks, and the output of the final power amplifier is often coupled to the attenuator, or output control, by means of an output transformer.
Figure 3-2: Block diagram of audio or video signal generator
e.
The output control section provides a means of matching the output signal to the input of the equipment u n d e r test and regulating the amplitude of the signal.
3.5.2 Classify types of signal generator. i. Video signal generator : a device which outputs predetermined video and/or television waveform and other signals used to stimulate faults in, or aid in parametric measurements of television and video systems. ii. Pitch generator: a types of signal generator optimized for use in audio and acoustics applications. Sophisticated pitch generators will also include
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sweep generators a function which varies the output frequency over a range. Pitch generators are typically used in conjunction with sound level meters, when measuring the acoustics of a room or a sound reproduction system, and/or with oscilloscopes or specialized audio analyzers. iii. Arbitrary waveform generators (AWG): Sophisticated signal generators which allow the user to generate arbitrary waveforms, within published limits of frequency range, accuracy and output level. Unlike function generators, which are limited to a simple set of waveforms; an AWG allows the user to specify a source waveform in a variety of different ways.
3.5.3 Explain Standard Signal Generators. Produces known and controllable voltages Used as power source for measurement of gain, signal to noise ratio, bandwidth, standing wave ratio, and other properties. Extensively used in testing of radio receiver and transmitter The output signal can be Amplitude Modulated (AM) or Frequency Modulated (FM)
3.5.4 Explain function generators Produce different waveforms of adjustable frequency Common output waveform are sine, square, triangular and sawtooth The frequency may be adjusted, from a fraction of a hertz to several hundred kHz
3.5.5 The front panel of a signal generator
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Figure
3.7: The front panel of a signal generator
3.5.6 Describe the function of the following items located on the panel of a signal generator :
a.
Frequency Selection Group - Range switch: Provide seven fixed decades of frequency - Multiplier: Variable potentiometer allowing frequency setting between fixed range.
b.
Sweep Group The sweep group can frequency sweep any of its function outputs. It could be swept up or down in frequency using linear or log sweeps. Unlike function generators, there are no annoying discontinuities or band-switching artifacts when sweeping through certain frequencies. Two sweep marker frequencies can be specified. When the sweep crosses either of the marker frequencies, a TTL transition is generated at the rear-panel output to allow synchronization of external devices.
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c.
Amplitude Modulation Group To provide 20dB of attenuation of the output waveform selected by function switch.
d.
DC offset Group To allow the DC level of the output waveform to be set as desire.
e.
Function or Waveform group To provide selection of desired output waveform. (Square, triangle and sine waveforms are provided)
f.
Output Group Used to adjust the amplitude of the generators out signal. The group consists of the amplitude control knob, the three attenuation buttons and the fused 50 BNC connector.
3.5.7 Construct simple circuit and see signal generator as signal source to the circuit
Figure 3.8: Simple circuit construction of signal generator
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Topic 3 Oscilloscope and Signal Generator

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TOPIC 3: OSCILLOSCOPE AND SIGNAL GENERATOR

OSCILLOSCOPE AND SIGNAL GENERATOR

3.1.1 Define of Oscilloscopes

3.1.3 Classify types of Oscilloscope (analog and digital).

Oscilloscopes can be classified into two categories: