PART 1 THE MODERN METHODS AND MEANS OF SHIELDING OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION 1.

1 Shielding of electromagnetic fields Electromagnetic (EM) waves are created by time-varying currents and charges. Their interactions with materials obey the boundary conditions of Maxwells equations. EM waves can be guided by structures (transmission lines) or by free space. An antenna is a material structure that directs EM fields from a source into space, or, by reciprocity, from space to a receiver. The shape and size of the antenna controls the transition from the near field to the far field (picture 1.1).

Picture 1.1. Distribution of an electromagnetic wave from a radiation radiant in space The near field consists of the reactive near field, also known as the quasi-static near field, and the radiating near field also known as the Fresnel zone or Fresnel region. In the quasi-static near field we see fields that strongly resemble the electrostatic fields of a charge dipole for a dipole antenna and the fields of a magnetic dipole for a loop antenna. In large antennas the quasi-static field can be seen near edges. In the Fresnel zone the waves are clearly not plane and may have phase shifts that do not vary linearly with distance from a (fictitious) phase center. From the near field to the far field, EM radiation changes from spherical waves to plane waves. The far-field is sometimes called the Fraunhoffer region. Before tackling the near field, its best to understand the behavior of the far field. Far from the source, the spherical EM waves flatten out and can be treated like plane waves. Before we can discuss radar cross-section reduction, we first must examine the physics behind

radar cross-section (picture 1.2). In directional antenna systems, most of the radiated power is sent into a forward cone:

Picture 1.2. Distribution EM wave of a directional antenna to space The power density (S) reaching a target is equal to: S= where PT power of the antenna; GT - gain of the antenna; R distance. The incident wave excites currents on the scatterer (the target you are trying to illuminate) which then becomes an antenna re-radiating with its own antenna pattern. The power returned (PR) is measured by the radar cross-section (RCS), denoted . We define as the area of an ideal "mirror" that reflects that amount of power back to the source. P G PR = T T 2 4R 1 2 4R AR , (1.2) PT GT , 4R 2 (1.1)

where AR receiving area of the antenna. The echo goes as 1/R4. To drop the detection range by a factor of two, the required return loss off of the object can be calculated:
1

R2 1 2 4 = = 2 = 1 = 0.0625 R1 2 1 16 or 10 log(0.0625) = 12dB

(1.3)

I2 sin(kw sin ) = kw cos kw sin

Orientation of the shape is critical. The worst case when the wave is incident perpendicular to a flat part of the surface, which results in specular reflection. Canting the surfaces redirects this echo.

(1.4)

If the specular echo is redirected, the remainder is the next greatest contributor to radar cross-section. It is due to diffraction, which is caused by discontinuities of the surface. Discontinuities imply a change in the boundary conditions; and boundary conditions are what govern the distribution of the fields in the first place. Metals at radio frequency behave nearly like perfect electric conductors (PECs). This invokes a well-known boundary condition of Maxwell's equations: the tangential E-field must go to zero on the surface of a conductor.

Where did the energy go if total ETE =>0? It goes into the H-field:

On metal surfaces, E total is always perpendicular to the surface, and H total is parallel to the surface. On the shadow side the E-field attaches and travels along the surface at the speed of light. Equal and opposite charges created at the leading edge create almost no scatter. On the illuminated side we get a running (traveling) wave consisting of incident and reflected waves until it runs out of surface. Then it scatters strongly. For horizontal polarization (H-pol) it is the leading edge of an object such as of an aircraft wing that scatters strongly. The leading edge gets a very strong current induced in it whose job is to create the wave that exactly cancels the E field tangential to the metal. Clearly the radar cross-section reduction job is different for leading edges and trailing edges. Because Etotal = 0, there is no significant diffraction off the trailing edge. Diffraction is a challenge because it can go in many directions. The only general rule that edge diffraction obeys is that angle of incidence = angle of re-radiation cone. Shaping helps to some extent but the forward scattered rays can be reflected downstream and come back as backscatter. Therefore the discontinuity must be softened or the surface covered with a surface wave absorber.

Electric field loss mechanisms

Fortunately we have an abundance of cheap low conductivity material called carbon. It is possible to construct synthetic materials from carbon that can have tailored conductivity, from very poor (insulated grains of carbon black) to very high (connected chains of graphite). The only significant frequency dependence that enters into these synthesized absorbers is that introduced by the insulating resin (binder) between the carbon particles, which acts like a capacitor. Carbon-based absorbers provide essentially an electric field loss mechanism. It is the induced currents that dissipate the energy into heat. The good news is that electric conductivity is a broadband loss mechanism. The bad news is that it has to be placed where the electric field is a maximum. We already saw that on a metallic surface the only electric field is vertical for off-normal incidence and its difficult to use the vertical E-field for loss, that is, to absorb the wave. At normal incidence:

Picture Magnetic field loss mechanisms

For a magnetic field to dissipate heat into a conducting material, the dimensions and conductivity of the material must be such that eddy currents can be set up (about two skin depths). A bulk material layer satisfying this requirement would be highly reflective to plane waves. Magram (magnetic radar absorbing material) is filled with particles that individually undergo eddy current relaxation but collectively create a bulk material that has low conductivity. Magnetic loss mechanisms are intrinsically narrow band. They arise from resonating simple harmonic oscillators inside the material, either magnetic domain walls or entire domains of electron spins (Lorentz-like). A low-loss permeable conductor (that is one with intrinsically low ) can be made magnetically lossy if it is thick enough for eddy currents to be set up. This dispersion is Debye like.

Thicker absorbers (volumetric) are more broadband than surface absorbers. Magnetic properties increase the bandwidth of absorbers. High dielectric constant reduces bandwidth. Magnetic properties are frequency dependent, especially in the UHF to GHz range. An absorber that is broadband in frequency is broadband in angle; conversely narrowband in frequency implies narrowband in angle. Broadband behavior requires grading the properties from light on top to heavy on the bottom. Wideband behavior can be obtained by using transformer/filter design concepts a combination of interference and absorption. Most absorbers are backed by a conducting ground plane. Graphite reinforced epoxy is one example of this. Most RAS includes an unfortunately thick skin, plus chemical agent resistive coating (carc) plus paint on top; the high frequency behavior of the RAS is controlled by this skin structure. Skin cancellation is possible but it's not pretty.Of course some generalities compete with others. For instance, an absorber that is electrically thin over its whole band of operation tends to behave the same way at all frequencies. High dielectric constant makes kz inside a material independent of angle of incidence so you can get internal behavior that is broad versus angle. A thick homogeneous layer of material has internal resonances that will make its behavior narrowband.Classic absorber design #1: Salisbury screenSalisbury worked in the MIT RadLab in WWII, and this technique was named after him.An easy way to use the ohmic loss mechanism is layered absorbers. The Salisbury screen consists of a sheet of resistive material placed /4 over ground. Magnetic loss mechanisms are intrinsically narrow band.

Picture 1

The Salisbury screen is narrowband in frequency and angle.According to one of our generalities, to get more bandwidth you need to use multiple layers of R-Card separated by dielectric spacers. According to another, the dielectric constant of the spacers controls the maximum bandwidth of the design. The lower the permittivity the larger the bandwidth. But foam and honeycomb spacers give a physically thick sandwich structure. To get a composite skin you can lay up fiberglass and R-card layers and injection mold the whole thing.Classic absorber design #2: Jaumann. Johannes Jaumann worked in Germany before and during WWII, check him out in our Microwave Hall of Fame! His absorber design was first used on submarine periscopes to make them less visible to surface ships.The Jaumann absorber can be designed using transformer concepts. Think of it as a shorted transmission line to which a sequence of shunt conductances are added separated from each other by quarter-wave transformers.

Picture 1.36. Conductances add in parallel, and the quarter-wave transformers can be used to invert the result. Work on a Smith Chart normalized to 377/ R1/2. Start at infinite admittance (short circuit, right side of the Smith chart), then add a quarter-wave transformer to turn it into an open (zero admittance). Next add G1 to move past the center of the chart (here it's 377 ohms). Then add another quarterwave transformer to rotate back to the right side, then add G2, and so forth... The result of this approach is a very deep null at center band, and twice the bandwidth of a Salisbury screen, using the same dielectric.

Picture To get broadband design, think of the statement of the problem as being: "hide the ground plane." In other words, if we could eliminate all echoes behind the front face of the dielectric, the worst case echo would be the one from the front face of the dielectric. A dielectric of impedance = 0/2 has a front-face reflection coefficient of about 10 dB. Lets

come up with a scheme for gently erasing everything else.

Note that after you accomplish this you can convince your customer to add an anti-reflection layer to the design and youll do a lot better than 10 dB The approach: imagine the energy entering this material as it passes G3, G2 and G1, hits the ground plane and returns again through G1, G2, G3. Every time the wave interacts with a G sheet it loses energy. How much energy does it lose? Well if you treat it as a local phenomenon (kind of time domain thinking not frequency domain) then consider a sheet of G in a sea of Ym.

By considering the rest of the medium to the right as a load Ym behind G It follows that: = (Ym-(G+Ym))/(Ym+(G+Ym)) That is, = -G/(G+2*Ym) Thus, T=2*Ym/(G+2*Ym). In this simple problem T is the transmitted E field at the sheet and therefore that of the transmitted wave behind the sheet. Therefore the power transmitted is lower than the power incident by the factor: P=4Ym2/(G+2Ym)2.

At each interface you now have a power loss factor and a local reflection coefficient.

Picture 1.40. Looking at the ray that makes it all the way to the ground and reflects back The incident ray, Ray 1, is down in power by:

R a y = 32P 2 2P 12P 1

(1.6)

Ray number 2 is the one that crosses G3 and G2 reflects off G1 and travels all the way back:

Ray 2 = P32 P32 1

(1.7)

Ray 3 only crosses G3 and reflects off G2 and crosses G3 again:

Ray 3 = P32 2
Finally Ray 4 just reflects off G3:

(1.8)

Ray 4 = 3

(1.9)

Experience with the anti-reflection coating tells us that the way to get deep nulls and good cancellation is to make the various echoes have the same strength so that when they are out of phase with each other they cancel exactly out. This means, starting with Rays 1 and 2, that |P12| = | 1|. Therefore:

4Ym 2 G = (G + 2Ym ) 2 (G + 2Ym

Which becomes a quadratic equation

(1.10)

G 2 + 2YmG 4Ym2 = 0
In this example Ym=2/377 Solving this for G1 gives: G1= 1.235Ym From this we can calculate: 1 = 0.38 Now for Rays 2 and 3 to be equal P22* 1= 2, or:

(1.11)

4Ym 2 G2 .0.38 = (G2 + 2Ym ) 2 (G2 + 2Ym )

(1.12)

Again a quadratic equation that yields: G2=0.5897Ym For Rays 1 and 2 to be equal, P32* 2= 3 Because G2 yields 2 = 0.22

4Ym 2 G3 .022 = (G3 + 2Ym ) 2 (G3 + 2Ym )

Again a quadratic equation that yields: G3=0.3711Ym Implementing these:

(1.13)

And so there is a closed form procedure for designing gentle Jaumanns that reduce the reflection coefficient to that of the supporting dielectric. The Jaumann is broadband in angle as well as frequency. In fact the degradation with angle in TE is simply the increased reflectivity of the TE case of Fresnels equations.

Like so many microwave circuits, with the Jaumann absorber you can trade off bandwidth performance:

So there is a design procedure, but with exceptions.

1.2 Constructions of shields of an electromagnetic radiation

The radiowave absorber of the present invention has a radio wave reflector and at least two radio wave absorbing layers disposed on a surface of the radio wave reflector, the at least two radio wave absorbing layers being formed of a base material and electro conductive titanium oxide mixed with the base material. The radio wave absorbing layers have different blend ratios of the electro conductive titanium oxide so as to make their radio wave absorption property

different (picture 1.1.) [1].

Picture 1.1. Electromagnetic wave absorber An electromagnetic wave (EM) absorber is constructed by integrally laminating an EMabsorbing layer having an EM-absorbing filler dispersed in a silicone resin on at least one surface of an EM-reflecting layer having an electrically conductive filler dispersed in a silicone resin. It has satisfactory EM-absorbing and shielding abilities and is workable, flexible, weather resistant and heat resistant due to the nature of the silicone resin itself. The use of the silicone resin in both the EM-absorbing and reflecting layers ensures that a firm bond is established between the layers. In a preferred embodiment wherein a heat conductive filler is blended, the absorber has a satisfactory heat transfer ability as well. (picture 1.2.) [2].

Picture 1.2. Electromagnetic wave absorber Electromagnetic wave absorbing materials comprising magnetic alloy particles and an insulating matrix are disclosed. The magnetic alloy particles comprise a transition metal such as Fe and/or Co, and further comprise at least one refractory metal such as Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta and W. The magnet alloy particles may further include Ni and/or Al, or other alloying additions which provide the desired absorption characteristics. In a preferred embodiment, the magnetic alloy particles comprise an Fe--Cr--Ni--Al alloy. The insulating matrix of the electromagnetic wave absorbing material may comprise a water miscible polysilicate or a refractory cement. The materials may be provided in the form of coatings that are applied to a substrate, such as the hot engine exhaust area of an aircraft. The electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are capable of functioning at very high temperatures for extended periods of time while retaining satisfactory electromagnetic wave absorbing properties. (picture 1.3.) [3].

Picture 1.3. Electromagnetic wave absorbing materials

An electromagnetic wave absorber comprising a soft magnetic material powder and a binding material, wherein the composition of the flat powder of the soft magnetic material is Ni30-60% Fe, is provided, and the electromagnetic wave absorber is thinner than conventional ones, has a high absorption performance for electromagnetic waves of 1 to 3 GHz (picture 1.4) [1].

Picture 1.4. Electromagnetic wave absorber

The electromagnetic wave absorber of the present invention is made of a sintered body that contains Fe and at least one element selected from Si, Mg, Zr, Ni, Al and Co, and an attenuation of electromagnetic wave is 2 dB or more at frequencies of 10 GHz and higher so as to provide good electromagnetic wave absorbing characteristic with no corrosive gas generated at all, and is easy to manufacture. The electromagnetic wave absorber is used mainly as a component of a high-frequency circuit package. (Picture 1.5) [5].

Picture 1.5 Electromagnetic wave absorber and high-frequency circuit package using the same.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide an easy-to-manufacture electromagnetic wave absorption material usable from submillimeter wave region to millimeter wave region with an excellent radio wave absorbing performance and a variety of usage thereof. The present invention is characterized by an electromagnetic wave absorption material comprised of a dispersions of at least one of the materials: a multi-layer hollow globule of carbon, a schungite carbon, and the schungite ore; mixed into a matter having a high electrical resistivity. The invention is further characterized by an electronic device, an optical transmission module, an optical reception module, a high frequency telecommunication equipment, and a stop-free automated tollgate system, wherein at least a part of their board, electronic element, and circuit wiring are covered with said electromagnetic wave absorption material. (Picture 1.6.) [6].

Picture 1.6. Electromagnetic wave absorption material and an associated devic

A magnetite-iron based composite powder includes magnetite with a ratio of X-ray diffraction intensity to that of .alpha.-Fe of about 0.001 to about 50 and has an average primary particle size of about 0.1 to about 10 .mu.m. The composite powder can highly dehalogenate organic halogen compounds and exhibits satisfactory absorption power of high frequency electromagnetic waves after molding. An ultrafine nonferrous inorganic compound powder may adhere to the surface of the composite powder, or at least the composite powder may adhere to the surfaces of small particles of a nonferrous inorganic compound to thereby yield a composite powder composition. The composite powder can be produced by partial reduction of a material powder containing a hematite based powder or by complete reduction and subsequent partial oxidation of the material powder. (Picture 1.7.) [7].

Picture 1.7. Magnetite-iron based composite powder, magnetite-iron based powder mixture, method for producing the same, method for remedying polluted soil, water or gases and electromagnetic wave absorber. An electromagnetic wave absorber characterized by comprising from 50 to 85% by weight of inorganic hollow material, from 0.01 to 35% by weight of conductive material, from 5 to 47.5% by weight of binder, and from 0.1 to 47.5% by weight of filler. It has a reduced angle dependence of electromagnetic wave absorption and has the property of absorbing electromagnetic waves over a wide range of angles. It further has satisfactory processability and workability. (Picture 1.8.) [8].

Picture 1.8. Electromagnetic-wave absorber A radio wave absorber is provided which can be produced at a low cost compared to the case of using silicon carbide fiber and which is also superior in radio wave absorption property in 76 GHz band (75-77 GHz frequency band). The radio wave absorber is produced by arranging a radio wave absorbing layer onto the surface of a metal body. The radio wave absorbing layer is made of a radio wave absorbing material containing silicon carbide powder dispersed in matrix resin. Average particle diameter of the silicon carbide powder is 4-40 .mu.m. Silicon carbide powder content in the radio wave absorbing material is 15-45 volume %. Thickness of the radio wave absorbing layer is adjusted so that reflection attenuation of not less than 10 dB is provided in 76 GHz band. (Picture 1.9.) [9].

Picture 1.9. Radio wave absorber and production method thereof An electromagnetic wave absorber includes a first electromagnetic wave absorbent member containing a magnetic loss material, and a second electromagnetic wave absorbent member containing a conducting material arranged in front of the first electromagnetic wave absorbent member. The second electromagnetic wave absorbent member has a shape including an aperture at a tip of a hollow cone. (picture 1.10.) [10].

Picture 1.10. Electromagnetic wave absorber An electromagnetic wave absorber is formed of an Mn--Zn ferrite including: a spinel primary phase which contains 40.0 to 49.9 mol % Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, 4.0 to 26.5 mol % ZnO, and the remainder consisting of MnO; and a secondary phase which contains CaO as a base component. In the ferrite, the spinel primary phase accounts for 50.0 to 99.0% of the aggregate mass of the spinel primary phase and the secondary phase. (Picture 1.11.) [11].

Picture 1.11. Electromagnetic wave absorber formed of Mn-Zn ferrite properties An electromagnetic wave absorber is formed by injection-molding a thermoplastic resin blended with approximately 20-60% by volume of soft magnetic material powder, and blended with a molding assistant and a kneading assistant. The electromagnetic wave absorber includes a unit cell having a bore extending from a top face to a bottom face. A portion of the bore located more adjacently to the bottom face than to the top face has a smaller cross-sectional area than the bore at the top face, and a height of the unit cell from the bottom face to the top face is approximately at least 1.2 times and approximately at most 10 times as large as the maximum width of the bore at the top face of the unit cell. (Picture 1.12.) [12].

Picture 1.12. Electromagnetic wave absorption complex, and method of producing the same A radio wave absorber for use in an electromagnetic field probe that measures an electromagnetic field by means of an antenna section provided therewith, the radio wave absorber including: a first end section; a second end section that is located at a position opposite the first end section; and an intermediate section that is located between the first and second end sections, the intermediate section having outer dimension and thickness that increase in accordance with a distance from the first end section toward the second end section (picture 1.13.) [13].

Picture 1.13. Radio wave absorber, electromagnetic field measurement system and radiated immunity system An electromagnetic wave absorber has a configuration in which at least three hollow tetrahedrons, each having one open face, are connected to one another that each surface opposite to a respective open face of the hollow tetrahedrons defines a respective side face of a hollow pyramid. Preferably, the electromagnetic wave absorber is made of sheet electromagnetic wave absorption members, which have a corrugated board structure in which at least one sheet includes an electrically conductive material. The electromagnetic wave absorber is low-cost, has reduced transport volume, excellent electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics from low frequency to high frequency with a shorter absorber length, has no or small difference in characteristics due to polarization plane, is lightweight and high in structural strength, and easy to manufacture and install. (Picture 1.14.) [14].

Picture 1.14 .Electromagnetic wave electromagnetic wave anechoic room

absorber,

manufacturing

method

thereof

and

An electromagnetic wave absorber comprising (a) soft ferrite having its surface treated with a silane compound having no functional group, (c) magnetite and (d) silicone, or comprising (a) soft ferrite having its surface treated with a silane compound having no functional group, (b) flat, soft magnetic metal powder, (c) magnetite and (d) silicone, which electromagnetic wave absorber excels in electromagnetic wave absorption, heat conduction and flame resistance, exhibiting less temperature dependence, and which electromagnetic wave absorber is soft, excelling in adhesion strength and further excelling in high resistance high insulation properties and in energy conversion efficiency being stable in MHz to 10 GHz broadband frequency. There is further provided a laminated electromagnetic wave absorber comprising the above electromagnetic wave absorber overlaid with a reflection layer of conductor, which laminated electromagnetic wave absorber can be closely stuck onto an unwanted electromagnetic wave emission source such as a high-speed operating device, having such an adhesive strength that even when stuck to a horizontal glassy-surface ceiling face of resin-made cage, would not fall (Picture 1.15.) [15].

ectromagnetiPicture 1.15. Elc wave absorber A wave absorber of the present invention includes a sequentially laminated structure including an conductor layer (11) made of a conductive material; a first dielectric layer (polycarbonate substrate (12) and bismaleimide-triazine substrate (13)) made of one layer or a multilayer of a dielectric material; and a patterned layer (14) including a plurality of a pattern made of the conductive material, wherein the conductor layer, the first dielectric layer, and the patterned layer are laminated sequentially, and each pattern in the patterned layer (14) is different from other adjacent patterns with respect to at least one of size and shape. Therefore, the wave absorber has sufficient reflection-attenuating capability to prevent communication failure caused by a reflection of a radio wave and so on, can be thin-sized and reduced in weight, and has a wide-band attenuation property.( Picture 1.16.) [16].

Picture 1.16. Wave absorber

A thin, light and soft electromagnetic wave absorber is disclosed exhibiting an excellent workability. The first conductor element group of a first conductor element layer consists of aligned cross conductor elements and square conductor elements in regions surrounded by cross conductor elements. A radio wave incident from the first conductor element layer side is received by each element, internally subjected to multiple reflection and then absorbed by a first loss material layer. Since the first conductor element group is realized by the cross conductor elements and the square conductor elements, receiving effect is enhanced and the radio wave can be collected with a high collection efficiency. (Picture 1.17.) [17].

Picture 1.17. Electromagnetic wave absorber Disclosed is an electromagnetic wave absorber, which is obtained by attaching a threedimensional open-cell type metal porous body to an electromagnetic wave-reflecting surface and filling the pores of the three-dimensional open-cell type metal porous body with an electromagnetic waveabsorbing material. (Picture 1.18.) [18].

Picture 1.18. Electromagnetic wave absorber and method of constructing the same A radio wave absorber that can be bonded securely to a flexible cable or a flexible printed circuit board eliminates the need for a release film. A radio wave absorber comprising a thermosetting adhesive sheet 1 that is cured into a flexible material, and a Sendust-containing curable resin composition layer 2 that is cured into a flexible material, wherein the curable resin composition layer is formed on either surface of the thermosetting adhesive sheet. The average particle diameter of Sendust is in the range of 30 to 100 .mu.m. The content ratio of Sendust in the curable resin composition layer is in the range of 50 to 85 wt %. (Picture 1.19.) [19].

Picture 1.19. Radio wave absorber The problem of the present invention is to offer a wave absorber that has reflection attenuation capability sufficient to enable prevention of communication disturbances due to reflection and the like of EM waves, that enables greater thinness and lighter weight, and that has wide-band attenuation properties, as well as a manufacturing method of the wave absorber. The wave absorber of the present invention has a structure which sequentially laminates a grid-

like conductor layer composed of an electric conductor, a first dielectric layer, a high-resistance conductor layer having a surface resistivity within a prescribed range, a second dielectric layer, and a pattern layer having multiple patterns composed of an electric conductor, wherein each pattern in said pattern layer differs in either or both of size and form relative to another adjacent pattern [20]. A conductive pattern basically has a substantially polygonal outline shape which is a polygon and can have a high peak value of the electromagnetic wave absorption amount as compared to a case when the conductive pattern has a circular outline shape. Thus, the conductive pattern is basically a polygon and at least one corner portion is shaped in curve. This reduces or even minimizes the shift of the frequency at which the absorption amount becomes a peak value by the polarization direction of the electromagnetic wave. Accordingly, in at least one embodiment, it is possible to realize an electromagnetic absorber having an excellent electromagnetic wave absorption characteristic exhibiting a high peak value of the absorption amount of the electromagnetic wave and a small shift of frequency at which the absorption amount becomes a peak value by the polarization direction of the electromagnetic wave [21]. The present invention provides an all-weather radio wave absorber having reflector capable of smoothly attenuating harmful microwave or millimeter wave from 400 MHz to 100 GHz generated from various electronic devices so that bad effects on human body or electronic device can be eliminated. The all-weather radio wave absorber having reflector comprises a laminated radio wave absorbing composite comprising a foamed upper radio wave absorber 1 with a rugged surface or a flat surface including conductive particles such as carbon particles, ferrite particles or the like in continuous foams 2 formed therein, one or more foamed intermediate planar radio wave absorbers 3 including conductive particles such as carbon particles 7, ferrite particles or the like in continuous foams 2 formed therein, a thin radio wave reflector 4 at the bottom, and a flexible cover for wrapping the laminated absorbers and reflector together. The laminated absorbing composite can absorb and attenuate radio waves from every direction, can reflect remaining radio waves by the reflector 4 and can absorb reflected radio waves by the absorber, so that static electricity generated on clothes is eliminated by the radio wave absorbing composite. (Picture 1.20.) [22].

Picture 1.20. All-Weather Radio Wave Absorber Having Reflector and Object Into Which Such Absorber Is Integrated

The present invention is to provide an electromagnetic wave absorption (EWA) material for thermoforming having a good formability and high EWA performance. The EWA material for thermoforming contains a EWA particle covered with a thermoplastic resin layer [23]. An electromagnetic wave absorber includes a ground layer made of a metal conductor, a dielectric layer formed on the ground layer, and a unit cell pattern made of a resistive material, and formed on the dielectric layer. The unit cell pattern includes a fundamental patch having a regular square shape, in which a rectangular recess is formed on the center of each of the respective sides, the fundamental patch being located at the center of each of the unit cell pattern, and half cross dipole patches, which are respectively disposed at the four sides of the fundamental patch at a regular angle so as to be engaged with the recesses formed on the respective sides of the fundamental patch at a regular interval [24]. A radio wave absorption material is characterized to be obtained by firing a ferrite material that is formed by adding an accessory component, 0.1 to 2 wt % of CoO, to an oxide magnetic material containing main components, 30 to 49.5 mol % of Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, 0.5 to 20 mol % of Mn.sub.2O.sub.3, 5 to 35 mol % of ZnO, 0.2 to 15 mol % of (Li.sub.0.5Fe.sub.0.5)O and MnO as the rest. In the above-mentioned composition, part of ZnO may be replaced with 20 mol % or less of CuO. This radio wave absorption material has high strength and humidity stability and has excellent radio wave absorption performance although low in cost [25]. In order to provide a radio wave absorber that can be produced easily and has excellent radio wave absorption characteristics, a conductive surface 2 of a conductive paint 6 is formed on one surface 1a of a mat-shaped inorganic fiber bulk material 1. (Picture 1.21.) [26].

Picture 1.21. Radio Wave Absorber And Producing Method Thereof

An electromagnetic-wave-absorbing film comprising a plastic film, and a single- or multi-layer,

thin metal film formed on at least one surface of the plastic film, the thin metal film being provided with large numbers of substantially parallel, intermittent, linear scratches with irregular widths and intervals [27]. Disclosed is a magnetic crystal for electromagnetic wave absorbing materials, having a structure of .epsilon.-M.sub.xFe.sub.2-xO.sub.3 with 0<x<1, which has the same space group as that of an .epsilon.-Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 crystal and which is derived from an .epsilon.-Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 crystal by substituting a part of the Fe site therein with M. In this, M is a trivalent element having an effect of lowering the coercive force Hc of .epsilon.-Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 crystal by the substitution. Concretely, the element M includes Al and Ga. An electromagnetic wave absorber having a packed structure of particles having such a substituent element M-added "Msubstituted .epsilon.-Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 crystal" as the magnetic phase may control the electromagnetic wave absorption peak frequency depending on the degree of substitution with the element M, and for example, the invention gives an electromagnetic wave absorber applicable to a 76 GHz band for on-vehicle radars [28]. Disclosed is a light-transmitting electromagnetic-shielding laminate, which is characterized in that two or more layers including an electromagnetic-shielding layer are arranged in layers using a (meth)acrylate adhesive composition which contains a (meth)acrylate monomer, a (meth)acrylate oligomer and at least one member selected from the group consisting of acrylic amide derivatives, silane compounds and organ phosphorus compounds. Also disclosed is a light-transmitting radio wave absorber which is characterized in that a resistive layer, a dielectric spacer and a reflective layer are arranged in layers using a (meth)acrylate adhesive composition which contains a (meth)acrylate monomer, a (meth)acrylate oligomer and at least one member selected from the group consisting of acrylic amide derivatives, silane compounds and organ phosphorus compounds [29]. An electromagnetic wave-absorbing material composition which includes: (A) a compound having two or more carboxyl groups and/or an acid anhydride group thereof, in one molecule of the compound; (B) a compound having two or more epoxy groups in one molecule thereof; and (C) a soft magnetic powder [30].

1.3 Materials for electromagnetic radiation shields

ABSORBER, radar. The term absorber refers to a radarabsorbing structure or material (RAS or RAM), the purpose of which is to soak up incident energy and reduce the energy reflected back to the radar. Its main objective is to achieve reduction in the radar cross section (RCS) of radar targets.Other applications are to suppress wall reflections in anechoic chambers and reflections from nearby structures at fixedradar sites.Absorbers can be classified from the point of view of scattering phenomena as specular and nonspecular types, and from the point of view of their bandwidth as narrowband RAS and wideband RAS. The major representatives of nar-rowband RAS are the Salisbury screen and the Dahlenbach absorber. Wideband RAS are represented by r = r type absorbers, circuit analog absorbers, frequency-selective sur-faces, geometric transition absorbers, Jaumann absorbers, and graded absorbers. Some of these types can be combined to form hybrid absorbers with improved performance. All these types are specular absorbers designed to reduce specular reflections from metallic surfaces. Nonspecular absorbers are intended primarily for suppression of surface traveling-waveechoes. SAL Absorbers for anechoic chambers are applied to the internal

surfaces of an anechoic chamber to absorb the incident radio waves. The basic requirements are wideband performance and low reflection coefficient. Usually the absorber is a plastic foam frame with filler that readily absorbs radio waves (microspheres of polysty- rene, teflon, etc.), the density of the material and the concen- tration growing with depth. Radar-absorbing material is most convenient in the form of pyramids with an angle of 30 to 60 at the apex, which assures multiple re-reflections that increase absorption. To reduce the reflection coefficient to 20 dB, the height of the pyramids must be 0.5 to 0.6, but to reduce it to 50 dB, a height of 7 to 10 is required. In this case thinner structures are used, made, for example, from fer-rite absorbing materials. IAM Ref.: Finkel'shteyn (1983), p. 145; Knott, 1993, pp. 528532. Chirosorb absorbing material is a novel RAM typically fabricated by embedding randomly oriented identical chiral microstructures (e.g., microhelices), in an isotropic host medium. In comparison with conventional RAMs, it possesses an excellent low-reflectivity property and may be prac- tically invisible to radar. SAL Ref.: Bhattacharyya (1991), p. 233. Circuit analog (CA) absorbers are sheets of low-loss mate-rial on which specific conducting patterns have been depos-ited. The patterns constitute resistance, inductance, and capacitance. The deposited film can be represented by an equivalent RLC circuit, parameters of which can be con- trolled by the geometric configuration, film thickness, and conductivity of the deposition on the film. An example of apattern deposited on a CA sheet in shown in Fig. A1.CA absorbers can be tuned, as with an RLC circuit enabling the designer to improve the bandwidth of the multi-sheet configuration. In general, CA absorber is a lossy version of a class of printed patterns known as frequency-selective surfaces (FSS). SAL Ref.: Knott (1993) p. 326; Bhattacharyya (1991), pp. 215217.

Figure A1 Circuit analog absorbers (after Knott, 1993, )

A Dahlenbach absorber (Fig. A2) consists of a thick homo-geneous lossy layer backed by a metallic plate. It is a simple narrowband absorber that is flexible and can be applied to different kinds of curved surfaces. It is characteristic of single-

Figure A2 Dahlenbach Bhattacharyya, 1991, Fig. 4.65, p. 211).

absorber (after

layer absorbers backed by metal plates that it is impossible to achieve zero reflection because the layer material must be such that low reflection occurs on its front face, and using physically realizable materials it is impossible to force reflection from both the front face and the metal backing to zero.The main objective in this case is to choose electrical proper-ties of the layer to make two reflections to cancel each other. Reflectivity curves for dominantly electrical and magnetic layer materials are shown in Figs. A3 and A4, respectively. The optimum layer thickness in the first case is near a quarter wavelength, in the second case it is near a half wavelength.SAL

A dielectric absorber uses dielectric absorbing materials forts construction. An example of a simple, single-layer dielectric absorber is the Salisbury screen. In practical applications, multilayer dielectric absorbers are used, such as Jaumann absorbers and graded dielectric absorbers. Practical graded dielectric absorbers are made of discrete layers with proper-ties changing from layer to layer. SAL Ref.: Knott (1993), pp. 313327.

Figure A3 Reflectivity of dominantly electric materials. Solid trace: |r| = 16, |r| = 1, = 20, = 0; dashed trace: |r| = 25, |r| = 16, = 30, = 20; diagonal trace: |r| = |r| = 4, = = 15. r = |r|exp(i) and r = |r|exp(i) are the complex per-mittivity and permeability of the material relative to those of free space (from Knott, 1993, Fig. 8.12, p. 319).

Figure A4 Reflectivity of dominantly magnetic materials. Solid trace: |r| = 16, |r| = 1, = 10, = 0; dashed trace: |r| = 25, |r| = 16, = 20, = 30; diagonal trace: |r| = |r| = 4, = = 15 (from Knott, 1993, Fig. 8.13, p. 319). Ferrite absorbing material provides attenuation of a radio wave passing through it. Ferrite absorbing coatings are marked by their low weight and thickness. Usually they are used for masking the warheads of ballistic missiles and vari-ous reflective parts of short-range missiles. They provide an attenuation of 15 to 30 dB. With a thickness of 5 mm, a square meter of coating has a weight of up to 5 kg. Ferrite absorbing materials are used for camouflage in a wide wave- band, from the meter to the centimeter range.Ferrite material is used for coatings of anechoic chambers, taking the form of a layer of tightly placed tiles or an absorbing wall consisting of individual magnetic rods arranged vertically and horizontally. IAM Ref.: Stepanov (1968), p. 62; Bhattacharyya (1991), pp. 177, 217218. Frequency-selective surface (FSS) types of absorbers usu-ally take the form of a thin metallic patterns etched into or deposited onto lossless substrates or films. The desired effect is to pass waves of a given range of frequencies, or all waves except those in a required band (band pass or band stop filtering). Other uses are high-pass or low-pass filtering. Some configurations used in FSS are shown in Fig. A5. Frequency selective surfaces find many practical applications: in antenna reflectors, wave polarizers, RCS control, and so forth. The Jaumann and circuit analog absorbers are versions of FSS.SAL Ref.: Bhattacharyya (1991), pp. 224, 228.

Figure A5 Frequency-selective surfaces (after Knott, 1993, Fig. 8.22, p. 330). A geometric transition absorber is based on geometric transition from free space to the highly loss medium that provides an effective dielectric gradient and minimizes reflections. The major shapes available are convoluted, wedge-shaped, twisted-wedge-shaped, rectangular, triangular, conical, and pyramidal. The pyramidal profile is most often used, usually having the structure of a planar array of pyramidal absorbers (Fig. A6). Geometric transition absorbers are used in anechoic chambers to reduce reflection from the

Figure A6 Geometric transition absorber (from Knott, 1993, Fig. 8.18, p. 326). walls. This type of absorber can provide reflectivity reduction in excess of 50 dB and bandwidth from 100 MHz to 100 GHz.SAL Ref.: Knott (1993), pp. 326, 528532; Bhattacharyya (1991), p. 219. A graded absorber is constructed from discrete layers with properties changing from layer to

layer. The most common use layers of dielectric materials. One commercial example is a threelayer graded dielectric absorber about 1 cm thick with properties shown in Fig. A7. In the commercial productions of graded dielectric absorbers, five or more layers have been used. Commercial graded magnetic absorbers appear to have been limited to three layers. SAL Ref.: Knott, (1993), p. 324.

Figure A7 Measured reflectivity of a three-layer graded dielectric absorber (from Knott, 1993, Fig. 8.17, p. 325).

A hybrid absorber combines different types of absorbers to provide broader bandwidth or improved performance within the same band. For example, magnetic and circuit analog absorbers, or Jaumann and graded dielectric absorbers can be combined. Reflection coefficients as a function of frequency for a three-layer Jaumann, a graded dielectric, and a hybrid absorber are shown in Fig. A8. SAL Ref.: Knott (1993), pp. 339343. Interference absorbing materials, when used as coatings, constitute resonant absorbers, consisting of one layer of dielectric applied to the metal surface that is to be protected. The thickness d and the constants (the permittivity) and (the permeability) of the material are selected for a given wavelength, , to meet the condition d = /4()1/2. The coating is usually made of plastic or rubber, filled with graphite powder or carbonyl iron. Such materials are narrowband absorbers and operate well only at angles of incidence close to normal. Materials of the interference type can also be used for effective absorption over a broad frequency band, with several layers having thickness and structure optimized for different wave lengths. This is achieved through a specific combination of dielectric and magnetic constants of the absorber. The material can also contain dipoles made from metal fiber, filamentary crystals, or fibers made from plastic with a metal coating. Interference materials are made either with metal or non metal substrate having a high relative dielectric constant (100 to 200), the latter simplifying the attachment of the coating to the masked structure. Multilayer interference

materials provide signal attenua-tion from 20 to 40 dB at X-band, and from about 7 to 12 dB at C-band (Fig. A8). IAM Ref.: Stepanov (1968), p. 55; U.S. Patent no. 3,568,195, cl. 343-18, 3-2-71.

Figure A8 Reflection coefficient as a function of frequency for Jaumann, graded dielectric, and hybrid absorbers (from Knott, 1993, Fig. 8.28, p. 342).Jaumann absorber is a wideband multilayer structure. It is made from alternating layers of lossy film and relatively thick layers of low-loss materials. The cascade process used in multilayer absorbers considerably improves the bandwidth of the absorption. Figure A9 shows the calculated reflected

power versus frequency for Jaumann absorbers containing variable numbers of resistive sheets. SAL Ref.: Skolnik (1990), p. 11.48; Bhattacharyya (1991), p. 215; Knott (1993), pp. 320323. A magnetic absorber uses magnetic radar absorbing material such as ferrite slabs. It has an

advantage over dielectric absorbers, because usually it requires only 1/10 of the thickness of dielectric absorbers to cause the same RCS reduction. As an example, absorption characteristics of a two-layer magnetic absorber, constructed from a ferrite-resin mixture.

impregnated with short metal fibers, are shown in Fig. A10. SAL Ref.: Bhattacharyya (1991), pp. 217, 218; K. Hatakeyama and T. Inui, Electromagnetic Wave Absorber Using Ferrite Absorbing Materials Dispersed with Short Metal Fibers, IEEE Trans. MAG-20, no. 5, Sept. 1984, pp. 1261263.

Figure A10 Absorption characteristics of a two-layer magnetic absorber (from Hatakeyama and Inui). The r = r type absorber has performance based on the following theorem: If a target has equal

values for relative permittivity and permeability, the far-zone backscattered fields are zero if shape and material of the body remain unchanged for a 90 rotation of the body around the direction of incidence. In the case of the r = r absorber, the intrinsic impedance of the medium is equal to that of free space, and so theoretically there will be no reflection from the interface with free space for illumination by normally incident plane waves. In practice the material always has some loss and the desired matching cannot be achieved, so we have some residual reflection. But using a layer of ferrite material with r = r makes it possible to reduce RCS over a considerable band-width. The magnitude of reflection coefficients at the plane interface between free space and a r = r absorber depends on the angle of incidence with || as the parameter Ref.: Bhattacharyya (1991), p. 216. Narrowband absorbing material usually is a single-layer interference material. The small thickness of the coating is an advantage of such material. IAM Ref.: Finkel'shteyn (1983), p. 145; Bhattacharyya (1991), p. 204. Nonspecular absorbing materials are RAMs designed to suppress returns that arise primarily from surface traveling waves, edge waves, or creeping waves. The main design approaches use magnetic and dielectric surface coatings to

Figure A11 The angular performance of r = r absorber for different values of || (from Bhattacharyya, 1991, Fig. 4.68, p. 215). reduce surface currents (and so to suppress traveling and creeping waves echoes) and use tapered resistive strips to suppress edge diffraction returns. SAL Ref.: Knott (1993), pp. 343355. Pyramidal absorber is the term sometimes used for a geo-metric transition absorber with pyramidal profile. SAL Ref.: Bhattacharyya (1991), p. 219. The Salisbury screen absorber is a classical resonator absorber that is the simplest specular narrowband radar-absorbing structure (Fig. A12). A Salisbury screen can be electric or magnetic and usually consists of a resistive sheet or screen in front of a conducting plane, separated by a dielectric or magnetic slab called a spacer. In practice, the resistive layer is glued to a light plastic foam or honeycomb spacer

backed by metal foil.

Figure A12 Salisbury screen absorber (after Knott, 1993, Fig. 8.8, p. 314). Reflection coefficients of Salisbury screens depend on the angle of incidence. Recently, multiple electric and magnetic Salisbury screens were designed. This implementation provides a relatively large reduction of RCS in the specular direction, and the RCS reduction does not deteriorate too much in directions away from the normal, or if the surface is curved or contains fabrication errors. SAL Ref.: Skolnik (1990), p. 11.46; Bhattacharyya (1980), pp. 204208; Knott (1993), pp. 314318.

Screening absorbing material is intended to attenuate undesirable radiation to protect the operators of the radar station and other groups of servicing personnel operating in the zone of the high-intensity microwave radiation. Screening radioabsorbing materials are intended to absorb high-intensity radiation (3 to 4.5 W/cm2) and to operate jointly with cooling systems (air and water). A multilayer structure having conical recesses on its back surfaces is used for screening. Each layer consists of hollow ceramic microspheres bound by glue cement. Diameters of the microspheres diminish from layer to layer in the direction of the rear surface. The absorber withstands a temperature of up to 1,315C. For screening of electronic apparatus and antenna cowlings, fabric material is used with a pyramidal structure and resistive surface intended for frequencies above 2.4 GHz and having a weight of 500 g/m2. IAM. Ref.: Electronics, 1970, vol. 43, no. 1, p. 81; Patent CAN 3,441,933 cl. 34318 of 4-29-69. Structural absorption material is used to achieve a combination of physical strength and

absorption. This technique is based on replacing the original structure with composites of absorbing material and nonmetallic structure, or combinations of filaments of wave absorbing materials and metallic or nonmetallic structure. SAL Ref.: Morchin (1993), p. 123. Surface-wave absorbing material is a thin layer of absorber, typically ferrite and synthetic rubber paint. To improve the performance multiple layers can be used (see Jaumann absorber). SAL Ref.: Morchin (1993), p. 122. A tunable absorbing material is one whose absorption band can be adjusted within certain limits. One example is a radio-absorbing grid of synthetic fiber or metal wire with a diameter of less than 0.1 with absorbers attached to it. Depending on the wavelength, narrowband absorbers with the necessary dimensions are selected, and the distance between them on the grid is adjusted. These absorbers are multilayer structures consisting of reflective and absorbing layers. When such a coating is used as a masking means for ground equipment, absorbers are combined that are effective at various wavebands from 0.1 to 10, where is the longest wavelength of the radiation.IAM Ref.: Paliy (1974), p. 197; U.S. Patent no. 3,427,619, cl. 348-18, dated 2-1169. Wideband absorbing material is effective over a wide frequency band. Depending on the application, wideband coatings of various types can be used. For example, for masking aerospace craft a material in the form of an elastic silicon-organic foam capable of operating for a long time at high temperatures (up to 260C) in a waveband shorter than 4 cm is used. For masking of stationary or slowly moving objects, multilayer materials may be used, made from porous rubber mixed with coal dust, or coatings of pressed grains of polystyrene foam surrounded by a strong coal film. The front part of such coatings is usually corrugated. Ferrite radio-absorbing materials have wideband properties. IAM. Ref.: Stepanov (1968), p. 59; Bhattacharyya (1991), pp. 212220.

1.4 Summary

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