T.ulrich - Genesis of The Bajo de La AlumbreraPorphyry CuAu Deposit

DISS ETH Nr.
13383
Genesis of the Au
Bajo
de la Alumbrera
Porphyry
Cu-
Deposit, Argentina: Geological,

and
Fluid
Geochemical,
Isotopic Implications
A dissertation submitted to the
SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH

for the
degree of
Doctor of Natural Science
presented by
Thomas Ulrich
Dipl.
Natw. ETH
born November 25th 1969

citizen of Unterstammheim
(ZH)
accepted
Prof. Dr. C. A. Heinrich
Prof. Dr. V.
on
the recommendation of
ETH
Zrich,
examiner co-examiner
co-examiner
Koppel
ETH Zrich,
Prof. Dr. A. H, Clark
Queen's University Kingston,
1999
Con I en I
Contents
Zusammenfassung
Summary
Introduction
and
Aim
of the
Study
Statement of the Problem
7 8
Organization of the Work
PART I: GEOLOGY AND GENESIS OF THE BAJO DE LA ALUM

BRERA PORPHYRY CU-AU
DEPOSIT, ARGENTINA
9
10
Abstract
Introduction
Regional Geologic Setting

Geology
and
ll 15
15
Igneous Petrology
Rock
Wall Rock Andsites
Hypabyssal
Geologic
NE
Types
at
Bajo
de la Alumbrera
16
17 19
map and
description
of section 47
Los Amarillos
Porphyry
Porphyry dike Quartz-Eye Porphyry

Colorado Norte
21
21
Porphyry
21 22
23
Igneous Breccia Early-P3 Porphyry Campamiento Porphyry
23
Porphyry NW-Porphyry Dikes

North Post-Mineralization
24
and Late
Porphyries
24 25 26 28
28 30
Porphyry (P4) Alteration Mineralogy and Zonation
Quartz-Magnetite Alteration
Potassic Alteration
(propylitic alteration) Alteration (Ph\ llic and Argillic Alteration) Feldspar-Destructive

Vein Sequence
Pre-Ore Main
and
Chlorite- Rpidote alteration
31
Mineralization
34 34
37
39 41
Stage Veins Ore Stage Vein Stage
Late Sulfide Vein
Post-Mineralization
Stage
Content
Ore Distribution
Supergene Processes
at
42
Alumbrera
44
Magmatic Geochemistry
thermal
and
Mass-Balance Calculation
of
Hydro45 45
Alteration....
Selection
Sample
Results of
Geochemistry
and Calculation of Alteration Reactions
47 47
48
Composition
of unaltered
porphyries
Mass-balance calculation
Quartz-magnetite zone
Potassic alteration
zone
zone Chlorite-epidote Feldspar-destructive overprint Interpretation and Genesis of the Deposit
53
53
55
alteration
55
57
PART II: FLUID INCLUSION AND STABLE ISOTOPE STUDY OF THE
BAJO DE LA ALUMBRERA PORPHYRY CU-AU DEPOSIT,

ARGENTINA
Abstract Introduction
Fluid Inclusion Study
63 64 66
Sample
Material for Fluid Inclusion and
Isotope Studies
66 68 68 69 70
70 70 72 72 78
82
Fluid Inclusion
Types
at
Bajo
de la Alumbrera
Polyphase brine Opaque-bearing

Brine inclusions
inclusions brine inclusions
Aqueous inclusions High-density vapor inclusions Low-density vapor inclusions

Relative
Timing of Fluid Inclusion Types Deposit-Scale Distribution of Fluid Inclusion Types Micro thermometry Analyses of Ffydrothermal Fluids Experimental setup and high-temperature measurements
Polyphase Opaque-bearing
brine inclusions
brine inclusions
82
84 85
Brine inclusions
85
85
Aqueous ITigh-density vapor inclusions Low-density vapor inclusions
inclusions
87 89
89
Temperature-Pressure
Boiling assemblages
Estimates
90
Content
Fluid inclusion
Fluid inclusion
assemblages homogenizing by vapor disappearance assemblages homogenizing by halite dissolution

and space
90 91
Interpretation of P-T-XNaCl evolution in time LAICP-MS Analysis of Fluid Compositions

Liquid-rich
inclusions
92
97 97
inclusions) Boiling assemblages (coexisting liquid Vapor-rich inclusions (high-density and low-density assemblages)
and \apor
105
108
Estimate of Fluid/Rock ratio for the Potassic Alteration and Cu Mineralization 111
Melt Inclusion Study
113
Sample Material, Timing
and
Microthcrmomctry of Melt Inclusions
113
114 115
Composition of Melt Inclusions Tentative Interpretation of Melt Inclusions

Oxygen
and
Hydrogen Isotope Study
117
Fractionation Factors and Results of the Stable
Isotope Analyses
119
121 121
122
lsotopic Composition
of Hydrothermal Fluids
Magmatic fluid lsotopic fluid composition of the potassic alteration Fluid composition of the chlorite-epidote alteration Fluid composition of the feldspar-destructive alteration
123
124
124 126
Interpretation
Discussion
and Discussion of the Stable
Isotopes
of the
Fluid Evolution
Summary
and
Conclusion
130 132
134
Acknowledgments
Reference
Curriculum Vttae
Appendix
144
145 146
151
A) Analytical methods
B) List of surface samples and drill hole samples C) Microthermometry data of fluid inclusion assemblages D)LA-1CP-MS data of individual fluid inclusions
162 171
E) Selection of Raman spectra F) Selection of XRD-spectra G) Geochemical whole-rock data Fl) Matrices : Conversion of oxides into moles of minerals 1) Raw data of O and H-Analyses
196
197
199
201
206
Zusammenfassung
Zusammenfassung
Magmatisch-hydrothermale Erzlagersttten gehren

Rohstoffvorkommen der Erde, Solche natrlichen
durch
zu
den
wichtigsten metallischen
im Erdirmem
Metall-Anreicherungen entstehen
wssrigen Lsung,
aus
Transport gelster Komponenten
in einer heissen
der schliesslich
Erzmineralien in Adern
unterschiedlichen
Interesse
ausgefllt werden.
Die
Erforschung
der genauen Prozesse, die

von
zu
ganz
Metallanreicherungen
von
fhren knnen, sind
grundlegendem geologischem potentielle

Vorkommen
aber auch
grosser
praktischer Bedeutung,
um
weitere
aufzufinden.
Die
vorliegende
Arbeit umfasst die
Untersuchungen
einer der
grssten Kupfer-und
Goldlagersttten
der Welt
(806 Millionen Tonnen

von
Erz mit 0.53 % Cu und 0.64
g/t Au),
die
porphyrische Cu-Au-Lagersttte
Bajo
de la Alumbrera im Nordwesten
von
Argentinien.
Geologisch-petrographische, geochemische und isotopische Analysen sowie Mikroanalysen

von
in-situ
geochemische
Flssigkeitseinschlssen
wurden
kombiniert,
um
eine umfassende in
Charakterisierung
diesem sehr gut
yse
von
der Prozesse abzuleiten. Das Ziel
war
insbesondere, die
Fluidentwicklung
aufgeschlossenen Hydrothermalsystem
zu
rekonstruieren. Die
quantitative Anal
Flssigkeitseinschlssen mit einem speziell fr solche Untersuchungen an der ETFI Zrich

-
entwickelten Laser-Ablation s
ICP
Massenspektrometer
wurde
zum
ersten Mal
an
einer
porphyrischen Cu-Au-Lagersttte angewendet.

Untersucluingsmethoden
fr
Mit dieser Methode und den herkmmlichen
Flssigkeitseinschisse (Mikrothermometrie, Raman-Spektroskopie) verfolgen.

Durch
und
dessen sich die chemischen Konzentrationen des Fluids in Raum und Zeit Kombination mit Sauerstoff-und
die
Wasserstoff-Isotopenanalysen
des Fluids
aus
wurde zudem der
Zeitpunkt
Bedingungen
fr die
Entmischung
Erzausfllung,
einer Schmelze, die chemischen und
thermischen Prozesse der
sowie das Auftreten und die Herkunft unterschiedlicher
Fluide bestimmt.
Die
Lagersttte ist aus verschiedenen dazwischen Porphyr-Seh loten aufgebaut, welche in die Negro Volcanic Complex" intrudierten.
Zusammen mit welche eine
andesitischen Vulkanite des Faralln

zwei frhen Intrusionen sind
jeweils separate Fluidpulse aufgestiegen,
Zusammenfassung
charakteristische, nahezu konzentrische Alter ationsverteilung verursachten. Diese besteht aus einer
frhen Quarz
-
Magnetit
Zone, einer potassischen Zone und einer propylitisehen Zone, sowie

Geocliemische
einer spteren
phyUischen berprgung,
Analysen
der Gesteine
aus
diesen
Alterationszonen
zeigen Konzentrationsvernderungen
Quartz
-
im Gestein durch Fluid/Gesteins-
Reaktionen an, die in der 100%

an
Magnetit
Zone das Gestein
um
bis
zu
300%
an
Si() und
Fe
angereichert
haben. Die biotit- und
kalifeldspatrcichc potassisch
alterierte Zone ist Na und Ca. Die
gekennzeichnet durch
phyllische
HCl
zu
die Zunahme
K, Si, Fe und Cu und einer Abnahme
von
Alterationszone ist in fast allen Elementen
abgereichert, hingegen
durch Zufuhr
von
serizitreichcn Gesteinen
hydrolysiert. Die propylitische Alteration mit Epidot, Chlorit

an
und Calcit
zeigt
eine Zunahme
Ca und CO,, hat aber K und Na verloren. Die Cu-Au-
Mineralisation ist
verknpft
mit der
potassischen
Alteration und tritt als
Kupferkiesadern
mit
Goldeinschlssen und feinverteilt in den frhen
porphyrischen Erzgehalte
Stcken und dem

treten
angrenzenden
um
andesiti sehen
Umgebungsgestem
auf. Die hchsten
in einer Erzzone
einen
zentralen unmineralisierten Kern auf.
Aufgrund der Verteilung verschiedener Typen von Flssigkeitseinschlssen (unterschiedliche

Dichte und
Salinitt) in einzelnen Proben
und in der
gesamten Lagersttte konnte eine relative

Dabei ist eine
Zeitabfolge von verschiedenen Fluidpulsen abgeleitet werden.

hochsalinen und
Hufung von frhen,

whrend
hochtemperierten Lsungen im
Zentrum der
Lagersttte zu beobachten,
weniger
saline und
gas-reiche
Fluide
vor
allem in der spten
phyUischen
um
Alteration und gegen
den Rand der Lagersttte auftreten. Das Zentrum der
Lagersttte
den unmineralisierten Kern
enthlt Einschlsse der frhsten und heissesten Fluide und

von
reprsentiert den ehemaligen Hauptkanal

an
heissem
aufsteigendem
Fluid. Aus
mikroanalytischen Messungen Kupfer
den Einschlssen dieser
Kernzone wird ersichtlich, dass diese Fluide Gold und
in hoher Konzentration
transportierten,
aber wegen
zu
hoher
Temperaturen zunchst
zusammen
nicht ausschieden. Erst nach einer
Abkhlung auf etwa 400C wurden Au und Cu
ausgefallt. Dies fhrte zur beobachteten

gesamten Lagersttte, sowie
zur
engen Korrelation zwischen Cu- und Au-Gehalten in der
petrographischen Vergesellschaftung von Kupferkies

teration. Die Zusammensetzung der
ersten
und Gold im Bereich der
potassischen
von
Al
Hochtemperatur-Fluide
ist dominiert
K, Fe, Na
Zusammenfassung
und enthlt Cu
(0.1
-1 Gew.
%) sowie
Au
(0.3
ppm), welches in dieser Arbeit zum ersten Mal
in einzelnen
Flssigkeitseinschlssen (Au/Cu)
gemessen werden konnte. Die
bereinstimmung
des
Konzentrationsverhltnis Hinweis auf die direkte

den gesamten
Die dem
im Fluid mit dem Elementverhltnis im Erz ist ein starker
magmatische
Herkunft der Fluide und fr deren bestimmende Rolle fin
Metallgehalt solcher Lagersttten.

mit ber 700C und
um
Temperatur- und Druckabschtzungen

einer unter dem Erzvorkommen
1 kbar
liegen knapp unter
Liquidus
liegenden Magmakammer
des
und sind bezeichnend
fr eine
Fluidentmischung
whrend der Auskristallisation
Magmas.
Aus
den
Druckabschtzungen
wurde eine Tiefe
von
ber 4 km unter der Palooberflche fr die
Fluidentmischung abgeleitet.
publizierten Experimenten
Hydrothermalfluiden
etwa 30 bis 45
Die
Salinittsentwicklung
\on
und Metallkonzentrationen stimmen mit
zur
Fraktionierung
Cu und Cl zwischen Silikatschmelzen und
bei Drcken ber Ikbar berein. Das frheste Fluid hatte eine Salinitt
trennte sich kurz
von
Gewichtsprozent und
zu
nach der
Entmischung
aus
dem
Magma in
zwei Phasen
(,Sieden'
Flssigkeit
und Gas). Dabei erhhte sich die Salinitt in der
flssigen
Phase durch die

Daten konnte
physikalische Abtrennung
dass diese
der
Gasphase.
Anhand der mikrothermometrischen
gezeigt werden,
Auftrennung
durch Druckabfall
erfolgte,
und dass die
Druck- und
Temperaturentwicklung
im
System primr fr
die Variation der Fluidsalinitt
verantwortlich ist. Assoziierte
gas-reiche Einschlsse zeigen Gewichtsprozent Cu)
im
allgemeinen
hhere
Kupferkonzentrationen (bis
von
zu
3 bis 4
und deuten auf eine

als
Fraktionierung
Cu in die
Gasphase, welche
fr
sich damit neben der
Flssigkeit
eigenes potentielles
Transportmedium
erweist.
Kupfer
Gold in
porphynschen und
assoziierten
epithermaien Lagersttten
Abnehmende
Temperaturen
ans
durch Wrmetransfer
und
an
vom
kochenden
magmatisch-
hydrothermalen Fluid
Umgebungsgestein
zirkulierendes meteorisches Wasser, sowie

in erster Linie verantwortlich fr die
Druckabnahme und Fluid-Gesteinsreaktionen,
waren
Ausfallung
von
Cu und Au in
Bajo de
la Alumbrera. Die
Metallabscheidung
liess sich direkt
anhand einer mehr als J()-fachen Abnahme der Cu Konzentration in
Flssigkeitseinschlssen
dokumentieren, whrend direktes Verdnnen magmatischen Fluids
erst nach der
Erzausfllung
Zusammenfassung
einsetzte. Aus der chemischen
Zusammensetzung
der Gesteine und den Elementkonzentrationen

1 fr die Cu-Mineralisation
im Fluid wurde ein relativ tiefes Fluid/Gesteins-Verhltnis von etwa 2
zu
der gesamten
Lagersttte errechnet,
was
auf eine sehr effiziente
Erzausfllung innerhalb
eines
begrenzten Gesteinsvolumens hinweist.

Aus Sauerstoff- und
Wasserstoff-Isotopenanalysen
Isotopenzusammensetzung
zeigt fr
einer
Der
an
Quarz und wasserhaltigen
Alterationsmineralien wurde die
der Fluide errechnet. Diese variiert
je
nach Herkunft der Fluide und
das
Flydrothermalsystem
von
Alumbrera einen Trend
von
frhen
magmatischen Fluiden zu
Mischung aus magmatischen
und meteorischen Fluiden
in der spteren Phase der
phyUischen Alteration.
bei
spte Einfluss des meteorischen Wassers, in der letzten

unter
Fluidentwicklung und
Temperaturen
300C, ist auch aus der geringen Salinitt

ersichtlich.
und den tiefen
Metallgehalten
aus
der
entsprechenden Flssigkeitseinschisse
Die Resultate
der Kombination
geologischer Kartierung, petrographischer Beobachtungen

neuen
und verschiedener bekannter Labormethoden mit der
Fluid-Mikroanalytik
physikalischen
mittels Laser-
Ablations-ICP-MS erlaubten erstmals eine Rekonstruktion der
und chemische
Fluidentwicklung Kupfer
in einer
porphyrischen Lagersttte.
aus einem
Die Resultate beweisen

ins Fluid
quantitativ,
dass
und Gold
zusammen
Magma
fraktionieren, sodann durch

wo
Fluidfokussierung
in den
Porphyrschlot transportiert werden,
sie in konzentrierter Form
ausfallen und dadurch eine wirtschaftlich wertvolle Anreicherung der Metalle im Gestein
ergeben.
Summary
Summary
The
Bajo
is
a
de la Alumbrera Cu-Au
porphyry deposit producer.
in northwestern
Argentina (Catamarca
com
province)
prises
a
major gold
and copper
at
The research
project
documented herein
comprehensive study
and
the
geology
of the
deposit, providing
This first
the basis for stable isotope of the
investigations
quantitative
in
fluid inclusion
analysis.
study
quantitative analy
sis of the fluid

tween
composition
fluid and
porphyry
Cu
deposits strongly supports
direct
relationship
be
magmatic
mineralization, and shows that this fluid controls the metal budget in
these chemical data, in combination with active in
such
deposits. Moreover,
isotopic data,
are a
major
as
contribution to the
understanding of processes
magmatic-hydrothermal systems
such
Bajo
de la Alumbrera.
The
deposit
is hosted
by
several dacitic
porphyric Negro
intrusions within
cogentic,
andesitic
to
basaltic-andesiti'c volcanic rocks of the Farallon

sions
associated with
Volcanic
Complex.
The individual intru
were
separate fluid pulses, which caused the characteristic, almost
concen
tric alteration pattern of an

of
early quartz-magnetite
analyses
zone,
potassic, propylitic,
zones
and
later
overprint
phyllic
alteration. Geochemical
of these alteration
reveal
changes
in element
concentrations due to fluid-rock interactions. The
quartz-magnetite alteration
were
is characterized
by
large gains
in Si and Fe, whereas most other elements
depicted.
The fluid
was
oxidized at
this stage, indicated
by the
species dominated by SO,.
The
potassic
alteration is characterized in
gains
major
of
K, Si, Fe and Cu and losses of Na and Ca, vhereas in the phyllic alteration almost all
are
elements
depleted except for
Ca and
CO,. The propylitic alteration
zone
gained
Ca and
C02,
but lost K and Na.
Mineralization is related to the
potassic alteration
stocks and
and
occurs as
chalcopyrite
vemlets and
disseminations in the
early porphyry
adjacent
are
andesitic wall rock. The

in
two
ore-grades
are
roughly correlated
rado Norte
with different porphyries and

and
highest
of the earliest intrusions

-rich
(Colo
Porphyry
Early-P3 Porphyry).
due to
The
quartz-magnetite
zone near
to the center
of the
deposit has
low
ore-grades
core
non-deposition
by
of Cu, because of too
high temperatures
A shell-like,
during early stages,
but the
is also intruded
later barren
porphyries.
high-
Summary
grade grade
ore zone
in which the conditions
were
favorable for
ore
deposition
surrounds this low-
core.
Remnants of the fluid that caused mineralization and alteration
are
trapped in
inclusions
quartz veins and
were
analysed by conventional
fluid inclusion
analysis (microthermometiy, Raman
spectroscopy) and laser ablation inductively coupled mass-speetrometry (LA-ICP-MS). These

data in combination with oxygen and
intrusions
were
hydrogen analyses
of the alteration
zones
and unaltered
de la Alum be
used to evaluate the evolution of the several fluid
hydrothermal system
a
at
Bajo
brera.
Although
terms
pulses occurred, the
evolution of
magmatic
fluid
can
recon
structed in
of physical and chemical parameters

had
a
changing
in time and space.
Fluid of an
and underwent
early stage in this system
salinity
Its
of around 30 to 45 wt% NaCl
equivalent
by
the
subsequently phase separation.
origin is magmatic, which
is indicated
isotopic signature.
of around I kbar
tent with
The temperature and pressure of the

the
early fluid with
over
700C at
minimum
approached
liquidus
of a
possible underlying magma chamber,
and is consis
process of fluid exsolution before

a
complete crystallization.
Pressure estimates indicate
fluid exsolution from
large underlying
magma chamber that
was more
than 4 km below the
palaeo-surface.
Fluid
boiling, mainly
salinity.
due to pressure
changes,
is shown to be
an
effective mecha
nism to vary the fluid
The
early high-temperature
fluid
was
Fe, K, Na-rich and Cu-Au-bearing, whereas subse

con
quent pulses of fluids have similar major element concentrations but much lower ore-metal
centrations. Concentrations of Cu
are
between 0.1 and 1 wt% in the
high-salinity ore-bearing
(Au/Cu)
in this fluid
fluid. Au in the
same
brine is between 0.3 to 1 pptn. The concentration ratio
matches the bulk tion.
ore
ratio, which indicates
direct
relationship
of magmatic fluid and mineraliza

were
According
to the vapor to
liquid
ratio
two
types of vapor-rich inclusions
separated.
In
general
the vapor inclusions have
high
Cu concentrations
(up
to 3 to 4 wt%
Cu). The slightly
denser type
can
commonly
contains
chalcopyrite daughter phase
and
implies
that the vapor
phase
be
substantial ore-metal carrier.

to
Decreasing temperature owing
cooling by
heat transfer to the wall rocks and
circulating
the
mam
meteoric water, in combination with fluid-rock reactions and pressure decrease,
were
Introduction and Aim
driving
forces for Cu and Au
precipitation.
high-grade
The
co-precipitation
of the
of
chalcopyrite
as
and
gold
by
oc
curred at around 400C in the than
ore zone
potassic alteration,
marked
more
ten-fold decrease in Cu concentration of the brine, without around 2 to 1,
significant
dilution. The fluid/
rock ratio for the Cu mineralization
was
indicating
very efficient
precipitation
within
defined volume of rock.
The
evolving magmatic fringe

of the
fluid with minor
mixing
of meteoric fluid caused alteration
propylitic
alter
ation
at the
deposit adjacent
to the
potassic
zone.
At lower
temperatures
(<300C)
the
the
magmatic-hydrothermal system waned parallel
and meteoric water has
overprinted parts of
of diluted fluid for
deposit.
concentration decrease with total
salinity
and
trapping
characterizes the fluid inclusion

this fluid lies
composition
of this stage. The calculated
isotopic signature
on
mixing
line between meteoric and
magmatic
water and coincides with
an
upward moving magmatic
vapor
phase
that is derived from
fluid-phase separation
in
down
ward-retracting magmatic-hydrothermal system. Mixing

matic vapor
and condensation of this acid-rich mag
phase
into meteoric water led to the last
hydrothermal stage, the phyllic alteration.
The results of this

cal
study
show
more
generally
that the
systematic
use
of in-situ microchemito
analyses
of
ore
metals in
single
fluid inclusions is in
powerful approach
quantitatively
espe
understand alteration and mineral
deposition isotope
complex magmatic-hydrothermal systems,
cially
in combination with stable
data.

Statement
of the
Study
of the Problem
geologists
have
Numerous
itwestigated porphyry
the
Cu
deposits
over
decades. This has led
to
different viewpoints in
regard
to
ore-forming
processes, the magma sources,
timing of miner
alization, and origin of the ore-metals. Despite the wide diversity among this type of deposit there
are
many
common
features. Detailed field observations of individual
deposits
and
comparative
studies between several
deposits improved
It
the
understanding
of the processes and

are
genesis of this
for the
economically important deposit type.

mineralization (e.g. Ransome, 1904),
was
early
the
discovered that fluids
responsible
although
source
of fluids
was
speculative. The subject
of the fluid between

and
source
has
always
been considered of
great importance and the opinions diverged

fluid inclusions
magmatic
and meteoric fluid
origin. Evidences from
(e.g. Bodnar, 1995)

a
isotopic signatures (e.g. Giggenbach, 1992; Tay lor, 1992)
argue in favor of
magmatic
ori
gin.
The aim of the present
study was
to document the
genesis
m
of a
both
large porphyry general

terms
Cu-Au
deposit
(190
000 tonnes of Cu and 710 000
ounces
of Au per
year),
and, in particu
lar, through determination of the P-T-X evolution of the magmatic-hydrothermal system.

With this aims, field studies and drill-core
logging
were
used
to
obtain
vertical
profile
along a section
of the
deposit and
information about the
lithologies,
alteration characteristics and fluid inclusion and

and losses of ele
distribution of the mineralization. This served

stable
as a
basis for the

used to
subsequent
isotope study.
1CP-MS whole rock
analyses
were
identify gains
ments in the different alteration zones due to fluid-rock reactions.
Emphasis
was
placed
on
the direct
geochemical analysis
Laser ablation
of the
fluid, which is preserved
as
fluid inclusions in
hydrothermal quartz veins.

was
inductively coupled mass-spectromptrographie descrip

at
etry (LA-ICP-MS)
tion and
used to
analyse selected single
fluid inclusions after
mierothermometry analyses.
The laser ablation
technique was developed

quantitative analyses
ETH Zrich
by
D. Gnther and the data
presented herein
are
the flrst
of
porphyry
an
Cu
fluids.
Together with
oxygen and
hydrogen isotopic analyses

hydrothermal system
was
the fluid evolution from
early
stage up
to tlie latest process of the
deduced.
Organization of the
Work
The first part of the thesis
comprises the geological section

zones.
of the
deposit with
the
descrip
tions of the
zones are
lithologies
and alteration
Mineralization and
geochemistiy
of the alteration
outlined and
genetic model proposed for the deposit.
In the second
part the evolution of the magmatic-hydrothermal system according to the chemi

is
cal and
isotopic composition analyses
presented.
A conventional
mierothermometry study is followed by
the LA-ICP-MS
and stable
isotope
measurements.
Abstract
PARTI: GEOLOGYAND GENESIS OF THE BAJO DE LA ALUMBRERA PORPHYRY CU-AU
DEPOSIT,
ARGENTINA
Abstract
The
gold-rich porphyry
lies in
an
copper
deposit
of
Bajo
de la Alumbrera in northwestern Ar
gentina
isolated volcanic
complex (the
Faralln
Negro
Volcanic
Complex ),
at
considerable distance east of the main Andean

alkaline to shoshonitic andsite several
porphyry
belt of Chile. This K-rich calc-
complex comprises
several
eruptive
and
centers and contains
porphyry
a
and
epithermal deposits. Among

orebody
a
these
deposits
by
prospects Bajo de la
Alumbrera is
world-class
and is characterized
different
porphyry intrusions,
deposit
is hosted
several alteration
stages,
and
distinct
ore-grade
distribution. The
by
around ten
high-K
calc-alkaline dacitic- and andesitic
porphyry intrusions,
which consti
tute
composite
stock within the edifice of
Miocene stratovolcano.
The two earliest intrusions in the

whereas the two
presently exposed porphyries
are
unmineralized,
following
or
intrusions have the
highest ore-grades.
Later
porphyries
are
weakly
barren
mineralized
barren. The alteration
pattern is represented by
an
early, initially
as
quartz-magnetite
stage
alteration in the center of the in different intensities
deposit.
Potassic alteration and
the
second alteration
occurs
(secondary K-feldspar
secondary
biotite)
sic
in all intrusions
except the latest porphyry dikes. Contemporaneous with the potas
alteration,
but at the
fringe
of the
deposit, propylitic
alteration
overprints parts
of the
porphyry
intrusions and
major parts
of the andesitic wall rocks.
Spatial relationships
and
ptrographie observations
and
show that the
phyllic (feldspar-destructive)
assemblages.
alteration is later
partly overprints
zones
the other alteration
Mass-balance calculations for the
four alteration
in the
porphyry
intrusions and the wall rock andsites show variations
Bajo
de la Alumbrera porphyry Cu-Au
deposit
10
Parti
of indicative elements in the different alteration tions deduced. is the
assemblages
from which alteration
reac
were
Chalcopyrite
even
major Cu-bearing phase

now
and is associated with
in vugs
though
much of the Cu
is in somewhat later textural
position, especially
and
and late fractures. A barren saturated alteration

and
core
with intense
quartz-magnetite
potassic,
but S-under-
near
the center of the This
porphyiy stock, by
a
is the site of
high temperatures
with chal
magmatic
fluid
upflow.
zone
is surrounded
high-grade
ore zone
copyrite
Cu
mineralization. Mass-balance estimates,

and
ore
grade distribution, closely related Au/
grades,
ptrographie
features all indicate
close relation between Au and Cu pre
cipitation
and
potassic
alteration.
Introduction
Porphyry particular,
copper
deposits,
and the
economically
attractive
gold-rich types (over
0.4
g/t)
in
have been studied in detail
by many authors (
e.g.
Kesler, 1973; Atkinson and Linaudi,
1978; Sillitoe, 1979; Eastoe, 1982; Sillitoe and Ciceron Jr., 1985; Sillitoe, 1990; Titlcy, 1990;
Vila et al., 1991;
Sillitoe, 1997 and references therein). Porphyiy

related to
copper
deposits
are
the most
important ore deposits

gold,
have
and
magmatic-hydrothermal
each
processes and constitute
major
copper,
molybdenum
ores.
Although
terms
deposit
has its
own
geological peculiarities, they

of the intruded stocks,
common
characteristics in
of
as
geochemistry and mineralogy

well
as
structural
controls, geotectonic setting,
mineralization and alteration

refined and
style. Geological
over
models for
years and
porphyry systems
a
derived from these attributes
are
improved
the last
play
key
role in
exploration (Sillitoe, 1973).

of Alumbrera has been studied
The classical and
"simple" geology
by several
authors
(Gonzalez, 1975; Godeas and Segal
de Svetliza, 1980; Stults, 1985; Plaza,
1993; Dawson, 1994;
Guilbert, 1995;Proffett, l995;Mendez, l997;Proffett, 1997; Wall. 1997; Ulrich, 1998). Together
with the
porphyry
copper
deposits
of El
Salvador, Chile (Gustafson and Hunt, 1975) and San

one
Manuel-Kalamazoo, Arizona (Lowell and Guilbert, 1970) Alumbrera is
of the "textbook
11
Introduction
prototypes"
for this type of
hydrothermal
ore
deposit (Guilbert
and
Park, 1986). These "proto
types", however, imply significant
differences in the inferred process of ore formation and miner
alization, in particular regarding the relationship between ore-metal deposition, potassic, and
phyllic
alterations
(see also Sillitoe, 1973; Hedenquist

we
et
al,, 1998).
In this paper
describe the
geology
of the Au-rich
a
porphyry
on
copper
deposit
at
Bajo de la
Alumbrera in northwestern
and
Argentina, with
particular
the
vein
focus
the relative time
relationships
and
petrography
of the different
intrusions,
relationships, alteration mineralogy

on
geochemistiy,
ment of
and mineralization characteristics. Constraints
the
relationships
and
emplace
J.
the different dacite intrusions drill-core
were
obtained from detailed
geological mapping by
and
Proffctt and
own
logging
and
investigations of the petrography
mineralogy
were
of the
porphyiy intrusions.
the
Predictions about the role and nature of hydrothermal fluids

the
made from
study of the vein paragenesis,
hydrothermal alteration
mineral
assemblages,
and mineral
ization. Mass-balance calculations

drothermal alteration and for the
cesses
are
used to calculate gams and losses of elements due to

new
hy
quantification of alteration reactions. A
look at the pro
of metal transport and
ore
deposition
is
now
possible, due
to the recent
developments
in
microanalyses
of fluid inclusions
(e.g.
Audtat et al.,
1998).
This paper therefore aims at docu
menting the geological features of the Bajo

fluid-chemical and
de la Alumbrera
deposit
as a
basis for
quantitative
in
isotopic study
to be
presented in
companion
paper
(Ulrich, 2000,
prep.).
Regional Geologic Setting
The
Bajo
de la Alumbrera
porphyry
Cu-Au
deposit is currently
among the ten
largest
copper
producers
and is the fourteenth
largest gold producer of the
world. With total
resources
of 806
million tonnes of an average

Cu and
ore-grade of 0.53% Cu and ().64g/t Au. the mine will produce 190,000t
710,000oz An per year for 20 years (Mendez, 1997; Wall, 1997; Mller and Forrestal.
an area
1998). The deposit occupies

latitude 27S and
of about 1.5 knr and is situated in northwestern Argentina
at
longitude
66W
(Fig. 1.1)
and at
an
average altitude of 2600
m a.
s.l.
(Fig. 1.2).
Bajo de
la Alumbrera porphyry Cu-Au
deposit
12
Parti
Dacite the
porphyiy
are
stocks and dikes
hosting
deposit
emplaced
into volcanic rocks of
the Farallon
Negro Volcanic Complex (Sasso,
1997). The Farallon Negro Volcanic Complex

lies far to the cast of the Au-rich the
porphyries
and
of
Maricunga belt in Chile (Vila

more
Sillitoe,
1991), and
than 200 km to the E of the
present volcanic
tween
arc,
on
the transition
zone
be
steeply dipping subduction
of the Nazca
plate
in
the north and shallow subduction in the
south The influence of the variable subduction
angle
of the Nazca
plate
on
the tectonics and
volcamsm
cussed
the region of 27S to 33S is dis
by Barazangt
and Isacks
(1976), Pilger
(1981), Jordan (1986). Kay

provinces
et al.
(1983), Allmendinger
and Sasso
tal.
(1991),
(1997;
and
morphostructural Negro Volcanic Complex is the eastern most volcanic complex, emplaced in the Sierra Pampeanas After Jordan et al, (1983).
Fig.
1,1:
Map
of the Andean
The Farallon
references therein). As the

canic
exact
FarallnNegro
Vol-
Complex
lies
on
the transition zone, the
relationship between this magmatism and

et
large-scale lithosphenc
On
a
processes is still debated

the Farallon
(Coughlm
al., 1998; Sasso and Clark, 1998).

lies at the border of the Sierras
regional scale,
Negro
Volcanic
Complex
m
Pampeanas morphostructural pro\ince which

ern
is
bordered
the north
by the
Puna and the East

I
Cordillera and in the

The Sierras
west
by
the Precordillera and the Sierras

basin and range
Transpampeanas (Fig.
1).
Pampeanas exhibit a large-scale
topography with NTMW-trending

et
reverse
faults that
developed during
the Late Miocene and
Early Pliocene (Jordan
al., 1983)
and
were
compared
in terms of deformation characteristics with the
Rocky
Mountain foreland
(Jordan and Allmendinger, 1986).
13
Regional Geology
t
10km
o o o
NCM
Paleozoic
Tertiary
Farallon
Quaternary
Negro Volcanic Complex
Volcanic units Normal fault
Intrusive units
HI ["VjCapillitas Granite [AQsuncho Formation
El Morterito Formation
HH
Rhyolite
f ~] Andsite Breccia |
and Flows
gA Dacite [ jMonzonite
[ Al
Alluvium
Punaschotter
^~^
Reverse fault
r(
||]]nO
Pyroclastic
Formation
Sio(H)i)
Fig.
1.2:
Geological
map
of the Farallon Negro
J olcanic
the locations
of different
mineralization centers associated
Complex after (Sasso, 1997). u ith porphyry intrusions.
Indicated
are
During the
Pampeanas,
caused
Late Miocene, the most eastward \olcatiism of the Andes started in the Sierras
and the Farallon
Negro Volcanic Complex
was
emplaced
in
an
extensional basin
by the interaction of the

(Clark
Tucuman Transfer Zone and al., 1970. Caches et al..
major. NE
and NW oriented district-
scale structural trends
et
1971; Figueroa, 1971; Llambias, 1972;
Allison, 1986; Sasso and Clark, 1998).

The
development
of
large
stratovolcano in the \olcanic

at 12.6 Ma
complex began
late
around 8.5 to 7.5
Ma with minor precursor

to 6.7 Ma
eruptions starting
and
some
pyroclastic
units
extending
Negro
(Sasso, 1997). Eruptions
from several volcanic centers formed the Farallon
Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry
Cu-Au
deposit
14
Parti
Volcanic
Complex. Cogenetic porphyric
intrusions i.e.
were
Bajo
de la
Alumbrera, Agua Tapada, El
Durazno, Alto de la Blenda, Cerro Atajo

Volcanic
emplaced
into the andsites of the Farallon
Negro
Complex, forming
the Farallon
Negro
Intrusive Suite
(Sasso, 1997). Isolated stocks

Cu-Au-Mo
intruded the Paleozoic basement, of the district has been The Farallon
notably
at
Agua Rica, where the other major
deposit
explored (Landtwing, 1999).

Volcanic
Negro
Complex extends
over
700 km2and is divided in different parts overlies Miocene continental red

basement of Lower Cambrian
by high-angle
beds
reverse
faults
(Fig. 1.2.).
or
The volcanic
complex
(Calchaquense formation
El Morterito and
formation) and
raetasediments Bride et al.,
(Suncho formation)
Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian granitic

are
rocks
(Mc
1976). Outcrops of these formations
found
in
the Vis Vis
valley south
of Bajo de
la Alumbrera
(basement granites
and Suncho
formation) and
east
near
the vein-hosted
polymetallic
mine of Capillitas
(Calchaquense sediments),
valley
of Bajo de la Alumbrera. The metasdiments of
the Suncho formation in the Vis Vis
consist of banded sequences of pelites and arenites in
nearly
vertical orientation due
to
isoclinal
folding.
Their age is
Early Cambrian (Mirre and

et al.
Acenolaza, 1972; Durand, 1982) and
K-Ar age of 424 Ma is
given by McBride
The
(1976),
although
this may be influenced
by
the intrusion of the consists in
granitic rocks.
crystalline basement
that crops out in the Vis Vis
valley
general
of silliamnite-and
cordierite-bearing
(porphyric
to
peraluminous
and calc-alkaline granites
(Caelles, 1979)
with variable textures
equigranular)
etal., 1987).
and
composition (syenogranites to monzogranites) (Indri, 1979; Durand, 1982; Toselli
15
Geology
and
Pertrology
Geology and Igneous Petrology

Wall Rock Andsites
The volcanic wall rocks of the
Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry deposit

Sasso and and
are
remnants of
composite
stratovolcano
(Llambias. 1972;
Clark, 1998) and consists of

minor
complex
flows,
sequence of units. Andesitic breccias

welded
(monolithic
sandstones
heterolithic),
autobrecciated
tuffs, volcanic conglomerates,
composed
of volcanic
fragments,
massive dark
Alumbrera Mam
Photomicrographs showing fresh andesitic Mall rock from the surroundings of Bcqo de la phenoaysts are plagioclase, hornblende and pyroxene A) and B) Green hornblende commonly has an opaque rim of unidentifiedminei als (opacitisation) C) Plagioclase shows different generations as a matrix mineral and as phenocrvsts D) Plagioclase content varies between different andesitic units and in cases flow texture is preserved Scate JO mm
Fig.
1.3:
dikes, and less

their
common massive
flows of andsites and basaltic andsites
can
be subdivided
by
phenocryst
content, clast contents, fabrics, and field
relationships.
can
In thin-section, the massive flows and dikes of the unaltered andsites
be
distinguished
The matrix is
by
the
proportion
of pyroxene,
amphibole
and
plagioclase phenoaysts (Fig. 1.3).
dark, hemicrystalline and contains small laths of plagioclase. The variable mineralogical
compo-
Bajo
deposit
16
Parti
sitions of these unaltered andsite
units, distant
magma
to the
deposit,
may indicate differentiation and
ciystal fractionation in the melt, but
mixing between
andesitic
liquids
of similar
H
composi
tion and between basaltic andsites and dacitic melts may have occurred
commun.,
(A.
Clark, written
1999), although
no
clear evidence
(e.g. mafic enclaves) were observed by the author. A Negro

Volcanic Com
detailed
ptrographie descriptions
e.g.
of fresh volcanic rocks of the Farallon

Breitenmoser
plex was published

Commonly the
rare cases
by
Sasso
(1997), Flug (1999), and

or
(1999).
andsites contain either hornblende
pyroxene
as
mafic
phenociysts,
one
but in
both minerals with
were
found
(sample BLA28, BLA59).

The most
Biotite
was
observed in
sample
(BLA25), together
amphibole.
primitive sample
from
dark basaltic-andesitic
gravel found
indicate black
in
creek north of the
Bajo (BLA26), contains
relics of olivine.
Microscopic
features
Fe-, Ti-rich compositions for pyroxene and amphibole (titanaugite/oxyhornblende). A

of unidentified opaques around green hornblende
margin
(Fig. 1.3)
and
indicates pressure
re
lease and
dis-equilibrium
between melt and hornblende
phenociysts
high temperatures
dur
ing the
conversion from green hornblende to The amount and
oxyhornblende (opacitisation: plagioclase
Pichler and Schmitt-
Riegraf, 1993).
and in
some
crystal
size of
vaiy in the different andsite
types,
minor
sections oriented
plagioclase
indicated flow
textures
(BLA 27). Quartz is
a rare
component. The volcanic wall rocks within the deposit

biotite in the
are
completely replaced by secondary
potassic
alteration zone, and
partly
sericitized in the
feldspar-destructive
chlorite)
at the
alteration
(sencite
calcite
pyrite)
far
as
and
propylitically
m
altered
(epidote
fringe
of the
deposit, extending
as
500 to 1500
from the intrusive stocks.
Hypabyssal
Rock
Types
a
at
Bajo de la Alumbrera
K-feldspar-rich
monzonitic
Northwest of the
deposit,
biotite and
pluton (Alto
de la
Blenda)
intrudes the andsites. It is inferred from

ton took
crosscutting relationships
of the andsites but it
that the intrusion of this
plu
place
after the main
eruptive phase
predates
some
later andesitic
dikes, which intruded the

These andesitic dikes
monzomte as well as the andesitic volcanics.
are
cut
by
some
porphyry dikes
some
at
Alumbrera. Xenoliths
resembling
in
petrology
the monzonitic that
pluton
occur
in
porphyry types (dominantly
in late
porphyries,
biotite-rich
Fig. 1.4), indicating
emplacement
of this
fine-grained equigranular K-feldspar,
17
Geology
and Peru ology
Fig
late
1 4- Rounded \enolith
of the
in a
Alto de la Blenda monzonite
poiplnn
mtiusion
oi
This
indicates the pie-
syn-mtiusive
iclationship
dacitic
between the
diffeient
of
poiphyi\
a
mtiusions
Alumbrei
and the monzonite
body
ofAlto dc
la Blenda Scale 3 cm
and
apatite-bearmg pluton porphyries
occurred pnoi to that of the
porphyries
Ilowevei
the
lelationships
between all
at Alumbrera and the monzonite are not clear
Although
theAt-Ai biotite
ages of the monzonite "Mam stage
pluton
range from 7 02
0 22 to 7 50
0 20
Ma, they oveilap slightly the

i
poiphynes" (see below),
which have
lange iiom 6 83
0 07 to 7 10
-t
0 H Ma
(Sasso
and Clark, 1998)
Geologic
The
and
map and
description
of section 47
Ba)0 de la Alumbreia deposit

in h usions
is
hosted bv dacitic,
high-K
calc-alkahne
poiphync
stocks
at
dike-shaped
that intitide the andsites ot the
FaiallonNegio
is
Volcanic
Complex
around 7 Ma
(Sasso and Clark, 1998) Hydiothei mal
alteiation
intense
and
widespiead
at Alum
brera,
but several distinct
porphyiy
inti usions with
individually
can
lelated veining and alteiation
phases
can
be
distinguished
The lelative mtiusion sequence

m
be mfeiied from crosscuttmg

m
lelationships
samples
and difteiences
textuie and amount of
phenouvsts
outciops and diill-coie

m
ot the different
poiphyiv
mtiusions
The magmatic mmeial

is
assemblage
the least al
tered pioportions of the
poiplrviy
mtiusions
composed
of
umioim content oi
phenociysts
ot
Bajo
de la Alumbrera porphyry Cii-Au
deposit
18
Parti
Fig.
a
1.5:
section is
Geological map of the deposit with ma/or faults and the profile line of section 47 along which interpreted that is shown in figure 1 6 The geological map is compiled from J. Proffctt 's map
of 1995.
quartz, plagioclase. biotite, hornblende and minor apatite, zircon, titanite, and magnetite in
fine
grained
matrix of quartz
plagioclase primary K-feldspar.

units is based
on
The
following grouping of intrusive
the
mapping and
the different intrusion
stages, which exhibit complex and irregular

The oldest
truded
contacts.
exposed porphyry intrusion
at
Alumbrera is the Los Amarillos
Porphyrv.
It in
prior
to several later
intrusions that form the Main Dacite Stock. The Main Dacite Stock
consists of the intrusions of Quartz-Eye

P3
Porphyry,
well
as
the Colorado Norte
Porphyry (P2),
of
the
Early-
Porphyrv.
and the XE
Poj-phyry
as
some
later
phases
dikes
P3-Porphyries
termed
Late
Campamiento Porphyry
and North
Porphyry. Younger porphyiy
(NW-Porphyry dikes,
19
Geology
and
Pertrology
Porphyries proximate
and Post-Mineralization P4
Porphyry) intruded
and
the Main Dacite Stock with

to the outer
an
ap the
NNW-SSE trend,
cutting older porphyries
extending
edges of
deposit
or
beyond.
Some of the dikes appear to form
radial pattern around the central Mam

the
Dacite Stock
(Fig. 1.5). The Early-P3 Porphyry

as
covers
largest
area
of the
deposit,
are
whereas
later intrusions such
Late
Porphyries
and the Post-Mineralization
Porphyry
subordinate.
Figure 1.6 is
ENE line
cross-section
through the deposit based
on
data from drill-cores
along
WSW-
through
the center of the
deposit (section 47)
and from
projected, neighboring holes.

and the wall rocks
are
Sharp
contacts and
interfingering
and
a
between the different

contact
porphyry phases
was
observed in drill
cores
commonly steep
plane
measured in outcrops. At the

a narrow
contacts where Late
Porphyries
intrude another
can
porphyiy stage
no
zone
(mm-scale) of
revealed. Con with abundant
decreased
grain-size
in the matrix
rock
are
be
seen,
but
mineralogical changes
a
are
tacts with andesitic wall
sharp
but in
some
drill-holes
transition
zone
andsite xenoliths
occurs
before massive andsite
is
reached (e.g. drill-holes 47-55 and47-55.3).

and parts of the late
A series of normal faults
displaces
all
porphyries
alteration
zone.
These faults
were
active after
emplacement of the porphyries, however, feldsparlatest fluids into these

zones.
destructive alteration
along them indicates focusing of the
The main
of up to
faults trend WNW-ESE and have steep

150
m
dips (45-90)
and
est-side-down
down
displacements
on
(e.g. Gypsum Fault).
These faults
drop parts of the orebody

area
its southwest
quad
rant. A
major
fault
(Steve's Fault) in this

m
(Fig. 1.6) dips northeast (45-60) with

ore
normal
displacement
zone
of up to 200 below
that affects the
orebody, bringing high-grade

to the southwest
from the central
(footwall)
low-grade
ore
(hangingwall)
(Proffctt, 1995).
on
The
following description
observations
on
of the different
porphyiy
intrusions is based
macroscopic
and
microscopic
samples from
drill-core and outcrop. In this section also the charac

textures and
teristic alteration features erated.
are
described, magmatic
mineralogy
are
commonly oblit
Los Amarillos
This
Porphyr}'
is
porphyiy intrusion
exposed
in the northwest and west parts of the
deposit
as
bright,
strongly altered
and bleached hills. In
some
places it resembles
an
igneous
breccia with quartz
Cu-Au
deposit
20
Parti
1.6: Cross-section along line 47 with lithologies and faults (stippled lines). The section is based information of drill-hole logging data of holes on line 4" and ofprojected drill-holes. Note that in the group of "post Early-P3 Porphyries" Late-P3 Porphyries, late Porphyries, and the PostMineralization Porphyiy are included.
Fig.
on
vein
fragments (see below).

Norte
In this
case
it would be younger than the first mineralized intrusion
(Colorado
Porphyiy),
but the vein
fragments
may be also related to
an even
older
phase of
hydrothermal activity (Proffett, 1995).

relict
The very
fine-grained
are
altered matrix contains quartz and

and consist of 5 to 20%>
10% of relict
feldspars.
Where
phenociysts
are
present, they
or
fine-grained
altered
plagioclase,
1 to 3% rounded and resorbed
broken quartz eyes and of up

as
to
biotite and hornblende
phenociysts. Plagioclase
is
preserved only
are
brown-yellow corroded rel
ics in
mixture of
clay
and mica. Most of the minerals
dusted
by sericite,
and biotite has
reacted to chlorite and titanite. Proffett with relics of
(1995) describes small outcrops
east of the
Gypsum Fault
potassic
alteration.
21
Geology and Pertrology
NE
Porphyry
The NE
dike
andsites northeast of the Main
Porphyry
dike is
west-dipping dike, intruding

to
Dacite Stock, No clear
relationships
the other
porphyries
could be found. On the basis of the with the

to
similar
degree
of mineralization and
veining,
temporal grouping
weakly
Early-P3 Porphyries
(below) is inferred (Proffett. 1995).

clase, 2
to 4%> altered
It contains 10 to 20%
moderately altered plagio groundmass

is fine
biotite, and
2 to 3%> altered hornblende laths. The
grained, altered
biotite (2
sericite.
to 5
and quartz-poor. The hornblende laths
(1
to 3
mm)
are
all altered to chlorite, and converted to chlorite and rim of veiy

very rare,
a
mm)
is bleached
to 5
(nearly
no
pleochroism)
and
partly
Plagioclase (2
mm) is moderately altered and is locally surrounded by
fine-grained
altered matrix
feature from
(K-feldspar, quartz, mica/clay?). Quartz phenociysts

some
are
distinguishing
other
porphyiy
intrusions
(e.g.
North
Porphyry).
Quartz-Eye Porphyry
Exposures
of this
porphyiy
are
strongly altered
to
quartz, sericite
pyrite
and
occur on
the
south and east side of Colorado Sur and southwest of the

contact to the Colorado Norte
deposit. Quartz-Eye Porphyry

crosscutting relationships it
is in
Porphyry
and from quartz vein Norte
seems
that
Quartz-Eye Porphyry is earlier than Colorado
Porphyiy (Steve Brown,

to 5 volume
pers. commun.,
1999). The abundant quartz vein fragments (comprising 2

type possibly originate from
veins
are an
percent) in
this
porphyiy
even
older but
unexposed intrusion. Fragments

is
and later quartz

in the
commonly purple
are
or
pink
and vein
density
moderate-to-strong. Quartz, veinlets

The content of mafic
andesitic wall rock
truncated
by the Quartz-Eye Porphyiy.

is
phenociysts
is
lower than in other

small
porphyry types. Plagioclase

The matrix of
commonly
dusted with sericite and rimmed

and
by
K-feldspar crystals.
and
secondary K-feldspar
quartz is fine-to-medium-
grained
pale-yellow
to
due to
ubiquitous feldspar-destructive
and
alteration. An earlier alteration
stage is weakly
than
occur
moderately developed
comprises
less
secondary K-feldspar and magnetite
in the Colorado Norte
Porphyiy
and
Early-P3 Porphyiy.
Colorado Norte
Porphyiy (P2)
Porphyiy
is
a
The Colorado Norte
stock-like
body
in the center of the
deposit.
as
It underlies
much of the Colorado Norte hill and the western hillside of Colorado Sur,
as
well
several
small,
Bajo
deposit
22
Parti
western
outcrops (Fig. 1.5). Crosscutting relationships show that it intrudes the andsites and is
itself intruded
by Early-P3 Porphyry
and all other younger
porphyries.
No clear time relation
ships
are
known between Colorado Norte
Porphyiy
and the Los Amarillos
Porphyiy.
The Colo
rado Norte
Porphyiy
is
generally
a
well mineralized and most parts of the
porphyry
are
are
strongly
veined and converted to
quartz-magnetite
rock. The texture and minerals
partly
or
totally
replaced by quartz-magnetite flooding.

altered
Relict textures
comprise phenociysts
of 10 to 25%
slightly
plagioclase,
1 to 4%>
biotite, 1
to 3%
biotitized hornblende laths and variable amounts of
quartz. Samples ofleast altered Colorado Norte Porphyiy have
very
fine-grained groundmass
of
secondary K-feldspar and quartz. The phenociysts
are
smaller than those of the P3 type

not
porphy
ries; and the plagioclase is less strongly zoned. Primary biotite is
widely observed,
occurs
but small
(0.5
to 2
mm) biotitized hornblende crystals

as
are
abundant.
Magnetite
in veins
together
with quartz and
disseminations in the matrix.
Igneous
Breccia
Proffett
(1995)
described
an
igneous
breccia
along
the western
margin
of the Main Dacite in
Stock (not shown in
Fig. 1.5).
and
It contains
angular-to-rounded quartz vein fragments

some
matrix of
medium-grained quartz
older
feldspar.
In
exposures,
fragments
occur.
of biotitized andsites and These
porphyries
up to
few tens of centimeters in diameter
fragments
are com
monly well mineralized with quartz- and quartz-magnetite veinlets.
The breccia is
overprinted by
strong feldspar-destructive alteration (sericite, quartz), but evidence of earlier potassic alteration
(secondary K-feldspar, magnetite

The age of this breccia
more
is
and quartz
veinlets) is
still visible. and
between the
Early-P3 Porphyiy, which intrudes it to the east,

Colorado Norte
strongly
mineralized
porphyry (probably
the clasts
Porphyiy) which
occurs as
frag
ments in the breccia.
Assuming that
indicator for
are
brought
up from
deeper parts
of the system,
thus, they
may be
an
deeper-seated,
well-mineralized
porphyiy masses.
an
Brecciation and material transport wide
by fluid flow
is inferred from
approximately one
m).
meter
pebble dike that
cuts
Early-P3 Porphyiy
(drill-hole 37-49.
depth
399
The matrix of this in diam
dike is
eter
sandy and chloritized. This

and
dike contains
angular-to-slightly rounded,
up to 5
cm
metasedimentaiy
granitic basement
clasts.
23
Geology
and
Pertrology
Early-P3 Porphyry
This
porphyiy
is the
largest intrusion
of the Main Dacite Stock and is

cannot
probably
itself
com
posed
of several intrusions
(Proffett, 1997). but they
be
mapped consistently.
Contacts
are
exposed
with the Colorado Norte

with the
Porphyry,
where it truncates veinlets of quartz and quartzas
magnetite,
igneous breccia,
and with the wall rock andsites. Later intrusions such

the
the
North, Campamiento (Late-P3 Porphyries), and the Late Porphyries,

Least altered
cut
Early-P3 Porphyry.
1 to 3%
Early-P3 Porphyiy contains
15 to 40%> of euhedral
plagioclase phenociysts,
of biotite and 2 to 3%> of shreddy biotite
pseudomorph
after hornblende together with

as
fine-grained
as
sulfides and quartz. Rounded quartz

the rock. The In
phenocrysts
constitute from less than 1 to ith few
much
5%> of
groundmass
altered
is
fine-grained
and grey
magnetite grains
phenocrysts
and biotite flakes. of plagioclase
more
strongly
and
areas
the texture is still
preserved
but the
are
ragged
partly replaced by K-feldspar. slightly pink because

an
The matrix is dark due to
secondary magnetite and
biotite and
of
secondary K-feldspar. Increasing
alteration may in
places
be
indicated
by
increase in the
grain size of the
matrix. The ratio of quartz to

or
possibly primary K-
feldspar
in the
groundmass
is
approximately
less than I.
The
and the
is
elongated
north-south and intrudes the

the later
Early-P3 Porphyiy
similar crosscut-
Quartz-Eye Porphyry
and is intruded
by
porphyries. However,
to other
ting relationships of Campamiento

two
and North
Porphyry
porphyries
indicate that these is 25 to
intrusions
belong
to the group of Late-P3
Porphyries.
The
phenocryst assemblage
35% of altered
plagioclase,
2 to 5% altered biotite books and 2 to 4%
shreddy biotite pseudomor2% and
phous
quartz
after hornblende.
Fine-grained magnetite
varies from 0.5

are
to
approximately
1%
occurs as
rounded quartz eyes. Hornblende laths

occurs
commonly
biotitized and
some sec
ondary K-feldspar
biotite is
in the matrix.
Locally,
sericite and/or
clay replace plagioclase,
and
replaced by
chlorite. The matrix is very
fine-grained
and
pale-grey.
locally
coarser-
grained
matrix may record
progressive alteration,
Bajo
deposit
24
Part I
North
Porphyry
exposed
It is
a
This intrusion is
in the north of the
deposit
and is contemporaneous with the
Campamiento Porphyry.
to 160
m.
N to NNE-
trending
dike-like
body that varies
in width from 40
The west part of this

contacts to the
porphyry
is truncated and
displaced
downwards
by
the
Gypsum
assem
Fault.
Along
andsites, the porphyiy truncates quartz veinlets. The mineral
blage
is somewhat variable from south to north, but this may be
largely
due to the different
styles
of alteration. In the south, the
potassic
alteration of this
porphyiy
is stronger and less
overprinted
to
by the later alteration than in the north part totally

biotitized in the
of the
deposit. Thus, hornblende laths (2

they
is
are
10%)
are
south, whereas
to the north
only partly replaced, and biotite (3
to
10%o) is chloritized.
20 to 40%> of the
plagioclase
weakly
are
altered to sericite in the south but

amounts of less than 1
completely replaced
in the north. Quartz
phenocrysts
and
present in
%>.
In thin section, the very
fine-grained quartz-
feldspar-bearing
m
matrix is
seen
to be
brown
ish. Due but is which
to the small
grain-size, secondary K-feldspar
the
groundmass
is difficult to
recognize
probably
are
minor constituent. Alteration
largely
affects the smaller
grains
of
plagioclase,
unal
converted to sericite and
clay,
whereas the
larger plagioclase phenociysts remain
tered in the southern
part of the North Porphyiy. Fresh plagioclase is zoned and shows polysynthetic
twinning.
NW-Porphyry
Dikes and Late
Porphyries
can
Dikes in the N W part of the
deposit
be correlated with
irregularly-shaped
Porphyry
dike
Late
Porphyiy
bodies and dikes in the center of the
deposit (Fig. 1.5).
A Late
can
be followed
northwestward
it
through the feldspar-destructive alteration

are
zone
and the Los Amarillos stock, where

swarm.
splits
into two dikes that
clearly part of the NW-Porphyry dike

are
At the
fringe
of the
deposit the NW-Porphyry
dikes
altered
to
epidote-chlorite
and cut all andesitic volcanics and

varies from 3 to 7%. Horn subhedral
massive andsite dikes. The biotite content of the blende laths remain fresh in
amounts
NW-Porphyry dikes
places and
make up 3 to 5% of the rock.

are rare.
Plagioclase occurs
as
grains
in
of 10 to 20%.
cut
Quartz phenociysts
The Late
Porphyries
the Colorado Norte
Porphyry,
the
Early-P3 Porphyry
are
and the and
Campamiento Porphyry (Late-P3 ).

may represent
The outcrops of Late
Porphyries
to
small and
irregular
single
branches of one intrusion.
They
are
pale
dark grey and contain 15 to 30%o
25
Geology and Perfrology
plagioclase,
2 to 5% biotite
books, 2
to 7%
mainly biotitized hornblende and greenish-grey

of the Late
sparse, rounded and
resorbed quartz
phenocrysts.
The matrix is grey to The
and contains variable propor

in
tions of plagioclase and
magnetite.
groundmass
Porphyries and,
places,
also of
the
NW-Porphyry
is
coarser-grained than in the other porphyry types

of
with the
same
alteration
intensity. Phenocrysts
the
plagioclase
are
rarely replaced by fine-grained secondary K-feldspar

arc
of
groundmass,
and
generally only fine cracks within ciystals

some
filled with sericite.
Plagioclase
shows zonation and

to
polysynthetic twinning and
grains
show andesine cores
and labradoritic
bytownitic rims (A.

are
H. Clark written commun.,
1999). Most of the biotite is fresh but horn

southern exposures in the
zone
blende laths
replaced by shreddy
biotite.
Samples from the
of
moderate to strong
as
feldspar-destructive alteration
and
contain chloritized
biotite, together with fresh

in
a
well
as
completely (clay
in
sericite?) altered plagioclase phenocrysts

to older
dusted
fine-grained
much less
groundmass. However,
altered.
comparison
porphyries,
no
the Late
Porphyries
are
They contain
sparse quartz veins and almost
mineralization except for
some
pyrite and
very
rare
chalcopyrite
veinlets.
Post-Mineralization
The
Porphyiy (P4)
occurs as narrow,
youngest-known porphyry type

rocks,
are
discontinuous,
and
NNE
trending
no
dikes.
They
cut all other
largely
unaffected
by alteration,
usually
contain
veins
or
sulfide mineralization. The

3%> biotite
phenociyst mineralogy consists of only
10 to 15%
plagioclase,
2 to
books,
to
some
quartz eyes, and 10 to 15%

is
generally fresh hornblende, which
may be
partially
altered
chlorite. Biotite
unaltered
or
is
partly replaced by
magnetite.
chlorite. The matrix is
fine-grained
and grey to
dark-grey
due to disseminated
Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry Cu-An deposit
26
Parti
Alteration Mineralogy and Zonation
Hypogene alteration
ized
is well
exposed
at the surface of
Bajo
de la
Alumbrera, and is
character
by
four main concentric alteration
zones.
The innermost
zone
around Colorado Norte the texture and
peak
is
characterized the
the
by intense quartz-magnetite alteration, which obliterates

rock. This
zone covers
replaces by
1
magmatic mineralogy of the
about 0.2 to 0.3 km2 and is surrounded
potassic alteration (biotite-K-feldspar-quartz magnetite anhydrite), which extends
over
to 2
km2, including strongly and weakly

alteration
altered
outcrops. Adjacent to the potassic alteration

calcite
zone,
propylitic
(chlorite-epidote-albite
of the
magnetite) overprints the andesitic wall
rock at the outer
fringe
the
deposit
and the outermost parts of the

to ~1
porphyry
intrusions. This
alteration
to herein
overprints
as
surrounding country rock up

alteration
km. The last alteration event, referred

-
the
(srieite-quartz-pyrite
and
kaolinite
illite),
corre
sponds
sic and
to the
phyllic
alteration of other
porphyiy deposits
overprints parts
of both the potas

was
propylitic by
zones.
An age of 6.75
0.09 Ma for the
indicates
a
determined
onset of the
Sasso
(1997)
on
hydrothermal sericite, which

event at
time
period
between the
porphyric
intrusions and the latest

a
Alumbrera of around 250,000 to 350.000
years. In
depth,
the alteration pattern has
central strong
potassic alteration
and
patches of quartz-
magnetite depth
alteration
(Fig. 1.7).
areas.
The The
intensity of the potassic
alteration decreases with reaches
increasing
and in
more
distal
feldspar-destructive overprint
commonly along faults
into considerable
In the
depth.
as
potassic
well
as
in the
alteration several mineral
assemblages
can
be
distinguished, indicating
different alteration intensities. These will be described below
where the alteration characteristics
are
separated
for the
porphyries
and andesitic wall rocks.
Figure
1.8 and 1.9
are
photos
of hand
specimens
and thin sections that show the main alteration
minerals.
Cross Section
along
Line 47
Alteration distribution
Gypsum
V-rAllWv*"'
47/-55-3 '
:
'.'/.
'
/*
'
i
*T:"
A;ArA?".v^.-; .. .:/H:-Vft..'A. #f*
_?51X
&
Alteration
.
tm|;
F
alteration
;-:.
-..
1 Quariz-magnotte
string K-fold spar-biotite
Lxd aHeralion
,:;
-,
tfllllf ffv
\\
\
eate and weak
fcispar-biole alteration
I
j secondary
fc-joti'.o ateraiior: "-;-.
f"m\ TJ^jr^yporphyries
Quartz-Eye-Porphyry
Hornblende-Piagioclase
Porphyry
aeration
Andsite Tuff
iQfl
Co|orado Norte
Schk>riU;-&pidot&
Los AmariHos
Porphyry
f/\J
Early-P3 Porphyry
V!
Au
ore
Cu
ore
grade
grade
jjjjjjf
Fig. from
Geology, alteration and ore-grade distribution along section 47. The general alteration pattern is modified and projected section 49 (Proffett, 1997). Quartz-magnetite alteration is inferred from drill hole logging along section 47. A.) Lithologies, B) Alteration, C) Cu ore-grade distribution, D) Au ore-grade distribution.
1.7:
Bajo
deposit
28
Parti
Quartz-Magnetite Alteration
From
ptrographie studies and

is the earliest alteration
vein
crosscutting relationships,
the barren
magnetite-quartz
assemblage
at
Bajo
de la Alumbrera. However, it could not be determined
whether the earliest intrusions (Los Amarillos and
Quartz-Eye Porphyiy)
were
affected
by this
the
alteration, because these lithologies
are
strongly feldspar-destructively overprinted. Thus,
quartz-magnetite assemblage phyry

and to parts of the
is restricted to the center of the The
deposit
in the Colorado Norte Por
Early-P3 Porphyry.
are
quartz-magnetite
veinlets associated with the the
Colorado Norte
occurrence
Porphyry
truncated at the contacts to the
Early-P3 Porphyiy, indicating
of two
separated stages of this alteration in the

are
two
porphyries (Proffett, ! 997). Small
magnetite veinlets generations

texture and
the oldest vein type and cut
magmatic plagioclase phenocrysts. Multiple

have
of intense
quartz-and quartz-magnetite veining

mineralogy by
massive quartz and
structures.
largely obliterated the igneous

in similar
replaced
the
magnetite
proportions.
The
quartz-magnetite veins show different internal

the vein,
as
Magnetite
may
occur
in the center of
vein wall
coatings, and
more
complex textures
are common
(see
a
vein
paragenesis).
In
the matrix,
occurs as
magnetite is disseminated between grain boundaries quartz-magnetite

as
but in
few
samples magnetite
observed in other
solid inclusions in
veins. This type of alteration
was
porphyry copper deposits
such
Island
Copper (Clark and Arancibia, 1995; Arancibia and Clark,
1996) and is considered to be
characteristic feature of gold-rich
porphyry copper deposits (Si llitoc,
1979; Perell and Cabello, 1989; Sillitoe, 1993).

A later alteration than that in the Colorado Norte and the
Early-P3 Porphyiy,
but with similar barren quartz-
mineralogy
magnetite
is described
by Proffett ( 1997)
in the andesitic wall rock, lie observed
K-feldspar
zones.
alteration in the andsites and in parts of
Ear1y-P3 Porphyiy, overlying
good ore-grade
Potassic Alteration
Contact and
vein-crosscutting relationships
show that fluid
pulses causing potassic

as
alteration intrusion.
were
associated with both the Colorado Norte
Porphyry
are
as
well
Early-P3 Porphyiy
The alteration
assemblages related
to these
pulses
indistinguishable.
to
Potassic alteration and
quartz vein densities in the Early-P3 Porphyiy vary from weak
intense, but generally both
29
Alteration
Mineralogy
features
are
weaker than in the Colorado Norte

are common
Porphyry. Hydrothermal magnetite

assemblage, 1995). by secondary
biotite
as
and
some
anhydrite
in veins
in the
potassic
alteration
reported also from Panguna
and Tsland
Copper (Eastoe, potassic
1978: Clark and Arancibia.
Weak
alteration at Alumbrera is characterized and in
(in
matrix and
replacing hornblende
affected
cases
magmatic biotite)
is
as
the dominant alteration mineral. The

1 km at the pre-mme surface
area
by secondary
biotite
development
about 1.7
(Proffett,
1997). Secondary biotite alteration affects al 1 porphyries, but terminated before the Post-Mineral
ization
Porphyry
mafic
intruded. In the andesitic wall rock,
fine-grained
are
biotite and
occurs
in the matrix and
replaces
ognized
phenociysts. Plagioclase phenocrysts
preserved
are
are
macroscopically
rec
as
white laths in the brown, altered rock.

alteration occurred.
of the intense
They
partly
altered to sericite where later
The mineral
assemblage
potassic alteration
the
is characterized
copper and
by secondary
are
K-
feldspar as
the
major
alteration mineral.
Generally,
highest
gold grades
associ
ated with this alteration in the Colorado Norte Proffett
Porphyiy
and the
Early-P3 Porphyry. Mapping by
(1995)
and my
own
observations into
on
outcrops and
on
drill-core
samples
show that the
alteration
intensity grades outwards
secondary biotite alteration. K-feldspar may coexist with
secondary biotite, magnetite, quartz,

spar in the matrix
more
and copper sulfides.
Replacement of plagioclase by
color of the
K-feld
fn
commonly
zones,
causes
coarsening
and
pinkish-grey
are
groundmass.
strongly altered
plagioclase phenociysts
partially replaced by seconadry

is
common
k-feld
spar and the
crystal shape becomes ragged. Secondary magnetite
in
veinlets, dissemi
nated in the matrix and at sites of former hornblende due to the breakdown of hornblende to
secondary
biotite and
magnetite.
within the
Two alteration
assemblages
secondary K-feldspar alteration

and
were
distinguished
by Proffett (1997): (i) K-feldspar-magnetite-quartz biotite;

The first
(ii) biotite-K-feldspar-quartz.
and the second with
assemblage
is associated with
1 observed
chalcopyrite-bornite mineralization
the latter
chalcopyrite. However,
(bornite, covellite)
relative
are
only
assemblage
and Cu-rich
hypogene
same area
sulfides
but their
very
rare.
Both alteration
assemblages
occur
within the
spatial distribution
is not known. Both
assemblages overprint the
barren
magnetite-quartz
Cu-Aii
deposit
30
Parti
assemblage,
blages.
and the
chalcopyrite-bearing assemblage
is the younger of the two Cu-ore
assem
Andsites
adjacent
to
porphyries
which
are
affected
by potassic alteration
arc
strongly
bi
otitized due to the
higher Mg
and Fe contents in the
protolith. However,
in parts of the andsites
near
the Colorado Norte
Porphyry, secondary K-feldspar, magnetite,

andesitic wall rock is associated with
to the
biotite and
anhydrite
occur.
This
assemblage in the
good
copper mineralization and

m
probably contemporaneous
the
K-feldspar-magnetite-quartz-Cu sulFide biotite assemblage

observed
m
porphyries (Proffett, 1997). Proffett (1997)
the andsites
later
an
assemblage
of K-
feldspar-magnetite-chlorite-quartz
of the breakdown of biotite
to
where chlorite is not related to and magnetite.
overprint,
but the result
K-feldspar
Chlorite-Epidote
alteration
(propylitic alteration)
of
This alteration surrounds the
area
potassic
alteration and consists of chlorite,
epidote,
outer
calcite, albite,
some
magnetite and quartz. Its inner edge coincides approximately with the
alteration
edge
of weak
potassic
(secondary biotite),
and the
outer
fringe
occurs
in the surround
ing andesitic
hills up to about 1 km from the center of the and calcite

were
mam
porphyry
stock. In
samples
of the
propylitic alteration epidote

tion in this alteration
rarely
observed
together. This may represent
a zona-
zone as
described in other
porpln ry deposits (Ballantyne,
1981 ; Norman et
al., 1991). Chlorite-epidote alteration does not overprint potassic alteration assemblages and
therefore have formed
more or
may
less
simultaneously
with the potassic alteration.

areas
Strong
chlorite-
epidote alteration overprints dikes)

and in
a
Late
Porphyries in
m
the north and northwestern
(NW-Porphyrv only
weak
dike of North
Porphyry
the NB
part of the deposit. In these
areas
potassic alteration overprints

the time when
the rocks. Therefore,
chlorite-epidote
alteration
was
still active at
porphyiy intrusions (except Post-Mineralization (P4) Porphyry) chlorite-epidote

and
-t
and
potassic
alter
ation had waned. The sulfide content of the
alteration
zone
is low and consists of
some
pyrite and
very minor
molybdenite, sphalerite
galena.
Mafic minerals
are
replaced by
chlorite
magnetite
and
plagioclase
is altered to albite
epidote
calcite
sericite.
37
Alteration
Mineralogy
*-~'i,f:*'* '-1? ^ 7'W^vi'

}#>
'r*..*,..**** *'
r
IIa *"%
"A'.-^
'S*
...
A*
"*"*
!..*%
\&'*^&
*Hk
zones.
showing macroscopic alteration characteristics of the different alteration examples of unaltered late Porphyry and Post-Mineralization Porphyry, respectively C) secondary K-feldspar alteration (potassic), D) chlorite-epidote alteration, E) feldspardestructive alteration, and F) pervasive feldspar-destructive alteration. Scale I cm.
A) and B)
are
Fig.
1.8: Hand specimens,
Feldspar-Destructive Alteration (Phyllic

This alteration
and Argillic
between
Alteration)
and
partly overprints
porphyry types.
the contact
zone
potassic
chlorite-epidote alter deposit
ation and affects all
The alteration is most intense in the upper part of the

to more
but
along
late fault
zones
it extends downward
than 350 of
(e.g. drill hole 48-43.1) below

on
the surface.
Macroscopic observations (water absorption

more
clay minerals)
altered drill-core
samples indicate compared

to
abundant
clay minerals
in the outer parts of the
deposits (e.g. hole 57.5-60)
samples closer
to the center of the
deposit. Limited X-ray diffractometry analyses
Bajo de
la Alumbrera porphyry Ca-Au
deposit
32
Part I
fig.
1.9:
\
Photomiciogtaphs of
potassie)
thin seetions nith
P oi pint
mattix
with magmatic textun
diffeient aitei ation featuies A) unalteted 1 ate B) qucutz-magnetitc alteiation C) secondan k-feldspai in the
biotite (Meak potassic)
(stiontr
D) sceondan
m
b) sheddx biotite
leplaung
hoi nhlende h) potassie alteiation
andsite Mall toek G) and G I
epidotc ultuation) and H)

t ale
m
senate
in
epidote i eplacmg plagioclase (chlotiteand cha mineiah leplaee felchpais and mafic phenoensts
mm
li C
D h II 2
mm
33
Alteratjon
Mineralogy
(Appendix F)
white mica
show that the mineral

and
assemblage
of this alteration type at Alumbrera consists of

the term
(sericite)
clay
minerals. For this
reason
alteration is
used to include
phyllic
as
well
as
argillic alterations.
are
The main alteration minerals
sericite, quartz, pyrite, and illite
calcite, kaolinitc(?) and
rutile. The
intensity
of the alteration varies from weak to intense and may
completely
occurs
obliterate
the texture of the
porphyries.
The
most
intense
pyrite
along faults
alteration
(alteration
halo). This
This
halo up
to a few meters
wide)
and veins with
quartz (up
to 2- 3 cm
intense alteration may affect several cubic meters where the veins alteration
are
closely spaced.
pervasive
style
is best
exposed west of the Gypsum Fault

are
and in the Los Amarillos
Porphyiy.
The matrix and
phenociysts
altered
to a
uniform, pale-grey
which
or
white rock. Interme

affects indi in the
diate alteration
intensity
is characterized
by
partial alteration,
selectively
for
vidual mineral grams and
replaces phenocrysts.
fins alteration is
exposed,
example,
Quartz-Eye Porphyry
lets.
or
near
Colorado Sur and between the
intensely altered envelopes of late vein-
Weakly overprinted
rocks
are
abundant in the whole
deposit and
not
related
to a
defined
area
distinct veins. These different alteration intensities be
can
recognized macroscopically. In
chlorite while the show
the weak alter
ation the biotitized hornblende first

tered
converts to
primary
sericite
biotite remains unal
or
is
weakly
chloritized.
Plagioclase phenocrysts
are
some
along
hairline cracks,
but
polysynthetic twinning and zoning
still visible. The matrix becomes brownish and
mix
ture of mica and
clay
minerals all
replaces
smaller
phenocrysts
of
plagioclase. Strong feldspar-de

or a
structive alteration
replaces
or
plagioclase by
sericite
calcite
mixture of
clay minerals,
starting
from the
edges
the center of the
plagioclase.
Sericite and minor rutile and quartz and

was
replace
the mafics. Some quartz in the matrix is
probably secondary
formed
during
the K-
breakdown of K-feldspar to muscovite and quartz. Whether
plagioclase was
altered
first
replaced by
to
feldspar and
later altered to sericite

at the
quartz,
or
whether
plagioclase
directly
sericite, is
difficult to determine
even
thin section scale. In the
assemblage
of intermediate alteration chloritized

seritized.
intensity plagioclase
is
partly
altered to sericite
or
clay and the mafics
are
or
Secondary K-feldspar
in the matrix is left unaffected.
Bajo de
la Alumbrera porphyry Cu-Aii
deposit
34
Parti
Pyrite, varying
from 2 to 10%
(veins
and
disseminated)
is
characteristic feature of these
assemblages.
An alteration similar in age to the
feldspar-destructive overprint, i.e.,

the
younger than Late-P3
Porphyries phyry
and
and Late
Porphyries, overprints
high-grade
ore zone
in the Colorado Norte Por
Eaiiy-P3 Porphyiy (green alteration; Proffett, 1997).

and
This alteration
occurs
along
late
chalcopyrite
pyrite
a
veinlets
(see below) where it
converts
biotite, plagioclase and, in
some
places, K-feldspar to
green
assemblage
of sericite, chlorite, and carbonate. Proffett
(1997)
pro
posed pyrite
remobilization of Cu associated with this green alteration, because the late

veinlets also
occur
chalcopyrite-
in the Late-P3
Porplryries
and Late
Porphyries.
Vein
Sequence and Mineralization

and
Magma emplacement superimposed
subsequent hydrothermal activity porphyries
caused intense
fracturing
and
network of various vein types in the of quartz veins,

are
and the
adjacent
wall rocks. Vein
density, particularly
est number of
varies
systematically
between different
porphyries. The larg

by volume)
and in
quartz veins
hosted
by Colorado Norte Porphyry (20

as
to 50 %
Early-P3 Porphyry (5
contact with these two
to 20 %
by volume)
well
as
the andsites
(5
to
10 %
by volume)
porphyries.
Later intrusions have
much lower
density of mineralogically
a
different veins
(<
%). The
ore
common
vein types at Alumbrera
are
described below in terms of
pre-ore
stage, the main

is
stage,
late sulfide vein
stage, and the post-ore stage (Fig. 1.10). This

and
vein
chronology
deduced from
mineralogy (Fig. 1.10)

intrusive contacts of
at the
scale of drill-hole
samples
and outcrops
(Fig. 1.11). However,
Early-P3
that
Porphyiy cutting already

at
mineralized and veined Colorado Norte second of the four
Porphyry (P2) demonstrate
least the first and
probably the
recurrent
hydrothermal stages
have occurred at least
twice, separated by
magmatic intrusion.
Pre-Ore
Stage
Veins
The pre-ore stage is which

are
represented by
locally
very dense network of quartz-magnetite
veins,
intimately
associated with the barren quartz
magnetite alteration. Hairline magnetite
35
Vein
Sequence
and Mineralization
Andsites
r~
o
re
Quartz-EyePorphyry
Colorado Norte Early-P3
Porphyry
Late-P3
Late
Porphyry
Porphyries / Porphyry dikes
purple quartz
magnetite quartz-magnetite
white
2<
o
quartz
r
0)
en re
quartz-magnetitechalcopyrite-(bornite)
*<>
a o
quartz-chalcopyrite.
epidote-(galena)-
(sphalerite)-(calcite) j anhydrite(molybdenite-hematite%< chalcopyrite-pyrite)

a>
re
S
-!
chalcopyrite-(pyrite)
ro
fpyrite-(quartz)
gypsum-(pyrite)
gypsum
2^
.
Fig.
slabs
1.10: Vein
paragenesis based
on
crosscutting relationships observed in drill-core samples and
of samples from outcrops.
veinlets associated
cutting plagioclase phenocrysts
are
the earliest vein
type in samples where

and
crosscutting relationships could
be studied. These veinlets
are
crossed
by barren quartz veins
quartz- magnetite veins of irregular shape, length and thickness (Fig. 1.11 A). Their quartz is
macroscopically granular, and

structures, with
banded
or
white
or
glassy
and colorless. The veins show variable internal vein wall
magnetite in
the center of the vein,
as
coatings,
or
in
more
complex
irregular textures
with mutual inclusions. Several
generations
of mutually
to
crosscutting
barren quartz veins (I
to 4 mm
wide) and quartz
magnetite veins (2
15
mm
wide) indicate
repeated fracturing and re-opening of
the veins. The barren
quartz veins
are
in
places
vugs
coarse
grained whereas quartz- magnetite veins

but
some
are
commonly
more
fine-grained. Open
feldspar
are
absent
of the quartz veins have
small white center line of calcite.
and sericite.
Purple quartz veins
were
occasionally observed
in drill
cores,
but
are common
characteristic
for surface and mine outcrops of the Los Amarillos
Porphyry and particularly
the
Quartz-Eye
Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry Cu-Au deposit
36
Parti
veins and later qtz-mag veins
Photomicrographs of different vein stages. A) Early qtz-mag veins cut by beirren quartz (pre-mineralization stage). B) Qtz-mag vein cut by a barren qtz vein that is cut by another qtz vein (pre-mineralization stage). Cj Late py veinlets and cpy cut the earlyqtz-mag alteration assemblage D) Contact of Colorado Norte and Early-P3 Porphyry that is crossed by late py veinlets (post-ore stage). Between tghe two arrows a small qtz vein dislaces a plagioclase and cuts through the contact. Disseminated chalcopyrite in quartz-magnetite alteration. Chalcopyrite is along grain boundaries of quartz and magnetite. E) Massive qtz-cpy-py vein of the mineralization stage. F)
Fig.
1.11: Massive py-cpy veinlets
of a
late stage in green altered porphyrv.

altertion halo) that cuts
a
G) Altered andsite 'wall rock with
late stage py vein (with
phyllic
vein late gyp veinlets cut the py vein. gyp.
purple qtz vein. Parallel to the qtz H) Potassically altered andsite with late stage veins qfpy and
barren
Mag: magnetite, qtz: quartz,
cpy:
chalcopyrite,
py:
pyrite,
gyp: gypsum
37
Vein
Sequence
and Mineralization
Porphyiy.
Their vein
density
in
the latter is
variably high,
and
meter-sized
to vuggy
pockets of massive
purple quartz have
been encountered
during
min
ing.
They occasionally
contain
bornite and little
chalcopyrite
but
or no
magnetite.
The ab
cm
sence
of this
conspicuous
-
vein
type in quartz
magnetite al
tered Colorado Norte has been

for
Porphyiy
evidence
suggested
as
an
early formation of these
veins and the
Quartz-Eye
Por
phyry hosting them, possibly
predating
Fig. 1.12: Sample ofCotorado Norte Porphyry withvein crosscutting relationships Early magnetite veinlets (mag) are cut by quartzmagnetite (qtz-mag), which are cut by barren quartz veinlets and a late pyrite vein (py) A few magnetite veinlets cut some of the quartzmagnetite veins indicating association with a later event or more ore less simultaneous deposition of the magnetite and quartzmagnetite
veins
the Colorado Norte
PorPhyry (S- Brown,

,
pers.
commun
"
0QC).)
Main Ore
p]le
Stage
Vein
Hie numbers indicate relative
time
relationships
of the
vein types
mam
ve]ns
re]ateci to the
mineralization stage
con
tain combinations of quartz,
magnetite, biotite, chalcopyrite
and minor
pyrite, anhydrite and
mo
lybdenite (Fig.
LI IC).
Copper deposition during

-
the main ore-stage is associated to two vein

are
types. The quartz
magnetite
-
chalcopyrite
-fc
bornite veins
related to the alteration
assem
blage
more
of K-feldspar
quartz
magnetite
biotite, whereas quartz
chalcopyrite -i. biotite veins

but
are
commonly
are
associated with biotite
K-feldspar
m
quartz alteration, fine

to
discrete alteration
and range from 3
haloes
to 10
absent. Both
vein
types
is
are
irregular
shape,
coarse-grained,
mm m
width. Bornite
veiy
rare
and may
be replaced
by chalcopyrite.
Most of the chal-
38
Parti
copyrite
occurs
in
patches
be
tween the
quartz
magnetite
some
magnetite
grams of the veins, and
quartz veins with
center line of
chalcopyrite
clusions of
within
were
observed In
chalcopyrite
occur
grains
of vein quartz in
magnetite
samples
with potassic alteration
(Fig.
tion
14). Copper mineraliza

also
as
occurs
disseminated
chalcopyrite
ation and
m
in the
potassic alter
parts of the quartzis
magnetite
magnetite alteration where it
intergrovvn with magnetite
or
lies
along
Fig.
1.13:
gram boundaries between
Different vein filling textures of carlv quartz-magnetite
repeated opening of a fracture Crosscutting relationships ofthesevems unph the sequence from old to xoung
veins
that indicate
magnetite and quartz grains (Fig.

\
from a)
to
c)
in
the
figure
15C)
Limited
ptrographie ob-
servations of gold in
polished
sec
tion showed small
grains vvithm
or
attached to
chalcopyrite (Fig. 1.15B),

also with and
and Dawson
(1994)
described observations of partly
subimcroscopic gold
magnetite, pyrite, and K-feldspar. sphalerite

veiy
Epidote
and calcite veinlets with minor pyrite,

zone
galena
rarely
occur
in the have
and
propylitic alteration
been
seen
mainly
the andsites No clear timing relations to other
veins
but
they
may well be
in
roughly contemporaneous with quartz--chalcopyrite veining
potassic alteration
the
inner
part of the stock The only minerals precipitated in open space

small
during propylitic alteration

of the lavas.
are
epidote
calcite
minor
quartz crystals in vesicles of some
39
Vein
Sequence and Mineralization
Fig.
the but
1.14:
ore was in
Chalcopyrite inclusions in quartz veins associated with potassic alteration give evidence that introduced during potassic alteration Commonly chalcojm ite is end aj?ped as single grains, some cases these chalcopyi ite inclusions haxe negative crystal forms and occur along fractures
Late
Sulfide
Vein
Stage
or
Anhydrite
m
quartz veins with molybdenite, hematite

where
chalcopyi ite
-
and pynte
mainly
occui
the
andsites,
also
they
are
related to the biotite
K-feldspar
quartz alteration. Less fre

and
quently they
than the
occur
in the lower parts of the

veins
Eaily-P3 Porphyry,
they
are
probably
vai
latei
mam
quartz
chalcopyrite
They
are
planar,
up to 4
cm
wide, and
contain
lable the also
amounts of
pynte, commonly platy molybdenite, and

is
minor
chalcopyrite
disseminated
quartz and anhydrite Anhydrite

observed
in a
commonly hydrated
to gypsum. This
type of vein
was
sample
of a late
porphyry intrusion From this observation and the Mo-grade distri

a
bution
the whole
can
deposit (see below)

be inferred.
slightly
later Mo mineralization stage than the
mam
Cu
mineralization The late in younger
chalcopyrite
pynte veinlets
cut all other
vein-types
-
in
the
orebody, but
veins
also
occui
porphyiy
intrusions These
massive
chalcopyrite
pynte
J.
quartz
up to 7
mm
thickness and
straight
thm veinlets and joints coated with pynte and
chalcopyrite
are
generally
ovei-
associated with haloes of green chlonte
senate alteration
They mainly
consist of pynte
growing
chalcopyrite
normally
to variable
degree, occasionally
some even
earlier magnetite and later he
matite, but
no
gangue minerals
They overprint the
mam
quartz
chalcopyrite veins Poiphyry
and
and
pervasive potassic alteration with disseminated
chalcopyi ite
in
the Colorado Norte
Bajo
de la Alumbi era pot phvty Cii-Au
deposit
40
Pari 1
hu>
1 l
Photomiciogi aph of nhitionship between

ite inclusions
ni
a
on
mineial
a
i) Gold
is
found
as
disante gl
cuirs m
chaleopMite B) Chalco/ni
is
pyi ite
fiom
late
chalcojnnite-pn
oie zone
ite xein
C) Chalcop\i
ite
m
mtcigioyn villi magnetite

le
samjde fiom
m as
the
high giadc
D) Magnetite inclusions
chalcopxi
indicate that Cu mineralization
lata than quai fz-magnetitc alteiation
Eaily-P} Poiphyiy
gioup and the 1 ate
but the\ also evtend
into latei
laigeh immmeiahzed potphyries
oi the P3
Poiplntv
Lven
though
thev eleailv
postdate
ma\
the
main
coppei-mtioducmg
eventicpiesented
significant
diilciences
with
b\ the
quartz-chalcopviite
m
vems
thev
nevertheless hostaneconomicallv
fiaction ol the coppei
the
deposit
At the scale of the
oiebody
theie
seems
to
be
no
bulk oie-gi ade between
zones
with late sulfide
veins
and gieen alteiation
compaied
zones
that show onh the potassie alteiation and eaihei
veins
This indicates late ledistnbu-
tion on
local scale lathci than
significant intioduttion
of coppei
dunng
thefoimation of the late
41
Vein
Sequence
and Mineralization
sulfide
veins, with
some
remobilization at the scale of tens of meters from the main mineralized
porphyries
into the later
porphyries.
Post-Min eralization
These vein types
Stage
are
are
related to the
alteration stage and consist of pyrite

mm
and gypsum with minor

over
or no
quartz. These veins

a
2 to 10
wide, planar
and may extend

center
several meters.
They
show
radial pattern around the

are common
deposit trending towards the
of
the
deposit.
Sericitic alteration haloes
in
andsites, but less distinct in dacite porphy
ries. Some barren quartz veins and hairline quartz veinlets may also be associated with the feld
spar-destructive overprint,
but most quartz veins
occurring in sericitized rocks

evident in the vuggy,
are
the
products
of
the earlier mineralization stage. This is the
particularly
purple quartz
arc
veins of
thoroughly overprinted Quartz-Eye Porphyry, (<

1 mm)
where sericite inclusions in their
restricted to the
outermost
overgrowth rim of larger crystals, which

fluid inclusions
core
contain
potassic
alter
ation minerals and
high-temperature
(Ulrich
et
al., 2000). Feldspar-destructiveiy

or as
overprinted
rocks may also contain minor calcite
as
small veinlets
late vug
fillings
in pre\ i-
ously opened quartz veins.

Gypsum
veins with
or
without
pyrite
are
the latest veins.
They
are
1 to 10
mm
in
width,
commonly straight
of
with various
orientations, and
some are
associated with late faults.
Hydration
anhydrite, previously deposited during

in veins that show quartz
the mineralization stage, formed
some
of the gypsum,
particularly
crystals along
their wall. But many gypsum veins cut all
other vein types and
can
therefore not be
hydrated anhydrite
veins of the
potassic stage.
The
deposition
in the
of coarsely
crystallized
gypsum in these late veins occurred at very low
temperatures
stability
field of gypsum,
probably during surface weathering,
Bajo de
deposit
42
Parti
Ore Distribution
The copper and
gold mineralization
occurs
in small veinlets, in stockworks, and dissemi
nated in the
porphyries
and the wall rock andsites,
decreasing
in
grade from
the
early porphyries
to the younger
porphyries,
of which the Post-Mineralization

w
(P4) Porphyry is barren. Chalcopy
rite inclusions in quartz associated
ith
secondary K-feldspar-quartz-biotitemagnctite alteration

indicate that the main mineralization stages
oc-
"
-Si"
1-3
"2
curred in the
and the
tw o
intrusions of the Colorado Norte
Early-P3 Porphyries. Deposition of al completed before the

Late-
0.01
0 1
10
most all copper was
P3
Porphv ries intruded.

In
ligure
1.16 the
drill-log from
hole 47-55.3
It is obvi
is shown
together w ith the ore-grades.

meters
ous
that in the upper few

to
Cu is leached
owing
feldspar-destructive gold grades
and supergene al remain constant.
teration, whereas
The
negative peak in the ore-grade around 113

m
to 117
is related to
Late
Porphyry intrusion,
ore-grades
which suggests
and in
correlation between
porphyry
intrusion stages low
(high ore-grades
in later intru
P2: Colorado Norte

P3-
Porphyry
early intrusions,
ore-grades
Early-P3 Porphyry
Late
!p
Porphyry
IP3- Late-P3
Porphyry
intrusions
sions)
A
more
And- Andsite wall rock
detailed evaluation of the
|~l
ore-grade
secondary-K-feldspar-biotite magnetite
quartz-magnetite
y
[~J
distribution bctw een different

andesitic wall rock
porphyiy types and

47, reveals higher
grades in hole 4"-55 3 comparedxvith the lithologies and alteration A correlation of ore-grades among the early porphyries and a Late Porp Inn porphyry
1\pcs
the
as
Fig.
1.16: Cu and Au
along
line
Cu and Au values for the Colorado Norte and the
well
as a positive
is
correlation betx\
Larly-P3 Porphyries than for later intrusions (Fig.

\. I 7A). Cu and Au
are
een
ore
metals
observed
positively
correlated in the
43
Ore Distribution
10
B
Colorado Notta ^
u
farfyrafb^My
Ar/Viyry
/ /
D
a
ecu
dV
J'? a-;,
1
,jSta
Mi>
/
x
*x'
X
X
,*>,
<rji
1,
X
X
Lite
ia^P
X-X.
n
II \
*\x\
\
1
x
X
X
X
Ax*^ffls
Pcrptyr
es
\^
V
X xx>
*>
>
/
/
/ /
V *---_*n-^
001
100
100C
Au{pprv$
Mo(ppm)
F/^. 1.17: Ore-grade correlation of Au vs Cu and Mo vs Cu along section 47. A positive correlation and highest ore grades in the earliest ivo intrusions can be seen in A) 'Ihere i? no correlation between Mo and Cu and the grades of Mo are similar for all lithologies it ;//; slightly higher values for the andsites
and late
porphyries (B)
drill-holes of section 47 and
ore-grades
in the Colorado Norte and
Early-P3 Porphyiy
over
are
similar
is not
(Fig. 1,17A). According to Wall ( 1997)

linear and Au/Cu increases with
the correlation of Cu and Au
the whole
deposit
increasing
Cu
grades
to the
Ihe andsites
are
weakly
to
moderately
mineralized but contain economic grades close
porphyry intrusions
inv
of the Colorado Norte Cu and Au concentra
Porphyry and
tions.
the
Early-P3 Porphy ry.
Later
porphy ries
ariably have low
The distribution of Cu and Mo is shown in
figure
17B.
Molybdenum mineralization is
and
spa
tially
not well-defined and
qualitative
estimates from the
ore-grades
macroscopic
or
observa
tions indicate that the younger
porphyries
and also the andsites contain similar
slightly higher
molybdenum
concentrations than the copper and
gold -mineralized slightly
intrusions
(Fig. 1,17B).
than that
This suggests that
moly bdenite deposition
\\ as
later and/or
more
peripheral
of Cu and Au.
When
compiling the
Cu and Au
ore-grades
of the whole
deposit an
ore zone
and
barren
core
are
clearlv defined. Figure 1.7C and D show the ore-tirade distribution of section 47 that cuts
Bajo
deposit
44
Part I
mainly through the high-grade grades,

surrounds
a
ore zone.
high-grade
ore
shell, with the highest Cu and Au
low-grade core. Highest ore-grades

veinlets
are
associated with
and late
chalcopyrite
crosscutting
the
ore
the
quartz-magnetite
alteration of the Colorado Norte
and the
Fiarly-P3 Porphyries in
was
shell. The
low-grade
core
is situated southwest of Colo
rado Norte and P3
first
recognized by Bassi
and Rochefort (
1980). It is hosted mainly by Earlywith
Porphyry and small parts
of Colorado Norte
Porphyry, generally
high
vein
density
and
intense but sulfide-free ries
quartz-magnetite alteration. Additionally,

Late
intrusions of younger
dilute the
Porphy
(Late-P3 Porphyries and
Porphyries)
in this
low-grade
zone
ore-grades.
Supergene Processes
Supergene print.
It is
at Alumbrera
from the
alteration is
commonly
to
difficult to
distinguish
not
at
over
largely restricted
outcrops and does

e.g.,
at
deeply penetrate
than 200
Alumbrera, although
the
Proffett
(1997) observed oxidation,
depth
of
more
m near
Gypsum
are
Fault in
drill-hole 48-54. In the upper few meters, hematite, chalcocite and
some
covellite
secondary
to super
minerals, replacing magnetite and chalcopyrite. Secondary enrichment of copper due

gene oxidation and
leaching
is
economically
not
important
at Alumbrera.
Thus, Cu grades
are
depleted
in the upper few meters, whereas the

zone
gold grades
remain constant. In the

and
pyrite-rich
the sulfides
are
dissolved and
only jarosite
empty cavities remain.
45
Geochemistry
Magmatic Geochemistry and Mass-Balance Calculation

of
Hydrothermal Alteration
Sample
Selection gains
and losses of elements in the different alteration and Late-P3 Late-P3
zones,
In order to calculate the
samples
were
analysed from
two
porphyries (Early-P3 Porphyry

of unaltered
Porphyry)
,
and from andes
itic wall rock.
Samples
porphyries (Early-P3,
used
as
Late
Porphyries
and Post-
Mineralization
the
(P4) Porphyiy)
were
protoliths
for the mass-balance calculation and for

No unaltered
geochemical
characterization of the
intrusions
(Appendix G).
samples
were
found of the Colorado Norte
Porphyiy
is
and Los Amarillos
Porphyiy. Thus, only
few data
are
available for fresh rocks and
emphasis
placed
on
gains
and losses of major and minor elements
during
the alteration processes.
For the
Early-P3 Porphyiy,
one
two
samples
from the
quartz-magnetite alteration,
three of the
the
potassic
zone,
of the
chlorite-cpidote
were
zone,
and three
samples variably overprinted by

two
the
analysed.
From the
Campamiento Porphyiy,
and
samples
of
chlorite-epidote
zone
and
one
each of the
potassic
Late
and
one
alterations
were
taken. One ation
sample of weakly potassically-altered

from the andesitic wall rock
were
Porphyry
sample
of each alter
zone
analyzed.
For the mass-balance PS
calculation, samples from outcrops of Campamiento Porphyry (Latea
Porphyry)
were
sampled along
profile in the
to
south part of the
deposit extending
zone.
from chlo
rite-epidote, through feldspar-destructive,

of all alteration
zones
the potassic alteration
Due to limited outcrops

were
of the
Early-P3 Porphyry
were
and the andesitic wall rock, these rocks
sampled
XRF
in drill-cores. The
element
samples
analysed by
LECO
"Intertck
Testing
Services"
(Canada) with
(major
oxides), titration (FeO). by
(S)
and
coulometry (CO,).
The two
Trace elements
were
analysed
in-house
laser ablation 1CP-MS
on
XRF
glass pellets.
Dbendorf
samples
of the
quartz-magnetite alteration
were
analysed by XRF
at EMPA
(Switzerland).
Bajo
del Alumbrera porphyry Cu-Au
deposit
46
Parti
Table 1.1: Whole-rock data for the samples ofAlumbrera, which are used for the mass-balance calculation. Major elements (oxides) and S are given in wt%. trace elements inppm, and Au inppb. II.O is calculated
from loss of ignition by
subtraction
of
S and
CO,
n a
not
analysed,
<
below detection limit
47
Geochemistry
Results
of Geochemistry
of unaltered
and Calculation
ofAlteration
Reactions
Composition
porphyries
Complex
Geochemical data for intrusive and extrusive rocks of the Farallon Negro Volcanic and Alumbrera exist from earlier studies (e.g. Dostal
et
al., 1977: Stubs, 1985; Suchomcl, 1985;
Allison, 1986; Sasso. 1997; Mller and Forrestal. 1998: Breitenmoser. 1999). The author's data
for four unaltered
porphyry
at
intrusions indicate
high-K. calc-alkaline andesitic
to dacitic
composi
a
tion for the intrusions
Bajo
de la Alumbrera
(Appendix G).
an
Whole-rock data from
wide
variety
of units in the
FarallonNegro Complex
in these rocks
indicate
unbroken
spread
from
low-Ktohighwere
K and shoshonitic
affinity
(Sasso
and Clark.
1998). Similar
observations
made
by Breitenmoser ( 1999)
in the
on a
sequence of v olcanic units within the Farallon

of Alumbrera that have
Negro Volcanic
Complex
Capillitas
area east
slightly
elevated K concentrations
compared
the
to the data for the rest of the volcanic
complex.
The intrusive units at Alumbrera
plot
in
high-K field
in
diagram
of SiO,
versus
K,0 (Fig. 1.18) which also includes
recent data of
T__
__j.
L_
_J
___L_
1__
_L
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
S02
(wt%)
Fig. 1.18: SiO,

Breitenmoser,
Volcanic
vary
in a
versus K.,0 diagram with data of the Capillitas area (squares: 1999) and from samples of different locations in the Farallon Negro
Complex (diamonds. Sasso, 199").

intrusions
1 he data of the volcanic
complex overall
of
wide SiO, field and range from low-K to
high-K values,
into
whereas the data
porphyry
ofAlumbrera {filled triangles) plot
the
high-K field and between
58 to 66 wtu Sit),
48
Part I
Sasso
(1998)
and Breitenmoser
(1999).
The data of Mller and Forrestal

to shoshonitic
(1998)
for the
porphyiy
are
intrusions at Alumbrera
yielded high-K
composition. However,
their data
not
for fresh rocks and
some
of the K-enrichment is the effect of potassic alteration
(Clark
and
Sasso,
1999).
The results of least altered
Mineralization
Early-P3 Porphy ry.

show
no
Late-P3
Porphyries,
Late
Porphyries
and Post-
(P4) Porphyry,
differentiation trend, which is consistent
to other Andean
porphyries (A.
H. Clark written
commun..
1999) They lie all in the field of dacites (Fig. 1.18),

a
except the latest intrusion (Post-Mineralization (P4) Porphv ry) that has
lower
K,0, SiO,
content
(58 wt%),
a
and mafic index
(MI^FeO/FeO+MgO
to the other
0 54). but elevated
Ti02
and MnO values and
high
Sr/Rb ratio
compared
intrusions
(64 \\t% SiO,; MT=0.6).
Mass-balance calculation
Selected
pairs
of fresh
(protolith)
and altered
samples
were
compared
for the mass-balance
calculation
(Fig. 1.19.
Table
1.1). Because the feldspar-destructive alteration overprints already

rocks
were
altered rocks, of the and
potassically-altered
chosen
as
protolith for the
mass-balance calculation from the
alteration. No unaltered andsite could be
sampled
deposit,
an
unaltered biotite-hornblende
FAR 284 from the
-bearing
andsite
composition
is therefore taken from Sasso
(1997, sample
Bajo
de la Alumbrera area), which

To obtain
possibly
is the closest repre
sentative for the volcanics of the

free of veins selected for
deposit.
representative
whole-rock data
only samples
were
analyses, except
magnetite veins.
for the
quartz-magnetite gain
alteration where the
entire rock consist of quartz and accounted for
The apparent
was
of quartz of altered rocks
was
by adding
the amount of quartz that
estimated
on
die basis of the quartz vein
density.
Pairs of elements with
constant average
ratios between unaltered and altered rocks

determined
were
interpreted
1,19 where
as
immobile, fhese elements
were
by
examination of the
plots
in
figure
they plot
on, or near a
line of constant used
slope,
and thus define
an
isocon
(Grant, 1986).
alteration
The
and
av
erage ratios for TiO and /r
w ere
in
the
porphy nes
for the
quartz-magnetite
gains
and losses
A1,0,, TiOr
and Zr for the other alteration
zones
to calculate the
following
Grant's
approach (Grant, 1986):
Table 1 2
zones
Elemental gains and losses of the alteration
Campamiento Porphyry (Late-P3 Porphyry)

c
Early-P3 Porphyry
unaltered
Andes it
chlorite
wall rock
chlorite-
unaltered
weak
chlorite
feldspardestructive
quartz
magnetite
43 47 1/22/ 51-52 2/18 BLA 55
51 52 2/21 43 47 1/22 / 5 52 2/18 FAR 284
potassic
BLA 48 / BLA 48 / BLA 82/ 43 471/22 43-47 1/22/ 47-55/9 FAR 284 / FAR 284 / 39 43/3 / 46 62/6
epidote
BLA 79
BLA 81
potassic
feldspardestructive
unaltered
intense
feldspardestructive
epidote
potassic
39-43/3
BLA 62
epidote
BLA48
BLA82
s
0 1
n a
01
00 02
n a r a
00 09 04 3 1 1 0 1 7
1
'
o 90 0 3 32 01 03 07 20 28
'
00
03
00
04
'03 0
01
66 6 24
Au 00 0 1 00 02
1
<5
1 3
89 21 08 29 00 154
0
245 8
44
C02
04
04
Na20
34 0 3
03 0 3 105/43 65 9 204 8 03 '58 70 0 1
1 2
43
05
1 9
MgO
04
164 62 9 01/62 03 1 J 00
'
'
1 S
05
01
00
03
20
08
00 10 6
AI203
162
00
'
Si02
64 0
'28/97
79 1 00 00 00
0
'
!04/29
i
4 1
i
K20
0
06
00
36 30
34
r
'
4 4
1 2 O" 06 0 1 03 1075 00 03 06 '6 3
31 1 36 2 1 8
'
24 05
46
20
06 01
49
1 5
20
01
28
1 1
2e
i
CaO
00 0
44 01
03
4
0 5
50 02 00
03
Ti02
0
MnO
00 00 00 03
1 i6 3 0 1
01 04
33 20 02 1 3 177 02 203 5 63 140 9 13o 06 03 03 00 00 00 22 04 00 40 07 90
0 0
00
00
00
FeOtot
4 4
51 29
03 32 0 1 2'
3 1
1 3
39
2 3
Fe2+
23
P205
00 09 15 9 70 2
02
0 1 0 64 0
20 0
J
00 02 32 4
198 J 78 4
H 20 /
V
0 9 104
7 4
i
'
140 5
55
Cr
2P'
250 5 80
50 24 0
14' 6
190
Sc
^4
o
o ;
03
C4
63
83 8 23 5 30 4 56 5 55 8 20 0
"
32
!
'
08
/ 7 0
84
02
04
31 1
'50 62 0
14 8
2' 4 72 0
1' 9 66
26
o
Co o2 5 42 8 jO
1 8
13
'74
Ni
26 6 457 5
Cu
34 0
1
48 C
70 4 79 51
503
j
-
Ca
4
9 23 2>-
25^ /
'00
97 3
o93 2
;j4
Zn 09 6 5
26 2 1
cA 1
04 4
'j/
57 0 40
29 1 8
580 4
193
As
1 3 1190
o36 0
4
46
46
154 84 7
?d0 8 96 0 5s9 0 4 30 5
42
27 0
Rb
103 0
148
o95 5
22
18 4 119
?8 7 A 6 36 88 1 5 '22 1 0
Sr
13o0 2 7
0
D40 0
1o64
o9 02 49 47 8 3 1
07 7 1
'442
37 '90 3 9
67 4
377 42 02
20 0
'90 149 0 27 0 600 0

7 6
Zr 2 8 31 9 1 0
'63 0
198
83
11 0 22 53 3
1
'23 0
22 5
35 5
35 4
Nb 196
178 2 24 3
24 0
55
1 8
150
558 0 8
n a
24 -382 9
1 8
21 436 5
483 4
Ba
631 o
Mo
84
1 2
23 6
Sn
61
03 20 0 1 00 01 0
'
1157
3 1 69 02 00 00 0 1 05 0' 04 99 52 7 06 07 50 27 3
74 3
41
108 7
39 5
-11 7 98 19-*
02 0 1 0 1 0 1 33 72 0 1
20
1185 59 108 01 01 00
06 0
1
94 9 80
'2 0
La
32 8
40 55 0
n a
n a
18 1
'2 0
Ce 00 01
59 6
27 2
38
21 5
Tb
08
Ho
06
Lu
03
00
n a
Ta
1 6
1 S 156 121
00
01
n a
W 40 3
5 9
133 5 90 8 86 0 1
03
12 2 13 6
120 4
369 9 40
01
103'
96
1236 22 6 06
02
n a
Pb
25 3
40
n a
23 6
25 9
153
Bi
0'
o1
Th
94 04
07
1 2 03
05
04
114
24
06
08
29 03
02 03
50
3"
1 100 30
9 1
09
08
2S
Bajo de let Alumbrera porphyry Cii-Au deposit
50
Part 1
A C
,/CA ,)xCA-CF (CF mimob immob
(I)
where C' and C and DC the
are
the concentrations in the fresh
(F) and altered (A) sample, respectively,
gain
or
loss in grams per 100 grams of rock for

Au. The calculated
major
elements
or
ppm for trace
elements and
ppb for
gains and losses

are
are
shown in table 1.2. In
figure
1.20
histograms
of the absolute
gains
and losses
given for the altered rocks.

and losses.
For the andsites the
ratio of A1,0,
was
used to calculated the
gains
The reactions
observed mineral
given
below for the alteration
zones
of the
Farly-P3 Porphyry
are
based
on
assemblages. They were quantified using the gains and

one
losses inferred from the
mass-balance calculations for
kilogram
of Farly-P3
Porphyiy.
To calculate the reactions iron-
rich endmembers of biotite, hornblende, and chlorite

als
are
were
used. Solid solutions for these miner
considered
by using the exchange
vector
MgFe
The
stoichiometry of the reactions
was
calculated with
set of matrices to convert the rock
composition
of the unaltered and altered rock
into moles of minerals. The differences between the moles of minerals in altered and unaltered
samples
were
then used to formulate the reactions. A\i
high temperature
et
conditions the aqueous

was
species
the
in the fluid
are
generally
associated
(e.g. Flemlcy
are
al., 1992). It
in chloride
assumed that CI is
The
major ligand
was
and hence the cation
exchanges
given
complexes.
arc
charge
balance
maintained
by addition
or
subtraction of CI. Redox

in the
changes
considered in the
Fl2S-SO, pair.
The obvious copper
precipitation
were
potassic
alteration is not reflected in the
reaction, because mineralized veins

lar amounts of copper
or even
excluded in the whole-rock
analyses.
In contrast, simi
higher values
for Cu in the
feldspar-destructive chalcopyrite
in the
alteration
as
in the
potassic
zone
are
attributed to the presence of relictic
sample
and do not
represent the mineralization pattern (Fig. 1.20A, C).

The calculations
were
performed with
modified quartz values to which
an
average of 10 wt%
were
quartz for the potassic alteration and 5 \\t% for the feldspar-destructive overprint
which
was
added,
estimated from the vein
density. The estimates
of the volume
changes
in the alteration
zones are
based
on
the molar \olumes of the solids in the unaltered and altered rocks, respec
tive! v.
51
Geochemistry
Early-P3Porphyry
-^
S
so
W75
S^
to
CO'
oo
""
<0
3J
o
0 ->0
01 so
*
A1203
ro
a.
F
7t 1 0
N
>
,.
pi
rv
K20 10 0
BL100
hj(>A*\.1
Z',"a103
00
Tf.02
100_
/ /
N 120
3C
10r.n *Gao
>QAlMr0
umtered(43
47 1 221
in
iqâ
tared
(4J 47 1/22
r0
10
20
30
40
L
*
M30 .0
"23 2
Ce/2
3 a <">
;
C02 10
0<>
** AI203*2 CO? 40
P?05
100,
Tb SO
X^
,vv
.
fl,/20
*
Mo 4
so
RI/10
''/
VMg020
5.
Pb
Ti02* 30
d
ctt
\
Zr/10.
A
lu so
Mo 3
?-*
*\
G
K?o Th;
a 'Tl
*Ni20
CaO a
V 10
fi
10
potasMC (51 52 2/18
mnltered(43
47
1/22)
Andsite wall rock
Hl.3
Ajho,
20
O
/"
*
0 3'
S
S
ttl
Nb 2 15
SO
C
*
^H?0 10
10
Tl
G
*
HPO 10
H
unaltered {BLA 48}
u
unaltered
3"i
(FAR 284)
40 U
30
Sn/4
/
"
p->05 100
2
^P
AI23
0)
30
-o
ra
2"; oo "
MqO 10, /
MnO ^00
B
a4
potassic (BLA 82)

p^
P
/i
.
0.
10
/5 Re2+ 1Q
|1o0?0
.
p
"
"
,
*>
CO
100
i
0
,
NiC 10
br/?0
potassic (39 43/3)

30
1S
20
20
25
K
30
3
m
<=
0? ?
/
*/''
/
P20r 100
Ni 2
*
.
C5
25
o
CO
10
Ô 10*-
y, 0
'
AI20T 2
10
1 02 .>
1
O
^0
T102 20
3.
,
1i
Id
j
Util
7^.X
50
0 3 ~^SO,
p-,
10
A1203
O
A
b
*
\ G
umltered
100
(BLA
*umlter<.d(FAR 284)
Fig.
1.19: hot
aie
on
diagi
ams it
;//; selected and

an
yeihtcd
lerne nts
in
vine h pi otolith oben
vei sus
alteied
samples
which
m
plotted
Black lines tisocons)
defined In the
constant mtios
incuts
e
of immobile elements
ai e em
m ci e
used fot the caL id ation of the cams and losses

aie
1 L
these lines
iched
m
the alteied lock vhenas Cements belov the lines elements

in
depleted dining
altei ation Oxides and S
\\t%
ppm
4u
inpph
52
Parti
400 100
Id
COz
Na.,0 MgO
Al20.
SiO, K,0
CaO
TiO, MnO
FeM
Fe2*
H20
s' 4
2'
0
-2 -4-
wrjr-
If
[T
Ifc^JjL.
-6 -8'
-10-
Early-P3 Porphyry
o
o
500.
S
COj
Na.O MgO
AljO^JSiO,
K20
CaO
TiOj
MnO
Fe,,,
Fe2*
H;0
250'
Cu
,
Zn
.
Rb
.
Sr
.
Ba
,
Pb
o
Q. O)
y-,c
U~^
I
"HJ
<0
-250
_o
T>
c
-500
'<5
O
16-
1000
s
12840
,CO,
MgO Al203 Si02 K20
CaO
TiO, MnO Fe,M
Fe2* HO
750
Cu
500
J-yTTi.
250
0 -250
-rrJ-ij--
-4-
-8
-12(
-500-
-750-
Andsite wall rock
-1000J
U quartz-magnetite 1 potassic [. chlorite-epidote J feldspar-destructive
Fig. 1.20: Histograms of gains and losses for selected elements lithologies. Quartz was added according to the estimate of the
zone
three alteration
zones
for
the
different
vein
density
in
the respective alteration
53
Geochemistry
Quartz-magnetite zone
Two
samples (47-55/9; 47-53/44) Early-P3 Porphyry

were
of
strongly quartz-magnetite
texture
altered Colorado Norte Por
phyry
or
analysed. The
is
completely
of
obliterated
by quartz and
magnetite
Fe
.
veins. This alteration is characterized b\ Pb and Zn
large gains
nearly
300%> of Si and 100% of
Additionally.
were
added in considerable amounts, whereas K has Na, AI, Ca, Ba, Sr and
only margin
ally enriched. The losses

breakdown of the
of most other elements, such
as
Rb, reflect the

on
plagioclase and
the mafics. Calculation of the fluid
composition based
the
gains
and losses show that the fluid
was
oxidized and SO,

is based
on
was
the main sulfur
species
:
in the fluid. 47-55/9 and
The reaction for the be written
quartz-magnetite
zone
the
sample pair 43-47.1/22
can
as:
OJAnorthite-'
1 Albite
0.06 Ferrohorn blende f-0.1 Annite +99.2 SiO,
2aq
+2.5KCI+23.5
FeC12 + 25H20
97.5 Quartz From the
rock
an
->
Magnetite
l-
2.6
K-feldspar
0.7 CaCl
1 NaCl
t-
48 HCl
comparison
of the molar volumes of the unaltered and the
quartz-magnetite altered
increase in volume is inferred.
Potassic alteration
Fhe
zone
sample of the andesitic wall rock (39-43 3)
is
pervasively altered
to
fine-grained
second
ary
biotite,
with relics of plagioclase and biotitized hornblende. This results in
gains of K, Fe, Mg,

is also observed
Ti, V, Cr, and Pb. The surprisingly small gain of potassium in this alteration
in other
zone
porphyry deposits (i.e. Panguna; Ford, 1978; Bingham; Baumgartner

not much
and Olsen,
1995)
and may indicate that
potassium
was
introduced from
an
external fluid
phase
into the
andsites and that liberated K in the rock

from the intense biotitization of the altered
was
consumed to form
secondary
biotite. However, and the small K

in Ca is due to
sample
larger
gain
was
expected,
The
enrichment is
possibly
related to the choice of a K-rich
protolith sample.
gain
are
small calcite and gypsum veinlets that
occur
in this
sample. These veinlets
related
to
the
plagioclase. Na, Sr, Si, and
Ba
where Ca is liberated due to the breakdown of hornblende and

are
liberated
by
the breakdown of plagioclase and
are
removed.
Cu-Au
deposit
54
Part 1
The
potassically-altered porphyry samples

BLA 82) is
show different alteration intensities. The

altered
Campamiento Porphyry (sample
weakly
(secondary biotite assemblage) and is
slightly overprinted by
P3
the
feldspar-destructhe
is
more
alteration
(chlorite, sericite), whereas the Farly-
Porphyiy (51-52 2/18)
strongly
altered and contains
secondary K-feldspar in the
ma
trix and biotitized hornblende.
During
this alteration, hornblende and calcite and
plagioclase
in the
are
consumed.
Thus, the released Ca is removed and deposited

and
as
epidote
a
chlorite-cpidote
alteration
zone,
but part of the Ca
w as
deposited during
the two
late
potassic stage
as
anhydrite veins.
The different alteration
intensity between
porphyries
is
expressed
in
higher gains
and losses of the stronger altered Farh-P3

Cu
were
Porphyry (Fig. 1.20A). Fowevcr,

is
in both
samples K. Si, Rb, S and
added, whereas
Cu
much
more
enriched in the because it is
Early-P3
incor and
Porphyry
porated
than in the
Campamiento Porphyiy \lg
show
minor
changes
partly
in the biotite that
replaces hornblende,
ftal Fe is enriched in the Both
Early-P3 Porphyiy
Ca.
almost constant in the Ba. K
Campamiento Porphyiy.
rock-t\pes
are
depleted inNa,
AI, Sr, and
replaces
Ca and Na
during plagioclase alteration
and formation of
secondary K-feldspar.
enriched in the
more
Different behaviors
were
observed for Pb, Zn. Cr. Co. Ni. Sn. W, which

but
are
strongly
altered
Early-P3 Porphyry,
depleted
the
Campamiento Porphyry. Hydration

was
of the
rock and oxidation of Fe2 characterize the alteration, and the fluid associated
neither
particu
larly
acid hi
nor
oxidized.
the reaction is based the
thepotassic
zone
on
sample pair 43-47.1/21
51-52.2/18 and
can
be written thus:
0.17 Albite
0.15 Ferrohornblende
0.12 FeCI,
-
02 Annite
0 02 CO,
0 15
P>rite
+
-I
0.18 Muscovite
1.67
Si02
0.7 KCl
0.2 CuCI
-*-
0.05 H,S
0.05
SO,
0.42 FFO
_>
0.06 Anorthite
0 81
K-feldspar
-1-
I 45
Quartz
0.14 Chamosite
0.02 Calcite
0.2
Chalcopyrite
From the
0,19
Magnetite
0 22 CaCl,
-*-
0 I 7 NaCl
0 78 HCl + 0.02
MgPe_,
comparison
of the unaltered and
potassicalh-altered
rock
decrease in volume is
calculated of about 11%.
55
Geochemistry
Chlorite-epidote
In
alteration
zone
general,
the alteration
zone
at the
fringe
of the
deposit
is characterized
by slightly
to
strongly
increased Ca and CO,
(Fig.
1.20A. B). Moreover, the
propvlitically-altered
andesitic
wall rock (BLA 62) shows enrichment for most elements

Rb
were
particularly for Zn, V, Cr,
and Ba. Si and
removed.
The
porphyries
Ni
are
show
depletion inNa. K,
and Sr, due to the breakdown of plagioclase, and AI,

that have less
Ba, Si, and

more
not enriched in the
Campamiento Porphyry samples

m
epidote
but
calcite
compared
to the
assemblage
the
Early-P3 Porphyiy.
The absence of epidote in the Norman et
propylitic alteration 1991) and related

to
zone
is described also for other
deposits (Ballantyne, 1981;
al.,
subzones.
consisting
is
an
of different alteration mineral

which
assemblages
in the pro
pylitic
alteration. In
general,
it
alteration
in
an
acid oxidized fluid is involved
(SO,
and HCl addition).

The alteration reaction based
on
the
sample
pair 43-47.1/22
BFA 55 calculated for the
chlorite-epidote
zone
is
1.4 Anorthite + 0.23 Albite + 0 54
K-feldspar
CO,
-*-
0 06 Ferrohornblende
0.1 Annite
+
0.007
Pyrite
0.87
0.04
FcCl,
I
0 05
CaCl,
0.17
0 008
SO,
0.08 HCl
H,0
+
1.4
MgFe_,
->
Quartz
+
0.5 Muscovite + 0.09 Chamosite
07
Epidote
+0.17 Calcite
0.05
Magnetite
0.14 KCl
09
SiO,aq +
0.23 NaCl
f-
0.02
H,S
This alteration indicates
negative
volume
change of about
15%.
Feldspar-destructive overprint
Because
are
alteration
o\erprints
the earlier alteration stages the results of
this alteration
expressed
as
the
gains
and losses of elements
compared
to
potassic
alteration.
The andsite
sample (46-62>6) consists of a mixture of \ery fine-grained sericite, calcite and

cannot be
quartz. This is reflected in the gains in K, Si, Rb and Ba. The large gain in Cu
due to the limited data and may have been contributed
confirmed
by
thin
chalcopyrite
veinlets,
possibly
related to the
potassic
alteration stage
or
due
to
re-deposition
of mobilized copper
(see below). All
major
elements of mafic minerals and
feldspars (Na. Mg,
Fe, Ti, and
Ca)
are
removed from this
Ethology.
Bajo de
deposit
56
Parti
Three
samples
with different alteration intensities
were
analysed from the Early~P3
Por
phyry.
blende
In the
porphyry
to
intrusions
plagioclase
is altered to sericite
calcite, and biotite and horn

is
are
altered
chlorite, rutiJc'titanite and sericite
Secondary K-feldspar
sample
of
preserved in the
Por
matrix of the least altered
Early-P3 Porphyry
{51-52 2 21). The
Campamiento
phyry (BLA 81)
is
strongly overprinted
a
and has suffered
large element losses (Fig. 1.20B).

Fe. and Sr,
as
The
destruction of mafic minerals led to

and the
general loss
Mg,
is
in the andesitic wall rock,

some
crystallization
H0.
of the
large
amount of sericite
expressed by
the addition of
K, Si,
Rb and
For the
as
the calculated reaction is from the
sample pair
51-
52.2/18: 51-52.2/21
0.56 Anorthite
0.009
follows:
0.J4 Chamosite
+ +
0.64 Albite
+
J-
0 74 0 03
K-feldspar
SO,
H
0.16
+
Chalcopyrite
0.64 HCl
h
Magnetite
I-
0.06 CaCl,
0.17 KCl
0 09 ILS
0.46
CO,
0.08
MgFe_,->
1 54
Quartz
0.77
0.82 Musco\ ite
0 09 Annite
*-
0 08 Ferrohornblendc
+
0.46 Calcite
0.22
Pyrite
SiO,aq + 0.64 NaCl

a
0.08 Fed,
0 27 FLO
0.16 CuCl which used
The altered rock has
lower \olume than the
potassically-altered rock,
was
as
protolith.
mafics.
This decrease in volume of around 5% is related to the destruction of
feldspars
and
57
Interpretation
and Genesis
Interpretation
Interpretation
of the
and
Genesis
of the
Deposit
hydrothermal
alter
relationships
a
among the
porphyry
intrusions, the
ation and mineralization leads to
paragenetic model for Bajo de la Alumbrera, A schematic
series of cartoons shows the different intrusion and alteration stages
starting with
the
Quartz-Eye
of the
Porphyiy and subsequently
Colorado Norte
Porphyiy
intrusions
(Fig, 1.21).
Sasso
The
dating
a
early intrusions (magmatic biotite) and
of hydrothermal sericite
by
( 1997) provides
and
rough
time frame of around 250.000 to 350,000 years of duration for the
magmatic
hydrothermal
activity
at Alumbrera.
The different stages of
relatively
small
porphy ry intrusions
at Alumbrera and the cluster of
dacitic intrusions in the entire Farallon
Negro Volcanic Complex imply that the porphyries

as
root
downward into
large
magma chamber,
is
exposed and
has been
reported
for the
Yerington
porphyry
The
Cu
deposits (Dilles. 1987).

of
genesis
Bajo de la Alumbrera is established from

the intrusions of dacitic
contact
features, mineralogy and

a
geochemical data, assuming that

chamber, have formed the
The last,
melt, escaping from
large
magma
chemically uniform
stocks and dikes of the different
porphyry stages.
a con
more
basic intrusion of the Post-Mineralization
Porphyry, however,
may record
trasting
mafic melt
or a
differentiate of the
underlying
magma chamber.
Cooling
over a
small
temperature range and pressure decrease is inferred from the small grain-size and rounded quartz
phenocrysts
ent
in the
porphyiy
more
or
intrusions
(Whitney, 1988).
in
Contact features indicate that the differ
intrusions of the
were
less uniform
composition and
The
were
emplaced
before
complete
in
a
cooling
preceding units (no chilled margins)

a
geological setting
of the
porphyries
Miocene stratovolcanic edifice reflects

Estimates from for the
relathely shallow depth for the tops of these intrusions.

of the former
o\
geological reconstruction
erburden suggest
depth
of 3.5 to 4 km
Bajo
de la Alumbrera
deposit (Proffett. 1997).
Cu-Au
deposit
58
Parti
The Los Amarillos
Porphyry
was
the earliest of the
exposed intrusions,
followed
by
the
Quartz-Eye Porphyry and the Colorado Norte Porphyry. Crosscutting relationships indicate that
the latter
was
succeeded
by
the intrusions of the
Early-P3 Porphyiy,
a
and
possibly
of
the NE-Porintru
phyry dike. Following emplacement of Early-P3 Porphyries

sions
third
episode
porphyry
(Campamiento
and North
Porphyry )
occurred. 1 he late stage of intrusions is manifested
by
the small
NW-Porphyry
dikes and the Late
Porphyries,
fhe youngest intrusfves
are
the Post-
Mineralization
The
(P4) Porphyry dikes.

and the
Quartz-Eye, the Colorado Norte,

fluid
Early-P3 Porphyries were

history
can
associated with
sev
eral
magmatic
pulses. Interpretations
contacts,
of the h\ drothermal
be obtained from time
relations of
igneous
\eins, and alteration mineral assemblages. Tn the Quartz-Eye Por characteristic,

w
phyry,
barren quartz veins
are
hereas
irregular (wormy),
was
barren quartz and quartz-
magnetite veins imply that the Colorado

when it
was
Norte
Porphyry stock
not
completely solidified place

at
fractured and flooded
by
fluids. Thus,
quartz-magnetite
alteration took
high
temperatures syn-to slightly post-emplacement of the Colorado Norte Porphyiy. The fact that
quartz-magnet he alteration
occurs m
both the Colorado Norte
Porphyry
of
and also
partially
in the
Early-P3 Porphyry indicates

Two stages of this alteration
cate the
second,
although
minor
episode
quartz-magnetite alteration.
which indi
are
consistent with the
x em
crosscutting relationships, general.
specific
association of fluid
and the
pulses with
the
the different intrusion in
In the Colorado
Norte
Porphyry
Early-P3 Porphyry
quartz-magnetite alteration is the earliest.

a
How
ever,
the two
periods
were
temporally separated by
and
and
first stage of potassic alteration
(secondary
K-fcldspar-biotite-qiiartz+magnetite)
Norte
early
copper mineralization recorded in the Colorado

veins and the lack of
Porphyiy.
The
early magnetite
quartz-magnetite
pyritc
indicate
oxidized
fluids, and sulfur-undersaturaled
conditions (Clark and Arancibia,
1995).
The abun
dance of magnetite and the lack of pyrite in the central barren

dissolved sulfur of less than 0.7 in the fluid fluid associated with the
core
indicates
an
activity of the total
(Simon, 1999) SO,
is
the main sulfur

to
species
in the
a
early quartz-magnetite alteration, thus, due early stage

proposed
is
oxidized conditions
SO,/
ILS ratio of greater than 1 in the
inferred. The dominance of SO, in the
early stages
of the fluid exsolution has been
as
key
factor
generating
barren
quartz-magnetite
59
Interpretation
and Genesis
alteration in the
cores
of
porphyry
copper
deposit (Clark
and
Arancibia, 1995). These authors
suggest that magma mixing between dacitic and mafic melt and the concomitant release of SO,rich fluid is
responsible
lor
high f,
in many of the
porphyry systems
is
that
are
magnetite-rich but
a
sulfide-poor
in the first stages. The dominance of SO,

are
indicated also and
by anhydrite veins in
late
stage of the potassic alteration that

The distribution of the
due to later
hydrolysis
Ca-leaching.
a
.secondary K-feldspar
alteration indicates
first stage of this alter
ation
shortly
after the
emplacement of Colorado Norte Porphyiy,
and vein
relationships
indicate
specific fluid pulse
for the
alteration in the
Early-P3 Porphyry, although

porphyries
can
mineralogically
no
difference between these alteration stages in the two
he ob
served. The strong
secondary K-feldspar alteration ended before emplacement of Late-P3 Por only weakly potassically
some
phyries,
which
are
altered, fhe andsites
adjacent
to these
porphyries
underwent intense biotitization and
copper
deposition
may have occurred due to tempera
ture decrease in the cooler wall rock in the
early stages.
Parts of
previously
biotitized andsites
may have been reheated
by
the intrusion of Early-P3 that caused the late barren
K-feldspar-mag-
netite-quartz
Ore
alteration in the andsites. correlated Audi
grade distribution, closely

relationships
grades,
and
ptrographie features
all indi
cate the close
of An, Cu, and the intrusions of the Colorado Norte and the
Early-P3
Porphyries. Cu
and Au mineralization is
closely
associated with
even
though
texturally late chalcopyrite during
veinlets exist, which may indicate
some
redistribution of chalcopyrite
core
the later alteration event in the the site where
high-grade
ore zone
The barren
in the center of the
deposit represents
perature tion and
or
or even
non-deposition
of sulfides due
to
high solubility
at
high
tem
removal of earlier
precipitated chalcopyrite gold

are
occurred. The onset of mineraliza
deposition
of chalcopyrite and
functions of
changing temperature, pH increase

1997),
A combi
changing
CI and EI,S acti\
ity (Barnes, 1979;
Gammons and Williams-Jones,
nation of processes that influence these parameters is assumed to induce
deposition from Clrelated to fluid-rock
complcxes
at
Alumbrera. Increase of
pH
and decrease in
Cl-activity
are
interactions. Reactions with

release Ca (a strong
feldspars
and hornblende
during potassic alteration increase pfl and
Cl-ionpatring
cation), which decreases the
Cl-activity
of the
ore
metal
com-
Cu-Aii
deposit
60
Parti
plexes.
rock,
as
relatively large temperature gradient

as
between the
early porphyry intrusions

are
and wall
well
circulation of meteoric water in the outer parts of the system,
probably
respon
sible for
temperature decrease of the ore-bearing fluid.
The distribution of the weak mixed with the PS
potassic
alteration is The
peripheral
and
adjacent
to, but also inter
secondary K-feldspar alteration.
timing
of this alteration indicates that Late-
Porphyries
and Late
Porphyries were emplaced during the waning stage

ineligible
are
of the
potassic
as
alter
ation. With these intrusions

contain very few veins and
amounts of
fluid
were
brought into the system

the still
they
only weakly potassically-altered, possibly by
ongoing
fluid circulation associated with earlier intrusions.
Changing
migration
fluid
composition
due
to
rock interaction and temperature decrease
during
was
fluid
from the central
porphyries
to the
fringe
of the
deposit
where fluid flow
more
dispersed (fewerveins)
magnetite overprints
to
are
responsible for the

propylitic
the
alteration pattern from the

zones,
high temperature quartz-
potassic
and
alteration
and
At
Alumbrera, chlorite-epidote alteration

with the
the outer
fringe of
deposit
was
nearly contemporaneous
potassic
alteration in the center but continued after eralization and quartz
potassic alteration ended. The absence
of sulfide min
veining,
as
well
as
the distal location of the meteoric water,
chlorite-epidote
alteration may
indicate the influence of
inward-moving
et
as
shown for other
deposits
al., 1987;
a
from stable
Norman et
isotope
data
(e.g. Sheppard
al., 1971 ; Ford
and Green, 1977; Bowman et
al.. 1991; Zaluski et al., 1994). Moreover, the absence of veins, apart from
few calcite and
epidote veinlets, implies

sively circulated in the
and upper
regime
where heated
groundwater (with
low sulfur
content)
to
perva
rock.
Additionally, evoking magmatic
fluids and
migration
the outer
part of the system and concomitant mixing with meteoric fluid resulted in the deposi
tion of earlier leached elements, which is indicated
by
the
geochemical
enrichment of many ele
ments
in the andesitic wall rock in the
chlorite-epidote
zone.
The relative
timing
of the
alteration with respect to the

all
potassic
as
alter
ation at Alumbrera is
not
clear, however, it
overprints
porphyry stages
date
on
as
well
parts of the
potassic
+
and the
chlorite-epidote
and Clark,
alterations, A
single Ar-Ar
hydrothermal
sericite of 6.75
0.09 Ma
(Sasso
1998) confirms the late activity of this overprint.
61
Interpretation and Genesis
The process that formed the related to acid

mineral
sericile+clay minerals-quartz-pyrite assemblage

most elements. Low
at Alumbrera is
leaching, which removed
pTI is also suggested from the stable Flemley, 1967). Evolving magmatic important role
in the later alteration
paragencsis of sericite, quartz

separation
into
and
pyrite (Meyer
may
and
fluid and
liquid
at
and vapor
phases
play
an
stages, e.g., from research
Yerington
it is known that this kind of fluid may
cause
early feldspar-
destructive alteration in the upper levels of the
deposit (Dilles and Proffett, 1991).

indicates
of the
some
The downward
penetrating
The
alteration distribution of the

and
deposit
influence of meteoric water.

de la Alumbrera
geology, mineralization,
comparable
a
geochemistry
Bajo
porphyry
Cu-Au
deposit
is
to other
porphyry deposits (see
e.g. Sillitoe,
1979; Williams and Forrester,

the elevated Au concentra
1995 for
comparison).
eastern
However, the
quartz-magnetite alteration,
tions, and its
location in respect to the Andean chain distinguish Alumbrera from other

On
one
South American
tectonic and
porphyry deposits.
domains
hand, this may be the consequence of large-scale

that control the
source
metallogenic
on
(Sasso and Clark, 1998)

are
for
porphyry
will
deposits,
but
the other hand, the fluids, which
controlled by the
magmatic
source,
finally produce
alteration and economic mineralization. For that reason, the
investigation
of these Cu-Au
fluids and the processes related to the formation of the

is
deposit will give
information
on
the last step of the
ore
deposit genesis, and
presented
in Part 11.
Bajo de la Alumbrera jjotphvry Cu-Au deposit
62
Parti
Fig:21:
the
Cat toons
of the genesis of
et
Ba/o
de laAlumbi
apoiphyi y
cituie
is
Cu- in
deposit
on
lempei
based
mcasui
fluid
and the
inclusion
contact
ements
of
is
the
oleoma and the basement and estimated
tcntatne
fi om
a
the dt ill
appi
o\ imafe
depth
in u
lue h
hole leached the basement

(
lath stage
intimions
of Los
i x
Imaidlos
Qitaitz-Eyc Poiplnn
into
-one
and Col ot ado Not te Poiph}
tin andesitic wall lock A

sti ongquai
in
of
tz-magnetite altei
and
ation
the
centei
potassic
biotite +
altei ation
4km
>
-r-
vw~r-T'T>^Vvlr-4r4-rIw
+ 4. +
(K-feldspai
is
*-*- *
+ + +
"*r,,M^/
+.
iris-*+ + + + 1.
++
magnetite)
static
chat actei
isticfoi this
in
(only pieseived
minci
the
B
tttaHte-gwd te- ;
C oloi ado Noite

mnwi
i e
-
Poiphyi)) Today
can
alization
eat
be
kited
Inti
to
this
~ -
ly stage
B
300 350 c
-~~r-\
\~ ~-Z-2-2
usion
and
ma ease
of Lai ly-P ? Pot pin i v of stiong potassic

and
in some
altei ation
quaitzcote
a
magnetifc
\linci alization
the
as
occui s
shell
aiound the bauen
cote
at lovei
n
tanpci
atwes
Ihe fluid une/ci

m
ent
phase
Chloi
sepai ation
h ich
is
infencd
fiom fluid inclusion obscivation

altei ation tte-epidote develops at the mat gins C 1 ate stage of Ihe system Ihe Late Pi late Poiphyiies and les PostPonplni Mmaalization Poiplnn iiitiiide
iftei
this
the
s\ stem
magmatic-
ln ill othc i mal

and
collapses
the
and
metcoiic vatei
causes
enteis
sx stem
e
the feldspai-desti nein
altei all on
e cu
vine h oveipiinls all

s
In
stage
of
il
altei ation and

in
inti usions
/on s
black lute
magmatic hi
mc
anovs
in y
magmatic xapoi
anoM s im
thin
long
black
lc oi ic ii atei
A-"
'TO^
* +
V+ + + *
).
+.
yTs
63
Abstract
PARTIE FL UID INCL USIONAND STABLE ISOTOPE
STUDY OF THE BAJO DE LA ALUMBRERA POR

PHYR Y CU-A U DEPOSIT, ARGENTINA
Abstract
The chemical and
the
physical
fluid evolution in the
magmatic-hydrothermal system of
porphyry
Cu-Au
deposit Bajo
de la Alumbrera is studied with laser ablation TCP-MS

and oxygen
on
single
fluid inclusions and
hydrogen
of five
isotope analyses.
types
in the
Based
on
the distribu
tion of inclusion
assemblages
major
inclusion
deposit
and the mierother Cu frac
mometry data the
evolution in the
P-T-XV)C,
space is delineated. Processes such
as
tionation behavior at fluid exsolution, the
onset
of
ore
deposition,
as
well
as
fluid
composi
tion variations due to alteration processes
can
be deduced
directly
from the
quantitative
analyses
of
major and
trace elements in the fluid. The earliest fluids
are
brines of moderate
salinity (30-40 wt%
NaCl
equivalent), which
increase up to 70 wt% NaCl

brines
are
equivalent
due to
pressure decrease and
phase separation. These

where
dominant in the
low-grade (bar
ren)
core
of the
deposit
temperatures
as
high
as
750C occurred. These inclusion
assemblages
contain several
daughter crystals
in addition to
halite,
and the fluid
composi
tion is Na-, Fe- and K-rich, and Cu concentrations of up to 1 wt% and Au up to 0.8 ppm
occur.
Vapor
inclusions in the
low-grade
core,
some
of which coexist with
high-salinity
an
inclusions, have
mineralization
even
higher
Cu concentrations and may be considered
as
important
phase.
A second
magmatic fluid pulse only halite
is characterized and opaque
by
much lower Cu
concentrations and inclusions that contain

the
daughter phases. During two-phase

curve
general
trend of
cooling
and pressure decrease the fluid reaches the

but
at
which fluid
boiling occurred,
halite-homogenizing assemblages
field and may have been
indicate that the fluid
was
shifted
again
in the
one-phase
temporarily
halite-saturated.
in
At
temperatures of 400C the fluid composition becomes markedly depleted
K, Fe, and
Bajo
de la Alumbrera porphyiy i 'ii-Au
deposit
64
Part 11
Cu but concomitant enriched in Ba and Sr due to

Cu
ore
deposition
and fluid-rock reactions.
precipitation (2
is
nearly complete and
the estimated fluid/rock ratio for the Cu mineral
ization is low
to
1), indicating
are
an
efficient
precipitation
process.
The latest fluids
represented by
low-salinity
aqueous inclusion
type, which is
dominant in the
phyllic
alteration and of meteoric
origin.
Influence of meteoric water is alteration. How
supported by
the O and H
isotopic signature
of the
ever, the abundant
low-density vapor inclusions
related to this alteration
zone
indicate
some
magmatic component.
Oxygen
delineate
a
and
hydrogen isotopes
of alteration minerals of the different alteration
zones
trend of D enrichment and
8I80 depletion from magmatic

water in the
water and
phase
separation
in the
potassic
it is
alteration to meteoric
later
feldspar-destructive (magmatic
and
overprint. Thus,
meteoric)
were
proposed
that at least
two
different types of fluid

occurred in the
involved and
mixing
in variable
degrees
magmatic-hydro
thermal system at Alumbrera.
Introduction
Among
the
magmatic-hydrothermal
sources on
ore
deposits
the
porphyry
The
Cu-Au-Mo orebodics
of processes that
belong
to the substantial metal
earth
(Laznicka, 1999).
variety
are asso
ciated with the formation of tectonic
an
economically enrichment of ore-metals

ore
in the earth crust such
as
control, magmatic influence, fluid flow, and

of investigations to unravel the
deposition reactions,
demand for
an
integrated approach
genesis of these deposits (cf. Hedenquistand

ore
Richards, 1998). The importance of fluids in the formation of magmatic-hydrothermal

its
was
depos
were
recognized
very
early (e.g. Lindgren, 1905)
and
numerous
studies
on
fluid inclusions
carried out (e.g., Roedder, 1971; Nash, 1976; Chivas and Wilktns, 1977;
Etminan, 1977: Eastoe.
1978; Wilson
et
al., 1980; Weisbrod, 1981; Preece and E 1982; Reynolds and Beane, 1985:
Quan
et
al, 1987; John, 1989; Bodnar and Cline, 1991; Clinc and Bodnar, 1994: Beane and
and Williams-Jones, 1996).
Bodnar, 1995; Heithersay and Walshe, 1995; Stefanini
High-tern-
65
Introduction
perature and high-salinity fluid inclusions and in certain

cate
cases
low-density
vapor inclusions indi
magmatic conditions for the solutions related to transport and mineralization processes (Bodnar,
On the other
1995).
hand, low-salinity and low-temperature aqueous inclusions demonstrate the
importance
matic and
of meteoric
groundwater circulation
in
these
deposits.
Stable
isotope
data of mag
hydrothermal
and
minerals and of fluid inclusions have shown different

in
sources
of fluids
(magmatic
meteoric)
porphyry
copper
deposits (e.g. Sheppard
and Gustafson,
1976;
Batchelder, 1977; Solomon, 1983;

1992; Sheets
are
Bowman et al.. 1987: Dilles et
al., 1992; Oreskes and Einaudi,

Tt is
et
ai., 1996; llezarkhani and Williams-Jones, 1998).

ore
likely that
both fluid
types
involved in
formation
(Henley
and McNabb. 1978),
however, the metals
are
brought in by
magmatic
fluids
et
(Cline
and Bodnar, 1989; Heinrich, et al., 1992; Wilkinson et ah. 1994; Bodnar
1995; Ulrich
The
al, 1999).
of the
knowledge
major and
trace element
composition
in the
fluid, in time and
space, is
major
advance in
ore
formation research for the

to
understanding
of the mechanism
leading
from
metal fractionation between magma and fluid

fluid
fluid transport and
ore
deposition.
Studies ofthc
composition
were
until
recently
based
on
optical
1984
estimates and
melting experiments
and
of
daughter
tive
minerals in fluid inclusions of fluid inclusions
(Roedder.
et
see
references
therein)
semiquantita
et
analyses
(Diamond
we
al., 1990; Boironetal., 1991; Heinrich
al., 1992;
Damman et al.,
1996).
a
In this
study
Cu
report for the first time quantitative analysis of single

on
fluid inclusions in
porphyry
deposit, applied
the
Bajo
de la Alumbrera
porphyry
Cu-Au
deposit. Analyses MS)
with laser ablation
inductnefy-coupled-plasma
in
mass
spectrometry (LA TCP-
allow the determination of the element concentration
individual fluid inclusions. This is

and
an new
approach in evalualingthe genesis
of a
porphyry copper-gold deposit,
combining this
data with the conventional microthermometric fluid inclusion data the evolution of the magmatic
fluid
was
deduced. This stable
approach provided
new
insights
into
the
major mechanisms
for metal
deposition. Light
isotope anal} sis
further constrain-, the evolution of the fluid (e.g.,
'Taylor,
1974; Rye, 1993). and experimental data of isotope partitioning between brine and vapor (llorita
et
al, 1995; Shmulovich
et
ai., 1999) reveals
the
isotopic
effect
during separation
of a
magmatic
vapor
phase.
Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyiy Cu-Au deposit
66
Part 11
Sample
Based
Material for Fluid Inclusion and

on core
Isotope Studies
of Alumbrera
and surface mapping of the
geology
(Part T), samples
of the
main alteration the barren
zones
(quartz-magnetite, potassic, feldspar-destructive,

as
and
chlorite-epidote) and
core, as
well
of the
high-grade
ore
/one were
selected to characterize the fluid

of the alteration minerals.
inclusions in time and space and the stable for the fluid inclusion
isotope composition
Samples
study
arc
from surface and diamond drill-cores
(Appendix B) mostly
reaches
quartz veins, quartz phenocrysts, and

from the present surface to
a
some
anhydrite
m.
veins. The vertical
sampling range
of quartz
depth
of 550
Some reconnaissance
samples
to
phenoc
rysts in the Quartz-Eye Porphyry and

The
Late-P3
Porphyry were sampled coarse-grained,
study
melt inclusions.
best-preserved
fluid inclusions
were
found in
not
recrystallized quartz
veins of the the
Quartz-Eye Porphyry, the Colorado Norte Porphyry and the Early-P3 Porphyry, of
alteration in the barren
core as
potassic
well
as
of the
high-grade
ore zone.
The vein
density
main,
in the different
porphyry pulses
intrusions shows that the

and all
early
on
intrusions
arc
associated with the
but separate fluid
analyses
are
made
samples
of these intrusions. Later intru
sions contain
only
few veins and
inadequate
vein of the
fluid inclusions for
analyses. Emphasis
was
placed
on
fluid inclusions of
one
purple
Quartz-Eye Porphyry (BLA 97),

a
which contained
well-preserved
inclusions. This vein
occurs
in
feldspar-destructively
altered outcrop and
con
tains vugs with euhedral,
free-standing quartz crystals

cm
up to 1 cm, which is
no
exceptional
for the
samples pyrite
in
of Alumbrera. The vein is about 5 to 8
thick, contains
Cu mineralization but late
and gypsum that grew

of the quartz
on
the quartz. Under the

\
microscope growth
zones can
be observed
some
crystals.
The quartz
eins
are
related to
but later feld
spar-destructive alteration overprinted

The
the rock.
sample material ofthc quartz-magnetite alteration
zone
consisted of
fine-grained
and
massive quartz that has small,
irregular,
and
partly decrepitated inclusions.
For this reason,
no
quantitative analyses
of fluid inclusions in such
samples
were
obtained, however, fluid inclu

alteration in
sions associated with the second
generation
of
quartz-magnetite
coarser-grained
quartz
are
found in
samples
of the Colorado Norte and the Early
P3-Porphyries.
Quartz veins related
to the
potassie
alteration
generally have granular quartz with occasion
ally
visible
growth
zones.
Open
vugs with small
free-standing quartz crystals

sed from
one
were
very
rarely
observed. Fluid inclusions in
anhydrite were analy
anhydrite-pyrite vein
of biotitized
(potassically-altered)
andsite
(sample
are
47-62 11)
Sparse
quartz veinlets, which
possibly
related to the
are too
feldspar-destructive stage, quantitative
are
fine
grained
ments.
and the fluid inclusions in these veinlets
small for any

to
measure
Appropriate fluid inclusions

on
that
are
possibly
related
the
feldspar-destructive stage
were
observed
secondary
trails in
strongly feldspar-destructively overprinted samples, al

to
though the quartz veins

later
in these
samples belong
the
potassic stage
and
were
overprinted by the
frails
are
in these
alteration
(e.g. sample
BLA 97). Numerous
secondary
very
common
samples. They cut primary

potassic stage.
alteration
zone
inclusions and earlier trails
(partly pseudosecondary),
which
are
related to the
The
chlorite-epidote
analyses were
on
contains very few quartz veins and

inclusions in quartz of this
no
fluid inclusions
few
suitable for
found. The
only
zone are a
low-salinity
fluid inclusions
secondary trails
in
phenocry stals
of strongly altered late P3

zone were
Porphyry (sample
in calcite that
15).
Some fluid inclusions of the
chlorite-epidote
epidote.
whole rock
alteration
analysed
replaces plagioclase together

For the stable
with
isotope analysis
purity
a
samples
were
processed
analysed
to
obtain
an
enriched
mineral fraction of 90%
or more.
Oxygen isotopes
were
on
quartz separates of
on
the least altered intrusion of
Late
Porphyry
The
in order to obtain information of the alteration
1he
magmatic
deter
isotope signature
of these
porphyries.
to
isotopic composition
zones was
mined from quartz veins related

P3
the
potassic
alteration in three and
porphyry samples
of the
Early-
Porphyry,
and quartz separates from late

zone.
veins
matrix
quartz associated with the

the
feldsparzone.
destructive alteration
Two
samples
of albite
were
analysed of
chlorite-epidote
and biotite of the wall rock andsites
(three potassically-altered samples).
The mineral
pair quartz-
Bajo de
la Alumbrera
porphyiy
Cu-Au
deposit
68
Part II
magnetite
from the
early quartz-magnetite
alteration
zone was
used
as a
geothermometer to
de
lineate the temperature conditions of the earliest alteration stage at Alumbrera. The oxygen
were
analyses
carried out
by
CSIRO in Canberra, Australia.
Hydrogen isotopes
the
were
determined
on
biotite of
potassically-altered rocks,
on
chlorite of
Bi
chlorite-epidote
zone, and on sericite
from
feldspar-destructively overprinted samples,

and forms aggregates
otite of the andesitic wall rock is very
fine-grained
were
partly intergrown
with
plagioclase. pendix A).
The
hydrogen isotope analyses
carried out at ETH Zrich
(see methods, Ap
Fluid Inclusion
Types
at
Bajo
were
de la Alumbrera
in
terms
Six types of fluid inclusions
distinguished
of number, nature and
proportion
of
phases
or
at room
temperature (Fig. 2.1 ). Criteria such
as
trails of inclusions
along
healed fracture
clusters of inclusions with similar
phase proportions
were
used to define inclusion
assem
blages (Roedder, 1984;

occurs
Goldstein and
Reynolds, 1994). Every

clustered inclusions
inclusion type described below
in
assemblages
of
of 5 to 20
and
or more
or on
secondary
trails. The
com
plete description
Appendix
samples
single assemblages
of
which is referred to in the text is
given
C. Phase
proportions
daughter
were
minerals within inclusions and the

to
occurrence
of
solid inclusions in the host mineral
used
distinguish
between
captive
or
accidentally
(bi
entrapped
minerals and
daughter crystals
some cases
that
were
precipitated
in situ from the fluid. Mica
otite, muscovite) and in

cases
hematite
occur as
entrapped minerals. However,

generally
a
in most
constant
volume
proportions
of hematite
imply
that this oxide is
true
daughter
phase
in iron-rich brine inclusions.
The
following description
of the fluid inclusion types is in
chronological order
and decreas
ing salinity.
Polyphase
brine inclusions
This type of inclusion consists of liquid and vapor five other transparent and opaque of
plus
dense
packing
of halite and two to the total number
daughter crystals (Fig.
2.1 A-C).
Commonly,
size
crystals only becomes apparent during heating experiments.
Their
ranges
typically
from
69
Fluid Inclusion
Study
10 to 40 urn, with and

a
exceptions up to
larger
ones are
70
um.
They occur as
but
small inclusions
on
quartz growth zones

coeval with vapor
few isolated,
primary,
are
usually secondary trails,
some
inclusions
In
(boiling assemblages),
of the
present.
some
highly
saline inclusions the nature of
daughter crystals varies,

due to
even
among
texturally clearly
coeval inclusions. These variations
are
probably
metastability
of these
phases (non-nucleation Roedder, 1984).

'The determination of the
to
daughter crystals
measurements
was
initially
based
on
optical
observations
prior
heating, Raman-spectroscopy
phases.
The
were
not very successful for the
identification of
these solid
daughter minerals generally
include
an
angular to
rounded
orfhorhombic,
a
birfringent (no
or
weak
interference) crystal of moderate refractive index, which occupies
similar volume like halite. The

a
description
of nahcolite
(NaHCO,) (Rankin and
Le
Bas, 1974)
or
K-Fe-rich
phase
agrees with the observations

were
to some
degree. Sylvite crystals, always

m a
smaller
the
than the halite
crystal,
cubic
only identified with certainty

other than halite
small number of inclusions,
as
only isotropic,
two,
crystal
(e.g.. sample BLA IV 97 3/1). One, in
some cases
round, isometric and birfringent small phases could be crythrosiderite (K,FeCl, xll,0)
et
(Wilson
al., 1980: Hezarkhani and Williams-Jones. 1998). A prismatic mineral, only randomly
a
present in
and
a
few inclusions
(accidentally entrapped?),
ith weak
birefringence,
moderate relief,
very
high melting temperature always
above the halite
dissolution, is possibly anhydrite,
which is also described from the El Durazno prospect NNF of Alumbrera
(Allison, 1986). Opaque

in
phases
like hematite
(red. platy)
and
chalcopyrite (triangular)
are
invariably present
polyphase
brine inclusions.
Opaque-bearing
They
contain
brine inclusions
one
or two
opaque
daughter phases (chalcopyrite

fhe inclusion
size
and/or hematite)
together
with the halite
daughter crystal (Fig. 2.ID),

as
\aries from 5 to 40 u\m, with
exceptions
as
large
60 |im.
They
are
aligned
within healed fractures
or
in
more
clustered
assemblages.
in
'The size of the opaque

one
daughter
isihle. It
minerals varies among different

was
assemblages
and
places only
opaque
phase
was \
not
always possible
to
determine whether
or
70
Part II
not
one or
two opaque
phases
were
present. The opaque-bearing inclusions with opaque daugh
ter
crystals of variable
size may indicate
petrographically a transition between this type
of inclu
sions and the brine inclusions without opaque
phases.
Brine inclusions
They consist of three phases,
small vapor
bubble, liquid, and

a
well-formed cubic halite

size
as
daughter crystal (Fig.
2.
IE, F). 'The halite crystal has
similar
or
slightly larger
to
the vapor
bubble. The form of these inclusions varies from
negative-crystal shaped
more
rounded forms.
Irregular shaped inclusions
show evidence for
post-trapping disturbance,
in clusters of
such
as
leaking
and
necking-down.
Brine inclusion
assemblages
to
occur
only
few inclusions
or
on
planes,
and the size ranges from 5
about 35 fini.
Aqueous
They
inclusions
contain
liquid phase
and 10
to
40% vapor (average 20%
vapor).
The form of these

2.1
inclusions is
irregular
and seldom of negative
crystal shape, except in anhydrite (Fig. They

occur as
H).
The
size ranges from 3 to 35 (tm (average 15 urn).
secondary
inclusions in trails
or
in
clusters, but
were never
observed
In
as
clearly primary inclusions, except

individual inclusions with this
as
in calcite ofthc
ratio may
epidoteoccur
chlorite alteration
zone.
rare cases
phase
in
boiling assemblages
contain
and
are
considered
trapped
mixtures of vapor and brine. Such inclusions
occasionally
triangular
opaque mineral
(possibly captive chalcopyrite).
High-density
vapor inclusions
This inclusion type consists of at least
two
phases (liquid+vapor),
cases
but the vapor bubble
dominates
(10
to 40%
liquid).
The form is in many

urn
droplet-like
uni.
or
close to
negative-crystal
ilm). They
are
shape,
mainly
and the size ranges from 15 to 45
(average 20
exceptions
up to 100 and
found
on
secondary
trails in
feldspar-destructively overprinted
with
potassically-altered
samples. In the latter they may
coexists
polyphase
brine inclusions
(boiling assemblages).
phenocrysts.
High-density
vapor inclusions
are
also
numerous
and clustered in quartz
Most of these inclusions contain
small opaque
daughter crystal, generally chalcopyrite
and/or hematite
(Fig.
2.1
I). Opaque daughter
minerals
possibly
arc even more
common, but are
~;
1 hud Inclusion
Study
beanng bnne inclusion E, I Ivuie inclusions G H aqueous inclusions in quaitz and anlndnte lespectncf I high- density vapoi inclusions y ith chaleopxittc J km-density vapot inclusions h, L polyphase bnne inclusions that stiff ei eel post-enti apment modification dunng m Inch they men have lost
If O (
sweat
Fig. 21'1 hud inclusion txpes at Bajo de la Alumina a A, B, C poh phase bi mc inclusions with unidentified daiightci phases next to cubic halite hematite and chahop\iite and 01 oihu opaque phases D
opaque
dwplcts aioundthe inclusions
anons) Seine hen
20pm
Bajo
deposit
Pari II
often difficult to
see
due to the
large bubble
in the inclusions. There
were no
assemblages
ob
served in which all inclusions showed opaque

Where
phases.
inclusions
high-density vapor inclusions coexist with polyphase

vapor-rich
inclusions may have similar
(boiling assemblages),
additionally
a
some
of the
filling ratios,
of
an
but contain
small
and
halite
crystal.
This suggests
heterogeneous trapping
intermediate mixture of
liquid
vapor in the
boiling hydrothermal system.
Such inclusions
were
avoided in the
following quanti
tative studies.
Low-density
vapor inclusions
They are essentially single-phase vapor inclusions, showing commonly perfect negative crystal
shape,
which may hide
u,m
as
much
as
20%
liquid along
the walls in
(Fig. 2.1.1).
'Their size varies
between 4 and 40
(average 15
to 20
pm). They
occur
large
clusters and
secondary trails
in
samples
uted. In
with
alteration. In quartz
phenocrysts they
are
randomly distrib
boiling assemblages
this type of vapor inclusion
predominantly
following
coexists with
text may
polyphase
to this
brine inclusions.
Unspecified
small vapor inclusions in the
belong
type, but may be of the high-density vapor type and just
too small to
show any
liquid phase.
Relative
Timing of Fluid
obvious
Inclusion
Types
of veins in many
Despite
forming
samples,
the
timing
of vein-
and later fluids is difficult to establish because of the random distribution and
superim
alteration
position
of inclusions and
rarity
to
of
clearly primary
inclusions related
to
specific
stage. Quartz veins related
potassic
alteration in the Quartz-Eye

have similar inclusion
Porphyry,
the Colorado Norte

and
infer
Porphyry,
cannot
and in the
Early-P3 Porphyry
assemblages
we
(but
unambiguously prove)
that the inclusion record in these
early porphyries
is similar and
that the included fluid represents the earliest fluid of these intrusions,
Assemblages
of scattered inclusions
are
candidates for
primary origin,
but this is
commonly
difficult to prove due to
superimposition
of other types of inclusions. In

zones can
some
sections with
coarse-grained,
inclusions
are
near
euhedral quartz
grains, growth
be observed
on
which
primary
enclosed.
They
are
very
tiny, and
it
seems
that
on
these
growth
zones
polyphase
73
Fluid Inclusion
Study
brine inclusions
as
well
as
vapor inclusions
occur.
Secondary
a
trails
cutting through quartz grain

for relative fluid inclu
boundaries dominate many
samples
Trails
and could be used in
few
samples
sion
chronology (Fig. 2.2). grain
ending
as
within
single quartz grains
rather than
cutting through
the whole
may be considered
pseudosecondary.
Photomicrographs of crosscutting fluid trail. A) A low-density vapor trail is cut by a similar trail rare high-density inclusions (BLA 2/97 B, 2). B) Contact of a. vein cutting a quartz phenocryst. C) The small polyphase and opaque-bearing brine inclusions occur exclusively in the phenocryst, and thus, are an early phase (see also Fig. 2.4). D) Low-density trail cuts a small polyphase brine inclusion trail (50.3-59.4 6,1). E) Polyphase brine inclusions ewe cut by a low-density vapor trail (BLA 1/97 B,2).Scale bar in A, D, and E 100 am, in B 50 pin Fig.
2.2:
with smaller inclusions that contains
74
Part II
Trapping of unambiguously coexisting vapor

density inclusions) together
with
inclusions
(high-density
occurs
and
particularly secondary
low-
polyphase
brine inclusions
always
on
trails.
Primary boiling assemblages
may be recorded
more
by randomly
distributed brine and vapor inclu

Clear
sions, but their coeval trapping is

on
doubtful than in
boiling trails.
boiling assemblages
the
single
healed fracture
always
consisted of
polyphase
brine inclusions
as
liquid member,
and
high-density
brine
In
or
or more
abundantly low-density together
vapor inclusions. Coexistence of opaque-bear

was never
ing
simple
where
brine inclusions
with vapor inclusions

can
observed.
vapor trails cut
cases
crosscutting
relations of inclusion trails trails
be
observed, the
the
high-salinity
and
boiling assemblage
(Fig. 2.2).
When
boiling assemblage
and
high-
Fig.
2.3: Cathodoluininescence
xvas
(CL) of
quartz
used
to
relate
inclusion
assemblages
mode
to microstructures in
et
grains (Bolron
quartz al, 1992). With the CLCS 4
of a CamScan
scanning electron
microscope (SEM'Gebauer, 1996), images of the polished quartz sections were made.
Hereby
the emission
electron bombardment
of the light during the of the sample by a

is studied.
an
scanning electron beam

acceleration potential
current
An
of25kV,
excitation
of
3xl0~s A, and. exposure times

were
around 45sec
Boiron et al.
used.
otherwise invisible
textures in
(1992) successfully imaged growth and healing

can
quartz, which
support: the
textural
interpretation of fluid trapping promising method

the
on a
history.
typical complex sample, phenocrysts of the Quartz-Eye Porphyiy were investigated. They are crowded by randomly distributed, inclusions of all types, with, hardly any discernible trails. The Cl-images show a large number of otherwise invisible cracks in the quartz phenociysts, and. also some growth
quartz veinlets, cutting the phenocrysts. Crosscutting of healed cracks
zones
To test this
in
can
be
seen
but
they
do not indicate
relate the
fluid inclusions
few
in the interior
clear relative time, sapience. Moreover, it is very difficult to of the section to fhe cracks imaged by CL, which records only
closest to the
the uppermost,
were
microns
of the sample. Thus, only results of the
surface lying inclusion
obtained.
/J
fluid Inclusion
Study
salinity
trail
(polyphase
brine
inclusions)
cut
each
other, the polyphase inclusion trail
seems
to
be older. There
In
are cases
where
secondary
trails with uniform inclusion types cut each other.
quartz phenocrysts of the feldspar-destructively altered Quartz-Eye Porphyry the inclu

very
numerous
sions
are
and it is difficult to establish the relative time
relationships
of trails and
assemblages. Therefore, cathodoluininescence

clusions
was
imaging for the mapping of different trails of in
applied (Fig. 2.3;
Boiron et al., 1992)
The relative time
relationship
of fluid inclusions
can
be inferred from the inclusion content
in
phenocryst
of
Early-P3 Porphyry (sample
45-61 3 S) and the inclusions in the

contains both vapor
quartz vein
that cuts the
phenocryst (Fig. 2.4), The phenocryst

and
type assemblages and

scattered small
hematite
large polyphase
opaque-bearing
or
brine inclusions, and
addition
numerous
inclusions of polyphase
opaque-bearing
bnne inclusions that contain absent the
predominant
crystal.
This latter small inclusion vaiiety
is
in
vein
quartz, although larger polyphase
Fig.
the S
2.4: Sketch
of
sample 45-61 3 of a phenocivst

by a vein cliffeient fluid
content in
that is cut
The
inclusion
the
phenocryst and vein quartz implies that polyphase and

opaque-bearing
brine inclusions
an ecu
are
I) phase of
They
arc
vein quartz
fluid
small and hematite-
bearing
variety
Ivgh-densitv
vapoi
This
exclusively
in
a" "A,
^-
occurs
the
v
s
inclusions
polyphase and high-density

s*
p h
n o c i
whereas general ions
latet
"~~>C
vapoi inclusion's
polyphase
brine
'.A
,
\^nf .A
'
: V^ o
\
heteioqeneous
'
of
and
polyphase
brine
occur
inclusions and
t"
..
low-density
vapor inclusions
flapping of vapor-m and polyphase

bnne inclusions
opaque-hearing
inclusions
m
Ihe
vein
/^ts^,
~
secondary polyphasy
bnne inclusions
pi imaty?
polyphase opaque-bearing bni

inclusions with hen
A*A\
I
and Ihe phenocivst
ztc,\
low-density
vapor inclusions and
y/k^Jo
hiqh-densitv
vapoi mc usions
hiqh-density
\_
'Q-
/~~\
polyphase
bnne inclusions
vapor inclusions and opaque-
Bajo
de la Alumbrera
porphyry
Cu-Au
deposit
76
Part II
Sample BLA 1/97 A,
II
Fig. 2.5: Schematic figure of sample BLA 1/

97 A, II in which time
relationships of saline
and vapor inclusions
are
pynte
shown.
and
The polyphase
occur in
opaque-hearing
core
brine inclusions the
of the crystal
the
are
whereas
inclusions and
vapor
on
trails the
commonly
zone
in
polyphase
brine inclusions
outer
Biotite
low-density
vapor inclusions
small polyphase and
inclusions indicate that

this
quartz
to
was
opaque-beanng bnne high-density

vapor inclusions
inclusions
some
associated
potassic pyrite
the
alteration but late

on
high-density
vapor inclusions
i
this quartz crystal is
consistent
with
growth
zone with
irregular
."
opaque-bearing
small aqueous and
bnne inclusions A-4
f7f_\
y
feldspar- dsir u ctiv e

overprint of Ihe sample.
vapor-rich
inclusions
low-and
high-density
P'iinaiy andpseudo;
-
vapormclusions
""
secondai}9polyphase
bnneirclusions
,
r-^-.
(P^yh
mm
and
opaque-bearing
was
brine inclusions
arc common.
This suggests that of similar fluid
an
early generation
the
of
sa
line fluids that
overprinted by later generations

as
represented by
larger
inclusions in the
sion types
phenocryst
in the
well
as
in the vein quartz. The

but their
high and low-density vapor inclu

In
a
occur
phenocryst and the vein,

coexistence of
timing remains ambiguous.

vapor inclusions with
second
ary trail of the
phenocryst
low-density
an
polyphase bnne
indi
inclusions is assumed, whereas in the vein

cates
assemblage with very different filling ratios
possibly heterogeneous trapping.
The small
polyphase
core
and
opaque-bearing
crystal
brine inclusions
were
also observed
as an
early
by
phase
these
zone
in the dark
of a quartz
(BLA 1 9" A, II;
Fig. 2.5y\
Fhe
core
is characterized
clustered, saline inclusions and only

around the
core is
minor
high-density
vapor inclusions. The
adjacent
and low-
less
populated
and the inclusion content is dominated and
by high
density vapor assemblages
on
secondary
pseudosecondary
trails.
Fluid Inclusion
Study
Sample BLA 97IV, 3/2
secondary low-density opaque-bearing

brine inclusions
vapor inclusions
(^
J
growth
zones
with
of sample showing the relative time relationship of the growth zones and fluid inclusions. In this sample all types of inclusions can
BLA 97IV, 3/2
be observed and only fhe
major trails
are
Fig.
2.6: Sketch
onmay voDor-rich inclusions and
very small
drawn
pseudosecondary low-density
vapor inclusions
(,
seme
aqueous inclusions
High-
and
low-density
A^p-
primary polyphase bnne inclusions
yrf] vapor inclusions prevad as ^5- secondary and
high-dens.iy and low-density

vapor inclusions
brine inclusions
y
zone
pseudosecondary trails Polyphase brine inclusions occur m pseudosecondary

trails
and
as
;i7\
growth
primary
with solid
assemblage. Explanations
see text.
inclusions of biotite
\ pynte
low-density
vapor inclusions
pseudoseconday mostly high-density

vapor
inclusions
primary and pseudosecondary polyphase

brine inclusions
'CA
Along
zone on
growth
zone,
biotite related to the
potassic alteration
is
entrapped.
The latest
growth
vapor
which
pyrite
grew, contains
irregular shaped
aqueous inclusions and
low-density
inclusions. From this it is inferred that

and
potassic
alteration is associated with the saline inclusions
high-density vapor inclusions and that the feldspar-destructive overprint belongs to the aqueous
low-density
In
a
and
vapor inclusions.
zones
quartz crystal with growth
(BLA 97IV, 3/2;
Fig. 2.6),
the relative
timing
of solid
con
inclusions,
tains
some
fluid inclusions, and alteration stages is evident. The
core
of the quartz
crystal
polyphase
brine inclusions
(pseudosecondary
trails and
assemblages
of clustered in
clusions)
and trails of
high-density
occur
with subordinate
low-density
vapor inclusions. The the first
highand
density vapor
the older start
inclusions
in two
generations,
the younger
zone.
ones cut
growth
zone
as
pseudosecondary
growth
zone.
trails at this
growth
the
Low-density
zone are
vapor inclusions al
ways cut the first
Close, but
not on
growth
some
polyphase
brine
Cu-Au
deposit
78
Part II
inclusions, whereas
zone
on
the
growth
zone
itself solid inclusions of biotite
are
entrapped.
The outer
of the
crystal, which is
in contact with
pyrite,
contains
few small aqueous and deformed

zone
vapor inclusions with different be associated with the
filling
ratios. This observation indicates that the inner and the
may
potassic stage,
in the quartz and
outer
growth
zones
indicate the
onset
of the feld
spar-destructive stage
vapor inclusions
as
crystal, which
coeval
or
grew
rapidly
at
this stage and
trapped
few
primaries
some
later aqueous inclusions.
These observations
imply
tentative time sequence of the main inclusion types:
Polyphase
character
brine inclusions
and may
occur
are
among the earliest inclusions, because

or on
they
have in
places primary
in
phenocrysts
are
growth
zones
in quartz of the
potassic stage.
The opaquebrine inclu
bearing
brine inclusions
contemporaneous
or
slightly
or
later than the flat
polyphase
sions. The brine inclusions direct
occur
commonly
in clusters
planes
of few inclusions and
no
iu those of the
to
the other inclusions
were
observed. Tn all
samples
and espe
cially
zone
vapor inclusions
occur
in late
secondary trails.
However, both types of vapor inclusions may each coexist
on
boiling trails with polyphase brine might

indicate the
inclusions, and
an
occur
scattered
together
with
polyphase
brine inclusions, which the latest, because
early origin
of these inclusions. in
Aqueous
inclusions
are
they
occur as
only inclusion type deposited

on
clear, texturally late quartz crystals of small

occur
vugs in which
some
calcite is
of
the quartz, and

to
together with
low
-density
vapor inclusions in
growth
zones
late quartz
growth stages
which
pyrite deposition
is related
(feldspar-destructive alteration).
Deposit-Scale
Distribution
of Fluid
Inclusion
on
Types
deposit
was
The distribution of the different inclusion types order to delineate the pattern and the
as
the scale of the
studied
relationships
between the inclusion types and the alteration

zone,
well
as
the
ore-grade
zones.
Representative samples of the quartz-magnetite

core
potassic
ore
alteration, and feldspar-destructively altered samples in the low-grade

zone were
and
high-grade
taken to deduce the
relationship
2.1).
between these alteration
types and relative fluid
inclusion abundance
(Fig.
2.8; Table
79
Fluid Inclusion
Study
The combination of texture and
major variations
zone were
in inclusion proportions
implies
that
most
quartz veins in fhe feldspar-destructive
formed at the
potassic stage but are
now
domi-
nantly populated by secondary

and vapor
inclusions related to the
w eie
alteration
the
(aqueous
types).
The drill-holes from where the samples

2.8 shows
a
taken
are
shown
gcologica I
map of the
zones
deposit (Fig. 2.7). Figure

1997 for
schematic section and the
illustrating
the alteration
(based on Proffett, analyses
neighboring sections)
ore-grade distribution
accoi
ding
to whole-rock
of the drill-cores of section 47. Abundance of inclusions
was
optically
estimated for each type of inclusions from

table 2.1.
polished
section
and the results
are
summarized in
Table 2 1
Sample
ID drill hole
Samples used for the fluid inclusion distribution estimate

poly
opaque-
depth
tm
oeiow
ore
grades
All
alteration and
porphyry type
phase
bearing
bnne
aqueous
vapor
surface)
Cu (wt%)
(ppml
1%) {%) (A)
htqh densil
(%)
(%)
49 61 4/16
277
283 89
0 58
1 40
0 80
1 94
49 61 4/19
pa feldspar destructively overp tee*4 Es feldspar destructive y overpriced Ew P3

,
30
5 10 20
10 15
10 5
0
10
AD
AA
50 3 59 4/6
49 2 46 1/4
0 72
0 80
2 12 0 53
feldsDîr destructivey overpriced Eary P0
5
20
5
5
25
25
278
AB
49 2 46 3/5
49 2 46 3/8
279
292 242
315
0 80
0 77
0 53 0 71 0 05
0 16
feldspar destr actively overpriced Earv P3 feldspar destruUvely overpi nted Fary P3 feldspar des*ructvely overpr Ced Ea
sliqrciy fe dspar destructively
y P3
20
15
20 10 25
10 20
AC S
U
49 52/9
49 52/14 49 51/1 49 51/3
0 06
0 14
siiqfcly feidsoar-destructvev overpriced Early P3

Car'v P3 sliqht'y feldspar destructively overpriced Early P3 si qhtly feldspar destructively overprinted Early P3 sliqhtly feldspar destructively overprinted Early P3 feldspar destructively overpr Ced Q quartz phenos
adz overpr nAd
B1
50
d
10
15
10
5
50
5
0
P
182
184
0 94
0 85
1 55
1 50
60 10 3b
B 50 10
10 15
5 30
Q
AO
AN
49 51/5
BLA 97 BLA 18
192
surface
0 91
1 48
20
5
surface
EyePorphyry
15
5
20
5
50
AJ
51 61 1/5
523
0 02 0 74 0 51 0 05 0 02
0 03
AE
F R AK AM
J
50 3 59 4 8
47 53/72 49 52/3 51 61 1 51 61 A11 47 55 3/10
146
413
226
1 28
0 75
qtz maq with calcite lillmq Colorado Norte Porphyiy quartz maqneê Early P3
quartz magnetite Eaily P3 quartz rraqnettie Early P3 quartz maqêtite Colorado Norte Pcroh\iv
quartz icaqretite
25 5 10 B
15
25 5 30 30 25
5 5
10
5
10
25
10
014
0 03 0 02 1 95
15
25
10
35
10
10
10
524 547 147
10 10
40
0 01
1 40
Colorado Norte Penny
BO
quartz maqnetite Colorado Norte Porphyiy
H
I
47 55 3/7
47 55 3/9 51 52 2/9
110
146
0 50
1 40
0 78
1 95
potassic Colorado Norte Porph\ry

potassic Co orado Norte Poiphyy
potassic Colorado Norte Porphyy
50
25
15
<0 5 5
15
5
5
10
AfAG
204
211
0 01
0 04
0 02
0 09
60
50
5 15 15
X
5
51 52 2/11
AH
AI D M
51-52 2/13
51 52 2/14
212
224
0 04 011 0 56
0 09
0 09 011
potassic Colorado Norte Porph>ry potassic Colorado Norte Po'pi \ IV
15
50 45 10 25
15
20
10
5
potass
c c c
Colorado No <e Poaphyry Colorado Norte

Colorado Noce
47 53/48
49 50 1/4 49 50 1/8 51 61 1/8 47 53/25 47 53/30
47 53/62 49 52/10 49 52/21
226
357
0 40
0 04
potass
potass potass
N
AL
371
537
0 05
0 01
0 05
0 07
potassic Cc orado
c
Porphyiy Porphyiy Norte Porohyry
30
5
15
55
40 25
B 40 55 10 10 8 B
15
10
10 20 5 40 50 10 30
5 45 45 25
20
5
Co orado Norte Ponpl yrv

y P3
B C
118
128
311
0 06
0
010 017
0 23 0 06
0 05
potassic Early P3
10
potassic Ear
potass
c
20
5
15
E
T
W
0 30 0 08 0 05
Earty P3 Early
P3
260
337
potassic Ea-i\ P3
potassic
15
5 5 5
I
V A
1
49 50 1/1 49 52/19 45 61 3/13

nq
354 334
428
0 05
0 10
1 40
0 02 0 06
potassic
potass
Early
w
P3
15
0
25 '0 10
K 15
c w
th qtz maq
>h
Early P3
B
oO
5
24i
potassic
q'z maq Colorado Nor'e Porriiv y
3d
10
s-impla with boil
a^senbliqe
Table 2.1: Selected samples
on
which the
fluid inclusion type disti ibution
is
based
Bajo de la Alumbiera poipliy ly Cu-
lu
deposit
SO
Failli
The
piojected
m
fie-
quency
diagtams
fguie
and
2 8 show that
liquid
vapoi
inclusions
all
aie
picsent
samples
is a
Ttowevei, theie
distinct
disttibution pattern ot the vapoi and
hquid-nch
in
clusion types In the

tei
cen-
ofthc
deposit
the fom
types of liquid inclusions

aie
predominant
the
potassically
lNLPo
H I I
10
and quaitz-
l/v
I I,
i-
xes
If
0
Aa ]
lsl-
tt t
1
r
'
A)'AP
!>
Ar
pi
)H
F .1
AAn
!
magnetite alteied samples

The
P/o
ri
Ay
t
y
N
r
Up
hquid-nch
inclusions
Main Dacite Stock
geneially
exceed 50% of
the whole fluid inclusion
Fig. 2.7: Dull hole locations ofwhieli fluidinclusion disti ibution

holes
cue
the
samples
2 8
cue
taken
foi the numbei

Ihe
m
study atAlumbieia ihe
iieiflibotu mgdull
these
samples
jj/o/ected
on
section 47 m
figwe
samples with the larg lovv-gtade

one
est tiumbets of
polyphase
and
opaque-beating
are
bnne inclusions
aie
associated with the
coie
Bnne inclusions
generally
not
abundant and they show
no
association to
of the
alteiation
zones oi a
conelation with
oie
giades
Ihe abundant aqueous inclusions ot AK
some
weakly
tcldspai-destiuctive oveipunted sam-ples (AM AI,

aie
lable 2 1)
the
deepei
cential paits
cleaily secondaiy
Vapoi inclusions, paiticulaily low-density
vapoi inclusions
aie veiv
abundant
feldspataie com
destiuctivcly oveipunted
mon
and
mote
penpheial samples Ttigh-densitv

of the
vapoi inclusions
in quaitz
phenociysts
and
samples
lugh-giade
oie /one
Howevei, tins
vei\
estimate
may be biased
by the difficulty to distinguish high-dcnsit\
vapoi inclusions with
little
liquid
/S'y
Fluid inclusion Study
from
low-density
vapor inclusions. The distribution of the
opaque-bearing high-density
of the
vapor
inclusions is tentative but coincides

sions because most inclusions of
roughly with the distribution

vapor inclusion
high-density vapor inclu

contain
an
high-density
assemblages
opaque
daughter phase. Boiling assemblages

core as
occur over a
depth
of about 400
and
were
found in the
low-grade
P3-
well
as
in the
high-grade
found in
ore zone
of the
Quartz-E\e, the Colorado Norte, and Early

related to
Porphvries. They
ation.
wsw
are
samples,
which
are
quartz-magnetite
and
potassic
alter
Deposit-scale distribution of fluid inclusion types
ene
zones
a section through the deposit w ith alteration and ore-grade hrequency diagrams for the different inclusion types of selected samples show a distinct distribution pattern between hquid-nch and vapor inclusions
Fig.
2.8: Partly schematic illustration of
The
center
of the deposit
is
dominatedby halite-saturatedfluidinclusions, whereas vapor and aqueous
Samples
feldspar-destructive alteration and peripheral areas of the deposit boiling assemblages are indicated w ith w lute spots and ticks that show the coexistence of low-density or high-density vapor inclusions with polyphase brine inclusions, respectively Insel show s average estimate of the different inclusion types in the high-grade ore zone (16 samples), the low-grade core (22), quartz-magnetite alteration (9). potassic alteration (16), and the feldsparwith
inclusions characterize the later
destructively altered parts of the
deposit
(13)
Bajo
de la Alumbrera
porphyry
Cu-Au
deposit
82
Part II
Mierothermometry Analyses of Hydrothermal

Experimental setup
Heating
perature up
for and
Fluids
and
high-temperature
conducted
measurements
freezing
runs were
on a
Linkam 600 stage for
homogeuization
tem
to
600C and
on a
Linkam 1500 stage for temperatures above 600C. The
precision
for
freezing
runs
is about
0.1 C and for
heating
runs
2 C at 500C. The
to 20C.
error
high
temperature
measurements with the Linkam 1500
stage may be up
Cooling
and the
runs
with
liquid nitrogen
inclusions. of CO,
to -180C
were
made for around 240 aqueous inclusions

near
high-density vapor
Heating rates were

to
decreased from 25C/min to 1 C/min

the
melting temperature
(-60C
-55C) for vapor inclusions and,
near
ice-melting
temperature for the aqueous inclusions.
Heating runs
were
made to determine the
homogeuization temperature
in all inclusion types,

was
and in the halite-saturated inclusions the
melting temperature for halite (Tmhahte)
recorded.
Apparent
salinities
are
reported
in wt% INaCl
equivalent
based
on
the halite
solubility equation
for halite-saturated inclusions and
on
the final ice
melting
for halite-undersaturated inclusions
(Bodnar
and
Vityk, 1994). Homogemzation

occurs
of the
polyphase
or
brine
inclusions, opaque-bearing
brine inclusions and brine inclusions the nomenclature used in this
either
by halite
2.2).
vapor
disappearance (Tmh
, (
^Th,
study
is
given
in table
Table 2.2: Nomenclature of fluid inclusion measurements
Th
Homogeuization temperature
Homogeuization
saline inclusions
ThLfV>I
of aqueous inclusions to the
liquid
state
Thv+1 _^v
Tmlcc Tmc0,
Homogenization
Last ice
of vapor-rich inclusions
to
the vapor state
melting temperature
of
Melting temperature
Melting temperature
CO.,
Tm,
hte
of halite dissolution
Tmhal]tc>Th Homogenization by halite

Tvapor
Temperature of vapor
to
liquid homogenization
83
Some
assemblages
were
heated
beyond 600C,
which led in many
cases
to
decrepitation
assemblage
or
stretching
over a
of the inclusions.
range than in
are
Thus, the homogenization temperatures within

runs
an
vary
larger
heating
below 600C, but the data for several
assemblages
were
of the
made
same
type of inclusion
in
consistent. Most of these
high-temperature
measurements
on
assemblages
above
sample
BLA 97. For each of fhe halite-saturated inclusion types
homogeniz
considered
ing
600C,
one or more
assemblages
The
were
measured and then the results
were
to be also valid for similar
assemblages.
highest temperature was

16C
measured in In
an
assemblage
of opaque-bearing brine inclusions at 771
(assemblage 92).
general, homogenization
temperatures of polyphase brine and opaque-bearing brine inclusions overlap and average around
713 to 730C
97
(Fig.
2.11
F,G). Among the brine inclusions only
the
assemblage
of
sample
BLA
homogenized
above 600 at 671
6C
(assemblage 104).
at
Two
high-temperature boiling
on
assemblage
showed
homogenization
of the
liquid
720C that
was
extrapolated
assemblage
113 and 117.
Due to the small amount of
liquid
and the
difficulty
to see the
phase
transitions in
high-
density vapor inclusions

tens or
even
the determination of the
homogenization temperature
occurrence
may vary several
up to 150C
(Bodnar
et
al., 1985). The
of
CO,
in
some
ofthc
highcause
density vapor
errors
inclusions
(Raman-detected) and the rarely visible minor
C02
clathrate also
in the calculation of the
salinity
values.
Although
many
cases
temporal
relation among fluid inclusions and host and mineralization
are m
ambiguous,
care was
taken to consider
exclusively assemblages
of closely associated
inclusions of similar
ptrographie
strictly refer
characteristics and similar volume

to
proportions.
Results of
mierothermometry
are
such inclusion
to
assemblages
and not to individual inclu

or
sions which may be

In
non-representative due
heterogeneous trapping
necking-down
figure
2.9 the
mierothermometry
data for all inclusion tvpes
are
separated
in
single
as
semblages
a
and
plotted according to their salinity and homogenization temperature. Figure disappearance against
halite dissolution for all halite-saturated
2.10
is
plot
of the vapor
assemblages.
for each
The
frequency diagrams (Fig. 2.11)
show the modes of homogenization data and
salinity
inclusion type.
Cu-Au
deposit
84
Part II
Polyphase
Within
brine inclusions
one
assemblage inclusions
have
generally
restricted salinities and
homogenization
temperatures, compared with the large variation between different assemblages. The assemblage
with the lowest Th NaCl
homogenizes by vapor to liquid
at 432
6C and has
salinity of 47
1 wt%
equivalent, whereas the assemblage (62)
with the
>Th
highest salinity (71

580
1 wt%NaCl
equiva
lent) homogenizes by halite dissolution (Tni,

individual inclusions val
1C). Within
in
a
some
assemblages,
homogenize by
vapor
or
halite
disappearance
small temperature inter

a
(Fig. 2.10).
The data of all
polyphase
and
brine inclusions in
figure
2. IIA and F show
wide
range in
salinity
values with two modes at 400 to 500C and the
high-temperature range
97. The
above 600C. which
mainly represents
assemblages
some
of
sample
BLA
exceptionally high homogenization temperatures

et
may indicate
H20
loss due to
post-entrapment and re-equilibration processes (Sterner
al., 1995; Audtat and Gnther, 1999),
although
no
textural evidence for such
process
was
observed in this
sample,
so
that these
extreme values
are
probably
real fluid temperatures. of the
The different
at 100 to
melting temperatures
daughter crystals
are
for the unknown first

200 to
phase
150C, the second daughter phase (nahcolite?) melts between

dissolves at 320 to 370C, and
250C, the third
phase (erythrosiderite?)
assemblage 67).
Such
sylvite
melts at 460 to 490C for
(e.g.
also
high melting temperatures
are
rarely reported
sylvite but
were
found in the Endeavour 26 North
porphyry
Cu-Au
deposit
in Australia
(Heithersay
and
Walshe,
1995), implying 1979).

Tn up to
very
high
K/Na ratios up to J.l bv
weight (Roedder,
1971; Cloke and Kcsler,
polyphase brine
and
opaque-bearing brine inclusions the

common
opaque
phases never homogenise daughter crystals

and Bodnar,
to
temperatures of around 800C. The
presence of hematite
in
hematite-free rocks indicates and rare,
H,
diffusion out of the inclusions
(Mavrogenes
1994),
600C,
birfringent rectangular daughter ciystals (anhydrite?)
did not dissolve up
which also may be related to post-entrapment oxidation of sulfur.
85
Fluid Inclusion
Study
Opaque-bearing
The
brine inclusions
brine inclusion
salinity
and Th of
opaque-bearing
Next to
assemblages overlap with polyphase
brine inclusions
(Fig. 2.IIB, G).
assemblages
in which inclusions
homogenize by vapor
only,
or
disappearance assemblages
vapor and halite
occur
in which inclusions
Some
homogenize by
halite dissolution
in
disappearance (Fig. 2.10).
assemblages (found exclusively
sample BLA
42C) has
9; e.g. 91-93) homogenize above 600C. The assemblage with the lowest Th (363
salinity
NaCl
of 38
I wt% NaCl
equivalent.
The
assemblage
with the
highest salinity (63
4 wt%
equivalent) homogenizes by halite dissolution
at 524 25C.
Brine inclusions
Most brine inclusion
assemblages homogenise by
assemblage
apor
disappearance
and their
salinity
is
quite
constant
within
one
and also among different
assemblages,
near
the lower end
of the
salinity
range of
opaque-bearing
brine inclusions
(Fig.
2.9 and
2.11C). Homogenization
temperature is distinctly lower than of the two liquid inclusion types with opaque daughter phases,
mostly
around 340 to 400C.
Assemblage
100 shows
very
large
not
difference between vapor
homogenization
and halite dissolution, which may indicate
some
recognizable post-entrap
ment process. The
assemblage
with the lowest
salinity (37
3 wt% NaCl
equivalent)
has the
highest homogenization temperature (42
of 671
6 C, and the
assemblage with the highest salinity
4 wt% NaCl
equivalent) homogenizes
at 387 43C.
Aqueous
inclusions
The last ice
melting temperature (Tm, )

always
occurred
vv as
used to calculate the
salinity,
and
homogeniza
tion of the inclusion
by vapor bubble disappearance (ThL+v>l ) Rarely hydrohalite

an
was
observed in individual inclusions vvithm
assemblage (assemblage 5, 5a, 22).

one case
This
phase
showed metastable behavior and melted above 0C and in
at 9.3C. It
was
observed that
hydrohalite persists metastability for
several minutes
or
hours at temperatures above 0.1 C
(Roedder, 1984).
solutions rich in
have
The brown color of the ice in
some
of these inclusions is
typical
for aqueous
CaCl, (Shepard etal., 1979,

salinity and Th,
,
p, 109).
Single assemblages
are
of aqueous inclusions
generally
restricted
_,.,
however, there
large variations,
mamh
Bajo de la A lumbi ei
pot pin n C
u-
lu
depo sit
S6
Patt 11
80
61/64
70
62
Polyphase
inclusions
brine
70
";
60
50
a
Opaque-bearing
bnne inclusions
48
66/6
ti4
93
5
s
Bnne
inclusions
*7S
Il
40
!^f^*4^l
Aqueous
30
inclusions
A
a
22
*
A54
anhydrls
s
OT
10
0
anhydrite
43 46
High density
vapor inclusions
8232
100
200
300
600
700
800
900
fig.
2.9: Homogenization tempeiatuie

a
\s
sa/imtx of all inclusion types of Alumbteia
labels
along
coi i
straight diagonal
an ax
represent
fluid inclusions xath homogenization by halite

to
dissolution
Lnclosing
to one
tines represent
single assemblages of diffeient samples wheie each eoloi

the labels nfci
en u
esponds
sample
\umbci
at
next to
the
assemblages given
in
tppendn
Inclusions
homogenizing
array
tempeiatuies
600 C but not
cxphcith
m
me asm
ed
cue
plotted
may
on a
vertical
m
of symbeds and shifted

to
to
higher tempeiatuies foi betlei piesentation the

is
gap
salinity around 2>

non-nue
x at
3d wt% \at 1
cqunalcnt
assc
obscned also
olhet studies and

in
tesultfiom
leaf ion
m
of halite (Roeddet J9S4) Iqucous inclusion

Th and salinity than inclusion
assemblages
to
anhy ch
ite
shem lai gei
anhydnte thus
lability sti etching of the
mblage
in
quartz due
the low
ei
stability of
dunng heating andfi eezing i

inclusions of
uns is
possible Stippled
lines connect coexisting \apoi and
liquid
boiling assemblages
salinity,
among different
with
assemblages (lowest
wt% NaC 1
salmifv 0 2
0 1 wt% NaCl, Th
=
=-
239
8C,
assemblage
highest salinity 25
equivalent
I h
267
8C) In assemblage 4, 5,
as
11 and 18 ot
potassically
alteied Colorado Norte
Porphyrv
and
tarly-P3 Porphvry
well
as
feldspai-destructivelv
NaCl
alteied
Quartz-Eye Poiphyry larger salmitv

occui
differences (e g up to t8 wt%
equivalent) occasionally
ratios and
within
one
assemblages
of aqueous inclusions of constant
filling
salmitv
homogenization tempeiatuies suggesting
mixing between fluids of diffeient
1 united numbet of aqueous inclusions
calcite and anlndnte
nee
analvsed (1 ig 2 9,
m
as
semblage /-?) 1 he aveiage homogenization tempeiatuie of assemblages

22C
I he
anhydrite
is
23 1
>
salinity
of the aqueous inclusions
is veiv
vai
lable and langes from 7
5 wt% NaCl
100
200
300 T
400
500
600
700
800
900
(vapor bubble disappearance, C)
Fig. 2.10: Halite dissolution temperatures as a function of vapor-liquidhomogenization temperature for the halite saturated inclusion types Data plotting above the line undergo final homogenization by halite dissolution, whereas inclusions helms the line homogenize by vapor bubble disappearance
The
may
very
large difference betxeeen

some
vapor
homogenization
and halite dissolution of

next to
indicate
m
post-entrapment modification Sumbers

C
the labels
refer
to
the
assemblage 100 assemblages
given
Appendix
equivalent
calcite
are
in
one
assemblages
and
to
15
9 v\t% NaCl
equivalent
in others.
Aqueous inclusions in
very
rare
only
a
few
were
suitable for
heating and freezing experiments. They
have very low
salinity
with
melting point depression equivalent.
of -0.2C to -0.3, which
corresponds
to
salinity of 0.4
to 0.5 wt%NaCl
Inclusions in calcite have the lowest

are
homogenization
of calcite in
temperature (Th
204
1 7C). These data
in agreement with the
occurrence
the late stage of the vein paragenesis.
High-density
fhe
vapor inclusions
in the measurement of
uncertainty
Thv^
and
Tm,
of these inclusions is
large
be
cause
of
optical difficulties
to observe the last ice
melting and vapor homogenization. Thus, in high-density vapor

inclusions had to be
most
boiling assemblages,
the
salinity
of low-density and
estimated from the
coexisting polyphase brine inclusions using the NaCI-FLO phase diagram

et
(Sourirajan
and
Kennedy, 1962: Urusova, 1975; Bodnar
al.. 1985). 1
lomogenization tempera-
Bafo
de la Alumbrera
porphyrv
Cu-Au
deposit
88
Part II
o
Q>
O"
)
u.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
100 200 300 400 500
600 700 800
Salinity (wt% NaCi
equiv,/
Th
(C)
Fig.
homogenization tem-perattire frequency diagrams for the different inclusion peaks of the homogenization temper atm es of the polyphase brine and opaquetypes brine inclusions are characteristic and mainlv caused by the high-temper atm e fluids ti apped bearing in the vein from the Quartz-Ex e Porphyry (sample BLA 9"1) Included are also assemblages of which the temperature was extrapolated
2.11:
Salinity
and
at Alumbrera
The
89
tures shown in
figure
2.9 may be underestimated
by several tens of degree Celsius (Bodnar

some
et
al.,
1985), which
In
may be
expressed
in the
large
range of Th in
assemblages.
general,
the
assemblages containing
as
both inclusions with and without opaque

where
daughter
crystals
sions
have similar salinities and Th The
assemblages
is
only opaque-bearing
vapor inclu
occur.
salinity
within
single assemblages
within 19
one
quite
uniform but varies among different

J .6
assemblages.
the
The lowest
salinity
was
assemblage was
0.7 wt% NaCl
equivalent,
and
highest apparent salinity

Some of the
2 wt% NaCl
equivalent.
result from
high-density
as
vapor inclusions
possibly
heterogeneous liquid
and
vapor entrapment,
indicated
by slightly
different
phase ratios
were
and variable salinities of
some
inclusions. In
few
assemblages (31-34),
some
clathrates
observed
during cooling
runs,
which
indicate the presence of
CO0, Melting
one
of CO, occurred at
at 2.4C.
Tm02 =-56.1C,
and clathrate
melting
ably
could
only
be measured in
assemblage
The amount of
C02
is small,
prob
below three mole percent, the lower limit for visible
liquid C02 (Nash, 1976).
Low-density
vapor inclusions
On microthermometric
experiments
these inclusions
provided
no
information
during.
No
phase changes
were
observed
during freezing
Estimates
or
heating
runs
Temperature-Pressure
The estimate of temperature and pressure conditions
can
be
unambiguously determined
from
boiling assemblages (e.g.
Roedder and Bodnar,
1980). All other inclusion assemblages only pro

occurrence
vide information about minimum pressures and temperatures. The
of
boiling
assem
blages
as
well
as
liquid-only assemblages, homogenizing by

variations in P and T
constraints
halite dissolution and/or vapor ho
mogenization demonstrates
the fluid system.
ments in
along
n
and outside of the
two-phase region
of
Approximate
on
P-T-XN
conditions
can
be derived from experi

el
theNaCl-FL,0 model system (Sourirajan and Kennedy, 1962; Urusova, 1975; Bodnar
ai.. 1985,
Fig. 2.12).
Bajo
deposit
90
Part II
Boiling assemblages
Twelve altered
assemblages
of three
of
coexisting
brine and vapor inclusions associated with in the
potassicallyore
samples
porphyry types
low-grade
core as
well
as
in the
high-grade
zone were
measured
(Table 2.3). The homogenization temperature and salinity of the brine

are
mem
ber of these for
assemblages
shown in the
phase diagram
of the system shown
NaCI-H20 (Fig.
2.12B)
Several
sample
BLA 97
represented by
filled dots and other
samples
by filled squares.
assemblages (106, 108-112)

300 to 450C.
indicate low pressures below 100 to 200 bars at temperatures of pressures
Slightly higher
(300
to 400
bars)
were
obtained from two
assemblages boiling
(107 and 116), which also have higher homogenization temperatures

Table 2.3
and salinities. The
Boiling assemblages
assem
Sample
Nr
Th bnne
range
salinity
bnne
range
Tm
Th
salinity
vapor
range
estimated P
description
blage
NaCl wi%
halite
vapor
NaCl
(bar)
BLA1/97 A 1,1
114
720
700-740
58 63 8 52 7
57-60
480-500
425'
9
3
(os')
1
900
BLA1/97AI.1
BLA1/97 A 1,2 BLA
115 116
720
470
700 740 455-490
61-65
49 56
510-540
411-468
530'
480
2 8-3 5
750 320 680

370
2 5 25
1/97B, 2
117
107
Quartz-Eye Porphyry, surface (low-grade^) Quartz-Eye Porphyry, surface (low-gradc3) Quartz-Eye Porphyry, surface (low-grade^)
surface (low-grade^) Early-P3 Porphyry, high grade, 118m (depth) Colorado Noite Porphyry, low-grade, 212m Ear!y-P3 Porphyry, barren qtz iow-grade, 242'l Early-P3 Porphyry, barren qtz iow-qrado, 242m Early P3 Porphyry low-qrade, 337i3 Colorado Norte Porphyry, low-grade, 354m Colorado Norte Porphyiy, low-grado, 357p Colorado Norte Porphyry, high-grade, 428m
,
,
>600
>600
(720)
520-540
65 5
61 7
64-67
58 5-63 52 52 5 41-47
523-554
493-525 440 445
v5807
Quartz-Eye Porphyry,
47-53/2SB
530
51-52,2,13
49-52, 3/3
49-52 3/3
49
113
111
(720)
400-437 300-310 445-450
390-412
52
1050
200 80
418 305
44 35
48 41
338-396
240 260
110 112
108
35-35 5
44 1 -52 7
52, 21/3
448 400 421

397
368-445
294-370 328-410
325-392
380
1 5
'051)
5 7
270
'80
49-50,1, 1/8 49-50,1,4/6

45-61 3, 1 3/1
37-54
109
106
420-422
388-403
46
44
40 4-48 5
40 2-46 6
200
42"> 1
180
Mierothermometry results of boiling assemblages and estimated pressures for assemblages. The table is sorted according to the depth of the samples, (est: estimated)
Table 2.3:
the
different
assemblages (113-115, 117)

sures
with the
highest homogenization temperatures (~720C) imply pres
of 1050 to 700 bars. No
systematic difference between the assemblages in the low-grade

observ ed.
core
and the
high-grade
ore zone were
Fluid inclusion
assemblages homogenizing by
vapor
disappearance
were
Minimum pressures for vapor to
liquid homogenizing assemblages (Fig, 2.12B). Highest
estimated in the
single-phase liquid
field of the system NaCl-FLO

are
pressures with lower
limits around 1.1 to .3 kbars
indicated
by
one
high-temperature
brine and three opaquepressures
bearing
are
brine
assemblages
of
sample
BLA 97 (91-93, 104).
Slightly lower minimum
estimated for
high-temperature polyphase
brine inclusions that lie close to the
two-phase
91
Fluid Inclusion Stuc/y
curve on
which the
high-temperature boiling assemblages plot.

of the different inclusion types
In contrast,
low-temperature
over
as
semblages (<500C)
give minimum
pressures
the range of
400 to below 100 bars.
Fluid inclusion
assemblages homogenizing by
show
halite dissolution
within
Several
inclusions
assemblages
homogenization by halite,
or
or
some
assemblages
individual
can
homogenize by
vapor
halite
disappearance (Fig. 2.10).

their
Minimum pressures
be
derived for this type of
assemblages provided
salinity
is around 40 wt% NaCl
equivalent
a
(Bodnar, 1994). Homogenization by halite

halite-saturated fluid at
was
assumed to be related to the
entrapment of
high temperature
and pressure
or
(Lastoe, 1978; Cloke and Keslcr, 1979;
Wilson et al,
1980),
or
post-entrapment ILO-loss
never
volume
shrinkage (Sterner
et
al., 1988; Fig.

a
2.1). Halite-homogenizing inclusions
occurred
on
boiling trails, which would be
strong
assem
indication for post-entrapment modification
(Audtat
and Gnther,
1999). The analysed
blages
be
showed
no
ptrographie
out for
evidence of post-entrapment modification

see
(however,
this cannot
completely ruled
assemblage 100,
above), and therefore indicate entrapment of

The two
single-phase fluid
at pressures above the
two-phase boundary.
is later
halite-homogenizing
as
semblages (62, 100),
which
composition
quantitatively analysed, yielded unreasonably

inclusions
100,
high
pressures
using
the calculation for marks in
halite-homogenizing
2.12B.
(Bodnar, 1994)
the
and
are
indicated with
question
figure
Assemblage
although within
large
salinity
range of experimental
data, indicates
pressures of around 2 8 kbar due to the
range between
vapor
homogenization
to an
and halite dissolution. This
assemblage
is
plotted
same
in
figure
2.12B at 150 62
bars next indicates
assemblage (101)
with similar inclusions of the
sample. Assemblage
minimum pressure of 1135 bars but the

wt% NaCl
extrapolation
errors
of the
experimental
data to such
high salinities (70

final
equivalent)
may lead to
of the pressure estimates. When the

this
and the
salinity
is
plotted,
assemblage
falls in the halite-
saturated field at -380 bars
(Fig. 2.12B).
92
Part II
Assemblage
Sample
Salinity (wt%
3 0
Th
(X)
(bars)
Basis for P
estimation
21
4
49-52 19A
240
50 50
LV
LV
curve
curve curve
46-59QZE
49-52 14
51-61 1
72
1 4
17.7
242
271 292 305
20 25 110 100 101 106

108
80 80 80
LV
11,5/1
LV curve
49-52 3/3
35 41.4
42 1
43 9 41
boiling
1
curve
49-52, 19B/3
368
386
397
2810/150
150 180 200 250 220 230 220
halite
disappearance
LV
curve curve curve curve
49-52, 19D/3IV
45-61
3, 13/1
boiling
boiling
49-50,1, 1/8
400
419 421 423 423 447 5 463 470 47 471 499
111 109
73
49-52,21/3
49-50.1.4/6
48 4
46 43 9 44 0
boiling
boiling
LV
curve
47-53, 62/1
47-53, 62/1
curve
73
LV
curve
112
54
49-52,21/3
49-51,5/5
BLA1/97AI.2
48.4
50 9
270
320
boiling
LV
curve
curve
116
116
52.7
52 7
300
320
boiling
boiling
LV
LV
curve
curve
BLA1/97AI.2
51-61 1,5/3
51-61 1 .5 IV
58
59
49.9
50 0
340
380 370 530 1135/380 620 1100 1050
680 750
900
'
curve
curve
107 57
62 47
47-53/25B
51-61 1 5 I
61 7
45 1
71 1
530
540
boiling
LV
curve
curve
BLA1/97B.2
47-53 25B
580 665
677 720 720 720 720 722 722 722 722 730 730
halite disappearance
61 4 39 7
LV
LV
curve curve curve
104
BLA1/97B 1,1
113
117
115 114 61 67
51-52,2, 13
BLAV97B.2
52 65 5
03 8 58 0 66 1
boiling boiling boiling

boiling
LV
curve curve
curve
BLA1/97A,1
BLA1/97A.1
BLA1/97B2 BLA IV
680 750 800 950
curve curve curve
97, 3/1
64 0
LV
LV
66 68 93
91
avg BLA IV 97, 3 BLA IV 97, 2/6

BLA2/97 B2
62 0
56 0
LV curve
gold
53 0
36 9 46 5
1080 1280 1320
LV
LV
curve
curve
BLA 1/97B 11,1
92
BLA2/97B2
771
LV
curve.
of boiling analysed by laser ablation Sorting of the table is based on increasing homogenization temperatures. Pressures for non-boiling assemblages are minimum
Table 2.4: Pressure estimate
from
microthermometric data
assemblages
and single-phase
assemblages,
which
xvere
pressures.
'
Pressure calculated
inclusions and the assumed pressure,
according to Bodnar (1994) for halite homogenizing respectively. See text for exjolanaiion
Interpretation of P-T-Xs
evolution in time and space

to
Table 2.4 and 2.5 summarize the main observations relevant
the relative
timing,
the de
and
posit-scale distribution, non-boiling fluids,

Quid
cant
the microthermometric characteristics of the
boiling assemblages
and the pressure estimates. Even

at any
though
it is not
possible
can
to document the
history
in time
point
in the
deposit,
generalized
evolution
be deduced.
Signifi
and
salinity and density variations of fluids during quartz-magnetite

the initial stages of copper and
and
potassic alteration
probably during path

of
deposition
of
a
can
be
explained by
variants in the P-T late stages, the

water,
see
general cooling experienced
decompression
magmatic
fluid.
Only in the
system
some
influx of a
low-salinity fluid of external (probably meteoric
93
Fluid Inclusion
Study
stable
isotope section, below) origin
and
mixing
with
diminishing
amounts of
magmatic
vapor
may have occurred.
The
interpretation
on
of the evolution of the
hydrothermal
fluid
(from
left to
right
on
in
figure
2.12A) is based
pressures for
(i) ptrographie evidences, (ii) decreasing Th,

with similar
and in addition
decreasing
the
assemblages
homogenization temperatures. Additionally,

are
highevi
temperature assemblages of sample BLA 97

dence and relative
further
separated according polyphase brine

one
to
ptrographie
timing
of inclusion types. Therefore, the brine inclusions,
inclusions
arc on
the has
right
side of the
opaque-bearing
although
of the latter
assemblages
slightly higher Th (assemblage 92),

The most
pristine magmatic fluid
introduced into the
ore
deposit was
hot
the
(> 700C), mod
erately
saline brine under
high-pressure (~ 1 kbar),
assemblage
which is
represented by
polyphase
inclu
sions in
sample
BLA 97 and
113 from the Colorado Norte
Porphyry. This fluid two-phase

curve
may
or
may not have
already
boiled
initially during
Its
its ascent, but reached the
shortly
or
after
arriving
at the
deposit
area.
salinity
was
probably
52 to 58 wt% NaCl
equivalent,
some
possibly less
loss.
if the
highest-pressure recording boiling brine

decompression
was
already modified by
vapor
Nearly
as
isothermal
above 700CC led to water loss of brines and increased the of parts of these brines at constant
can
salinity to
high
as
70wt% NaCl
equivalent. Cooling
to
or even
slightly increasing
boiling
curve
pressure, due
sealing
of
permeability,
shift the fluid away from the
into the
single-phase field,
the
where
petrographically
later
assemblages
of non-boil
ing brines and especially
relatively
dense brines
homogenize by
halite dissolution
(e.g.
as
semblages, 61, 66-68,

The
occurrence
and 62).
of
non-boiling opaque-bearing
without
brine and brine inclusions at
high
P and T
(assemblages 91-93, 104)
complex
salt
daughter crystals
a new,
is an
indication that shortly

evolved fluid
after, but possibly before trapping of the first fluid pulse,
compositionally
portion
followed.
'fhe further evolution of fhe fluid localities in the
history
is
mainly
recorded in the
samples
from different
deposit. Cooling,
but
primarily
at
pressure decrease from lithostatic
(> Ikbar)
to
hydrostatic
pressure conditions
(-400 bars)
around 500C led to fluid
boiling (e.g.
assem-
Bajo
deposit
94
Part If
Relative
timing assemblages
of
Mierothermometry
data
Pressure estimation
Hiebest Pmiri=950bars
Deposit-scale
distribution
Dominant
in
Polyphase brine assemblages:

Clustered inclusions of
Highest average
Th~722C
Lowest Th= 430C
low-
grade
core
primary character, secondary trails, in
Salinity
range 40 to 71
wt<7r NaCl eq.
phenocrysts and vein quartz, cut by boiling assemblage, halitehomogenizing assemblages are later Boiling assemblages: Commonly secondary
trails, coexistence of
clustered
Highest average Th~720C

Lowest Th= 300C
Highest
P= I050bars
Lowest P~ 80bars
Low-giade coie and high-grade

ore zone,
trom
polyphase brine
Salinity
and vapor inclusions less

constrained.
range 35 to 65 v/l9c NaCl eq.
present surface
at
to
least 4 i0
Opaque-bearing assemblages:
brine
Highest
average
Highest Pm=1320bars
Lowest P.,, =-220bars
Dominant
low-
Th~771T(one
grade
grade
core
high-
Clustered inclusions of
assemblage 03)
Lowest Th= 360C
ore /one
primary character in phenocrysts, secondary

trails, halite-homogenizing assemblages later
Brine
Salinity
range 37 to 63
\\Ce NaCl eq.
assemblages: Only small assemblages,

clustered groups
or
Highest a\ cragc Th~67 1 "C (one

assemblage
J
Highest Pra,= llOObars

Lowest P,.= 150bars
Subordinate
low-grade
as
as
well
04)
to
high-grade
secondary
trails
Lowest Th= 336C
zone
Aqueous assemblages: Clustered and on planes, irregular shaped to rounded in feldspardestructively overprinted samples
Salinity range 36 wt'7f NaCleq. Highest average

Th=328C
46
P,nn<i00bars
Lowest Th= 204T
Feldspardestructively altered samples

and outer parts of the
Salinity
range 0.2 to 25
wt% NaCl eq.
deposit
oie
High-density
vapor
Highest
aveiage
Highest P=760bais
Lowest P=2S0bars
19
High-grade
zone,
assemblages: Commonly secondary

trails, cutting polyphase
brine
Th>60(LC
Lowest Th~ 370 C
and
feldspardesiructivcly
Salinity
assemblages,
in
but
lange I wt'/r NaCl eq
to
overprinted
I
minor in
areas,
also clustered
low-
phenocrysts Low-density vapor assemblages: Secondary trails cutting polyphase brine

inclusions, primary
on
grade
core
late
growth
/ones
related
to
Feldspardestructively overprinted samples and peripheral areas the deposit.
in
alteration
Table 2.5:
Summary of ptrographie observations, distribution,
and
mierothermometry data,
includ
ing pressure estimates.
95
fluid Inclusion Study
pressure
Th
(bars),
BLA 97
BLA 97
(C)
other
samples
opaque-bearing
brine mcl
polyphase
brine incl
,alinity (wto/o NaClequiv)
1600
1400 1200
1000
i
80
4
salinity
4\
y
*
i
4y
&
4 4 &- *v
70
saiiniiy
4S'
$
yj
m
4" 60
50
800
600 400
LU a
, ,
temperature
n
tfi
in
(d
40
30
S3
I'.
^ t>V
1
20
10
200 u9
0
2*Lm
n>
*
11 Hi
pressure
^W^Wn#^^^
97
^<SW ^feVA\\\#
f)\
92
1400
0 sample BLA
1300
D other samples
v.
800C
1200
1
jf
704
1100
\
700C/
"vapor"
1
'
\93\
C
m
"liquid"
1000
f3
\ 6
S2 900 ta
/eotrc.
1
114\
Si>
few*
\*
^,^H-*
\
-
800
LOf /
45/46^-^
\!6fi\
115
I
a
700
-V7 ^^"^
550C^
\m)
67\
V\
!
600 500
50C
t
47
uz
critical
cu VP
450C
\^ 5TN
^-^54^^/l16
7112
400
32
300
/ 33^
400C
f
31
1/42,
^\
5Sr
62?\V
..---- 40
^x.^
V+NaCI
200
[
108
-47 73
100 0
1
20
i
4l
25
!
LI 10
J7I>6 700"
tot
%\ >^
f/0i/
50 100
L3
2f
wt% NaCl
Fig.
2.12: Phase
diagi am of the
m
n stem
YaLl-H O (Sow
a/an and Kennedy,
1962, Unit ova 1Q"">

that
xveie
Bodnar et al
1985)
which all
boiling assemblages
and the
assemblages
subsequently
analysed for their chemical composition are show n The dots shoxi iheP-T-\ vai latton of assemblages fwm sample BLA 97 and squares represent different samples pom vanous places m fhe deposit
Filled labels indicate Number
s
boiling assemblages
and white symbols show loy\a limits

m
foi
pi essuie estimates
single phase fieldandundei lined'number s indicate boiling assemblages The salinity and Th data of thexapoi assemblages have 1 at get enois
next to
the symbols icfei to
assemblages
the
due to undeiestimate
due to
some
have been
of the homogenization tempeiatuies and possible oveiestimate of the salinity liquid that may be napped In thexapoi inclusions Par tieularly assemblage 15 must ti apped at higher pressures in the xapor field at a minimum pi essuie of at least 480 ben s
Cu-Au
deposit
96
Part IL
blages 107, 116)
that continues down to pressures of around 200 bars and temperatures of about
at near-constant pressure
400C, which is represented by several boiling assemblages. Cooling

or
temporary sealing in different

occurrence
areas
of the
deposit shifts
the fluid
again
into the
single-phase daughter
Held. The
of non-boiling brine inclusions below 400C without any opaque
crystals is
first indication that this near-isobaric
cooling path
may be associated with the loss of
metallic components
by
metal
precipitation.
that
In contrast, the near-isothermal
decompression path
brine inclu
which led to
boiling assemblages
not contribute
exclusive!}'
to
contain
opaque-rich polyphase
sions did
possibly
no
significantly
ore
deposition.
was
Although
ptrographie
evidence for halite inclusions in vein quartz
observed, the
calculated salinities of all
low-temperature assemblages plot

an
close to the halite
stability
field
(Fig. 2.12B),
which may be
indication of intermittent halite saturation.
Alternatively,
the de
creasing
such
as
salinities of these low P-T fluids may be due

or
to
the addition of a water-rich component
recondensed vapor
water of non-magmatic
origin.
The aqueous inclusion

a
assemblages
(P
"^
may
represent non-magmatic
water
that
was
trapped during
late stage at low pressures
100
bar).
The relative
timing
of the vapor inclusions,
particularly
of the
high-density inclusions,
phase
a
is
ambiguous
been
in
terms
ofthc relative time
relationship
in the fluid evolution. This
could have
fluid
trapped
as a
in
an
early period,
but it is not clear whether it
originated
near
from
boiling
or
occurred
single phase.
Some of the vapor inclusions
plot
to the critical curve,
although
assem
near-critical
homogenization
behavior
was never
observed in these
assemblages. These
blages plot
close to the critical
curve
due
to
underestimate ofthc
homogenization temperature,
vapor
and thus, their minimum pressure is also underestimated. The
low-density
inclusions,
ac
cording to their deposit-scale distribution

are
and association
to
feldspar-destructively altered samples, boiling

fluids.
proposed
to
have
separated by density
differences from be
This tentative
P-T-XNaC1
evolution will
now
complemented by
Based
be
on
information about the

these chemical data it combination
major
and trace element
composition
of inclusion
assemblages.
will be shown that the of fluid
potassic
alteration and
ore
deposition
can
explained by
cooling
and minor
mixing
of brine and
low-salinity
external fluid.
9"
LA ICP-MS Analysis
After
of Fluid Compositions
ptrographie
characterization of the fluid inclusion types and the determination of

the
salinity by
and
homogenization temperature,
composition
of selected inclusions
were
analysed
laser-ablation
inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Details of the

analyses
are
laser-ablation ICP-MS method for fluid inclusion
given by
Gnther et al.
(1997;
1998), Gnther and Heinrich (1999), and in Appendix A.

Around 350
for
single
fluid inclusions representative for inclusion
assemblages
were
analysed
major
and trace elements. All
analyses
are
given
in
Appendix D,
and averages of the
liquid-
rich inclusion types
are
summarized in Tables 2.6 to 2.8 and in Table 2.12 for the
high-density
vapor inclusions. Some elements of all
are
commonly below
the detection limit
or were
not measured
assemblages (Mg, Ca, AI, Cl, As, Ag, Mo,

for the
Sn, Sb, La, TI.
Bi, U). Results
are
discussed
separately
The
liquid-rich, vapor-rich
inclusions, and
boiling assemblages.
optimized
conditions of the
analyses of gold
in fluid inclusions
!
were
conducted under
ICP-MS for maximum response
on
97Au (see Appendix A) and
reduced element
menu
(Si, Na,
Au, Cu, As)
was
used. The transient low
signal pattern
urn
shows
overlapping peaks
were
for Cu and Au.
Limits of detection
total
as
as
0.1 ppm Au in 25
Au
inclusions
determined, corresponding to
are
mass
of about
I0"bg
(Ulrich
et
al., 1999). Uncertainties of individual analyses
estimated to be detection limit.

In
20%,
increasing for
small inclusions
(<1() urn)
or
concentrations
near
the
boiling assemblages both inclusion types (liquid-rich

with the laser.
and
vapor-rich)
were
analysed
indi
vidually
Liquid-rich
inclusions
The evolution of the fluid
chemistry
is shown in
figure
2.13 and is based
on
the
P-T-XNaC]
from
path
of
figure
2.13 A. The fluid
composition
of
sample
BLA 97 is
again
shown
separately
are
the other
samples. According to mineralization and
alteration
chemistry the
elements
grouped
"non-reactive elements"
(Fig. 2.13B)
and "reactive elements"
(Fig. 2.13C).
98
Part 11
In
general,
are
the concentrations of major and
some
minor elements
(K, Fe, Na, Mn, Pb, Zn,
Rb, Cs, TI)

and K
as
highest
in the
highly saline, polyphase

figure
brine inclusions (Table 2.6) with Fe, Na,
the most abundant cations. In
2.13B the trend of halite-saturated
assemblages
TI, and Cs
lower
is
parallel
and uniform for ''non-reactive elements" such
as
Na, Mn. Pb, Zn, Rb.
sample
the
BLA 97 and the others. Within this trend onh the concentration of Mn is
of
slightly
high-temperature assemblages
Mn, and Rb have very
opaque-bearmg
brine and brine inclusions in
sample
BLA
97. Pb, Zn,
constant concentration ratios for all
types of inclusion
assem
blages (Fig. 2.14A) reflecting
the correlation of these elements with salinities from 40 to 70 wt%

concentra
NaCl. In contrast to the "reactive elements", the "non-reactive elements" indicate tion
Table 2.6
Concentration of
Assemblage
57
avg stclv
li
no
polyphase
61
brine inclusions
I
changes,
over
iiiemblage
S4
sembliige
47
issemblage
ssemhlagL
s8
semblage
62
wide
P-T-XN
range
lv
stdv
av
j stdv
avg- stdv 40
t-
1\_
std\ ioo
i
a\g stdv
that would result from
ppm
110120
n a
80 t no
I SO 1 TO
n a
20
no
n
90
ppm
160 140
0 56 11 SO 1 60
0 07
*
<A00
I "TO
<400 10 701064
0 09 0 07
0 270 16
fluid/rock reactions and mineralization
N.
wt%
wt% wt%
6 0
8 10
16 20 2 00
0 10
A
00 S 00
11
Mg
AI
n a
0 OS
n a
0 07
001
0 08 0 01 i 00
Od 0 02
0 09 0 07
n a
0 1' 0 11 -7 00 h 22 IX")
9 90 (, 00
CI
K Ca Ti Mil
Fe
wt%
vvt%
24 oo
IO70160 27O0 10 00
6 80 1 80
1 20 0 70
9 70 7 60 11 80
+
10 20 0 69
0 7S
+
1S402 20 0 98 0 02
+
+
12 10 2 70
2 00
-
0 7S
processes. Thus, Mn,
wt% wt% wt%

vvt%
009
0 92
1 TO
I SOi I 10
0 11 0 01
<2 10
0 01
0 001
001
0 10 0 08
0 17 1-0 06
1 90 0 09
7 20
0 4S
1 SO
0 26
4 20 +0S7 16 90
+
1 SO
8 SQ
+
x
0 29
1 90
2 TO 0 12
1100 2: 1 10 0iS4 o if) 0 990 16
Pb, and Zn that

in
occur
10 SO 0 96
7 70 2 20 0 44 0 27
260
22 10 i
1 20
Cu
vvt<7< vvtTO ppm

ppm ppm ppm
0 720 16
0 72 0 1S
0 IS 0 14
0 1210 17
Zn As Rb
Si
0 60
010
0 47 0 09
h
0 9S
0 17
10
n
0 2b
1 2010 n
n a
considerably
are
con
10 1 190
SO
SO
A110
tr-
SO
300
60
Ol 10
[S010
SS0+I10
120 20
40 8
11
n
n
so* no 80
-
710
'
SO
centrations
flushed
SO 9
A)
100 90
+
-
60
110120 120 MO 201 S

<TO0
n
Mo
80 10
n. .1
n a n a
140 60 8+
70
10
l n
>-
60
SO
Ag
Sn
Sb
ppm
ppm
I
i
'0
n a
n a n i
through
the
deposit
interac
.100
<l
ppm ppm ppm

ppm
<
without major
Cs
Ba
La
20 S
60 10
n a
40+7 no 40
4 TO J. 8-0
40 10
60 20
10 20
TOI ? P0 10
6 L2
110
20
90
n
20
100+ 100
n a
tions
or
n a
i
<-
precipitation.
a
Ce
W
Au ri
ppm ppm ppm

ppm ppm ppm ppm
S4
20+10
7*1
60
?
210 ISO
S 1-2 <10
42
a
n i
20+ 10
<1
90
I
8
1
<S(>
1
,.
However,
crease m
major
de
O
n \
00
10 2
20 S
M~ 10
n a
Pb
Bi
H00
100
I8001S20
20
+
2600
480
4<00 h 1100
M)
1
i-
2400
120
"SbOO+470 10 2
n i
concentration
10 1
1 1
10
82
2
+
10
10 t 10 2 fc 1
l)
n a
of all of the "non-reactive elements" ||le |a|e
is
,,
lable 2.6:
Average concentrations of polyphase

error is
seen
brine inclusion an a
assemblages
m
Where indicated,
inclusions
1 fj of thevai lahihtv within

shown the value
is
assemblage ofsimilar
single
result
n a
aqueous
in-
If
no error is
based on
not
analysed
elusions. The
concert-
99
tration of the "non-reactive elements" decreases
steadily
with the
salinity
in the aqueous
fluid,
indicating
dilution of the
magmatic
fluid and the influx of a
compositionally
different fluid.
Ta ble 2.7
Concentrations of b ine and

Brinc inclusions
opaque-bearing
brine inclusions
brine in elusions
Opaquo-bc iring
issemblage
101
issemblage
100
assemblage
104
issemblage
91
issemblage
7
Assemblage
92
avg stdv
Li
avgi stdv
HO 70
410
+
+
av
g steh
900 2400
avg
sldv
avg
stdv
avg stdv
1201 HO 100160
ppm
ppm
120 220
2400
SO+ 4 ITO1 40
S 00 0 70
2201170
50
n Ma
110 l (10
wt%
10 0010 90
0 051001
1 00 1 20
n a
10 s()
9 "TO
2 20
10 40
070
10 6 11 4 0 OS 10 08
0 1010 04
Mg
Al
vvt'/o
\vt% vvt'ir
0 1410 04
0 H
+
0 2-0 01
s
0 06 + 001
0 08 0 07
n a
0 09 1 0 04
0 20 10 20
n a
0 02
90
jl
-
7 90
Cl
9 901 1 70 4 70 1 0 60
<0 40
11 90
0 TO
9 00 t 2 60
5 70 1 90 vi 20
K
Ca Ti Mn
Fe
vvt%
ttt'/o vU%
S701 10
<S0()
4 10-0 20 vi so
7 10
0 50
6 8010 70
<0 60
<() 70 0 01
020
0 10
0 1010 10 0 80 1 0 20
6 so
i-
0 10 -0 04 2 10 r0 20
t 20
i
0 10
0 0H 0 02 1
vvt% vu%
\vt%
2 6010 80
1 90+ 1 10
1 K)-f 0 20
A 20 2 40
2 001070
6 7011 10
0 201010
101040
t-
1 50
0 so
8 60
1 80
Cu Zn
As Rb
0 OS t 0 04 1 20 0 60
n a
0 01 lOOl
0 0" iOOl
0 0< TOJ01 0 60 -0 10
n a
001 +001
vvt ppm
ppm ppm
0 6010 10
S0
*
0S0 -0 10
1TO
1
0 90 10 70
n a
0 60
0 20
20
50
500
110
2 10 1-50
TO 60 2<TO 10
240 20
60
4001100
180 60
+ +
140 SO
Si
740 S70
<20 <S
n a
110 50 A)
-r
20
110170 60
+
Mo
ppm
ppm ppm
20
TOO
b
v
n a
15
1401180
40
-r
i
Ag
Sri
10 1
*-
10
'
10
20
n a
80
<S0
n a
too
n a
580
260
SI)
Cs
Ba
ppm ppm
ppm
n a
n a
n a
n a.
vi
110 60
20- t TO
*-
70
10
20 4 490+ 170
90 120
10
40
20
20
6101200
n a
20
410- 100 4 lb
90 100
La
ppm
ppm ppm ppm
ppm
vi
i 1
vi
1
na
150 1 280
11
1
Ce
W
s5
160
10
'
10
55
60
cl
40
87 <5
202
1 8001510
110
20
<10
Vu
Tl Pb Bi
a
10 6
<l
212.6 1 200 S() 20 1
<10 I06
<4
20 8
20 '4
ppm ppm
1 500 S90 20
2,000 110
50120
2,000
20
L 860
+
1,700
650
10
40
20
1017
Table 2.7:
Average
If
concentrations
of opaque-bearing brine and brine inclusion

1 G
assemblages.
analysed
Where indicated,
error is
of the variability within

is
an
assemblage of
result
na
similar inclusions
no error is
shown the value
based
on a
single
not
"Reactive elements*'
(K, Fe, Cu, Mo, Au, Sr, and Ba), b\
contrast,
are
those the concentra the concentra show
tions of which vary relative to those of the "non-reactive elements".

tion ratios of Cu, Sr, and Ba with Na the
Accordingly,
(Table
2 9)
ma\
\ary
over one
order of magnitude
or
opposite
trend to the ratios of "non-reactive" elements

in the different inclusion
(Fig.
of
2.14 A). The Cu concentration
varies
considerably
assemblages
sample
BLA 97. The
polyphase
assem
brine inclusions of this
sample
have
higher
concentrations than the
high-temperature
consistent
blages
of opaque-bearing brine and bnne inclusions, but
arc
within
error
compared
to
polyphase
sion
brine inclusions of other
samples.
to
The average Cu content of
polyphase
brine inclu
assemblages
is 0.33 wt% (range 0.05
1.0 wt%), whereas the average Cu concentration of
100
Purl II
Table 2.8
Concentrations of aqueous inclusions

Assemblage
4
the
opaque-bearing
brine and brine in

order The
Assemblage
20
Assemblage
21
Assemblage
21
clusions is of
approximately
lower
one
avg
Li B ppm
stdv
avgl stdv
280 2 180
v900
IV g
stdv
Ag- stdv
vlO
80 K)
260
100
magnitude
(Table 2.7).
ppm
170 100 2 00 1 1 50
0 08 + 0 07
1100 -SA)
1
i
sso- HO
0 05-0 12 0 08-005
0 09
Na
vvt'/r vvTO?
wll wt% Wt'/o vvt% wt'/o vvtr/o
0 17 1 0 !
TO
0 09
Fc'Na ratios for
Mg
VI
0 02 0 004 1 10
v400 0 07
0 04
0 05
polyphase
brine and
0 01
n
0 21-001 2 10
>-
CI
! 80
vO TO
opaque-bearing
sample
BLA 97
brine inclusions of
K Ca
li Mil
0 721054
0 91 0 15U111
0 221015
0 90 '024
1 20
1" r
0 22
too
<0 09
vi) so
0 02
are
0 H 1 0 04 0 20 10 15
similar, however,
0 051001 <0 74 <0 01

0 01
n a
0 05x005 0 16 0 01
0 02
x
Fe
wt<7r V.t"o
wl'
ppm
0 771022
<0 10 <0 004

0 1010 01
the Cu/Na and Cu/Fe ratios in the
Cu
Zn
As
0 01 1-0 01
0 1110 15
n a
0 02
90 1 10
10
opaque-bearing assemblages
lower than in the
arc
Rb
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

PPm ppm
60 1 10
20
10+ 10 vl20 v20
! 10
70
10 60
10
Si
Mo
80+110
vl
1
n
IhOl 10
vlO
o
"0
polyphase
brine
as
vlO
'Vg
Sn
SI) Cs
Ba La
<900 <K)
l() 40
S
1 tOO
i-
610
vlOO 2 10x4
v2
semblages (Fig. 2.14A),

cates that
which indi
1) .1
20 2
50 20 250
_
40 70
t+
20 2 140
particularly
Cu is lower in
vK)
7
'
n a
490
s
ro 1
>
the
Ce W
Vu
ppm ppm
ppm ppm
7-
v2 vlO
<10 vlO
vl vlO vlO
5
high-temperature opaque-bearing
1
n a
*.
v2 vl
assemblages.
60
TI
ill
Pb
Bi
ppm
PP"i
1600 2140
10
110
<5
200 t"0
v2
90
fhe
vl
opaque-bearing brine
and brine
assem-
blage (73)
Table 2.8:
assemblages
at lower
Average
concentrations
of aqueous inclusion
1 G
assemblages
within
,
Where indicated,
/
error is
of the
If
\ ai
nihility
is
(100,101), which
n
are
trapped
,, ,,
an
,
assemblage of similar inclusions

, , ,
no
en or
,
j t
shown thevalue is basedon a single
result
Pand
1,
have
n a
not analysed
equal or slightly higher
Cu concentration than their difference between these

ent processes of Cu
high-temperature equivalents
will be discussed in
of
sample
BLA 97
(Table 2.7). fhe

to
assemblages
later section and is related
differ
depletion.
more or
The Fe and K concentrations stay
less constant in the
polyphase
of
brine inclusions
BLA 97
and
wel 1
opaque-bearing
as
brine inclusions in the
high-temperature assemblages
sample
as
the
assemblages
of the other
samples. Thus,
the K, Na ratio of around 1.1 agrees well with

m
the estimate from the
melting
of halite and svlvite
the
svstem
KCl-NaCl-ILO
at
(Cloke
and
Kesler, 1979; Roedder, 1984). However, the concentrations of K, Fe, and Cu

around 400C
temperatures
and
(brine inclusion assemblages 100. 101) indicating

is
ore
deposition
potassic
alteration reactions, fhe evidence for these processes
stronglv supported by
the concomitant
increase of Ba and Sr concentrations
(plagioclase alteration).
101
Fluid Inclusion
Study
Mo and Au
are
less well constrained due to limited Au
analyses
and
larger
variations of the
BLA 97 and for
Mo data. The Au values for the
opaque-bearing
were
brine inclusions of
sample
polyphase
brine inclusions of assemblage 59

are
all below detection limit and the values
given
in Table 2.10
therefore upper limits
(lowest 0.5 ppm). The polyphase brine inclusions of the

contained
on
high-temperature high-salinity type (assemblages 66-68)

(range
0.2 to 1.4
the average 0.55 ppm Au
ppm).
The An and Cu
signals always appeared simultaneously (see Appendix

two
A), implying
close
relationship
between these
metals in the fluid.
Figure
2.15 shows the
single Au analyses
encircled
in relation to the bulk match the bulk
ore
ratio and
ore
grades
from whole rock
analyses,
'fhe
analyses
ore
ore-grade, indicating
the close
relationship
et
between the metal
ratio in the
fluid and the final
ore-grade ratio of the deposit (Ulrich

x
al., 1999). However,

concentra
several
analyses
fall below the average ratio of 1.2
10"4 by weight, due

some
to lower Cu
tions in these
polyphase
brine inclusions. Fractionation of
Cu into
vapor
phase is
one
explanation
In the
and is discussed in the section of the vapor inclusion (see

aqueous inclusions the "reactive elements''
are
below). depleted
an
low-salinity
in the
same man
ner as
the "non-reactive elements"
indicating
La
dilution and
not
mixing
with
external fluid.
and gave in
Elements like Li,

most
cases
B, As, W, Ce, and
were
measured for each
assemblage
poor results. In
figure
2.14B upper limits La show

an
are
indicated for elements below detection
limit.
Nevertheless, Li, B, and
increase with lower
salinity
and
are
highest
in the
aqueous inclusions.
Table 2.9
Concentration inclusions
r atios
of 1
quid
Table
2.9:
concentration ratios
Average of for the

non-
selected elements
brine
brine Brine
iqueous
liquid assemblages. accordingly

quantitative
trations
inclusion The
K/Na
Fe/Na
107
1 29
0 91 1
0 48
0 29 0 17
reactive elements show to
17
041
the
Cu/Na Mn/Na
Zn/Na I'b/Na Rb/Ns Ba/Na Sr/Na Fe/K
0 04 0 21
0 08
0 01 0 18
0 09
0 07
0 004 0 19
0 08
0 02 0 08
0 01 0 02
concen
uniform
ratios,
0 02 0 006 0 001
0 001 1 21
0 02 0 004 0 004 0 004

0 97
whereas
reactive
0 004
0 004
0 001 1 54
0 007
0 001 0 006 0 45
elements have variable

ratios (e g.
Cu/Fe, Fe/K,
Pe/Na, Cu/Na, K/Na) due

to
Cu/K
Cu/Fc Au/Cu
0 017
0 074
0 008
0 008 0 0002
0 010
0 014
0 020
0 090
fluid alteration and eve
0 0001
deposition
Bajo de
la Aliimbi ei
porphy 11
Cu-Au
depo s it
102
Pat
II
Fig,
A)
2.13: Fluid chemistry

on
in
the In di other mal system of Ba/o de la llumbrera

om micr
Ihe
evolution
is
based
the
P-7-\N (lpath
data
deduced fr
accoi
other momctr\ and fjns
sine
estimate
offigwe
2 12B
diffeient sampLs 1 aige pressure symboh indicate events On top the type of analysed assemblage is schematically indicated B)andi) show boiling the concentration variation separately foi non-ieaclne and leucine elements Stippled lines evtl apolate elements whichxiete not measured m the assemblages that x\ c i e analyses w itlut i e duc c d
to
P-T-\Al
sepaiated
ding
the
element
menu
(Au analyses) Error bai

the data
aie
s i
caching
down
to
bottom
offiguie
ban
indicate uppei limitx alucs

an
foi
the
analyses where
below detection limn Fnoi
1(JolIhexanabilin within
assemblage of similar inclusions
103
10
Fe/Na
y/p*-t4*^>
K/Na
7::-77/\ Fe/K
Mn/Na
'
Zn/Na Cu/Fe Pb/Na
0.1
a
?~,
,.-<i-x
II)
o
*-J
to
.-
c
0)
o
0.01
Cu/Na
Rb/Na
0.001
)'
Sr/Na
Ba/Na
...-
0.0001
Au/Cu
0.00001
10 000
1 000
E
Q.
S
c o
100
c 0)
10
c
o
o
0.1
i-s*
csi
11) O-r-tOCOCM-sl-CQ r0)!-~|v. -tf CO CM cvj(MOoo|v.T-LnminLn^foososa) O
S)N
lr
N
<D
CD
CO
*tf
t-
,-COt-t-cd
00 CO
assemblages
Fig.
2.14: A) Concentration ratios 2.13. The
of elements
are
aligned from left

which
was
to
right
as
as
the
figure
high
ratios for
some
of the elements in the aqueous inclusions (e.g.
assemblages in assemblage 20)

for die
results from the calculation
high detection ofthe ratio. B) Trace
limit in these elements

in
analyses,
taken
an
upper limit
limits: thus upper limits are shown. analysed for the respective elements.
liquid inclusions. .\ lany ofthese data were beloxv detection Stippled lines interpolate a at a of assemblages, which are not
Bajo de la Al umbiei a porphyiy Cu-Au deposit
104
Pat III
Table 2.10
Gold
analyses
in
vapor
and
saline
inclusion
assembla !*CS
Polyphase and opaqucbcanng inclusions
Assemblage
9?
Assemblage
61
Assemblage
66
Assemblage
67
Assemblage
59
\\ 2
i it Iv
iv
stdv
+
iv
sldv
x\a,
stdv
ivg stdv 19 80 t 10 0 10+ 009
Ni VVt/r Cu est", As ppm

A. ppm
9 20 2 60 0 02 0 01
21 90
2 10
2 HO 0 60
25 20 0 50 0 270 19 20 20
0 72+ 0 It
o ro 10
n
i
0 17 0 44 i() 20
0 "A
+
40 50
vi CT
!40'70
<0 47
0 Ai 0 1
0 26
\ apor inclusions
Assemblage
?/
Issemblage
44
issemblage
4s
issemblage
46
Assemblage
41
iv
stdv
i\*3:
stdv
i\
stdv
*i\g i-stdv
ivg stdv
S\t
0 67 + 026 0 60 0 ts
n
i
0~90 20
0 Is 0 25
019
0 (A 001
0 79
0 17 0 27 vlO
0 79
0 520 19
n i
Cuvvt^r
As ppm
Vu ppm
A) 20 v()21
vK) v0 11
<0 21
v0(9
<0 46
lable 2.10: 4x
ei
age coneentt citions
fi oni goldanaly
in
ses
of poly phase bi
me
ine
inclusion
assemblages
Jf hei
e
and one
assemblage s of opaejue-beai
is
g br
inclusions
(BLA2/97B2)
indicated
error er 10/
is
1 G
of the
x at
lability within
is
an
assemblage ofsiniilai
i
inclusions
If no
shown the yalut
based
on a
single
esult
10
ore
samples
01
0 01
0 01
0 1
10
Au
(ppm)
single liquid
one section m
Fig.
2.15: Auxs Cu concentration for

cue
inclusion anahses
the
ore
(xvhite dots)
Small dots
whole lock
samples of
deposit
(section
47)
and
the vihite squaie icpiesniis the bulk
ore-grade
ratio
I nciided analyses match the

some
bulk
oie
vhcicas anah
ses
it///? lower Cu contenu ation may liene lost
Cu to
xapoi
phase
105
Fluid Inclusion
Study1
Boiling assemblages (coexisting liquid
and vapor
inclusions)
causes
Vapor separation (fluid boiling), mainly due to near-isothermal decompression,

tions in total chemical
varia the
salinity,
as
inferred from the
P-T-XN
in
cl
evolution. How this process is

2.16 in which the
affecting
of the
composition
of the fluid is shown the
figure
of the
composition
liquid
vapor
inclusions is
plotted against
composition
some
coexisting (commonly low-density) large
inclusions. The standard deviation for
elements is very
in the vapor inclusions, which

et
might
be
an
indication for mixed for
(vapor-liquid) trapping (Bodnar

analyses.
Elements such
as
al., 1985), and/or results
from poor
reproducibility
some
K, Na, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn. Rb, Sr, Ba,

where
Cs, Bi, and
Ce and TI
are
concentrated in the
liquid phase
they
lie within
errors on a
parallel
array
to
the line of equal concentrations in both inclusion types.
Cu,
on
the other hand, is
always plotted
This expresses
towards the line of
equal
concentrations
or
lies
even
above
(assemblage 117).
preferential
Cu
partitioning
into the vapor
phase,
as was
suggested and shown

al., 1999). Li, Ag,
inclusions. The
for other
deposits (see vapor data, below,

cases were
and Heinrich et al., 1992; Heinrich et
Mo, B, As, and La in
below detection lirait in both vapor and
liquid
data of these elements
give
no
consistent distribution between the two
phases.
The number indicated in each
plot
of
figure
2.16
reports the degree of Cu fractionation for
each
boiling assemblage using
the
following
ratio:
Cuv/Mv
CuL/ML
where Cu and M represent the concentrations of Cu and average concentrations of
liquid-
partitioning metals, M (Na, K, Fe, Mn,

et
Zn, Rb. Cs,
Pb) in the superscripted
fluid
phases (Heinrich
al., 1999). These values
are
minimum estimates for the actual
exchange
constant between the
two endmember
fluids, because minor co-entrapment of liquid in the vapor inclusions
is
likely
(Fig.2.12B).
106
Part II
O Tf
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1/1
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ocôeooooQinoo o o
-^
C
o
3
T
+i
+1
o ^
ti
Tf
r^
ro
OC
ol
~-<
cr
'"
-'
in
in
+1
O t
ol
+1
O-
+1
OC
-
+1
OC
+1
Q
S
d v
d
+1
OC
-,
ol
+|
^
+|
O
ro-,
+i
O
r-v
+|
O xf
m
+
i~
+1
O ol
+1
c >
+1
'n
-H
<~s Ol
S?
ro
i
Q
O
ol
+1
r
,i
+1
+1
Ol
+1
+1
OC
-f!
m,
Vf r~
i/l
+!
O
S
V
+1
oi
in
oi o
oi o
2;
oi
ri
ss?
ol
o
m
ci
+1
+1
+1
O ol
o
m
'(7
Ol
8
17
O"
s?
fi
+1 O
n
O
o
in
O
oc
Ol o
in
r--
^t
d
~*
d oi
+1
+1
co
d
77
+1
+!
+1
O!
1)
S 2
il +1
in
rs]
+!
Q
se
S 2
-v
3
es
E
D.
s.
C5
#
Z
5
<
sv
Ti ^
si
r"
_
2? ^
#
3
|SsSSBBS|,SSEg
c
v;
-anaaaft
SX
q
"'a.'+ei,
s P
3
*.
u.
------
^v
!
Mj
,,
<
r
h
s.
' a
Table 2.11: Average concentrations of Where indicated,

error is
coexisting loxv-density vapor inclusions andpolyphase brine inclusions.

within
not
an
I (J
on a
of the variability
single
result,
n.a.
assemblage of similar
inclusions. If
no error is
shown the value is based
analysed.
10"
Fluid Inclusion Studv
100
Th= 720C
P= 680 bars
F=27//
10
Fe_
ku/
~W^
7
0.1
A
r
Mn
ioo
|_
A'
//
Bar A -?
Rb
{
Pb
Z,l
10
/tI*^S'
L
*
&/
01 0.1 10
Aq
sWyTA
Assemblage 117
100
0 1
10
II
Tr= 470-C
100
0.1
100
F=7A
10
P- 320 bars
l\
1
Cj.
0.1
-1
La
JUA
+Zn
Rb
A
100
J-
10
'Cs
A"Ag
0.1
0.1
10
-1
r
100
"
0 1
1
10
1
|
.
100
.
0 1
1
10
100
10
100
too
V"
>
11111/
Th-= 448C P- 270 bars
E
5
10
-
Th- 397C
FÎO,
/
*s
-
P= 180 bars
/ /F=?7
E
a
a.
,
/
1
_
/'I'
ra
-i
/'
-
'
I,
b4l'Cii
01
^lV
K
-
J
> C
-
IWo A.
/]
/
/,'
S
/ ,
'-
Hi
Mn
7
-
/
Uf
<
I'
Pe
Mn
-
w
7-,
100
Tl
Ag
/
T /,
/
/T
M/
/
N icy/
/
i
/
jl
Pb
Pb
Zn
-
c a>
10
iP.n A
jIBa,V
Bi
' Rb
ti
I /I
nyl
'
a'as
rU
/
/
.
/
f
(A
Lai...
0.1
01
ioe i
'
!..
..
1
10
112
1 i
i
10
100
01
10
100
0.1
100
0.1
10
100
concentration in
liquid (ppm/wt%)
in
/7g.
2.16: Element concentrations
liquid (polyphase brine inclusions)

concentration
to
vs. in
concentrations
two
in
coexisting vapor inclusions. The black line represents equal

dashed line connects elements W'lth similar tendency be
the
phases
is
The
fractionated in the liquid

m
the
degree
of Cu fractionation based
on
the average value of elements clearly enriched
the
liquid
(see text
for explanation).
Error bars 1(5
of the variability
ithm
an
assemblage of similar
inclusions
Bajo del Al umbra a poiphyry Cu-Au deposit
106
Petit II
Vapor-rich
The
inclusions
time
(high-density
relationship
and
low-density assemblages)
inclusion
equivocal
to the
liquid
v
assemblages and the difficulties

a
to
deteimmc
salinity and
Th ol the
and
high-densitv
apoi inclusions does not allow
duect cotielation
wheie vapoi and
between fluid
chemistiy
P-T-XN)C,
conditions, except foi
assemblages
polyphase
sions
bnne inclusions
cleaily
coexist
(boiling assemblages)
sample
2
The data loi the vapot inclu
aie
theiefoie
leported sepaiateh
loi the
BLA 97 and othcis and fmthei distin ol the
guished by
the type ot vapor
assemblage (Fig
17) Ihe low-density vapoi inclusions
boiling assemblages vv ith

of the
the smallest
liquid
ft action most
closely i epiesent the vapoi
endmembei
boiling
fluid and
are
shown
sepatateh
a
tiguie2 17fiomthe low-density vapoi inclusion

menu
on
which Au
was
anaKsed with
teduced element
The
same
is
applied
toi the
high-
Table 2.12
Concentrations of
i
high- densitv
apor inclusions
oi e zone
ovv-giade
ion
Hi ni gi ade
issemblage
40
avs;
issemblage
41
i\
issimblage
42
+
issemblage
si
iv s;
issemblage
U
Assemblage
11
dVl* +
steh
z stdv
2^0
v
stdv
stdv
ivg stdv
stdv 490
ppm
ppm
VV
180+ 170 <200

170
0 05
+
+
<ho
vliOO
1 "0_0 14 0 S)
-
7"0 oOO
1 '01 10
210
v
720
B
X.i
1 AX)
100
<400
7 00 PO 17
0 02 0 1 7
t'/o
011 00?
2 10 0 4 S
0 7 % 1 1 71
0 98 0 07
0 27 0 27 0 27 i 0 15
MS
VI K
vvtA
1 00
0 0s 014 0 091001
wt% VVt'/t ttt'/l

vvtA
1 40 10 90
0 79
(hi
0 85 1 60 0 44
v7 00
0771077
<2 00
0 90 0 70
vi
0"2
v
0 2 X
0 S4 + 0 69
v
0 94 0 OS
<l 00
Oi 1i Atn le Cu
In Vs
00
t 00
1 00
0 200 12 0 01+001 0 74 0 14
0 76
0 34 0 09 0 14 0 06 1 A) 10 is
7 70 1 20
0 06
0 20 1 0 07
0 71 0 09
0 661 0 2
0 15
+
wt'f Wt'r vvtA SSt'/c ppm
0 16 0 06
! 70
0 I40 17 0S9 1100
021
1701022
0 25
+
2 90 7 001 7 00 0 681045
n i
2 90 1 10
0 10010
2 60 2 10
0 17 0 0"7
n i
i
0 60
077
0 11
0 1 2 0 01
n
i
0 OS 1 0 OS
vtO
0 101002
n a
v60
91
s
Rl)
Si
ppm
ppm
70 1
vlO <20
<0 10
+
16+ 7
10
7015
101 1 vlO vlOO
n a
70 <?0
615
<2
2t20
Vg
Sn
ppm
ppm
ppm
v20
1-0
n
t
vlO M0
V
v/0
n n i i
700
v6()0
n
i
Sb
<5
I 1 1
Cs Ba
I
a
ppm ppm
ppm
<7 vlO
vlO t
>
20 20 70 20
900
+
101 '0
iO 100 AO
7 1 i
<10
vlO
260 1 400 2 1 1 <20
S 6
10+
20
i
1 500
2 1001 7 700
s
te
ppm ppm
vl
20120
lOO
+
<A
W n
Pb
Bi
22
6
40
<>
iO
vS
5
<50 vlO 70 6201420

70
ppm
ppm ppm
10
40 10
7 1
180 177
6
270 1 70
vlO
1701 ISO
10 7
250
Table 2.12: sepai

\
Aveiage eoneenhations of high-dcnsm xapoi inclusion assemblages atedfoi the lugh-gi ade oie zone and low -giadc con 1 he data foi the low-density
aie
apoi inclusions
is
show
n m
table 2 II
an i
of the boiling assemblage

s und ai
Where indicated
en oi
I (5
of the
is
\ai
lability within
on a
assemblage of
n a
inclusions
If
no en oi
is
shoxi
the value
based
single
esult
not
anah seel
109
Fluid Inclusion
Stud}
density
vapor
assemblages
where Au
analyses
are
plotted separately.
are
In Table 2.11 and 2.12 the
results ofthc low- and
high-density
vapor
assemblages
listed, whereas the data of the gold
analyses in
vapor
are
given
in Table 2.10,
In
general, the
concentration values
Table 2.13
Concentration ratios
ii elusions
ofvapor
for vapor inclusions have within
larger
variation
<ra
-density
Fligh- density
Other
Lmwlensih Gold analysis
single assemblages
or
due to poor
re
Boiling assemblages
Cu/Na 021
Sample
BLA 97
samples
0 57
producibility
(IM
slightly heterogeneously
in these inclusions. Reli obtained for
I 78
Cu/Fe Cii/lv
K/Na Fe/Na Fe/K
Li/Na La/Na B/Na
0 25
0 2S
0 64 0 95 0^0
0 9?
1 12 5.7 1
trapped phases
able results
are
0 91
1 05
0 <7
0 67 1 60
most
major
1 77 0 02
0 01
1 40
0 02
0 11
elements such
as
0 01
0 08
Na, K, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn,
0 06
0 07
0 05
Cu, Rb. and
Sr. The concentration for
Pb/Na
Zn/Na
Ba/Nii
0 02 0 05
0 0019
0 02 0 H 0 0012
0 0005 0 0012
001 0 07
0 0000
0 0002 0 0007
many trace elements is
more
variable and
Ce/\a
Bi/Na
0 0004
0 0007
in
0 00012
cases
below detection limits. Conse

the concentration ratios in based
Cs/Na Au/Cu
0 0004
0 0004
0 0005
quently,
2 1 7B
figure
are
on
upper limits of these
Table 2.13: Concentration
ratios
for vapor inclusions
High-density
core
vapor inclusions
are
from the low-grade
elements for
some
assemblages (
fable
and the
assemblages assemblages
that
some
high-grade ore zone, whereas low-density ate represented by inclusions from boiling and assemblages analysed for gold Xote
are
13).
The most obvious feature of the
va
values
based on upper limit concentrations

were
where the concentrations
below detec
lion
limit
por-rich inclusion assemblages

copper content,
is their
high
particularly in high-density
1.2 wt% Cu. which is
one
assemblages
order of
of sample BLA97. The
highest
Cu concentration is 3.3
magnitude higher
than the average Cu concentrations
or
three times
higher than
the
highest
Cu concentration in the
pofv phase
brine inclusions of
boiling assemblage (114).

same
The
concentration of Cu is lower in concentration in
low-density
vapor inclusions, but still in the

L
range
a
as
the Cu
polyphase
error
brine inclusions. Pb, Zn, Mn, and
Sr and Rb show
parallel trend,
to the
which is within the

concentrations in
constant for all
assemblages,
but
considerably
lower
compared
liquid inclusions.
Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry Cii-A u deposit
110
Part II
10
High-density High-density Low-density vapor vapor (Au analyses) vapor
Low-density vapor
(Au analyses)
High-density
vapor
High-density vapor (Au analyses)
sample
BLA 97
01
t>N
tfr
> ^
&
Assemblage
Fig. 2.17: Plot of loxv-density and high-density vapoi inclusion analyses of sample BLA 97 and other samjdes, respectively Boiling assemblages contain mainly loxv-density vapor analyses An values are
upper limits
of analyses, which
were
below defection limits Liror bars IG
of the variability within
an
assemblage
of similar inclusions
Au
analyses
in
low-density vapor
inclusions
were
all below detection limit of around 0.1 to
0.5 ppm and in

similar
or
figure
2.17 upper limits
are
indicated. These
to
low-density vapor
inclusions have
divergent
the
Cu concentrations
compared
the
polyphase
are
brine inclusions
(Table 2.10),
Alternatively,
high-density
inclusions in
sample
BLA 97
highly
enriched in Cu.
Despite
that the coexistence with the
polyphase
constant
brine inclusions is
equivocal
in
sample
BLA 97. the

brine
variable Cu concentration but
Au
concentration in some ot the
polyphase
assem
blages (Fig. 2.15)
may be related to Cu loss to the vapor
phase.
Ill
Fluid Inclusion Studx
Estimate
of Fluid/Rock
ratio for the Potassic Alteration and Cu Miner
alization
A first-order estimate about the fluid/rock ratio associated with
potassic
alteration and Cu
mineralization is based
on
the concentration
changes
of the "reactive elements"
(Cu, Fe, K, Ba,
Sr) in the liquid phase of the fluid and whole rock analyses. Due
elements
arc
to fluid-rock reactions these
either enriched in the rock

in the fluid
(K, Fe, Cu; secondan" biotite, K-feldspar, and chalcopy

(Ba, Sr; plagioclase breakdown) and
rite)
and
depleted
or
leached from the rock the
enriched in the fluid. balance calculation
Comparing
Part
gains
and losses from whole rock
analyses
from the
mass-
(see
I) of potassically-altered Harly-P3 Porphyry with the concentration
changes
in the fluid between
polyphase
brine inclusions and brine
inclusions, allows
to
estimate
the fluid/rock ratio. Element concentration
changes
are
indicated in grams per ton of rock
(Table
2.14). Vapor inclusions
are not
included in the element concentration of the fluid because their
role in terms of alteration and mineralization
is
ambiguous, although they

by
their
are
considered to
transport
substantial amount of ore metals, indicated
high Cu
concentrations.
To enrich 1 ton of fluid in Ba and Sr, 10 tons of rock have to be leached. On the other hand,
1 ton of fluid has the
potential
to alter about 3 tons of rock in K. The
gains
in Fe and Cu in the and thus, the
whole-rock
samples represent unmineralized, potassically-altered porphyry,

increased
con
centrations
were
by an average ore-grade assuming chalcopyrite
mineralization
(0.6wt%
a
Cu). The fluid/rock ratio for Cu is

minimum S concentration in the
2 to 1 and for Fe it is around 1 to 12. The estimate of
input
fluid is based
and
on
the S concentration ofthc
ore
grade
zone,
assuming
that all S is in
chalcopyrite
considering
fluid/rock ratio of 2 to 1. With these 0.3 wt%.

much
assumptions
the minimum concentration of total S is
approximately
The concentrations of the ""non-reactive elements" Mn, Pb. Zn than in the rock and concentration
Zn
are
higher
in the fluid
changes
the rock
are
negligible.
To enrich the fluid in Mn
or
large rock volumes
would have to be leached. In contrast, Pb concentration decreases
slightly
in the fluid, however, it does not affect the rock

ments
were
composition.
w
This
again implies
that these ele
flushed
through
the
deposit without reacting
ith the host rock.
Bajo de
deposit
112
Part II
In summary, the fluid/rock ratios of the "reactive elements"
are
in the
same
order of magni
tude. However, the volume of rock, which
is
needed to leach Ba and Sr is about factor 3
larger
than the amount of fluid

contact with
required
for the K metasomatism. Therefore, fluid

is
focussing, and thus,

for the
only
restricted volume of rock
assumed to be
responsible
a
intensely
Pe altered center of the
deposit.
more
disperse
fluid flow and
larger fluid-rock
contact
surface may have
prevailed
in the outer parts ofthc
deposit.
Cu mineralization needed
only
water/rock ratios of 2 to mineralize the volume of the
high-grade
ore zone.
Within this
volume,
precipitation
and
deposition of
Cu
was
very effective. The fluid necessary for the Au and Cu

x
mineralization fluid and
was
estimated to be around 6
10s
:
tons
(Ulrich
et
al., 1999). With this

x
amount of
on
the basis of
fluid/rock ratio of I
3.5 for K. about 2
109
tons of rock can be
potassically altered,
which
corresponds
to
rock volume of 0.7
km3.
Table 2.14
Reactive elements Concentiation
Fluid/rock estimate
Gams and losses
m
Fluid/rock ratio
changes m (grams/ton)
Ba
the thud
potassicallv-alteied Faih PVPoiphyiy

(giams/ton)
-50
i
+500
10
Sr
+6-70 -50000 -110000 -2600
-140
J :5
K
Fc
+14000
+9000
'
3.5
12
Cu
+6200
1
'
2.5
'average ore-grade of 6000ppm

w
Cu and 5200 ppm be
chalcopyrite
added to the
hole rock analyses.
113
Melt fuel usions
Melt Inclusion Study
Sample Material, Timing

A reconnaissance
and
Mierothermometry of Melt Inclusions

two
study
of melt inclusions in
different
samples
was
carried out
to
delin
eate some
characteristics of the silicate melt that formed the

found in quartz
Late-P3
porphyry
in the
intrusions. The melt inclu
sions
zone
were
phenocrystals
and the
of
young
porphyiy
chlorite-cpidote
alteration
(possibly
Porphyry)
Quartz-Eye Porphyry,
18.
In the
Quartz-Eye Porphyry (sample BLA
assemblage 118) the melt inclusions

numerous
are
subor
dinate and the

hematite-rich
phenocrystals
polyphase
and
are
populated
with
fluid inclusions, among which small
opaque-bearing
brine inclusions
belong
to the
earliest fluid
phase
(see also Fig. 2.2). In contrast, the quartz phenocty stals of the
young
porphyiy (sample
10 and 8,
assemblages 119, 120)

clusters
a
or
have
large (10
for the
to 40
lim) melt inclusions with negative crystal shape in

of inclusions. Most of them observed
were
trails and
account
majority
recrystallized
to
brown, microcrystalline
mass.
One small trail
was
ofvery tiny (<10 jim) polyphase
and hard to
identify, possibly coexisting

only
saline inclusions
m
melt and vapor and mavbe also
brine inclusions. The
this
phenocryst were salinity (1
ithin
plane
of around 10 brine inclusions. Late
aqueous fluid inclusions have low tion temperature
to 7 wt% MaCl
equivalent)
and low
homogeniza
(Th
200 to
310C) and
are
assumed to be related to the
chlorite-epidote
alteration stage.
The melt inclusions in the
Quartz-E\ e Porphv rv
are
most
probable earlier than the
melt trapped
in the
phenocrystals
of the Late-P3
Porphv rv.
were
Heating experiments
with the Linkam 1500 stage
performed
were
to
homogenize
a
some
melt
inclusions for laser ablation ICP-MS

to
analysis.
at
The
samples
heated at
fast
heating
rate
(20
40C/min) and held for 5
to 10
minutes
ones
700, 800, 900, and 1050C. Not all inclusions

most
homogenized (particularly the large

sized inclusions
of 50 to 100 pm size), but
of the small to medium
(10
to 40
urn) started
to
homogenize
m
at
700C, and
at 850C to 950C final
homogenization was
obtained
by vapor disappearance
both
samples.
In
some
ofthc inclusions
Bajo
de la Alumbrera
porphyry
Cu-Au
deposit
114
Part II
the vapor bubble
stayed up
to
temperatures of 1350C, the highest measured temperatures in this
study.
Composition of Melt Inclusions

Table 2.15
Concentration of melt inclusions

Late-P3 I
4
Hie A1,0^ value from whole-rock
orphvrv
A
s
Quart7-F,v
Porphv rv
analyses
was
used
as
standard for the
ssembluge
120
sembtage
119
Assemblage
118
calibration and normalization ofthc
avg J-Stdv Li B
avg stdv
n a
avg stclv
n a n a
melt inclusion data, because it

v
vanes
ppm
ppm
100 i 70 v240 0 76 0 29
0 02 001 <0 84
<17()
Na
Wt<7r wt'/o vvt%
0 44 0 67
n a
i 8 0 9
0 7
+
ery little
during fractionation.
No mi-
Mg
Cl
07
n a
n a
croprobc analyses
02 v\ ere
of these inclusions
accurate
K
Ca
Ti
vvt%
vvl%
1 20 0 75
<0 22
7 50 + 0 18
n a
4 2 0 5
0 9
+
wt% wt'A Wl% wl%

wt% ppm ppm
0 07
0 02
001 001
n a
0 07 0 006
0 07
r
carried out for
a more
Mn Fc
n a
0 07
0 24 0 06
0 99+ 1 72
15+12 0 005
+
standardization, and the data may have

an error
Cl)
Zn As
0 07
0 07
<7
n a
0 0006
0 01 0 004
5
0 02 0 02
s
I2 14 20
n a
n a
of up to 30%
(pers.
commun.
Rb
150
150 50
180 + 80 1
n a
n a n a
Sr
Mo
ppm
ppm ppm
ppm ppm ppm
160 20 <4
1 1
A.
Audctat).
The host-corrected results of two
n a
n a n a n a n a
Ag
Sn SI) Cs Ba
Ta
900 840 10+10 10 7 270 180

70
+
7+ 1
different
phenocrystals
are
in the young
ppm
ppm
n a
n a n a
420 +180
W) 50
+
-r
40
20 10
Ce w
Au
ppm ppm
ppm
20 6 2+ 1 <0 25
porphyry sample
2.15
listed in Table
n a
2+ 1
n a
<0 17 25
+
(sample
8 and
10) together with
Pb
ppm
20+2
1 1
29
25 15
Bi
ppm
n a
I0 10
the data of the melt inclusions from

the
Table 2.15:
Average
m
concentrations
of three melt inclusion

rv
Quartz-Eye Porphyiy.
Ill
sample
homog-
assemblages
quartz phenocrysts of a Late-P3 Porphy

Where indicated,
error is
and
Quartz-Eye Porphyiy
variabihtv xvitlun
error is
l CT of the
10 the melt inclusions
were
an
assemblage of
is
similar inclusions
If
no
shoxvn the value
based
on a
single
result
n a
not
enized
prior
8
to
laser ablation and in
analyzed
sample
recrystallized (not homog

which
were
enized) inclusions
with
a
were
analysed. Sample
and
8 had
larger melt inclusions,

for
maximum
analysed
limited element
not
menu
optimized parameters
response
on
Au. However,
of al !
gold
was
detected and
was
below the detection limit of 0.14 ppm
(lowest detection limit
analyses). Figure
2.18 shows melt inclusion data of
sample
10 and of the inclusions from the
Quartz-Eye Porphyry in relation
to
whole-rock
geochemical
data of late
porphyry
intrusions.
7/5
Melt Inclusions
Between the two
samples
of melt inclusions
uniform trend is seen, which in

as
general
is
parallel
to the
whole rock data. However, elements such
Cu, As, La, W, and Zn have higher
concentrations in the melt inclusions. The standard deviation
(la)
of these element concentra
tions
are
large,
and for
example
Cu is in
some
melt inclusions in the range of normal rock
con
centration, whereas in other inclusions the Cu

itic Cu concentration
content is up to 10 times
larger compared
to
andes
(60
ppm Gill,
1981),
100000
Fig.
data
2.18: Whole-rock
10000
of late porphyiy
intrusions
xvi
compared
melt
th
the
1000
inclusion. Generally the melt inclusions
100
have loyver clement

concentrations
10
indicating
Campamiento Porphyry (BLA 48)
Late
depleted
certain
melt, however
"-<>--
elements
are
higher,
to
0. 1
which may be due

h
e t
e r o
*-
Porphyry (BLA 44) (assemblage 120)

ai3Ctnxi,'-cramffl>j3
=
e n e o a s
""melt inclusions
0 01
Z
trapping of melt and
&
i=
u.oN<a:'''wm-Jos'a.CQ
fluid
Tentative
Interpretation of Melt
are
Inclusions
Late-P3
Since the melt inclusions
from
Porphyiy
and
Quartz-Eye Porphyiy, respec
tively, they
are not
representative
they record
a
for the earliest stage of the melt that later stage,

vv
produced
the
porphyry
intrusions. However,
hich is indicated
by the broad
coincidence among
whole-rock data of late intrusions and the melt inclusions. Nevertheless, the
highest homogeni
zation temperatures for

to loss of
some
of the inclusions is
geological meaningless,
and could be attributed
volatiles, although
no
cracks
or
deformation of these inclusions
were
observed. The
immisci-
other
possibility is
the entrapment of two
phases (Lovvenstern, 1994) during fluid/melt

as
bility,
which also may
explain
into
the elevated concentrations of elements such
Cu. W, La, As, and
Zn, which fractionated
the melt. The low amount of fluid inclusions in these
phenocrystals
( 'ii-Au
deposit
116
Part II
corresponds to the assumption

vein
that not much fluid
was
associated with these late intrusions
(low
density),
and fluid
separation
from the melt may have been not

It is
complete, thus,
the fluid
could be
heterogeneous!}' entrapped.
ore an
speculative
whether the melt coexisted with
a one
phase
a
fluid
immiscible fluid
et
fhe
high
Cu and As values could evidence the
entrapment of
vapor
phase (Lowenstern
al.. 1991
), but this is
tentative conclusion. No information about
the volatiles S, Cl, and IL,0
were
obtained because S has poor detection limits with ICP-MS. The
value for Cl is below 8400 ppm
(lowest detection limit), which
is in the range of Cl values
reported
for melt inclusions elsewhere
(e.g., Lowenstern, 1995).
U"
Oxygen
and
Hydrogen Isotopes
Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Study

Stable
isotopes
are
applied
in many different
and
geological
to
environments
ranging
and
from
hydrol
ogy,
oceanography, climate research,

use
sedimentology
was
metamorphic
by
magmatic petrol
and
a
ogy. The
of stable
isotopes
in ore
geology
no
reviewed e.g.
was
Ohmoto
(1986)
whole
issue of Economic
Geology (vol 69,
6, 1974)
devoted to stable used
isotope
studies in
ore
deposits.
For these
applications,
stable
isotope
data
are
next to
fluid inclusion data
to
constraint the fluid evolution (e.g., Hall et al., 1974; Batchelder, 1977;
Sheppard, 1977; Rye,
1993; Zaluski
lor
et
al., 1994; Hedenquist
et
al., 1998: Hezarkhani and Williams-Jones, 1998). Tay
(1974)
and
Sheppard (1969; 1971)

copper
in their
early contributions investigated alteration distinguished

different
sources
miner
als in
porphyry
and
deposits
of North America and
of fluids.
Oxygen
the als
hydrogen isotopes
are
particularly useful
to
explain these
interactions and to unravel

of
hydrological aspect
are
of ore formation. The
hydrogen isotope compositions

of the last
hydrous
miner
sensitive indicators of the because most
infiltrating
fluid with which
they equilibrated,
the
hydrous
minerals contain small amounts of hydrogen relative to
infiltrating
fluid. However, the poor
knowledge of the fractionation

is a
factors of the
isotopes
and 180 between minerals and water at low temperatures
limitation for the
interpretation of
such data.
Additionally,
well
as
the effect of saline waters instead of pure water in
equilibrium with
minerals,
as
phase separation understanding

among
of the fluid (common in
porphyiy
copper
deposits),
has to
be considered for the in
of stable
isotope
data. The
generally complex relationships

exsolution, liquid/vapor sepa
porphyry-type deposits
repeated
magma intrusions, fluid
ration and later processes

record. As
a
overprinting parts
ofthc system may have left for
imprints
and
on
the
isotope
result, such data give ample
room
possible interpretations
always
have to be
related to other The
geological,
chemical and fluid inclusion aspects.
study presented
here
comprises
stable
isotope analyses
was
of all alteration
zones
and of an
unaltered Late
Porphyry intrusion. The
purpose
to
determine the evolution of
magmatic
fluid and to estimate the influence of possible other tv pes of fluids in erals in the different
zones
equilibrium
with the min
in the
deposit.
118
Part II
Table 2.16 :
Oxygen
and
fluid inclusions and the calculated 8D and

these
Hydrogen isotope composition of minerals, whole-rock samples, and S180 values of the fluid in exchange equilibrium with
samples
measured
"PC
calculated fluid
SD
5D
S180
(% SMOW
,SMOW)
%.,,
SMOW)
(%
SMOW
igneous minerals
Late
Porphyry
bio -109
8(0 8)
qtz
2(0 1)
700
-65.9
(2.4)
8 5 (0
4)
hydrothermal minerals
Porphyry quartzmagnetite
49-60/12
zone
qtz
mag
10 6 (0 3 1
1)
700
9 9
8 3
(0 9)
(0 3)
49-61 4/3-5
qtz
mag
10
5(0 041
2 8
9 9
8 0
(0 9)
(0 3)
Porphyry potassic
zone
51-52.2/16 49.2-46 3/12

BLA 97
WR
(bio.chl)
-68 3 (2 7) -80 1
qtz
8 5
(0 2)
500
-29.8
(4.7)
5.3 (0 6
9)
WR (bio.chl)
(3 8)
qtz
qtz
7(0 05)
(0 2)
500
-41.7(4.7)
5(0 9)
(1 2)
11 3
500
8 1
Porphyry feldspardestructive
zone
49.2-46.3/1-2
WR(ser) WR(ser)
-71 1
qtz qtz
10
3(0 1)
7(0 2)
300
-52.1
(11.9,
5(2.2) 0(2 2)
57 5-60/7
-73
3(0 2)
10
300
-54.3(11.9'
Porphyry
epidote
BLA55 BLA64 Andsite
49-61.4/7
chlorite-
zone
Chi
Chi
-76
6(0 8)
ab
ab
10 6(0
9
1)
300 300
-41.6
-43.3
4.7
4 0
(17)
(1 7) (0 1)
-78 3
9(0 1)
300
potassic
bio
-79 4 -90 1
-83 1
(6.7)
(1 6)
(1 8)
bio
7 4
(0 04)
350
-44.4
9 4
37-49/12
37-49/12
bio WR
bio
WR
6 5
(0 04)
(0 04)
350
-55.7
-48.1
5(01)
5(01)
(bio)
(bio)
6 5
350
Andsite
feldsparzone
destructive
46-42.5/1
meteoric water
WR (ser)
-69 3
(15 3)
qtz
10 7
(0 2)
300
-50.3
-30
2 0
(2.2)
-5
(average)2
fluids in equilibrium xvith the corresponding minerals are for 8D of biotite (Tin K): lOOOlna -21.3x(t(Y7T~)-2.8 (Mgrich hydrothermal biotite) and-22.4x(10 T)-20.3 (Fe-rich magmatic biotite), respectively. Atloxver temperatures the fractionation factors for biotite and serieite'clay minerals xvere estimated from a
Table 2.16: At
high temperatures
the
caleulatedwiih the following equations
-=
diagram by Taylor (1997). see text for explanation. The value of chlorite is extrapolated from Graham et al. (1987) experimental data and chosen as -35per mil at 300C The eejuationsfor M<9 are for quartz- lOOOlna J. I3x(l06/ 4,lx(10'7Tj-3,7, for albite: lOOOlna 0.41x(l(f/V)-3.1, and for magnetite: lOOOlna Tf-3,7, for biotite: lOOOlna -l.47x(1067P)-3.7 (Bottinga and lavoy 1973).
=
= -
The numbers in brackets indicate the 1<7 variation

2
of the analyses.
measurements at
Meteoric water is
an
average value of present day
Satta, NW-Argenlina (World
Wide
Web, 1999).
119
Oxygen
and
Hydrogen Isotopes
Fractionation Factors and Results

The oxygen and
of the
Stable
Isotope Analyses
to
hydrogen isotope
data
are
expressed relative
errors
Standard Mean Ocean Water

are
(SMOW)
in per mil
(Table 2.16).
The absolute
of the measured data
about 0.2 per mil
for the oxygen
isotopes and
about
-fc
5 per mil for the
hydrogen.
The mineral/fluid
equilibrium
temperatures for the calculation of the isotopic fluid composition

inclusion
were
estimated from the fluid
homogenization temperatures (Table 2.16).

were
The fractionation factors for the oxygen

and for biotite the
isotopes
of quartz and albite

were
used
according to Bottinga and Javoy (1973),
fractionation factors
estimated
by subtracting Aquartz-waler from Aquartz-biotite (Javoy,

are
1977). The hydrogen fractionation factors for biotite. and sericite (muscovite)
and
from Suzuoki
Epstein (1976),
and the chlorite fractionation factor is from Graham et al. and
(1987). However,
alteration ofthc is below
forthe
chlorite-epidote
alteration,
as
well
as
the
potassic
andesitic wall rock, the temperature estimate of around 300C and 350C, the temperature range of
respectively,
experimentally based
fractionation data
(e.g. 400-
800C Suzuoki and
Measured 5D and 5180 values of mineral pairs

-20
-40 Feldspar-destructive
zone "=
-60
Potassic
zone
quartz/sericite
-80
-100
Fresh
quart z/biotite
porphyry
I Al
-120
6 10
12
5180
Fig. 2.19: Measured 5JSC and D

-Filled
values of mineral pairs from the
different alteration zones.
triangles:
magmatic biotite
(t)D)
and quartz
(S'F)) of a
Late
Porphyry
-Filled diamonds, biotite of the potassic alteration
of the andesitic xvall rock
-Open diamond: biotite tt)D) and vein quartz (S'F)) of the potassic alteration ofporphyrv intrusions dulled circles' sericite (b)D) and vein quartz (S'd)) of feldspar-destructively altered andesitic xvall rock
-Open
circles
sericite
(b)D) and vein quartz iS'Ô) of feldspar-destructively altered porphyries

and albite
-Crosses
chlorite
(SD)
(S'Ô)
of the
chlorite-epidote
alteration
120
Part II
Epstein. 1976). At
low temperature
(below 400C) the hydrogen fractionation curves

and
are
not
well
established except for kaolin ite
(e.g.Gilg
Sheppard, 1996).
For that reason, the fractionation
factors at low temperatures for sericite, kaolinitc. chlorite, and biotite
were
deduced from the
diagram
of
Taylor (1997
p.
234) in "Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits", and
are as
follows: -23 per mil (mus), -15 per mil
(kaol),
-35 per mil
(chl),
-35 per mil
(bio). The analysed

clay
samples
of the
an
alteration consist of a mixture of fine-grained sericite and
minerals, therefore,
-19 per mil
was
average fractionation factor between the value for kaolinite and sericite of
used. The effect of the biotite
composition, particularly
the Fe content,
on
the
fractionation factor is very

the mineral
large (Suzuoki and Epstein. 1976).

a
Due to the lack of the
knowledge of
compositions
a
Mg-rich (XMi
Fe-rich
0.6) composition for the secondary biotite of the

"=
potassic
alteration and
generally
(Xrc
0.7) composition for the igneous biotite in the
unaltered
sample
of the Late
Porphyry
is assumed,
according
to chemical
analyses of different
biotites
by
e.g. Brimhall and
Ague (1988).
of the meteoric water at the time of vein formation is not known,
The
and the
assumption
of today's meteoric water
(-5 8H0/ -30 D World Wide Web, 1999) is

meteoric influence
limitation for the determination of the
possible
during
ore
formation
(Fig.
2.20).
The
isotopic
ratios of the minerals and the calculated
isotopic signature
of the fluid
are
given
in Table 2.16. The variation of the measured D values among the different alteration minerals of the
porphyry samples
particularly
is small, except the 5D values of the the
secondary biotite
are
of the andesitic wall
rock and
igneous biotite
of the Late
Porphyry
depleted (Fig. 2.19).
This low
5D value ofthc igneous biotite is
typically for a melt that has degassed

ate
much of their fluid
(Taylor,
1986)
and is in agreement with the late intrusive stage of the I
Porphyry,
are
'fhe oxygen values
for quartz and albite range from 8 to 11 per mil for the
porphyries
to
and
lower for the
secondary
biotite ofthc andsites (6.5
7.5 per mil). This
mav
be due
the different
closing temperatures
the
of biotite and quart/, and the
higher
s\
resistance of quartz to later

stem.
isotopic exchange during
andsite bas
a
ov
erprint
of the
The D value ofthc

to
feldspar-destructively overprinted
of the
larger
variation, which is due
poor
reproducibility
duplicate analysis.
The
121
Oxygen
and Hydrogen
Isotopes
analyses
of
coexisting quartz
and
magnetite of the quartz-magnetite alteration
were
used to
determine the temperature of this
early
alteration. The calculated temperatures of 612 to 750C
(depending
inclusion
on
the fractionation factors
used,
see
fable 2.17)
are
consistent with the
highest
fluid
homogenization temperatures of this
zone.
Table 2.17
Quartz-Magnetite Geothermometry
quartz-magnetite
alteration
qtz
10.5
W
mag
T C
'
TC2
49-60/12
49-61,4/3-5
3.1
3.1 2.8
2.8
633
624
750 741 727

730
10.6
10 5
612
615
Table 2.17:
'Temprature calculated
with the
Oiiartz-inagnetite geothermomeler according

and-Downs
el
to
Matthews et al.
(1983):
lOOOlna
llx(106/T)
a!
(1981):
lOOOlna
7.8v(106/T:)
Isotopic Composition of Hydrothermal

Despite the
different diffusion rates and
Fluids
for O and H of a
closing temperatures
given
mineral
(Giletti, 1985; Giletti, 1986), homogenization temperatures
we
used temperature data ofthc fluid inclusion

are
study,
because the
of the fluid inclusions

et
close to
or
below the estimated
closing
temperatures of the analysed minerals (Zaluski
al., 1994). except the 700C of the

a
magmatic
magmatic-
stage. Various processes affect the isotopic composition of minerals and the fluid in
hydrothermal system (e.g., Shmulovich

and
et
such
as
fluid exsolution ( fay lor, 1992; Dobson

sv stem
et
al., 1989), phase
separation
al., 1999), open and closed

et al.,
fractionation, fluid
mixing,
and temperature
salinity changes (Horita
1995). These factors
were
considered in the
following
calculations.
Magmatic fluid
The calculation of the
oxygen
of the
magmatic
fluid is based
on
hydrogen
isotopes of igneous biotite and

intrusion. The exsolution of
isotopes
fluid is
of matrix quartz of
late, unaltered porphyry
magmatic
accompanied by
an
enrichment of the fluid in
deuterium of up to 40 per mil, which is
function of the amount of water in the melt and of the
Cu-Au
deposit
122
Part II
hydrogen speciation (H?0, OH) and depends

In the
on
open
ore
closed system
degassing (Taylor, 1992).

the
following calculations opened
closed system fractionation is assumed,

versa,
although,
change
from
closed to
conditions and vice
is
probably
at
more
likely.
leads to
Simple
an
fractionation between water and mineral of the
magmatic temperatures (700C)
magmatic
fluid of -65.9 per mil SD and 8.5 per mil 5,sO
(Fig.
2.20). The salinity effect decreases the fractionation factors w ith increasing salinity and is estimated
to be in the order of 10 per mil
SD
(Horita
et
al.. 1995). On the other hand, the fractionation of
deuterium
during exsolution
enriches the fluid
phase and
is estimated to be up to 20 per mil
(Taylor, 1992),
which results in
net enrichment of 10 per mil
51) of the calculated fluid in
equilibrium with magmatic

D
=
biotite.
fhus,
the calculated 5Dand S!8Oofthe late
magmatic
fluid is
-55.9 per mil and
8lsO
7 to 8 per mil
(Fig. 2.20), respectively.

alteration
lsotopic fluid composition
of the
potassic
The calculated 6D of the fluid from the two altered
hy drothermal
biotite
samples
of the
potassicallymil,
The
Early-P3 Porphyry, considering
pure
H20
and 500C,
are
at -41.7 and -29.8 per
respectively and plot

association of
in the upper part and outside of the

and
"magmatic
water box"
(Fig. 2.20).
vapor-rich
high-salinity liquid
inclusions in. the
potassic
alteration indicates
that the fluid in
equilibrium
with the
hydrothermal
fractionation
biotite and the quartz has
undergone phase
et
separation,
which affects the
isotopic
particularly
at
high salinities (Shmulovich
al., 1999). 'fhe vapor phase will be enriched in deuterium and is slightly depleted in
the brine shows the
180,
whereas
opposite signature.
phase
in deuterium up to 28 per mil and
Boiling
of the magmatic fluid enriches the vapor
depletes
et
the oxygen
signature
about 2 per mil

to a
at
halite saturation relative to the brine
(Shmulovich
al., 1999), which would lead
alue of around -42 per mil and lsO of about 6 per mil for
an
the vapor
phase.
The
coexisting
brine would have

these values
corresponding to
the
of-70 per mil D and
about 8 per mil S!,0.
Apparently,
are not
zone.
of the brine the
phase
calculated from the
hydrothermal
is
biotite of the
potassic
This is because
only
a
value for the
magmatic
endmember
not
representing
the
early magmatic stage rather
than
modified
(degassed)
residual melt. Therefore, the
potassic
fluid cannot
directly
be derived
123
Oxygen
and
Hydrogen Isotopes
Calculated isotopic
-10
composition
of the fluid
-20
"present-day
meteoric water"
potassic (porphyry)
-30
chlorite-e
30CTC
potassic (wall rock)

350C
P
to
-40
-50
feldspardestructive
-60
(wall rock)
300C
-70
primary
-80
magmatic
water"
-90 -10
-5
10
15
8180
Fig.
and
2.20: Calculated
isotopic composition of the fluids
in
equilibrium
xvilh the various alteration

xvatcr
zones
are a (Taylor, (MWL) magmatic 1974). The data lie on a mixing trend between magmatic and increasing meteoric water corresponding to decreasing temperatures. The bars indicate the variation in SD and o O for +/-50C of the average
late intrusion. Also shoxvn
the meteoric water line
and the
box
temperature xvilh which the fractionation
xvas
calculated.
of the calculated value of the late

evolved from
an
magmatic stage.
The fluid related to the
potassic
alteration
was
earlier
magmatic stage (with

had
unknown
isotopic signature). The igneous

a
biotite of fluid
e.g.,
Early-P3 Porphyry
probably
to
higher D
fluid
value and hence also
higher isotopic
signature
that would be closer
the
potassic
signature.
secondary biotite in the andesitic wall rock, ""magmatic water box" (Fig. 2.20). However,
The calculated fluid in
equilibrium
with the
inferring a formation temperature of 350C.

it is shifted
to
lies in the
the
right
of the
porphyry samples
ofthc
of the
potassic
alteration. This
that
might
be due to the
slight feldspar-destructive overprint

due to the
porphyry samples
depletes
the 8180 value and/or
uncertainty
of the oxygen fractionation factor of biotite at the temperature of 350C.
Fluid
composition
of the
chlorite-epidote
alteration
alteration with the estimated SD fractionation
The fluid calculated for the
chlorite-epidote
an
factor after Graham et al. (1987) at 300C and
albite
composition
for the
plagioclase,
is shifted
Bajo
de la Alumbrera
porphyry
( it-Au
depo sit
124
Part II
to
lighter oxygen values (4 to

are
5 per
mil) and plots

range
as
left of the
"magmatic water
alteration
box". The 8D values
of-41 to -44 per mil shift indicates

some
in the
same
the
potassic
fluid, however, the oxygen
fraction of meteoric water. No salt correction
was
applied
for the
calculation,
assuming
from the fluid inclusion
study
that
low-salinitv fluid
was
related to this alteration
stage (aqueous inclusions).

Fluid
composition of the feldspar-destructhe alteration

isotopic
fluid
The calculation of this

300C and
composition
is based
on an
estimated temperature of
fractionation factor of-19 per mil SD that is chosen to consider the mixture of
muscovite and
clay minerals of this
alteration. With these
assumptions the calculated
fluid
signature
is around -50 to -55 per mil 8D and has
8I80 of 1.5
to 2 per mil. The shift towards lower oxygen
values is indicative for
meteoric component in this fluid
(Fig. 2.20)
and is
more
prominent
than
in the fluid associated to the
chlorite-epidote
alteration.
Interpretation
and Discussion
of the
Stable
Isotopes
a
The oxygen and
hydrogen
fluid
signatures
calculated of the alteration minerals show
trend
that involves two main fluid
sources.
The fluid related to the unaltered

to the
porphyry sample
and the
potassic
alteration shows
clear
affinity
magmatic
a
source,
whereas the fluids involved in
chlorite-epidote
and
alteration have
meteoric water component. This trend

ct
is observed in several
porphyry deposits (see
e.g.,
Sheppard
ah, 1971 for
compilation),
and
supports the trend from
high-salinity magmatic
study.
brines to
low-salinity
aqueous meteoric fluids
observed in the fluid inclusion

The
magmatic fluid determined in this study represents

fluid is not fluid
residual fluid of
degassed
melt
and the
potassic
directly
evolved from this
fluid, but from
an
earlier
magatic fluid
a
pulse.
The
potassic
was
associated with
an
earlier intrusion, which had
possibly
higher 8D
value, corresponding to the calculated

and
and measured
signature ofthc potassic stage.

deposit
The influence
mixing
with meteoric water occurred
mainly
in the outer parts ofthc
and in the late,
waning stage of the hydrothermal system, thus,

of the
in the
chlorite-epidote
zone
and in the late
overprint
sources
feldspar-destructive alteration. Assuming a simple mixing line
between the two fluid
125
Oxygen
and Hydrogen
Isotopes
mixing
of up to 50 % between
a
magmatic
and meteoric water
can
be inferred for the
epidote-
chloritc alteration and

alteration is deduced.
fraction of about 60 % of meteoric water for the
126
Part II
Discussion
The laser-ablation ICP-MS stable
of the
Fluid Evolution
P-T~XNaC1
evolution and the
analyses
in combination with the
isotope
data
imply
some
general
conclusions about the processes active

2.22 is
a
during the
forma
tion of the
Bajo
de la Alumbrera
porphyry Cu-Au deposit. Figure

study.
in the
summarizing interpre
tation of the data obtained in this The
early, high-temperature stage is mainly preserved

most
partly
open vein of sample BLA

re
97, which
likely
has formed
during
the
waning stage
of the
Quartz-Eye Porphyry and
mained open
throughout
long period
in the evolution ofthc
hydrothermal system. pulses

and
From the P~
77 data and Cu and Au concentrations it is inferred that at least three fluid
occurred of
which two
can
be observed in this
sample (early polyphase
brine
assemblages
opaque-bear
and pres
ing
brine
assemblages).
or
Both fluid batches intruded at
near-magmatic temperatures
these fluids is
sures
around I kbar
above, but the Cu concentration

brine inclusions; 0.1 wt%
m
in
significantly
different ( 1
wt% in the
polyphase
the
opaque-bearing
brine inclusions). It is
a
proposed
100
that the fluids

which
originated
from
deep-seated
magma chamber with
size in the order of
km3,
was
calculated from the estimated

et
ore reserves
and the ore-metal transport capa is around 4 km

or more
bility
of the fluid
(Ulrich
al., 1999). The
depth
of this
large batholith
in the
inferred from pressure estimates of which indicate for the

a
boiling assemblages
overlaying porphyry
intrusions,
minimum
depth
of about 3 km for the latter.
Temperatures
around 650 to 770C
magmatic stage
are
indicated
by
the
quartz-magnetite isotope geothermometer and by the

fluid inclusions. Under these conditions the melt
water amount
highest homogenization temperatures

with
a
of
early
water content of around 4 wt%
(minimum
for hornblende
the
crystallization; early exsolving
Naney, 1983) reached early
water saturation due to the Cl
(inferred from
small
high-salinity fluids)
rich
and based
on
mass-balance constraints The
quantity
of an alkali chloride-
liquid
is exsolved
(Webster, 1997).
varying
Cu concentration in these
high-temperature
fluids is controlled the state and
by
processes active in the fluid
source or
during
fluid exsolution that affect
composition
of the
exsohmg
fluid
(i.e. T, P,
f,
f<,, Cl and
H20
content
melt
composition).
12"
Discussion
of Fluid Evolution
A first
explanation for
the
generation
of
high-temperature
to
an
fluid with
low Cu concentra
tion, could be the loss of a certain fraction of Cu
early
vapor
phase. However,
no
clearly
were
coexisting (boiling assemblages)
vapor inclusions and
opaque-bearing
Cu
brine inclusions
observed. On the other hand, the fluid could have
precipitated
despite high temperatures

at
and
represents the residual fluid of the earliest mineralization (bornite-chalcopyrite)

described
with the
Alumbrera
vein
by Proffett (1997).
But
we
have
no
evidence in
general,
BLA
and this
in
high-temperature
shows
no
Cu-poor opaque-bearing
(or
in fact any
brine inclusions
(sample
97)
particular
sign
of bornite
Cu-Fe-sulfide) precipitation,
pulses
A third
possibility
for the different Cu
concentrations in the two fluid
is that the Cu concentration in
early
fluids is
competed by-
additional cations such
as
FF, K+, Ca2t, Mn21, Zn2', and Pb-4" (i.e. non-reactive elements). Their
relative fractionation factors
depend
on
P. melt
composition,
and Cl content of the fluid (e.g.,

pressure of 1 kbar and
Kilinc and Burnham, 1972; Candela and

tures
Piccoli, 1995). At the

be
tempera
of 550 to 650C up of the
to 50%
of Cl"
can
complexed by
a
iron in
(Whitney
et
al., 1985). Low

or
ering
FeCl2
concentration in the fluid due to
high fo,
magnetite-saturated systems
change in
melt
composition
liberates Cl", which then is available for
complexation with
a
Cu (Can
dela and Piccoli,
1995), and hence would increase Cu concentration in
subsequent
well
as
fluid
pulse.
However, both fluid inclusion types contain similar Fe concentrations

trations of other elements. Thus, oxidized conditions
as
similar
concen
major changes large
in redox-state
are
probably not likely. Moreover,

assimilation
are
inferred from the
amount of magnetite in the rock and
of oxidized country rock
(Clark, written commun.).

for the different Cu concentrations is the exsolution of a fluid
at the
The most
at
likely interpretation
(above
1
high
pressures
kbar) that contains the highest Cu concentrations
beginning,
which then decreases
during melt crystallization (Cline and Bodnar, 1991; Cline, 1995). At Alum represented by
or
brera the first fluid is kbar
the
polyphase
brine inclusions, which

This fluid
was
was
exsolved at 1
or
above and close to

and
at
the
two-phase
curve.
possibly
not
completely
pulse
with
trapped
some
portion
was
still in the vein and pore space when
second fluid
lower Cu concentrations
(high-temperature opaque-bearing brine
and brine
inclusions) intruded,
Cu-Au
deposit
128
Part II
and
according to ptrographie evidence,

pulses
were
the two fluids
were
almost
contemporaneously trapped.
core, which
Once these fluid the
in the
deposit
area
(mainly
in the
low-grade
represents
tempera
zone
in which the
high-temperature fluid
moved
upwards) they were trapped
over a
ture range of ~250C and pressures down to below 400
bars, indicated by the lower temperature
assemblages (<500C).
In contrast to the low Cu concentration of the
high-temperature opaque-bearing
source
brine and
con
brine
assemblages,
which is controlled
by
the fluid
and pressure conditions, the low

to
ore
centrations in the brine
assemblages
at
temperatures around 400C is related

are
deposition
deposition.
(see
also Barnes,
1979). Boiling
and fluid dilution
obviously
not
crucial for
ore
The correlated variation between total
salinity
and concentration of the "non-reactive" elements
might
result from fluid dilution alone, however, the dilution factor estimated from the
salinity
between the
polyphase
brine inclusions and the brine inclusions is very low
(1.5). Many ele
ments and all of the "non-reactive" elements show
similar small dilution factors and the
isotopic
an
data for the
magmatic
fluid associated with
potassic alteration indicate that mixing with
exter
nal fluid and dilution is
insignificant for the early quartz-magnetite and potassic

zone was
alteration
zones.
Mixing
and the
with
an
external fluid in this

and pressure
inhibited
by
the relative
temperature differences,
density
gradients
of the fluids. An external fluid may have in the
only
acted
as an
essential heat conductor and tation driven
cooling agent
hydrothermal system. Thus,
Cu and Au
precipi
by
the
was
by cooling
and neutralization due to fluid-rock interaction,
as
indicated
concentration
changes
ofthc "reactive elements" and the
confining temperature
has occurred in
to
a
range of
ore
deposition.
the
Cu
deposition
and concomitant Au
precipitation
defined volume of
a
deposit (high-grade
ore
zone). The small fluid/rock ratio (2
1) implies that
relatively
modest
quantity
of fluid is sufficient for Cu mineralization and
from
a
and that the
"successful" ore-formation process involves effective

concentrations. In this
precipitation
are
fluid with
high
metal
early ore-bearing controlling
fluid Au and Cu
transported together,
deposit (Ulrich
a
and the
ore-
metal ratio in the fluid is
the bulk
ore
ratio in the
et
al., 1999). Lowa
density vapor,
but
particularly the high-density
vapor represent
fluid
phase that plays
crucial
129
Discussion
of Fluid Evolution
role in
ore
metal transport and mineralization due to its

and final influence
on ore
high
Cu
concentration, however, its time
relationship
formation
at
Alumbrera is unclear. flushed
Metals like
Pb, Zn, and Mn show
no
concentration variations and
are
through
the
deposit without precipitation,

1992). They
are
which is consistent with
solubility constraints (Hemley

and
and Hunt.
dispersed
in haloes around the
deposit,
hence,
may
serve as
geochemical
pathfinder
elements. At temperatures around 300C and below, the influx of meteoric water the
overprints
and H
and
deposit.
This is inferred from aqueous inclusion distribution and the trend of O

same
isotopes
towards the meteoric endmember fluid, 'fhe

is observed in other
et
trend of deuterium enrichment

et
l80-depletion
porphyrv deposits
e.g.
Yerington (Dilles
al., 1992),
Bingham (Bowman
al., 1987), El Salvador (Sheppard and Gustafson, 1976), Santa Rita

et
(Sheppard et al., 1969; Sheppard

composition
of the fluid in
ah, 1971 ). and Panguna (Ford and Green, 1977). The isotopic
with sericite suggests the presence of up to 50 % of between
equilibrium
meteoric water
on
the basis of a
simple mixing model
magmatic
and meteoric fluid. On
the other hand, the reaction of
magmatic fluid with large

as
amounts of rock
could also alter the
isotopic signature
inclusions
ation
zone
in the
same
way
the
mixing
of tw o fluids does. Abundant
low-density vapor
in this alter
the meteoric
(separated during boiling)

(cf. edenquist
et
are an
indication of
magmatic contribution
al., 1998), whereas the aqueous inclusions represent
fluid. Condensation of
magmatic
vapor in meteoric water is described in shallow crustal levels and could have occurred to
some
(e.g. Arribas, 1995; Hedenquist, 1995)
degree
a
at
Alumbrera.
The chemical characteristics of the fluid in the
waning
stage reflects such

as
diluted fluid
which
magmatic component
is indicated
by enriched elements
Li, B, La and elevated Mn,

in
Pb, and Zn concentrations. The relatively high Cu concentrations

por inclusions that mary feature of Cu
are
secondary low-density
either
are a
va
assumed to be related to
feldspar-destructive alteration,
et
pri
ah,
partitioning during
vapor
separation (Heinrich
as
al., 1992; Heinrich
et
1999)
or
this vapor
phase
remobilized
some
ore,
suggested by
Gammons and Williams-Jones
(1997) and
has been described also for other
deposits (e.g. Butte; Brimhall, 1980).
Bajo de
deposit
130
Part II
Summary and Conclusion

The combination of different fluid evolution in MS
analytical techniques
to
unravel the
physical
and chemical
an ore
deposit was applied successfully.

on a
This
pilot study
of Laser-ablation ICP-
analyses
on
single
fluid inclusions
porphyry
ore
Cu-Au
deposit
are
shows that processes such indicated
as
fluid exsolution, fluid-rock interaction and
deposition
to
directly
by
the
con
centration trends of "reactive elements". The
approach
in
terms
analyse
the fluid
composition
with
laser-ablation ICP-MS offers

fluids involved in The
ore
new
perspectives
in
of major and trace element behavior of
deposit genesis
general.
evolution of the
integrated
fluid inclusion
study and stable isotope analysis show the

of exsolution to the latest stage ofthc distribution delineates
a
ore-bearing fluid porphyry

Cu-Au
from
an
early stage
The
Bajo
de la Alumbrera
deposit.
deposit-scale
trend from
high-tempera
ture, moderate
to
high-salinity brines
in the center, which
occasionally coexist with low-salinity

distal
areas.
vapor, to lower salinities and lower temperatures at
more
Combined with stable and the
isotope
data this trend reflects the evolution of
magmatic fluid,
its
phase separation
incursion of meteoric fluid in the last
period
of the
at
hydrothermal system.
pressures above lkbar and the exsolution of
are
The Cu fractionation between melt and fluid

fluids with
decreasing
metal concentrations with time

brines.
proposed
the
on
the basis ofthc Cu
con
centration trend in
high-temperature
Alternatively,
efficiency of
Cu transport in the
vapor
phase
in
at
high temperature conditions

fluids and the
is inferred from the
partitioning
of Cu into the vapor
phase
over,
boiling
generally high
in the
Cu concentrations in the vapor inclusions. More
the fluid-rock reactions
i.e.
potassic
alteration
are
directly reflected
in the fluid and
the Cu and Au
deposition
associated with
potassic
alteration is evaluated and is indicated
by
contemporaneous concentration changes of indicative (K, Fe, Ba, Sr, Cu) elements. Further, it is
suggested
that
relatively
seems
small
amount
of
ore-bearing fluid
fluid
is needed to transport Au and Cu.

next to
Last but not
least, it
that the
magmatic
composition,
fluid
focussing
which
and
ore
precipitation mechanism,
controls the bulk Au/Cu ratio in this Cu-Au

ore
porphyry,
strongly
supports the hypothesis of magma-derived
metals in this type of deposits.
131
Summary and Conclusions
Fig.
2.22: Model stages the
for the Bajo de la Alumbrera Cu-
hi
porphyry deposit.
Indicated
are
the fluid
composition,
fluid
types, the
is
salinity evolution,
alteration stages and the trend in the for
isotopic signature
contains
of deuterium.
The
first stage
dominated
by
intrusions associated xvilh
magmatic fluid that
high
Cu concentrations. The temperatures
xvere
too
high
ore
precipitation, but quartz-magnetite alteration
overprints the porphyries. During the ore stage at temperatures around 400C chalcopyrite and gold pre cipitated from the find, forming an ore shell around a barren core Ore deposition is related to potassic
alteration and
aqueous and
oric xvater
by cooling and fluid-rock reactions. Ihe xvaning stage, dominated by low-density vapor inclusions, is characterized by the phyllic overprint and incursion of mete and decreasing temperature. Ihe salinity decreased markedly due to dilution by the external
xvas
mainly
driven
fluid,
qm:
quartz-magnetite
Acknowledgment
132
A CKNOWLEDGMENTS
During
my Ph.D. I had the chances to
meet many
people
here at ETH Zurich and also in
Argentina, who have supported

especially
my
my work. To all these persons 1
am
greatful.
I would like to thank
supervisor
new
Chris Heinrich. The and I
project
he set up and I worked

me
on was
just great.
could learn many

other
things
me
appreciated
inputs
the freedom he gave
to do my studies. On the
hand, he
was
giving
lots of
and
suggestions
some
for the
project
and from the discus
sions with him I could
profit
lot, He
always
took
of his time and put the
priorities
to
his
students. Thank you very much Stoff.
Detlef Gnther is very much thanked for all the laser ablation
on
analyses.
the
He spent many hours

to
the maschine to set it up for

we
our
purpose and he
always
gave
us
preference
analyse
out-
inclusions whenever
wanted. With his
straight forward
work
on
the laser ablation
technique
he has contributed much to my thesis. For the careful

to
reviewing
of the
manuscript and
constructive comments 1 would like to thank
Alan Clark from
Queen's University, Canada

are
and to Viktor
Koppel
from ETH Zrich.
Gretli and Stefano Bcrnasconi-Green
thanked for the introduction and support for the H-
isotope analyses.
Anita Andrew and her team at CSIRO is thanked for the
O-isotope analyses.
Discussion with
people
from
our
group
were
very
helpful
and I would like to thank to Tho
mas
Driessner, Werner Halter, Thomas Pettke, Andreas Audtat and Rolf Frischknecht. Special
to Paolo Garofalo with
thanks go
who I shared the office. In many discussions about could
our
projects,
but also in other conversations
we
exchange interesting facts.

great time in her filed
area
With Marianne breccias. She
Landtwing
me
1 spent
where I learnt
Jot about
time for
was
helping
at the
X-ray diffraction analyses
and she had
always
some
little chat. Marianne, J wish you all the best for your Ph.D.
Toni Willi and Walter Wittwer
are
thanked for the
preparation
of thin sections and mineral
separates.
133
Acknowledgment
There
are
many
people
I meet in
Argentina
who
help
me
during
my field work. I would like
to thank Steve
Brown, Juan Angera, David Keough, Nino Salgado and John Proffett with who I
would liked to have
stayed longer
than
few
days
in the field. John Proffett did
very careful
mapping job
at
Alumbrera and his
petrographical descriptions
about the
deposit
were a
major
help
to
base my thesis
on.
For financial support of the
project
1 would like to thank MIM

at
Exploration, Brisbane,
par
ticularly
was
to Vic Wall and Rick
Valenta.
Hospitality
the mine site and transport of the
samples
provided by
At the
Minera Alumbrera Ltd.
end,
Beatrice merits
is thanked for
special
thank for her
encouraging support during
the last four
years.
My family
making
it
possible
that I could do my studies.
References
134
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liquid phases
from
crystallizing
silicate melt:
v.
Implications
5215-5221.
for chlorine and metal transport: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,
58, p.
Shmulovich,
354.
K. I, Landwehr. D, Simon, K, and Heinrich, W, 1999, Stable
isotope
fractionation
v.
between
liquid
and vapour in water-salt systems up to 600C: Chemical
Geology,
157, p. 343v.
Sillitoe, R. H, 1973, The tops and bottoms of porphyiy copper deposits: Economic Geology,
799-815.
68,
p.
Sillitoe,
R.
H, 1979, Some thoughts
on
gold-rich porphyry copper deposits: Mineralium Deposita,
v.
14,
p. 161-174.
Sillitoe,
R.
H, 1990, Gold-rich porphyry copper deposits: Geol. Assoc. Canada and Mineral. Assoc. Canada, Vancouver, 1990, p. A122.
Sillitoe, R. II, 1993, Gold- rich porphyiy copper deposits: geological model and exploration implica tions, in Kirkam, Sinclair, Thorpe, and Duke, eds. Mineral Deposit Modeling, p. 465-479. Sillitoe, R. H.. 1997, Characteristics and controls of the largest porphyry copper-gold and epithermal gold
deposits
Sillitoe,
in the Circum-Pacific
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Australian Journal of Earth
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v.
44, p. 373-388.
R. FL and Ciceron
Jr., A. A, 1985, Geological characteristics and evolution of a gold-rich

at
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Simon, G, 1999, Partitioning of gold between bornite and chalcopyrite in porphyry-copper-gold deposits:
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Sterner,
M.
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to
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119. p. 1-15.
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Suchomel,
Catamarca
Taylor,
B.
J, 1985, Geology of the Bajo de Agua Tapada Base and Precious Metal Prospect, Province, Argentina: Unpub. M. Sc. thesis, University of Arizona, Tuscon, 75 p. E, 1992, Degassing of H,0 from rhyolite magma during eruption and shallow intrusion, and
B.
the
v.
of magmatic water in
hydrothermal systems: Geological Survey
of
Japan Report,
279, p. 190-194.
ore
Taylor,
to problems of hydrother deposition: Economic Geology, v. 69, p. 843-883. Titley, S. R, 1990, Confrasting metallogenesis and regional settings of Circumpacific Cu-Au porphyiy systems: Pacific rim congress 90, Queensland, Australia, 1990, p. 127-133. Toselli, A, Rossi de Toselli, J. N, and Saavedra, J, 1987, Petrological and geochemical considerations
H. P. J,
1974, The application of oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies
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about the lower Paleozoic
granitoids
of the
Pampean
ranges,
Argentina: Revista
Brasileira de
Geociencias,
v.
17, p. 619-622.
on
Ulrich, T, 1998, Hydrothermal fluid evolution in the porphyiy Cu-Au deposit Bajo de la Alumbrera
(Argentina),
Actas X
based
Congreso
Latinoamericano de
quantitative microanalysis Geologia
of fluid inclusions
and VI
by
Laser-ablation ICPMS:
Congreso
Nacional de
Geologia
Economica, Buenos Aires, 1998, p. 239. Ulrich, T. and Proffett, J, 2000, Geology and Genesis of the Bajo de la Alumbrera Porphyiy Cu-Au
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Economic
Geology, in prep,
Ulrich, T, 2000, Fluid geochemistiy of the Bajo de la Alumbrera

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Cu-Au
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Geology,
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Ulrich, T, Gnther, D,
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Heinrich, C. A, 1999, Gold concentrations of magmatic brines and the metal

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LJrusova,
M.
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deposits: Nature,
at 350-550C:
"
v.
399, p. 676-679.
A, 1975, Phase equilibria and thermodynamic characteristics of solutions in the systems
NaCl-FL/O
Vila,
NaOH-H20
Geochemistiy International,
v.
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Northern Chile:
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ore
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on
the
study
of magmatic
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v.
58, p. 1133-1146.
Wilson, J. W. J, Kesler, S. E, Cloke, P. L, and Kelly, W. C, 1980, Fluid inclusion geochemistry of the
Granisle and Bell
61.
porphyry copper deposits,
British Columbia: Economic
Geology,
v.
75, p. 45-
References
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Web, 1999, Global network for isotopes in precipitation database: http://www.iaea.org/ programs/ri/gnip/gnipmain.htm. Wybom, D. and Sun, S, 1994, Sulphur-undersaturated magmatism a key factor for generating magmarelated copper-gold deposits: Australian Geological Survey Organization Research Newsletter, v.
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-
21, p. 7-8.
Zaluski, G, Nesbitt, B, and Muehlenbachs, K, 1994, Hvdrothermal alteration and stable isotope
systematics
of the Babme
porphyiy
Cu
evolution of porphyiy systems: Economic
deposits, British Columbia: Implications Geology, v. 89, p. 1518-1541.
for fluid
143
References
Curriculum Vitaea
144
Curriculum Vital
Thomas Ulrich
25.11 1969 Born in Winterthur
to
Rudolf and Marlis Ulrich-Schrli
1975-1977
Kindergarden in Gossan (SG)
1977-1983
Elementary Secondary
school in Gossau
(SG)
1983-1985
school in Gossau
(SG)
(Matura type E)
1985- 1990
Kantonsschule in St. Gallen
1990-1995
Student at ETH Zrich
(Earth Science)
im
Diploma thesis
title:
..Petrographische Untersuchungen
N-Italy"
oberen Val Malenco.
Supervisor:
1993-1995
Prof. A7. Trommsdorff
Hilfsassistent at Institute for

ETH Zrich.
Mineralogy
and
Petrography.
1995-1999
Ph.D. student at ETII Zrich and assistant Institute for
position
at
Isotope Geology
and Mineral Resources
Doctoral thesis title: Genesis of the
Bajo de la Alumbrera Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit, Argentina:Geological, Fluid Geochemical and Isotopic Implications" Supervisor and examiners: Prof. C. A. Heinrich, Prof. A. II.
Clark, Prof. V.
Koppel
145
Appendix A (Methods)
Appendix
A) Analytical B)
List
methods
and drill hole
of surface samples
data
brine inclusions brine inclusions
samples
assemblages
C) Mierothermometry
offluid
inclusion
Brine inclusions
Aqueous inclusions
High-density vapor
inclusions
Boiling assemblages
D) LA-ICP-MS
data
of individual fluid
inclusions
Polyphase brine inclusions Opaque-bearing brine inclusions

Brine inclusions
Aqueous inclusions
High-density vapor inclusions

Boiling assemblages
Melt inclusions Gold
analyses
E) Selection of Raman spectra
F) Selection ofXRD- spectra
G) Geochemical
H) I)
Matrices Raw data
whole-rock data
calculation
and losses
for
of gains of O and H-Analyses
146
Analytical
methods
Mierothermometry
Heating
1500 stage
and
freezing
with
runs
of fluid inclusions
were
conducted
at
on a
Linkam 600 and Linkam

side abouti
coupled
Leitz
microscope.
The
precision
The
the
low-temperature
0.1 C and at the
hihg-temperature (500C) end 2 C.

larger
error
for high temperature measurements

to
with the Linkam 1500 stage is

transition
and the temperature may be up
20C
higher,
at the
tx/
(571 C)
of quartz in the standard

were
sample.
Cooling runs
down to -180C
made for around 250 aqueous inclusions and

rates were
high-density
to
vapor inclusions with

near
liquid nitrogen. Heating

of CO,
decreased from 25C/min
lC/min
the ice-
the
melting temperature
(-60C to-55C) for vapor inclusions and,

were
near
melting temperature
for the aqueous inclusions. Salinities

to Bodnar and
calculated from the
ice-melting
temperature according
Vityk (1994). homogenization temperature

Apparent
salinities
are
Heating runs
and the
were
made to determine the
of all inclusion types

in wt% NaCl
salinity
of the NaCI-saturated inclusions.
reported
equivalent based
Raman
on
the halite
solubility
function of Bodnar and
Vityk (1994).
spectroscopy
Laser-Raman of 632.817
Integrated
with has
a
microprobe (LABRAM by Dilor)

nm
includes
HeNle 20mW laser
wavelength
and
CCD detector with
15 bit
dynamic
can
range. The
microscope
areas
objectives
of lOx, 50x and lOOx
magnifications.
some
Raman spectra
be obtained from
of less than
5pm. This permits, in

inside inclusions,
Raman
or
cases,
the
unambiguous
identification of
single
microcrystals
the
measurement of
molecular components in the gas bubble
(Burke, 1994).
spectroscopy
was
used
only to
confirm the presence of the smll amount of
C02
not
in
some
of the
vapor-rich
fluid inclusions, whereas the identification of daughter

were
phases was
successful, either because the minerals

was not
not
Raman-active,
or
else the orientation ofthc
crystal
suitable for the detection of diagnostic Raman lines.
14"
Appendix
A (Methods)
Cathodoluminescence
images (CL)
scanning
electron
With the CL-mode of a CamScan CS 4
microscope (SEM), images

of
of two of
polished quartz
sections
were
made. An acceleration
potential
used.
25kV,
an
excitation
current
3xl0"8 A, and exposure times around 45 seconds

The and also cracks
were
CL-images
some
show
large
number of otherwise invisible cracks in the quartz phenocrysts,
growth
but
zones
in quartz veinlets,
a
cutting
the
phenocrysts. Healed crosscutting
can
be
seen,
they
do not indicate
clear time sequence. Because CL records

to relate the
only
the
uppermost, few microns ofthc sample it is very difficult

cracks. The
inclusions
to the
observed
in
study by
Boiron et al.
(1992) demonstrated
small inclusions,
that this
technique might
be
helpful
samples with veiy fine-grained quartz and

trails.
to
documentthe orientation of inclusion
Laser Ablation ICP-MS

The
analyses
of
single
fluid inclusions with laser ablation have been carried out with
on a
prototype ablation system based

with
an
193
nm
Excimer laser
(ArF). The laser system is combined

as
ELAN 6000 ICP-MS and

to
an
in-house built
sample
chamber
well
as an
imagmg optical
then
system
observe the ablation process. The carrier gas
was
originally
was
Ar but
was
replaced
by
an
Ar-lJe mixture
rate
(see below). The
laser output energy
reduced to about 100 mJ and
repetition
The
was
15 Hz up to 30 Hz in order to enhance transport
efficiency
into the ICP-MS.
possibility
to vary the
pit
size of the laser beam (4
to
80 pm in
diameter) with
an
aperture
allows controlled
sampling
of the whole inclusion content
(Eig.l).
148
pit size
lOum 20um 40um
The transient
signal
of the ablation process is

shown in
figure
2 where
the start ofthc ablation is

A
^-
A* _cv
seen
and the increase in
inclusion in
sample
the intensities of other elements

than
Si the
Fig. 1 Ablation procedure xvilh variable pit size for the complete sam pling of the fluid inclusion At the beginning a small pit size is chosen to open the inclusion carefully and subsequent increase in pit sizes alloyvs
-
indicates
inclusion is
that
sampling of the
whole content
of the
inclusion
opened.
lppm
for
a
Detection limits vary,
depending
was
on
the inclusion size but may reach down to

to
20
pm inclusion. The
mixture
as
sensitivity
enhanced due
several modifications i.e.
using
an
Ar-He
and
transport medium, analysing

the
reduced clement
menu,
changing the homogeiiizer,
optimizing
plasma
conditions for certain elements (e.g. Au; Ulrich et al., 1999; Gnther and
Heinrich,
1999).
were
Thus,
reduced
100,000
Ablation start
Inclusion breached
detection limits
down to 0.1
ppm for Au.
10,000
Reproducibility
a
within
was
an
inclusion
assemblage
for
S
c
0
1>000
most major elements between
5 to 20 % but e.g. Cu had
larger
a
100
variability either
worser
due to
10
reproducibility
in
or
true
50
60
70
80
90
100
inhomogen iti es
Cu
time
Fig.
2: Transient
(sec)
fhe
in in
concentrations ofthc fluid.

Element
trapped
signal of
is is
an
inclusion that contained An
crease m
Si indicates the start

increase
of
the
ablation, yvhereas the signal
front of this
used
for the background integration

seen
The
ratios
were
signal oj
the inclusion
clearly
by the
increase in
all elements
calculated from
integrated
149
Appendix
(Methods)
signal
intensities
using
an
external standard
(commonly N1ST glass

concentrations used
an
610 and 612 and/or standard
solutions).
For the calculation of
quantitative
internal standard had to be determined
determined. In the from the NaCl the
case
of fluid inclusions, Na
was
as an
internal standard and
was
equivalent value
calculated from
mierothermometry analyses.
a
For the reduction of
equivalent value of NaCl
to the true Na concentration
correction formula was used, which is

on
described
by
Heinrich et al.
(1992) and
Audtat
(1999). This formula is based

1984
the
geometric
relationship
and
in the ternary
diagram of NaCl-KCl-FfO LRoedder,

1988
#85; Sterner, 1988 #4401
NaCI-CaCh-H20 LVanko,
in
a
#613]
in which the isotherms
join
the
H20-NaCl
side
approximately
fluids, but has
a
right angle.
The correction formula is well-constrained for Na-dominated

in which other salts may dominate.
a
larger error for complex inclusion compositions
Drift, salt corrections, and contributions of elements by the host quartz were corrected with
data
processing
EXCEL-vvorksheet written
by R.
Frischknecht.
Only elements that showd significant

one
intensities in the signal of the host quartz analyses
w ere
corrected, thus, they may differ from
analyse to another.
from blank
The absolute concentrations

of the host
are
therefore reduced for matrix elements deduced
analyses (ablation
mineral) and elements of the salt correction.
X-ray fluorescence,
Whole-rock
Titration
were
(FeO)f LECO (S)

for
and
Coulometry (COJ.
Testing Services" CO,
values. The
samples
analysed
major
elements at "Intertek
(Canada). H,0
was
calculated from the loss of
ignition by
subtraction of S and
lithium-metaborate fused glass

with the laser ablation ICP-MS
pellets
were
then used for the determination of trace-elements
technique
w as
at
ETI! Zrich. FeO
was
determined
by duration,
by
all
LECO, CO, by Coulometry, and Au
analy sed
ith fire assay fusion
by atomic absorption,
performed
at "Intertek
Testing
Services".
X-ray diffractometry
Reconnaissance analyses of
some
alteration minerals
were
conducted
on
Scintac XDS
2000 diffractometer at the Institute of Mineralogy and

was
Petrology
at ETII Zurich.
Scanning
area
chosen from 0 to 70
(2 theta).
150
Stable
isotope analyses
were
Oxygen isotopes
performed
at
CSIRO, Canberra, (Australia)
on
mineral separates
were
prepared
at the
at ETH Zurich.
Hydrogen isotopes
of mineral separates and whole-rocks
analysed
Department
were
of Earth Science at ETH Zrich. The
samples
were
heated and the volatiles

to
(C02 N,..)
and then
trapped
and
separated
in
an
extraction line. II
was
oxydized
was
ILO with CuO

with
an
trapped
and reduced with Zn for the
analysis.
The extracted gas
analysed
of the
Optima mass-spectrometer with

and
a
dual inlet system for the
sequential introduction
sample
reference gas.
were
Raw-data Standard
reduced and normalized to Standard Mean Ocean Water and with the
(SMOW)
Light Antarctic Precipitation (SLAP)
following formula:
~"
SAM-SMOW
VVs \M-RLI
SMOW
RLr-*
VS[ AP RtI
"
SMOW RH
'
'
SMOW SI \P
"
where
SAM_SM0W is the normalized value, 5S VM.RH

^SMOW-REr
arc
is the
raw
value of the
mass
spectrometer,
is the true
^slap-ref
an^
*'ie measured values of the standards, and
smow-sap
difference between the standards.
75/
Appendix
(Samples)
Samples
Sample
Nr location Rock
from
outcrops
ThickOreGeo
Thin-
type
section
section
section
chemistry
XRD
OandH
Isotopes
1995
BA 1*95
46-54 46-54
Camp
BA 2*95 BA 3*95
BA 4*95
Camp
NW P2
47-55 10m N 46-56

46-56
X X
BA 5*95 BA 6*95
46-59
QZE
P2
Colorado Sur
peak
QZE
BA 7*95
BA 8*95 BA 9*95
North
East Exit East Exit
Ip?
AND
AND AND P3 P3 X
BA 10*95
BA 11*95
East Exil
44-52 S 46-52
BA11a*95
BA 13*95
BA 14*95
BA 15*95
49-52
54-54 NE of 52-50
NW
P1 NW
X X
X
BA 16*95
BA 17*95 BA 18*95
SE of 52.50
SE of 52.50
51-52.2
NW
NW
P4 AND
X
X
BA 19*95
BA 20*95
BA 21*95
61-58
N 61-58
P4
AND
NW 61-58 58-62 51-57

20m S 51-57
BA 22*95
BA 23*95
Camp
NW
P3
X
X
BA 24*95
BA 25*95 BA 26*95 BA 27*95
20m E 51-56
50-56
P2
P3 P3
X
X
X X
51-56
BA 28*95
BA 29*95 BA 30*95
52-56
N IP3? P3
West Exit
42-52
BA 30Q*95 BA 30 a*95
BA 30 b*95
42-52 42-52 42-52

44-56
P3
P3 P3 QZE QZE X
X X
BA 31*95 BA 32*95
BA 33*95 BA 34*95 BA 35*95
BA 36*95
43-56
46-58 56-56 East
X X
X
QZE
NE
47-58
11
P2 P2?
X X
BA 37*95
51-60
NE OtzVe
AND P3
P1 X X
BA 38*95
BA 39*95
51-59/52-59
49-50.1 48-48
11
X
X
BA 40*95
BA 41*95
QtzVePI?
1996
Agua Rica/Capillltas
B1 96
B2 96
B3 96
B4 96 B5 96 B6 96 B7 96
Agua Rica-Cap Agua Rica-Gap Cap-Andalgala

Cap-Andalqala Cap-Andalqala
Cap-Andalqala
km19
Gneis
Pegmatit
Granit Granit km38-41
X
X
X X
Ganq
Ganqll
Cap-Andal hydr, Brec

P4 QZE
Breccia
Bajo
de la Alumbrera
46.5-57
BLA1*96
BLA2*96 BLA3*96 BLA4*96
S Colorado Sur
46-58
X X
Colorado Sur Fault
BLA5*96
BLA6*96
BLA7*96
Colorado Sur Fault
hydr Brec
Alunite? X X
Top Colorado Sur

Einschnitt N Colorado Sur S Colorado Sur
S Colorado Sur
AND?
QZE QZE
QZE +P2
BLA8*96 BLA9*96
BLA10*96
fraqm
X
BLA11*96
BLA12*96 BLA13*96
Einschnitt Einschnitt Einschnitt Einschnitt

Fallblock Colo Sur
P2 P2
P2 Sulfide
'
BLA14*96
BLA15*96
XX
QZE Brec?
Appendix
(Samples)
152
Sample
Nr
BLA16*96
BLA17*96 BLA18*96
location
Rock
Thinsection
Thicksection
Oresection
Geo
XRD
OandH
type
Fallblock Colo Sur
46-58 Fallblock QZE
chemistry
Isotopes
QZE
QZE Kaolinlte P1
P1 X
X x x
BLA19*96
BLA20*96
48-48
48-48
BLA21*96
Los Amarillos
P3
Volcanics BLA22*96
(north
northeast of Ba
o)
Plaq-Pyx AND
X
81500/42600
BLA23*96
BLA24*96 BLA25*96 BLA26*96 BLA27*96
BLA28*96
81500/42600
81600/42700
Plaq-Pyx AND
AND
or
X
X
X
Porphyry
81500/42800 Flussblock 79800/45900

79800/45901
AND
vql BLA23
AND-dike
Hbl AND
X
X X
BLA29*96 BLA30*96
79800 / 45902
82200 / 40050
Hbl AND
AND
X
Basment Vis-Vis
BLA31*96
BLA32*96
Sedi Compsamp
Enarqite?
Sedi
BLA33*96 BLA34*96 BLA35*96
Compsamp
X X X X
Mptabasica
Chlontzed Granite
Granite Fallblock
BLA36*96
BLA37*96
vql BLA35
Granite
Bajo
de la Alumbrera
road S road S road S
BLA38*96
Baio Baio Baio
P? mudflow mudfiow AND? NW
BLA39*96 BLA40*96
BLA41*96 BLA42*96
in
Ba|0
Colorado Norte 51-57 48 4-54
X X X x
BI_A43*96
BLA44*96
NWvql BLA42
NW
or
Campa P?
p?
BLA45*96
BLA46*96 BLA47*96
S 38-49 38-49 S ol Baio S of Baio S of Baio
X
XX X X X X X X X X X X X X x
P3?P1? Alunite?
Campa
Campa
Campa
BLA48*96 BLA49*96 BLA50*96

BLA51A*96 BLA51B*96 BLA52*96 BLA53*96
Campamiento
NE of Baio
more
Campa
NE NE
N of NE
Porph
AND AND
NE?
50m E of BLA52
BLA54*96
BLA55*96
Dike
"
in
And N
NE?
BLA56*96
BLA57*96
BLA58*96
N of
Baio
N AND
AND
X
X
X X X
between N and E
15m from BLA57
BLA59*96 BLA60*96 BLA61*96

BLA62*96
Fallblock AND dike N
Hbl AND AND dike AND AND dike

AND Breccia
AND
in
AND dike
X X
BLA63*96
BLA64*96
Gypsumfault
vql BLA57, 61
N of Baio
as
AND
BLA65*96 BLA66*96
AND
AND P4 AND dike AND X
BLA57
BLA67*96
BLA68*96
N of
Baio
Baio
X
X X X X X
AND dike NW of
BLA69*96 BLA70*96 BLA71*96 BLA72*96

BLA73*96 BLA74*96 BLA75*96 BLA76*96
NW of
Baio
Baio
AND
AND"?
above BLA70
NW of
Porph?
NWvql BLA48
AND
N of Colo Blanco
46 5-57 46 5-57
X
X
Gypsum
Alunite? P?Qtz
X
N Flanke Col Sur
BLA77*96
BLA78*96
Colorado Sur fault

Colorado Sur fault S
S
in
in
Breccia
Qtz crysts
BLA79*96
BLA80*96 BLA81*96
Baio (photopef Ba|o (photopec Baio (photopef

48 4-54
Campa Campa Campa Campa?

Porphyry
X
X
X
X X X
X
in
BLA82*96
AR1/96
near
X
X
Agua Rica Porphyry
155
Appendix
(Samples)
Sample
Nr
location
Rock
Thinsection
Thicksection
Oresection
Geo
type
chemistry
XRD
OandH
Isotopes
1997
AR
Drillhole 23
Melcho
AR 1/97 BLA1/97
Alumb 1 Alumb 2
Alumb 3
Porphyry
propylitic porphyry
QZE
P2 X
Block of qtzeye
mine mine mine mine
mine
site
site
P2/P3?
N QZE
P3? X X
site
site site
Alumb 4
Alumb 5
Alumb 6 Alumb 7
mine site
mine site mine mine
P1?
Ip lp
late P3
X X
Alumb 8
Alumb 9
site
site
Alumb 10 Alumb 11 Alumb 12 Alumb 13 Alumb 14 Alumb 15

Alumb 16
in
Bap Kodak Hill Baio
lp
ABx 1 (clasl)
ABx 2 dike-like And 3 black dike
SE
SE
Bajo
Baio
SE
SE Baio S Bap
S
vql Abx2 IP
P1/QZE
?
Bap
Alumb 17 Alumb 18 Alumb 19
NBap
N
N
North P?
Bajo Baio
Baio Baio
Adq
Bx matrix Bx matrix 1
Bx matrix 2
Alumb 20
Alumb 21 Alumb 22 FA1
NBap
N N
North P?
road from
Agua
Aqua
Breccia
Tapada
FA2 road
to Farallon
from
Dike
Tapada
FA3
road
to Farallon
from Aqua
to Farallon
altered Dike Breccia
Tapada
FA4
road from Aqua Tapada to Farallon

road from
FA5
Agua
Breccia
Tapada
1 5
8
to Farallon
Quartz Eye samples for melt incl. (collected by C.

propy
Heinrich)
X
lp/LP3 (Calcite)
LP3? LP3?
LP3?
X
X X X X
10
12 13 15 NW
LP3? LP3?
Bap
LP3?
Appendix
(Samples)
154
Sample list (dril hole samples)

Hole 37-49
Sample
Nr
1*97
Drill-hole
Rock
Thinsection
Thicksection
Oresection
Geo
depth (m)
24 60-24 70
type
AND, bio repl by
chemistry
XRD
O and H
Isotopes
py?
2*97
3*97
58.10-58 15
105 00-105 10
AND, phyllic
4*97
5*97
113 80-113 90
146 90-147 00
AND/?, calcite-qtz vein AND/P, qtz/py vein

P, phyllic, cpy,qtz,cc
X
6*97
7*97
150 30-150 35
181 70-181 75 185 90-186 00
P3, green alt?, phyllic? AND?, qtz-cc-py vein

AND'P? qtz vein, green alt? AND? qtz-py-hem-mag
8*97 9*97 10*97 11*97

12*97
193 00-193 10
128 60-128 70
271 20-271 35
275-276
13*97
14*97
282 70-282 75
296 40-296 45 328 50-328 55 399 00-399 40 490 2
85 40-85 45
AND, potassic AND, qtz vein (D) ND potassic AND, qtz D-vein"
X
X
AND, qtz-py, zoned halo
15*97 16*97
17*97
38-49
P3/Q2E?,
late D vein
pebble Dike
P3, phyllic, late qtz AND/P1?, phyllic, qtz-py vein AND/P1?, phyllic, qtz-py vein
1*97 2*97 3*97 4*97
97 80-97 85 229 90-230 10 236 10-236 15
Pi,
oy with halo
P3, qtz-py with haio

P3/QZE?
5*97 39-43
1*96 2*96
239 70-239 75 550 80-551 00

551 50-551 55
553 60-553 80 559 00-559 05
3*96
4*96 5*96
AND, phylNc-argillic AND, phyllic, py with halo

Hbl-Bio AND, potassic
X
X
X
X X
563 15-563 25
6*96
7*96
574 40-574 60
579 20-579 30
AND, qtz-py vein AND, transition, pot phyllic? ND with mag potasic
AND
XX
diff veins
X
8*96
9*96 1*97
588 00-588 05
589 60-589 70 97-126
AND qtz-py vein AND, qtz-cc vein
(3 pieces
AND
AND, potassic
2*97
3*97
208.20-208.30
218 10-218 20 383 15-383 25 380 90-380 95
phyllic/potassic front?
AND,
sec
bio
4*97 5*97 6*97

7*97
496 00-496 05 504 65-504 65

142 20-142 25
AND, py vein, ktsp alt? AND, potassic AN potassic

AND P,
potassic
1B*97
AND, phyllic, chl-py
2B*97
3B*97
153.60-153 62
1 61 40-1 61 50
AND, plag phyllic

AND, phyllic, chl-py AND, potassic,py-qtz-gyp
4B*97
298 75-298 80 427 50-427 55

455 00-455 05 323 70-323 75
39-47
1*97
2"97 3*97
4*97
5*97 6*97
7*97
341.60-341 70
345 00-345 10 345 70-345 80 348 70-348 75
8*97
9*97 10*97 11*97
352 50-352 60
354 80-354 90
144 30-144 40
P3, qtz-cc vein AND, Hbl-Bio, potassic AND?, py cut by qtz-py AND?, anhy-qtz-moly cut by py AND/P3, pyandchl alt P3, gyp-py, qtz-gyp-py(-molyv) P3, anhyd-cpy P3, green alteration P3, anhyd-moly-py
P3
X
X X
145
10-145
25
phyllic, qtz P3,phyllic, qtz
vein
vein
40-52
1*97
2*97
347 50-347 60
348 60-348 65
3*97
348 95-349 00
371 10-371 15 377 50-377 55
4*97
5*97
6*97
7*97
P3, phyllic, qtz-vein vugs P3, phyllic, qtz-cpy (late?) P3, qtz-cpy-cc vein
P3.
phyllic
vugs
P3,
stf
395 90-396 00
396 80-396 85
47 50-47 60
phyllic, qtz-cc P3,qtz-cc vein
P3, qtz-cpy-vein
P1
x X
40-59
1*97
phyllic
2*97 3*97
47-50
182 20-182 25
P1, phyllic
P1/AND?, patchy altered P1/AND?, potassic, py-vein with phyll halo P3, mod pot, weak phyllic P3, qtz-pheno
P3,
41-48
1*97
2*97
66 30-66 40
328 10-328 20
3*97
4*97
352 00-352 05
267 20-267 30
1 64 00-1 64 05
'
qtz-py,
potassic
43-47.1
1*96
2*96
Contact P3/AND,
(argilhc)
165 80-165 90
3*96
4*96
171 10-171 15
174 60-174 70
5*96
6*96
7*96
P3, phyllic qtz-veins AND (fault zone) P3, phyllic, qtz-rnagi P3, phyllic or green alteration? qtz/mag high grade
mineral
186 30-186 40
191 00-191 10 192 20-192 30 195 10-195 20 415 30-415 35
Sample
8*96
9*96
10*96
420 00-420 10 426 30-426 40
11*96 12*96
435 20-435 40
qtz-maq py qtz-vein high-grade P3 mod qtz-mag bio fresh P3? qtz fragments or phenos? P3 potassic weak
P3
155
Appendix
(Samples)
Hole
Sample
Nr
13*96
14*96 15*96 16*96
Drill-hole
Rock
Thinsection
zone
Thicksection
Oresection
Geo
depth (m)
436.70-436.80
438.30-438 35 440 50-440 60
555 70-556 00 561 70-561 75
XRD
OandH
type
P3,
str
chemistry
Isotopes
phyllic in fault
coarse
P3,
phyllic,
qtz X
P3, vgl 14
X
'"
P3, phyllic
leached
vein
17*96
18*96
565 60-565 65
19*96 20*96 43-47.1 21*96 22*96 23*96
568 60-568 65 570 40-570 50 573 10-573 15 580 00-580 20

589 80-590 00
172 40-172 45
P3, phyllic P3, py cryst in vein P3, alteration front or lithology?

P3, green alteration? chl
X
X
P3?,
weak
potassic
X
X
P3vgl22
P3, qtz phenos
43-51
1*96
2*96
3*96
180 10-180 30 181 10-181 15 193 40-193 50

465 50-465 70
471 50-471 60
4*96
5*96
P3, qtz vein, low-grade P3, qtz-py, low-grade P3, qtz phenos, high-grade
P3
Ig, phyllic
6*96
7*96
8*96
481.90-482 00 490 00-490 05

284 60-284 65
Iq, phyllic-argillic, qtz-mag veins1 Gypsuinvein Gypsumvein P2, mod potasic, weak phyllic P2 qtz-cpy-py high-grade P2, cpy veinlets, high-grade P3, qtz-mag (-mag) P3, qtz-mag-py P3/AND, qtz-py
AND,
X
X
44-46
1*97
2*97
3*97
317 10-317 15 326 70-326 80

375 20-375 25
4*97 5*97 45-61.3

1*97 2*97
394 20-394 30 98 60-98 65

106 20-106 28
3*97
4*97 5*97
261 00-261 20
319 50-319 60 310 70-310 80
qtz-py, phyllic
X
X
P3,phyllic, qtz vein P3, potassic

P3
phyllic, qtz-vein
qtz-vein, vugs qtz cut by cpy(-pv)
6*97
7*97
298
372 30-372 40
P3
P3
8*97
9*97
390 70-390 80
393 50-393 60
P3,qtz (-mag)
P3, qtz-cpy high-grade P3, qtz cut by py-seric X X
X
X
'
'"
10*97
11*97 12*97 13*97 14*97
399 70-399 75
401 10-401 15 415 35-415 40
P3,qtz
428 50-428 60
441 50-441 55
by cpy, high-grade P3,qtz-cpy-py P3,py-cpy cut by qtz, hg

cut
S
46-42 5
1*96
1*97
2*97
P3,late qtz cuts old qtz

QZE
X
X
46 40-46 55
83 70-83 75
92 10-92 15 146 90-146 95

147 50-147 60 156 45-156 55 164 40-164 50
57 20-57 30 67 50-67 60
3*97
4*97
AND, argillic, py ND/P1?, qtz-moly -(py), grenn ait? AND/P1?,qtz vein, vugs AND, two alt type py-qtz
AND, late py-qtz vein
5*97
6*97
AND, qtz-py straiqht
veins
AND, py-qtz vein
46-50
1*96
2*96 3*96
/IP3, phyllic-argillic, green, gtz-v P3, qtz-py vein
145 20-145 30
192 40-192 45
209 50-209 70 223 50-223 70 92 00-92 10
qtz/mag/cpy
IP3, potassic,
sec
1*97
bio in matrix
X
4-52
1*96 2*96
P3, weak potassic P3, argillic, but Iresh bio' IP3?,
46-54
1*96
1*96
phyllic-argillic
X
46-62
128 85-128 90
2*96 3*96
138 80-139 00
141 50-141 70
P.y phyllic-argil qyp-qtz-py P3?, phyllic-argil, qyp-qtz-py

P3?
phyllic-argillic
ce
4*96
5*96
'
142 00-142 05
145 25-145 30
"
P3?
late
alunite? Vein
X X X
Contact P3 AND
6*96
7*96
145 55-145 70
146 30-146 40
AND slrongly altered

P3?,
phyllic-argillic
X
X
8*96
154 00-154 15
9*96 10*96
162 25-162 40
166 00-166 10 172 00-172 10 117 80-118 00 129 00-129 10 348 50-348 55
AND, potassic P3?, phyllic-argillic

P3?, qtz-gyp vein
11*96
P3?, argillic, qtz vein AND, phyllic py-mag-gyp

X
46-64
1*96
2*96
1*97
AND.phyilic
anhydrite vein AND phyllic qtz-vein AND, patchy alteration
IP3A green alteration IP3?, py-(-qtz) P3/P2? Alteration front or litho?
P3
AND,
2*97
3*97
188 25-188 35
190 55-190 65
15 00-15 15
47-51.2
'i*'5
2*95
3*95 4*95
17 40-17.45
23 90-24 00
48 70-48 80
phyllic
X X
x~~
5*95 6*95
78 00-78 10 79 35-79 40
py-qtz len P2, qtz-py qtz-maq-py-cpy

P2 P3? qtz-py qtz-mqg alt, qtz-gyp-py
P2
7*95
8*95
85 20-85 30
101 00-101 10
XX
Appendix
(Samples)
156
Hole
Sample
Nr
Drili-hole
Rock
Thinsection
Thicksection
Oresection
Geo
depth (m)
109.50-109.70
132 50-132 70
type
Contact P4/P3
chemistry
XRD
OandH
Isotopes
47-512
9*95 10*95
X
X X
x
11*95
12*95
137 70-137 75
150 70-150 75
N, phyllic P3'>, phyllic NW, diss maq, chl, py

fault zone, oxidized
13*95
14*95 15*95
169 85-170 00
177 25-177-35 192 00-195 00
P3'QZE, green alteration ,py P2, phyllic

P2
X'
X
X
16*95
17*95
233.40-233.50
252 70-252 90
qtz-py
vein
porphyry
X
X
X XX
47:S3
1*95 2*95
12 00-12 15 29 25-29 35
3*95
4*95
33 00-33.30
44 90-45 00
porphyry? ohyllic supergene porphyry? phyllic supergene P2?, py-nem vein, green plag
P2
0 r
X
X
P3
py-gyp-hem vein
5*95
6*95
52 00-52 10
56 20-56 35
potassic phyllic, qyp-py

green
alteration?, gyp-qtz
Contact
7*95
8*95 9*95
64 50-64 60 65 30-65 55
68 90-69 20
P3/lp
X
X
N, phyllic N?, phyilio

monzonite alteration
10*95
11 *95
69 50-69.70
69 95-70 05
12*95
13*95
70 30-70 60
76 00-76 10
N, phyllic change or
XX
surface
ox>
14*95
15*95
79 30-79 60
82 90-83 00 87 50-87 60
porphyry, str altered porphyry porphyry

poiphyry
P3
16*95 16a*95
17*95
X
X
87 90-90 10
91 40-91 55
P3?, oxid? Hem P3?, diff alt? or oxid P3?, oid ized
18*95
19*95
92 00-92 10
95 80-96 00
20*95
21*95 22*95
96 90-97 00 99 90-100 00 100 70-100 75
P3?, yellow-qreen altered

P3?
unaltered? Bio
23*95
24*95
104 30-104.40
11480-11495 11795-11805 11965-11980
P3, fresh bio, plag altered P3?, vein alteration

P4
X
XX
25*95
26*95
qtz vuq
P3
27*95
120 90-121 00
121 90-122 05 126 50-126 55
NW? vugs
P3?, qtz
monzonite
vein
~y.
X
28*95
29*95
xenolith
X
30*95
31*95
128.05-128.10
130 55-130 70 133 00-133 20
133 80-133 90
fault
zone
P3A alteration transition?
32*95
33*95
qtz/mag,
P3,
green alt,
green alt
veins
py-cpy vein
34*95 35*95
36*95
135 80-135 90
136 05-136 20
gtz(-qyp) anhydr
"IT"1
137 00-137 15 141 35-141 40

147 25-147 35
late pyvein
37*95 38*95
39*95 40*95
162 85-162 95
164 65-164 70
N qtz vein P3?

qtz vein P3? late py vein in qtz-mag alt P2
late py
vein
qtz vug
41*95
42*95
179 55-179 65 180 55-180 75
in
43*95
182 30-162 35
183 90-184 05
186 60-186 65
qtz-mag alt P3
vein
py-qtz vein
py py-qtz vein
P31P3 X
44*95 45*95
46*95
190 25-190 35
202 15-202 25
225 90-226 10
47*95
lp,
+/- fresh
47-53'
48*95 49*95
P2' qtz
py cpy-qtz
'
"
228 50-228 60
50*95
51*95
233 30-233.35
237 55-237 65
qtz crys's
P3
52*95
53*95
265 50-265 55
263 90-264 00
54*95
55*95 56*95
275 00-275 05
275 60-275 75
py-cpy qtz crysts or NW?, qtz-cpy-py vugs vuggy qtz vein py-cpy
mineral sample
277 00-277 05
P3, qtz-py, vuqs P3 Kfsp"
X
X
57*95
58*95
59*95
280 80-280 90
281 15-281 25 292 90-293 00 293 00-293 10 305 90-306 05
310 70-310 80
ContactP3/lP3
NW
phyllic
py-qtz
P2P3
P3
60*95 61*95 62*95
py-qtz crysts
63*95
323 05-323 15 326.40-326 50

344 70-344 85 344 70-344 80
347 30-347 35
64*95
65*95
qtz-py
P2/N, qtz Ktsp vein NW, qlz-mag in matrix
X
X
C*95
D*95
NW
N
X
X
66*95
347 50-347 60
349 90-350 05
351 00-351 10
P3?
NW X
S*95
67*95
NW
A*95
68*95
364 85-364 90
371 70-371 80
QZE
py-cpy
vein
X
X
X
69*95 70*95
372 70-372 80
377 10-377 30
py-coy
vein
P3, py-cpy-qtzvein, vugs

monzonite
71*95
72*95
408 60-408 70
413 60-413 70
X
X
P3, py-cpy-qtz-mag
15
Appendix
(Samples')
Hole
Sample
Nr
Drill-hole
Rock
Thinsection
Thick-
Oresection
Geo
depth (m)
3.00-3.30
10 20-10 35
type
oxid.
oxid.
section
XRD
OandH
chemistry
Isotopes
47-55
1*95
2*95
porphyry
porphyry
X
3*95 4*95
5*95 6*95
110-90-110 95
115 90-116 00 11900-119 15 121 00-121 20
141 50-141 80
P2, cpy-py-qtz, vugs

P3? orlP3
X X
NW, mod
potassic, phyllic py-crysts, cpy
7*95 8*95
9*95
small vug with py
191 00-191 20
215 10-215 20
P2, qtz-sulfide vein, molly

P2, py-cpy vein
XX
10*95
11*95 12*95 13*95 14*95
223 30-223 40
240 45-240 50 261 30-261 40
P2, microfaults displace qtz-mag

P3,
primary hem
291 70-291 80 323 95-324 00
qtz-cpy qtz-cpy-py
P3, green alt?
X
15*95
16*95
329 50-329 60 335 60-335 70 333 40-333 55

331 40-331 45 354 00-354 10
py-cpy-hem
P2, py-cpy, vugs
X
17*95
18*95 19*95
cpy-py-hem
P2
QZE,
20*95
21*95
364.10-364.20
377
70-377,80
22*95
385 10-385 20 95 65-95 70

105 20-105 40 114 20-114 30
(sec Kfsp) cpy-py-qtz qtz/ktsp porphyry P3, gyp-qtz-Kfsp

str potassic
47-55.3
1*95
2*95 3*95
P2, Kfsp-py
late py NW
vein
X
X
4*95
5*95
115.50-115 60
144 50-144 70
porphyrv lp
6*95
7*95
8*95
9*95 10*95
145 30-145 40 146 10-146 20

146 60-146 70 147 05-147 10
147 25-147 30
P2, py vein, hg P2, py-(qtz)

P2, qtz(-py-cpy) py-qtz vug py vein, vug, hq
X X
P2
11*95
12*95 13*95
14*95
164.30-164 40
183 90-184 00
P2 qtz-mag alt, cpy P2, qtz vein, vug

py-qtz late py vein
^ X
205 60-205 65
217 80-217 85
15*95
229 30-223 40
566 00-566 30
QZ AND, gyp veins

AND, anhy-sulfides P3?, sec Kfsp, pntassic P3, phyllic, cc AND, potassic, qtz-mag AND, crosscutting relationships AND, qtz vein
47:59"
1*96
2*96
3*96 4*96
578.90-579 20
590 70-590 80
X
X? X
322 50-323 00
321 00-321 10
5*96 6*96
321 80-321 90
38 70-38 80 48 50-48 65
54 80-54 90
47-62
1*95
2*95
3*95 4*95
porphyry?, Kfsp alteration late qtz-py-qyp vein

AND, potassic
X
"
X
X
72 10-72 20
106 90-107 00
porphyry,
green spots
5*95
6*95
7*95
8*95 8a*95 9*95
123 30-123 40
127 25-127 30 127 80-127 90
violet qtz vein in H AND? Alteration transition?
-y.
porphyry
porphyry
or
or
AND?
str
AND?,
potassic
veins
X X
X
128 00-128.10
142 20-142 30
AND'7 big purple qtz

py-gyp vein
py-gyp
vein
late py-gyp
veins
10*95
11*95
171 80-171 90
172 00-172 15 181 40-181 45 12 90-13 00
12*95
47-63 3
1*95
AND, (pyx tuff?)

AND, qtz-vein phyllic, py Piss
2*95 3*95 4*95

5*95
57 30-57 40
58 50-58 55 61 10-61 20 103 40-103 55
AND
AND,
ND breccia or diff alteration porphyry, qtz-py vein
Breccia vein
AND
6*95
7*95
8*95
106 60-106 80
135 00-135 10 138 80-138 90
py-gyp-qtz-(Kfsp?l
qtz-py vein qtz vein
vein
9*95
10*95
186 90-186 95
211 00-211 08 219 10-219 30 245 30-245 40
qtz-cpy7
qtz vein in
AND?
11*95
12*95
13*95
14*95
15*95
247 10-247 15 284 30-284 40 291 90-292 00 296 00-296 10 307 30-307 45 309 60-309 75 312 60-312 70
11 60-11 70
AND, green altered? qtz-hem vein P3, qtz cuts py vein gypsum vein, halo P3?, qtz vein cutting P3, qtz-py
X
X
16*95 17*95
18*95
19*95
qtz-py-cpy
AND,
qtz-qyp-cpy-py
X
X
48-43.1
1*95
2*95
3*95 4*95
32 90-33 00 42 70-42 80
52 10-52 20 60 90-61 00 163 90-164-00
AND, weak phyllic AND, breccia
X
X
"
ND,
ND,
with
fragments
contact or
alteration
vein
5*95
6*95
change
X'
anhydrite
7*95
166 00-166 15
181 70-181 80
porphyry?, Kfsp
near
alt, py spots
vein
fault
zone
broken py-qtz
8*95
AND, green alt? qtz-py
Appendix B (Samples)
jjy
Hole
Sample
Nr
Drill-hole
Rock
Thin-
Thicksection
Oresection
Geo
depth (m)
198 90-199.00 204 50-204 60
type
AND, green phyllic? AND, vgl 9 AND, alteration front pot-green
XRD
O and H
section
chemistry
Isotopes
48-43,1
9*95
10*95
X
X
"
11*95 12*95 13*95
223 40-223 50
227 00-227 15
"X
qtz-py-cpy-sphal
AND, gtz vug
ANDHbl-bio
250 70-250 80
14*95
15*95
276 05-276 15
287 80-287 90
"
AND, py-qtz vug, phyllic
16*95 17*95 18*95

19*95 20*95
21 *95 22*95
364 50-364 60
401 90-402 00
425 10-425 30 472 10-472 20 480 30-480 45
AND,py-qtz vug AND.anhyd vein

AND, anhyd?-py-cpy
AND
vx
X
X
X
AND, anhyd-cpy-py
480 80-480 90 483 50-483 60
anhydrite vein AND, plag

AND bio
23*95
24*95
516 80-516 85
519 65-519 70 162 50-162.60 175 00-175 10
AND, Hbl-bio
48-48
1*96 2*96
pi"?
AND??
X
X
3*96
268 00-268 10
17 60-17 70 28 00-28 20
P3, Kfsp-qtz matrix, bio=chl

P3
48-5
1*96
2*96 3*96
P3,
phyllic, qtz-py, vug phyllic-argillic, qtz veins

kaolinite?
X
X
39 80-40 00 60 60-60 65
78 30-78 35
4*96
5*96
6*96
7*96
132 00-132 10
206 80-206 85
P3, phyllic-qtz-gyp P3? phyllic, coarse grained qtz P3?, qtz-py vug
P3?/IP3?
8*96
214 50-214 60
450 00-450 10 448 20-448 30
448 10-448 20
P3?weak potassic
48-54
1*96
P3, chl phyllic

laleP3?
2*96
3*96 4*96 5*96
P3, qtz-mag
P3
445 20-445 30
487 60-487 70
Kfsp-mag
halo
6*96
7*96
8*96
487 50-487 60
490 00-490 20
624 60-524 80
P3 potassic, cpy P3, qtz-mag cut by chl-cpy (qreen alt?) P3, barren qtz-mag P3
X
9
9*96 10*96
617 20-517 30
556 70-556 80 443 80-443 90
332 65-332 75
P2? Qtz mag
11*96
12*96 13*96
P2?, vgl P3
P3, maq-qtz
338 00-338 20
341 40-341 50 343 00-343 10
14*96
15*96
by qtz P3 qtz vein P3, qtz-mag P3 qtz-mag

cut
16*96
17*96
359 70-359 80
363 15-363 20
P2
or
qtz/mag
P2
18*96
19*96 20*96
364 00-364 05
364 50-364 60
P3?, qtz vein, coarse or P3A qtz-mag

coarse
P2,
P3 P3
qtz-mag
X
375 00-375 10
388 50-388 60
394 70-394 80
149 00-149 10 152 00-152 40
161 00-161 50
21*96
22*96
Iq, qtz-cc vein Iq, qtz-cc? Vug

centre
P3, qtz vein
line
48-56
1*96 2*96 3*96

4*96
sulfides NW X
X
P3, cpy
219 90-220 10 226 10-226 25
P4?
NW/P4?
5*96
6*96
48-60
223 90-224 30
246 40-236 50 236 20-236 40
238 35-238 45 264 60-264 70 AND AND
P4
1*96
2*96
3*96
AND
crosscutting potassic phyllic qtz D-veins

X
4S.2-46.3
1*96
2*96
265 70-265 90
3*96
4*96 5*96 6*96 7*96 8*96
274 30-274 40
278 40-278 50 279 00-279 10
282 60-282 95
287 70-287 75
P3'7 phyllic, qtz vein P3?, str phyllic, qtz-vein P3?, str phyllic, qtz, bio fresh?1 P3, phyllic, purple qtz-vein, vuqs P3, qtz vein P3?, phyllic-argillic
X
X XX?
X
291 70-291 80 295 20-295 25
9*96 10*96
11*96
P3, purple qtz vein PS, qtzvsin vuqs, cut by later qtz P3? Qtz vugs, phenos
fault
zone
300 00-300 05
449 00-449 05
12*96
13*96
451 80-452 00
456 40-456 45
cpy-anhydr p3, potassic, qtz in matrix P3, Kfsp-qtz?

P3 P3
Lzzzz
X X
<-;
14*96
455 35-4 55 45 353 60-353 80
qtz vein with centre line cuts clear qtz

barren
4S-5.-I
1*96
2*96
3*96
354 70-354 80
355 00-355 10
coarse qtz-mag Ig, P4??P3 Ig qtz cut by maq?i P2 Iq, qtz-veins

P2 Ig crosscutting
X X
4*96
5*96
357 10-357 20
359 80-359 95 P2
Ig, qtz, qtz-mad,

Ig
P2
6*96
362 20-362 30
365 80-365 90
P2
late py-vems qtz, bio shreddv to cnl
7*96
8*96
371 00-371 05
9*96
372 20-372 35
Ig, straight barren qtz Ig qzt-p cuts qtz-mag P2'NW?, multiple qtz-Kfsp? vein
P2
159
Appendix
(Samples)
Hole
Sample
Nr
Drill-hole
Rock
Thinsection
Thicksection
X
X
Oresection
Geo
depth (m)
374.30-374.40
398 60-398 70
type
P2
XRD
OandH
chemistry
Isotopes
49-50.1
10*96
Ig, qtz
P2
vugs filled with

coarse
11*96
Kfsp?
12*96
13*96
391 70-391 75
391 10-391 15
14*96
15*96
393 10-393 20
399 30-399 40
301 30-301 35
16*96 17*96
18*96
grained qtz Contact P2, cuts qtz-mad vein P2 Ig, coarse qrained qtz P2 Ig, displaced qtz-Kfsp veins IP3?, fine grained qtz veins P3? Lg, qtz vein with centre line
P3?
Ig,
306 50-306 60
316 60-316 65
Lg
sec
bio in matrix
19*96
321 20-321 25
Lg, qtz phenos P3? Lg qtz-mag veins

P3, phyllic qtz vugs filled with Ktsp?
P3 X
P3?
43-51
1*96
2*96 3*96
181 50-181 80
182 00-182 10
184 40-184 45
qtz-cpy-py vug
P3, qtz vein X
X
4*96 5*96
6*96
7*96
185 00-185 05
192 30-192 45
qtz-vein, mineral P3, qtz veining phyllic?

P3, qtz-cpy with chl alteration? P3, phyllic, qtz vein P3, qtz-mag vein
P3 qtz-cpy vein
198 00-198 15
235 70-235 80
"
8*96 9*96
10*96 49-52 1*96 2*96 3*96
237 30-237 40
202 90-203 00 210 60-211 00 244 30-244 40
X
..
P3,
Kfsp-qtz
P3
alteration
lg, qtz-vein
breccia qtz
cut
vein
^_
vein
240 00-240 10
242 20-242 35 P3 P3 P3
lg, gypsum,
lg, qtz
4*96
5*96 6*96
234 90-234 95
245 00-245 25 255 00-255 10 259 00-259 05 259 30-259 50 259 75-259 85 266 50-266 70 293 90-294 00 296 10-296 30 305 20-305 35 314 90-315 20
316 00-316 10
lg, qtz with internal structure lg, potassic weak?, qtz-mag P3 lg, phyllic, qtz fragments
potassic, qtz-mag+ip? Frsh bio
P3? Vein
sulfides
by py
X X
7*96
8*96
9*96
10*96 11*96
12*96 13*96
P3
relationships P3 lg, qtz-mag vein Iq, potassic, weak phytic P3 lg, qtz-mag cut by qtz
P3
X
X
lg,gtz-mag
relations,
coarse
14*96
15*96
P3
lg,
P3
vein P3
phyllic?
lg,
qtz
16*96
17*96
320 00-320 20 323 00-323 10

331 70-332 00
P3
18*96
19*96
20*96
334 00-344 15 336 00-336 10 337 40-337 50

339 70-339 90
21*96
22*96
lg, qtz gtz-mag lg, phyllic, qtz fragments lateP3, qtz-py-cpy P3, qtz, qtz-mag-Kfsp P3 qtz vein fragment P3 coarse qtz vein lateP3, phyllic
cuts
XX
X
23*96
347 00-347 20
P4? Potassic??
x X
WZ!
49-60
1*96
P2, hg, mineralization

45 50-45 55
1*96
QZE?, supergene, oxidized

P2
or
2*96
3*96
48 50-48 70 51 00-51 10 51 30-51 45
P3,qtz-py vein,
sec bio?
violett qtz vein
4*96
5*96
P3, crosscutting
P3
or
veins
58 60-58 70
63 00-63 15
P2,qtz-py,
or
sec
bio X X
X X
6*96 7*96
8*96
63 90-63 95
70 20-70 30
9*96
10*96
72 00-72 15
84 00-84 15
11*96
12*96
88 00-88 30 93 00-11 2 00 205 50-205 60

218 80-219 20
13*96 14*96 15*96
224 50-224 60
AND, qtz-py-cpy-moly hem? qtz-py vein | P3?, potassic, qtz veins ditt generations? str altered, clear qtz porphyry, Ip, qtz-py vein, maq in matrix orphyry, diff veins, gyp qtz py cpy P2, qtz-mag alteration | P2, gtz-mag veins mod potassic P2'7 weak potassic x P2, weak potassic, qtz vugs
porphyry
16*96
235 00-235 10
241 40-241 50
17*96
18*96
19*96
256 00-256 15
369 40-369 50
20*96
376 80-376 85 385 00-385 20

390 40-390 50
49-60
21*96 22*96
qtz/mag/cpy P3 qtz/maq qtz/mag, qtz/cpy P3?, mod potassic, qtz vein P3'7 py vug with qtz qtz/mag
P2?
X
X
Lg, qtz-vein
23*96
24*96
395 50-395 55
396 00-396 10 397 00-397 10
400 00-400 05 317 30-317 40
lg,
diff vein P2
generations?
vein
(X)
X
lg, gtz vein
25*96
26*96
P2
P2
lg, qtz
lg qtz vein
vein
_
X
X
49-61 4
1*95
qtz-py-cpy
2*95 3*95
4*95
335 05-335 10 336 40-336 50 357 75-357 80 358 70-358 80

345 50-345 60
P2, qtz-py-hem qtz-mag alt
P3, qtz-py in qtz-mag alt

P3
X
X
qtz-vein
5*95
P3 qiz-vetn
P2, qtz-Kfsp
cut
49-61.4
1*96
2*96 3*96 4*96

5*96
by qtz-py
vein
347 70-347 80 357 00-357 10 359 00-359 10

360 20-360 40
P2, qtz-bio vein
6*96 7*96
73 00-73 25
94 00-94 40
P'AND?
P2, qtz-mag-py
P2, qtz-mag vein P2, qtz-mag vein
shreddy
bio
cut
by py
X~
X
vein
Phyllic
vein crossing
AND, potassic
Appendix
(Samples)
160
Hole
Sample
Nr
8*96
9*96 10*96
Drill-hole
Rock
Thinsection
Thicksection
Ore-
Geo
depth (m)
97 20-97 40
102 20-102 30
type
AND, multiple
AND,
vein,
section
chemistry
XRD
OandH
Isotopes
X
49-614
11700-117 10
228 75-229 00
236 80-236 85
11*96
12*96
py(D) vein cut by gyp AND, Kfsp alteration AND, potassic
qtz-moly-py
vein
XX
13*96
14*96
240-50-240 65
262 00-262 10 268 00-268 10 277 00-277 20
279 60-279 80
AND, potassic, qtz-qyp cut by qtz qyp-cpy X AND, potassic, phyllic, vein rela AND, potassic, cpy vein
py
X X
15*96
16*96
porphyry
P2?/IP3, qtz vein P2, qtz-cpy-Kfsp? or cc?
P2/P3
....
I |
17*96
18*96 19*96
280 10-280 20
283 20-283 35 34 60-34 70 NW?
P3, phyllic qtz

mod
vein
X X X
5.3-59.4
1*95
2*95 3*95
4*95
63 30-63 40
70 65-70 75
81 70-81 85
potassic and phyllic P3, weak phyllic qtz vein
qtz-py cpy
mineral qtz
vein
X X X
5*95
6*95
87 60-87 75
88 80-88 90
qtz-gyp-vein
P3, qtz py-(hem)-mag
vein
7*95
110 80-110 90 146 00-146 05

147 80-147 85 P3
8*95
9*95 10*95
11*95
qtz-mag py P3 qtz vein

mag
in
matrix
150 80-150 90
163 50 163 60
12*95
13*95 14*95
176 00-176 10
177 10 177 20
qlz-rpy qtz-cpy qtz py-cpy

P3?
qtz
vein
205 50-205 60
481 70-481 75 P3
qtz-py
51-48
1*96 2*96
3*96
484 80-484 90
507 50-507 60
4*96
5*96
511 80-511 90
513 00-513 05
6*96
7*96 8*96
545 00-545 05
551 40 551 65 532 00-532 25
35 50-35 65
phyllic-arqillic, qtz-gyp P3, qtz vein greenish alt P3 hg, qtz-vein P3 hg, qtz vein P3 hg qtz-cpy vugs !ateP3?, phyllic
,
lateP3?
late qtz-vein porphyry
51-52.2
1*96 2*96 3*96 4*96
40 00-40 10
43 80-43 90 188 30-188 35 192 30.192 40
194 50-194 60
phyllic, qtz veinlets P3, phyllic, qtz veinlets P3, much qtz in matrix phenos P2?, qtz-mag with while centre qtz/maq qtz/maq P3 Iq, qtz, mag-Kfsp?-cc? vein P3 Iq, qtz veins with centre line P3 lg, coarse gtz-mag veins P2 qtz-veins P2/P3/IP3 qtz mag-Kfsp vein P2 lg, 2 qtz-veins centre lines P2 coarse qtz-mag veins P2, mod potassic, qtz vein qtz/maq
P3 Kfsp alteration
P3
5*96
6*96
7*96
8*96
194 70-194 75
X
X
200 40-200 50
204 60-204 80 206 70-206 80 211 60-211 70
9*96
10*96
11*96
X X
X
12*96
13*96
211 70-211 80 212 60-212 80 223 90-224 00 237 40-237 50
14*96
15*96
XX X
X X
16*96
17*96 18*96
308 70-308 90
317 90-318 00
P3, potassic, qtz-vein

P3, potassic,
^2 P3?
319 20-319 40 326 70-326 80

337 10-337 15
351 00-351 25
Kfsp-qtz
19*96
20*96
P3, potassic 2 qtz phenos

P3
21*96
22*96 23*96
Kfsp alteration qtz-veins phyllic, qtz veinlets

fresh?
357 00-357 15 363 00-363 10
P2
qtz
veins
P2
24*96 25*96
51-61.1 1*96 2*96 3*96 4*96
5*96
373 20-373 30
378 50-378 55
fault
P2
or
zone
X
X X X
X
P3
qtz-vein
346 20-346 30
351 50-351 70
P3 qtz with late vein IP3 potassic

P3
32
or
filling
353 50-353 50
522 20-522 35
Ig qtz mag
P2 P2
P2, qtz-cpy-hem cut by fault and qtz
522 80-523 00
524 40-524 45
6*96 7*96
527 40-527 55 537 60-537 70

543 60-543 70 545 00-545 05 547 00-547 15
8*96 9*96 10*96

11*96
Iq, qtz-cc vein, vuqs lg qtz cuts mag P2/lateP with qtz-Kfsp contact P2 lg, qtz Kfsp vein
P2/lateP with
XX
X
z
X X X
X
qtz-Kfsp
contact
qtz cc cpy-hem P2, qtz maq Kfsp
12*96
13*96
548 50-548 90
551 10-551 20
P3orlp? potassic,
sec
Kfsp
X
X
14*96 53-60.4
1*97
2*97
3*97
557 00-557 25 42 90-43 1

164 50-164 60
199 00-199 10
P2, qtz (Kfsp) N?, phyllic

And, potassic,
vein
relations
4*97
5*97
199 50-199 60
207 50-207 65
6*97
7*97
213 60-213 70
228 80-228 85
8*97
236 50-236 60
And, potassic lp/lP3 potassic lp/IP3 potassic lp(IP3 phyllic, qtz vein lp/lP3 phyllic qtz vein P3? phyllic gtz vein P3? phyllic qtz vein
161
lppendn
(Samples)
Hole
Sample
Nr
Drill-hole
Rock
Thin
section
Thick
section
Ore
section
Geo
depth (m)
176 181
180 1 0 180 15
type
P2 P2
chemistry
XRD
OandH
Isotopes
55 5 60
1*97
phyltc
qtz py
wth halo
2*97
3*97
188 10 188 20 192 40 192 50 193 10 193 20

204 206
Ip
4*97 5*97
6*97
7*97
porphry qtz
209 80 209 90
150 00 153 00
potasse phyll'c Co -itact P2/lp P2 potassic P2P3

PI
weak
T X
56 50
1*97
phyl
2*97
195 00 198 00
175
P1
AND
3*97
t hylic dark greet
"
57 5 6
1*97
33 50 33 55
2*97
3*97 4*97
35 25 35 27
36 10 36 20
37 38
5*97
6*97 7*97
4010 40 15
41 90 42
Camp QZfc? phyll c qtzpheio Camp'QZE? phyll'c qtzpheno Camp/QZE? phyl! c qtz pheno Camp/QZE'' phyll'c Camp/QZE? phyllic qtz pheno Camp/QZE? phyll c qtz phe io
^
X
X
^_
X
X
50 51 100 102
102 50 102 60 108 010 108 10
Camp/QZv" phyll'c
Camp/QZE? phyll c arg II c Camp/QZE? phyll c qtz py Camp/QZE? phyll c qtz phe io Camp/QZE? phyll c qtz py Camp/QZE? phyll'c qtz py Camp/QZE'' phyll c qtz (py)
8*97
9*97
10 97
11*97
11600 11605 122 50 122 60

126 00 126 10
12*97
13 97
Map with sample

IT,
location
t
N
3.35
3S
T710 14 nr olotado Sur
try'i
111211
:j|gt
saâ
v
1
t/1417
1-77
tr:
pi
.,
J'
97
np-uvmnto A
r
i,
^
>v*
f^*A>\
1^"a
i t
q
i
to
M
/
I
n
h\ y
j
NV rit I
I
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t
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i
)
l rh
ite
v
putt
li!
o
H c ol
IF
i
VtA1)
l/P}Foptv
Fn
1
ltdtici,
-
Bold N
in
samples ttom 1 'V)h simples from 19%

il
Main Dacitc Stock
samples
troni 199?
Appendix
(Mierothermometry)
J62
Grey marked numbers

Polyphase
brine inclusion
refer to
assemblages,
which
were
analyses
with LA-ICP-MS
assemblages
sample
nr
depth
Cu/Au
description
Tv
TmhaiB
Th
Salinity
in wt%
wt%/ppm
B
NaCl equiv. barren qtz vein in vug, weakly? avg potassiclly-altered Early P3, sec stdv trail, coex vapor? barren gtz
trail
vein in vug, weakly? avg potassiclly-altered Early P3, sec stdv
47
47.3ZS&
0 06/0.1
511.5
21.8
665.0
61.4
2.9
48
118
0 06/0 1
478.1
500.0 13.2
56.9
1.9
15-25
14.5
49 47-53 30/3
b
128
0 1/0 17
fsp-destr overprinted Early P3,

near
avg
stdv
517.49
9.93
>5B0
62.16
1.37
30-60
fault zone, barren qtz
cluster of inclusions
(primary?)
avg s'dv 499.9 8.8
50
128
0 1'0 17
fsp-destr overprinted Early P3,

near
537.5 3.5
59.8
1.2
fault zone, barren qtz,
(primary?)
avg
stdv
51 47-55/75
25
0 02/0 53 P2
Porphyry qtz-mag-hem,
415.3
18 5
468.2
23.3
55.6
3.0
25-50
irregular clustered incl

L
52 49-50 1 1/3
353
0 09/0 04 barren qtz
vein in
Early P3,
avg
stdv
392.6
11.2
431.7
5.8
46.7
1.2
28-50
potassiclly-altered, cluster of primary? inclusions, cpy solid

incl
M
53 49-50.1 4/2
357
0 09/0 05
P2 Porphyry vein cutting relationships py-qtz vein kfsp.
avq striv
326.0 12.8
459.4
9.5
40.3 1.1
5-30
pseudosecondary trail
Q
54
49-51M ,\
0 9/1 5
Early
vuq,
P3 with clear
qtz crysts
in
avg
stdv
429.3 37.5
462.8
19.0
50.9
4.3
20-40
secondary
trail
AD 55
50.3-59.4, 6/3
0 72/2 1
Early P3,qtz-mag-(py)-(hem)
vein,
avg
stdv
448.3
42 7
516.0
5.2
62.0 0.7 62.1

3.7
20-40
plane of
P3 with
sec
incl
AF 56 51-52.2 9/2
204
0 02/0 05
Early
coarse
qtz-mag
Incl
avg
stdv
517.0
26.6
376.5
>600
28-45
vein, cluster of AJ
primary?
in
57
523
0 01/0 03 P2
Porphyry.clear qtz
vug
avg
stdv
540.8
69.1
45.1
20-30
with calcite, AJ
secondary trail
in
31.4
421.2
3.3 49.9 1 8
58
si-swim
523
0 01'0 03 P2
Porphyry.clear qtz
vug
avg
stdv
471.1
18.4
20-50
with calcite, secondary trail AJ
16 4
59 51.61,1 IVS
523
0 01'0 03 P2
with calcite,
Porphyry.clear qtz in vug secondary trail
avg
stdv
439.0
5.2
499.0
12.6
51.9
0.6 62.4
15-20
AO 60 BLA1 /97 Bl,1
surface
strong fsp-destr altered Qtz-Eye- avg
382.0 23.2
518.8
185
20-35
Porphyry
with
qtz-py vein sharp stdv
2.6
secondary trail
AO 61
BLA 113782
surface
strong fsp-destr altered
avg
stdv
553 9
19.5
>600
66.1
3.6
20-35
Qfz-Eye-Porphyry
vein,
with
qtz-py
secondary trail
AO 62
BLA.1197B,.2$ae$urface
strong fsp-destr altered Qtz-Eye- avg stdv Porphyry with qtz-py vein,
secondary trail
488.5
3,1
580.3
1.0
71.1
0.1
'5-20
AO 63 BLA 1/97B, 3
stronq tsp-destr altered Qtz-Eye- avg
528.8
27 3
>600
63.8
39
Porphyry with qtz-py vein

secondary
AO 64
trail
stdv
3LA1/97A1I
surface
541
>600
66 7
Porphyry
with
qtz-py
vein,
stdv
52
primaries?
AO 65 BLA 1/97 A I, 1
surface
strong fsp-destr
altered
Qtz-Eye- avg
503!
>600
60.3
20-35
163
Appendix
(Microtherinoinetry)
Polyphase
brine in elusion
assemblages (cont.)
Cu/Au
sample
nr
depth
m
description
Tv
Tmha,|.
Th
Salinity
in
wt%
size in
(i
wt%(ppm
strong fsp-destr altered Qtz-Eye- avq
515.5 >600
NaCl equiv. 61.9

1.2
AO 66
BLAiywa
^x; surface
35-40
Porphyry
with qtz-py vein,
stdv
8.3
primaries'?
AO 67
BLAtvarm
surface
strong fsp-destr altered Qtz-Eye- avg stdv Porphyry with qtz-py vein
primaries?
529.3
11.1
>600
63.8
1.6
25-45
AO 68
BLAIV972/B
surface
490.0 30.0
>600
58.5
4.0
30-40
Porphyry with qtz-py primaries?

AO 69 BLA
vein
stdv
IV, 3,5
surface
532.0
10.3
714.5
75.8
64.2 1.5
30
Porphyry
dense AO 70 BLA 1/97B2
with
qtz-py vein, very

>
stdv
packed primaries
altered
surface
strong fsp-destr
Qtz-Eye- avg
very
stdv
552.5
10.6
713.0
32.5
67.1
1.5
25-30
Porphyry with qtz-py
vein
dense packed primaries?

AO 71
BLA1/97A, I/3
surface
530.7
17.5
722.7
63.6
64 0
18-26
Porphyry
with
qtz-py
vein
very
stdv
2.5
dense packed primaries?

AO 72
BLA1/97A,
I/3
surface
strong fsp-destr altered Qtz-Eye- avq
526
>600
63.34
25
Porphyry with qtz-py vein
vry
stdv
dense packed, s'ngle analyses of Th=845C (not reliable)
Appendix
(Mierothermometry)
jq
Opaque-bearing
brine inclusion
assemblages
sample
nr
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
Tv
Tmhalite
Th
Salinity
NaCl
in wt%
size in p
wt%/ppm
0 28/0 22
equiv.
20-35
73
47-53 62/1
b
311
Early P3, moderate potassic, qtz-py vein, cluster of rounded inclusions (primary?)
avg
366.3 3.6
423.1
44.0
stdv
22.5
0.3
74 47-53
72/5
413
0 55/0 67 P2
Porphyry?
With py-cpy-qtz-
avg
stdv
340.0
68.3
286.6
383.3
38.3
43.6
50
13 32
mag vein, clustered, rounded inclusions on a plane

L
75 49-50 1 1/8
353
0 09/0 04 barren
qtz vein in Early P3, potassiclly-altered. cluster ot

inclusions
on
avg
stdv
292.1
15.5
362.6
42.0
37.6
1.2
10-2
secondary plane,
in
cpy solid incl
sample
avg
stdv
76 49-50.1 4/1
c
357
0 09/0 05
P2 Porphyry vein cutting relationships py-qtz vein, kfsp,
318.9
27.9
446.0
11.3
39.8
2.4
15-30
cluster of rounded inclusions M

77 49-50 1 4/9
357
0 09/0 05
P2 Porphyry vein cutting relationships py-qtz vein kfsp
avg
stdv
322.3 31.2
401.8
42,6
20-40
18.8
56
cluster of rounded inclusions
78 49-51 3 1/2
b
184
0 85/1 5
Early P3, slightly fsp-destr

altered, qtz
vein
avg
stdv
386.6
183
554.7
27.6
46.1
1.9
15-30
with neq
fspr
crystal
fillinq?, clustered
P
79 49-51 3 1/2 d
184
0 85/1 5
Early P3, slightly fsp-destr vein with fspr filling?, sharp sec trail
altered, qtz
avg
stdv
423.0 35.3
523.8
25.0
63.1
3.5
10-22
80 49-51 5,2
184
0 85/1 5
Early P3, slightly fsp-destr

altered, qtz vein with fspr filling?, clustered neg crystal
avg stdv
461.3 19.6
450 0
509.8
59.1
12-25
6.7
4.0
81
49-52 3/2
c
242
0 06/0 06
Early P3, barren qtz-vein

py-vem,
cut
by avg
stdv
310.3
36.9
436.3
10.8
51 6
1.3
10-20
potassiclly-altered,
cluster of
subregular
inclusions, cpy solid incl

R
82 f
242
0.06/0 06 P3, barren qtz-vein

vein,
cut
by
py-
avg
350.0
18.5
456.8
18.7
54.1
10-20
of
potassiclly-altered, cluste r stdv rounded to subregular incl,
cpy solid incl R

83 g
242
0 06/0 06
Early P3,
barren
qtz-vein
cut
by avg
stdv
301.3 31 9
468.0
55.6
15-20
py-vem, potassiclly-altered, inclusions along a small (late)
18.4
2.3
sharp trail
R
84 49-52 3/5 k
cpy solid incl
242
0 06/0 06
Early P3, barren qtz-vein

py-vein,
cut
by
avg
stdv
367.5
13 5
510.3
29.0
44.1 1.3
17-24
potassiclly-altered, inclusions along a small trail

P3
85 49-52 3/5 I
242
0 06/0 06
Early
barren qtz-vein cut
by avg
stdv
354.6 83
370.2
41.8
11-20
py-vem,
potassiclly-altered
a
50.7
2.7
inclusions along
V 86 49-52 19A 334 0 07/0 11
small trail
Early P3, qtz-vein, potassic,

small cluster of rounded incl
avg
stdv
431.7
20.2
484.0
4.6
57.6
0.6
87 49-52 19B/2
334
0 07/0 11

large cluster of rounded incl
avg
stdv
381.7
36.9
382.0
31.1
437.4
15.9
48.8
3.6
15-20
88 49-52 21/2
337
0 14/012
Early P3, potassic, coarse grained barren qtz-vein. sec plane of inclusions
Porphyry.clear qtz
sec in
avg
stdv
303.3
4.9
381.9
29.1
38.4
04
10-20
AJ
89 51-61 1 5/4
523
0 01/0 03 P2
vug
avg stdv
358 3
20 3
>600
43.2
16-40
with calcite,
plane
1.8
165
Appendix
(Mierothermometry)
Opaque-bearing
sample
nr
brine inclusion assemblages (cont.) depth

m
Cu/Au
description
Tv
TmiMiito
Th
Salinity in wt%
NaCl
size in
wt%/ppm fsp-destr
altered
equiv.
20-30
AO 91 BLA
1/97B11,1
surface
Qtz-Eye-
avg
stdv
292.3 36.4
>600
37.9
2.8
Porph, qtz-py vein, partly neg crystal-shaped incl. clustered

AO 92 BLA 2/97 62 surface
fsp-destr altered Qtz-EyePorph. qtz-py vein, partly neg

crystal-shaped incl,sec
trail
avq
390.5
771.5
46.5
15-25
stdv
28.1
16.3
3.0
AO 93 SLA 2/37 B
surface
fsp-destr
altered
Qtz-Eyeneg
avg
stdv
450.1
11.7
>600
53.3
1.5
20-30
Porph, gtz-py
vein
crysta1
shaped incl,sec trail

AO 94 BLA 2/97 B2 surface
fsp-destr altered Qtz-EyePorph, gtz-py vein partly neg

crystal-shaped incl.sec trail
avq
stdv
411 0
41.0
451.9
12.6
484.6
11.5
541
2.5
23-33
AO 95 BLA 1/97A.2
surface
fsp-destr altered Qtz-EyePorph, qtz-py vein, partly neg

crystal-shaped incl,sec
trail
avq stdv
445.9
470.3
52.8
30-35
24.5
14.1
3.0
AO 96 BLA12/97C.1
surface
fsp-destr
altered
Qtz-Eye-
avg
stdv
449 7 167
439.5
15.2
490.0
28.3
54.8
4.1
15-20
Porph, qtz-py vein, partly neg crystal-shaped incl, flat plane
Brine inclusion
assemblages
sample
nr
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
Tv
Tnihalite
Th
Salinity
in wt%
size in
wt%/ppm
0 28/0 22
NaCl equiv.
97
47-53 62/1
a
311
Early P3,
qtz-py
inclusions
moderate potassic,
on a sec
avg
stdv
273.0
0.0
377.6
12.2
36.2 0.0
15-20
vein, cluster of rounded
plane
321.3 3.5
335.8 13.2 41.1 1.2 15-20
98
49-52 3/5
242
0 06/0 06
Early P3, qtz-vein

vein,
of
cut by pyavg potassiclly-altered, cluster stdv rounded (primaries?)
99
49-52 3/5
1
242
0 06/0 06
Early
some
P3, barren qtz-vein cut
by
avq
stdv
301.8
9.9
359.6
28.0
38.3
0.7
15-20
py-vem, potassic, cluster with
opaque-bearinq incl
avg
stdv 219.5
100
49-52,1SB/3
334
0 07/0 11

clearly defined plane, neg crystal-shaped to rounded incl
not
351.0
36.1
368.3
39.6
41.4
3.9
10-20
27.6
101
49-52, *9B/4
,334
0 07,0 11
Early P3, qtz-vein, potassic, clustered, rounded incl with

some
avg stdv
345.0 40.4
386.8
43.2
42.1 3.7
15
opaque-bearinq incl
coarse
W 102 49-52 21/1
337
0 14'0 12
Early P3, potassic,
avg
stdv
302.0
35
392.9
25.6
38.3
03
10-20
grained barren qtz-vein sec plane of inclusions some little

opaque
daughter phases
avg
stdv
AJ 103 51-61 1 115/1
523
0 01/0 03
Porphyry.clear qtz in vug with calcite small cluster of

inclusions
P2
339.2
23
390.9
21.0
46.5
2.2
15
AO104
BLAimmî
surface
strong fsp-destr altered QtzEye-Porphyry, qtz-py vein,

rounded incl, not clearly
a
avq
stdv
281.2
36.4
671.0
6
36.9
2.8
15-30
along
trail, highest Th 677"C (3 avg

vein, trai
AO 105 BLA 1/97 BII.1
surface
strong tsp-destr altered
315.0
45.3
567.5
9.2
39.6
3.9
15-25
Qtz-Eye-Porphyry, qtz-py
rounded incl, alonq
a sec
stdv
Appendix
(Mierothermometry)
jfifi
Aqueous inclusion
sample
nr
assem
blages
Cu/Au
depth
m
description
Ttl
L+v >L
Tm,ce
Salinity
NaCl
in wt%
degree
of fill
size in u
wt%/ppm
0 4/0 4
equiv.
47-8211
a
172
Anhy-py
m
vein in
potassiclly-
avq
stdv
231.0 21 9
-4.7
7.2
0 8-0 9
15-25
altered andsite, secondary trail,
34
4.6
anhydrite, reqular shaped

avq stdv
231.0
-20.7
172
0 4/0 4
Anhydrite-pyrite vein in andsite secondary trail, in anhydrite, regular shaped

cluster of inclusions, rounded calcite
in a in
14.7 8.9
0 7-0 8
20-25
20.8
46
AP
sample
15
surface
late P3,
avg stdv
204.3
17 0
-0 2
0.0
0.4
0.9
10-15
01
propyliticlly-altered
X
4
45-59QZB
f
surface
in
quartz
avg
242.0
-4 6
7.1
0 9
20-40
phenocryst in fsp-destr altered Quartz-Eye-Porphyry

surface cluster of inclusions
in
stdv
26
2.9
4.2
quartz
avg
stdv
277.5
20.6
-23.3
9.0
23.5
8.4
08
10-30
phenocryst
altered
some
in
fsp-destr
Quartz-Eye-Porphyry,
hydrohalite
in
with
5a
suitace
quartz
avg
stdv
267.1
8.4
-23.4
0.0
24.6
0.0
0 8
10-16
phenocryst
altered
some with
in
fsp-destr
Quartz-Eye-Porphyry
hydrohalite
avq
47-53, 72
2
413
0 55 0 67
py-cpy-qtz-(mag) vein in Early P3, cluster of rounded incl
328.0
40
-0.2 0.1 -17.3 0.0 -0.1 0.0
0.3
09
10-15
sldv
0.1
413
0 55/0 67
py-cpy-gtz-(mag)
vein in
Early
avg
277.3
4.2
20.4
0 9
10-30
P3, cluster of rounded incl

H 8
stdv
avg sldv
0.0
47-55.3, 7/1
a
146
1 7/3 2
qtz-py
vein in
P2
Porphyry
238.6
8.4 252 0
1 8
0.2
0.0
09
15-20
cluster of rounded inclusions 357
49-50 1, 4/1
0 08/0 05 P2
Porphyry, qtz-py vein, sligtAy fsp-destr altered, small trail, 'atei

decrep
avg stdv
-15.6
0.0
19.1
0.0
0 9
14-28
10
49-50 1. 4/3
357
0 08/0 05
P2 Porphyry, qtz-py vein, slightly fsp-destr altered, cluster ot inclusions
avg
246.2
145
-7.1
10.6
0.6
00
8-20
stdv
0.5
11
49-50 1, 8/3
a
371
0 05'0 15 P2
Porphyry qtz-py vein
avq
281.3
36.2
-10.8
2.8
14.6
3.2
0 7
20-30
cuttmq qtz-maq, cluster of incl,

371
0 05/0 15
stdv
12
P2
Porphyry qtz-py
vein
cutting qtz-maq, cluster of incl

R
13
avg stdv
300 7
0.8
-1.9
0.5
-2 0
3.2
0.8 3.3
2.7
09
15-25
49-52 3/1
b
242
0 06/0 05
Early P3,
py-vem,
barren qtz vein cut by slightly fsp-destr altered, rounded inclusions, along growth
zone
avg stdv
273.0
4.5
09
10-20
16
14
49-52 3/1
f
242
0 06/0 05
py-vem,
Early P3, barren qtz vein cut by slightly fsp-destr altered,
avg stdv
229 3 12.7
-9.7
13.6 0.2
0 8-0 9
15-20
0.2
rounded inclusions
15
49-52 3/2
a
242
0 06/0 05
py-vem,
Early P3, barren qtz vein cut by slightly fsp-destr altered,

lounded inclusions
avg stdv
273.2 7.8
-13.3
05
17.2 0.4
0 9
14-20
16
49-52 3/3
a
242
0 06/0 05
Early P3,
barren qtz
vein
cut
by
py-vem, slightly fsp-destr altered,

lounded inclusions,
on
avg stdv
262.4
-11.4 2.3
15.3
2.3
07
17-30
13.9
plane
avg
stdv
17
242
0 06/0 05
Early P3, banen qtz

py-vetn
vein cut by sliqhtly fsp-destr altered,
256.5
16.8
-10.9
0.3
14.9
0.3
08
15-25
rounded inclusions
167
Appendix
(Mierothermometry}
Aqueous inclusion assemblages (cont.)

sample
nr
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
"i"nL+V>L
Tm,c,
Salinity
NaCl
in wt%
degree
of fill
size in u
wt%/ppm
0 06/0 05
equiv.
19
49-52 3/5 d
242
Early P3,
py-vem,
barren qtz vein cut by sliqhtly fsp-destr altered,
avg
stdv
277.1 9.3
-11.0
14.9
08
10-20
1.3
1.3
rounded inclusions, clustered U

20
43-5214
"315
0 12/0.11
Early P3, fsp-destr altered, secondary trail
avg
stdv
270.8
20.7
-0.8 0.2
1.4 0.3 3.0

0.3
09
10
21
49-5219A
"334
0 07/0.11
Early P3, potassic,
cluster
avg
stdv
240.0
00
-1.8
0.2
0 8
10-15
of rounded inclusions
22
49-61.4 19/1
283
1 2/1 8
Early
P3
fsp-destr altered,
one
avg
stdv
230 5
22
-20.7
0.3
22.8
0.2
0 9
20
irregular inclusions,
with metastable
mc'usion
phase
avg
stdv
AC
23
49 2-46 3 8 1d
292
0 77/0.76
Early
P3
fsp-destr altered,
238.5
4.7
-1.7 0.2
-2.9
2.9
0.3
08
17-25
cluster of inclusions 212 0 04/0.06 P2
AH
24
51-52 2 13
a
Porphyry, qtz-mag
vein,
avq stdv
289.3
1 0
4.8 0.3 17.7 0.1

7.4
0 9
17-20
rounded
incl, small clusters

in
0.2
-13.9 0.2
AJ
25
51-Btd
II W1 "523
0 01/0.03 P2
Porphyry.clear qtz
vug
avg stdv
292.2 10.0 257.6

64
0 8-0 9
20-30
with calcite,
AJ 26
secondary
trail
51-61.1 H 5/3c 523

a
0 01/0 03
P2
with
Porphyry clear qtz in vug calcite, cluster, one with

(trapped?)
in
avg
stdv
-4.7
0 9
17-30
0.1
0.1
opaque phase
AJ
27
51-61.1 II 5/3a 523

c
0 01/0 03
P2
Porphyry.clear qtz
vug
witn
avq
stdv
278.2
S.7
-8,1
0.0
11.8
0.0
0 9
15-20
with calcite, cluster
some
opaque
phase (trapped?)
Appendix
(Mierothermometry)
js,
High-density vapor inclusion assemblages
sample
nr
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
Th
v+l sv
Tm,
Salinity
in
wt%
degree
of fill
size in u
wt%/ppm fsp destr Qtz Eye Prophyry

avg
370 0 00 -6 6
NaCl equiv 100
AN
28
BLA 18 11/1
an
surface
'
28 35
phenocryst
plane
or
clustered
no
defined stdv
04
04
trail
AN
29
surface
fsp
destr Qtz
Eye Prophyiy
no
avg
370 0
00
-6 4
97
04
0 4
i? 56
phenocryst clustered
defined stdv
04
plane
AN 30
or
trail
BLA18II/2
c
surface
fsp destr Qtz Eye Prop!
yry
wg
399 3
1 2
-13 1
169 05
0 ?
28 60
phenocryst
plane
or
clustered
no
defined stdv
04
trail
31
45-61,3 IS/2
428
1 4/2 4
Early
trail
P3
or
P2? With py cpy vein
a\g
stdv
399 0
23 0
-2 2 02
3.6
04
0 ?
25 30
cutting qtz
some
vein
potassic
neg
sec
C02
cryst mag
solid incl
32
St
428
14/2 4
Early
P3
or
P2? With py cpy
v ei t
avg
s'clv
430 0
83
-2 0
04
34
07
0 3
15 40
cutting qtz
clustered
vein some
potassic
C02
neg crysl
maq solid incl
33
45-613,2
428
1 4/2 4
Early
P3
or
P2? With py cpy
\ in
avg
stdv
4213
20 8
-0 9 04
16
06
0 y
25 35
cutting qtz
clustered
A
34
vein
potassic
C02
some
net) cryst 425 0

129
45 61 3/13 2
428
1 4/2 4
Early
P3
or
P2? With oy -py
ve n
avg
stdv
-15 1
25
186
21
0 y
20 30
cutting qtz
vein
potassic
clustered some C02

with opaques
neg crysl
35
47-5362(1
311
0 28/0 22
Early P3 moderate potassic

qtz py
vein
ayq
stdv
395 0 21 2
-6 3
08
95
1 0
0 4
30 40
cluster of rounded
inclusions
P 36 49 51 3
c
1/2
242
0 06/0 05
Early
py
P3 barren
qtz
vein
cut
by
IV
378 8 103
-6 0
92 00
0 2
28 42
vein
slightly fsp-destr altered
stdv
00
lose small trail
37
49 61 4 16/1
c
277
1 2/1 8
late P3?
fsp
destr clusters ot
like
no
avg
stdv
480 0
50
-9 6
00
135
00
0 3
22 28
inclusions opaques
droplet
38
277
12 18
late P3
>
inclusions
opaques
fsp destr clusters droplet like no
of
avq stdv
391 3 36 3
-6 0 00
92 00
0 i
i0
39
277
1 2/1 8
late P3? fsp destr clusters of

incl
avg
stdv
425 0
35 4
-12 8
26
16 6
24
0 4
30
droplet like
one
in some
small
opaques
incl
up to 500 C? 386 5 27 7
-2 1
AO
40
BL 1/97A, 1
surface
strong fsp destr Qtz Eye
wg stdv
I
35 07
0 2
20 60
Porphyry qtz
shaped
some
py
vein
neg crysta
sec tra
04
to rounded incl
with opaques
AO
41
BLA&7B1
surface
avg
stdv
432 6
-3 5 1 2
57 1 8
0 2
15 2r
Porphyry qtz
sec
py
vein
parallel
391
trail some with opaques
AO
42
BLA 2/97 B1
surface
strong fsp destr Qlz Eye Porphyry qtz py vein parallel

sec
422 5
1/8
32
03
53
04
0 -1
stdv
trail
some
with opaques >600
AO
43
BLA IV 97,2,6
surface
avg
-1 0 01
17 02
0 1
25 35
Porphyry qtz
some
py
vein
sec
trail
stdv
with opaques
169
Appendix
(Microtherinoinetry.
Boiling assemblages Liquid

sample
nr
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
Salinity
wt%
degree
of fill
size m p
wt%/ppm
1 4/2 4
NaCl equiv
of vapor
45-61,4 1$t
Early P3
or
P2? With py-cpy
ve n
avg
364 3
29 3
397 3
6 5
43 9 2.8
cutting qtz-vein potassic sec trail stdv mostly low-density vapor few high
density (intermediate member?)

7wt% NaCl
0 06/0 1
barren qtz
vein in vuq weakly? potassiclly-altered Early P3 sec trail low-density vapor except
avg
sldv
S14 3
18 5
530 0
0 0
617
2 5
0 2, but most
17-28
low-density
intermediate with 10 2wto NaCl

0 09/0 04 barren qtz
vein in
Early P3
sec
avq
one
332 0
53 7
400 0 141
41.0
0 1
but most
15-25
potassiclly-altered
trail
sldv
4.7
low-density
vapor incl measured 2.2wt% NaCl
109 49-50
1,
4/6
357
0 09/0 05 P2
Porphyry
vein
py-qtz
vein cuttinq relations kfsp cluster of coex
avg
stdv
385 3
38 7
420.8
1 0
46.1
38
0 1
but most
17-35
low-density
low-density
vapor few
high-density
with 5wt% NaCl R

110 49-52 3/3 242
0 06/0 06
Early
vein
P3 barren
qtz
vein cut
by pyavg
stdv
250
10
305 0
50
35
0.5
low-density
10-20
potassic
sec
trail
small incl
not well-constrained
49-52 3/3
0 06 0 06
Early
vein
P3
barren qtz-vein cut

sec
potassic
by pv- avq sldv trail few vapor

3wtA
367 0
41 0
418 5
44 2
0 1
but most
15-25
26 2
40
low-density
incl
with opaques
112 49-52
21/3
0 14*0 1?
Eaily P3 potassic coarse qrained barren qtz-vein smail

trail
avg
sec
406 5
54 4
447 5 3 5
48 4 60
low-density
15-25
stdv
mostly low-density vapor less
0 04/0 06 P2
Porphyry qtz-mag
crystal shape
one
vein
avq
sec
442 5
3 5
52.3 0.4
low-density
20 30
neq
to rounded
stdv
trail
vapor 4 wt%
AO
114
BLAW7A 1,1
surface
strong fsp-destr Qtz-Eye-
Porphyry qtz-py
vein
neg crystal
avg stdv
489 8
84
>600
58.4 1.1
(720)
shaped sec trail one vapor 4 5wt% decrepat712 three

inclusions
homogenized
at /21
BLA1/97A 1, 1
strong fsp-destr Qtz-Eyeavg Porphyry, qtz-py vein sec trail low stdv density vapor one incl I0 5wto
surface
529 3 135
>600
63.8 1.9
O?
15-35
(720)
AO
116
BLAimA 1,2
strong fsp-destr Qtz-EyePorphyry qtz-py vein neg crystal shaped sec trail low-density incl
intermediate member with 8wtA
avq
445 2
24 7
470 3
141
52.7
30
01
22-45
stdv
AO
117
BLAima, 2
surface
fsp-destr Qtz-Eye-Porphyry
qtz-py
vein
sec trail
avq
541 3
14 6
65.5
21
01
but most
15 30
crystal shaped low-density vapor one

neg
sldv
low-denst'v
vapor 10 5wtt
Appendix
(Mierothermometry)
/ 70
Boiling assemblages (cont.)
Vapor
sample
nr
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
Th
vtL->v
Tnii
Salinity
NaCl
in wt%
size in
wt%/ppir
1 4/2 4
equiv.
2
degree ot fill
0.1
106 45-61.3 13/1
428
Early
one
P3
or
P2? With py-cpy vein

sec
culling qtz-vein potassic,

measurement
trail,
avg stdv
420
-1.1
15-25
112 49-52 21/3
337
0 14/0 12
vapor,
Early P3, mostly low-density (salinity estimated for calculation 1 5)

strong fsp-destr Qtz-EyePorphyry, qtz-py vein, neg crystal shaped,
sec
avg
stdv
380
-4.4
0.1, but most

low-density
15-25
AO
114
BLA1/97AI, 1
surface
avg
stdv
4257
-1.8
0.3
3.1
0.4
0.2
2S-33
trail,
high
and low-
density vapor, two measurements AO

115 BLA1/7A
1,
surface
strong fsp-destr Qtz-EyePorphyry, qtz-py vein, sec trail, low
avg stdv
530?
-6.6
10.5
0 2
20
density vapor,
one
intermediate
member, estimated average 0 9

AO 116 BLA1/97A 1, 2
surface
strong fsp-destr Qtz-Eye-
avg
480
-1,4
2.5
0 1
22-45
Porphyiy, qtz-py vein,

measurements,
member 8wt%
one
sec
trail, 2
stdv
tnterrmediate
AO
117
BLA1/97B, 2
surface
fsp-destr Qtz-Eye-Porphyry, qtz-py vein, neg. crystal shaped,

sec
avg
stdv
580?
-1.4
2,5
0.1, bul most
15-30
low-density
trail,
one
measurement 2 5wtA
10 5wt%
NaCl, other
ri
Appendix
D (LA-ICT-MS
data)
negative
numbers of the LA-ICP-MS
analyses
are
below the indicated dclection limit
Polyphase
brine inclusion
assemblages
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
barren
TmUl
avq
stdv
Th
wt% NaCl
equiv.
006/01
47-S32SB
b
118
qtz vein in vuq weakly? potassiclly-altered Early P3 sec trail, coex vapor'
5 Fl 2 6 Fl 3 150
170
511.5
218
>600
614
2 9
jn26a98
Sample
Comment: Fl 1
urn
7
Fl 4
9 Fl 5 Fl 6
70
10
Fl 7 180
11 Fl 8
20 0
12
20 0
160
140
Li 7 Na23 AI27 CI35 K39 Ca 44 Ti49 Mn55 Fg57
ppm
1199
77 9
105 7
-64 1
-199 5 89 629 5
-159 4
16 485 6
67 0
52 5
-79 7 86 892 0 152 3 265 748 8 155 576 3 -5 851 9 200 9

41 172 7
ppm
ppm
100,656 0
135 9 257 300 2 145 258 0
66,246 9
138 5
55,421 6
362 6
107,834 6
518 4
76,633.2
-30 5
52,549 7
-27 3
ppm ppm
215,031 7
169 319 9 -6 508 2 195 4
40 294 2 193 480 8 5 450 2
9 843 9 -75 7
276 318 0
181 594 3 7 873 6 324 5
47 797 0
336 918 1
278,045 7
264,774
131 888 6 -5 036 8

-128 7
157 855 7
-25 744 9 -669 9
40 695 8
125,388 1 5,712.9
-84 5 33 255 0
183,254 2 5,393 4
-85 9
ppm
ppm
ppm
3,996
70 2
36 202 1
46 046 8 125 635 7 173 0

8 562 4 -58 8
49,872 7
205 356 5
ppm ppm
ppm
167,605 9 4,725
8,171
8
1
159 923 4
4 701 0
163 565 1
3 989 9
144 898 9
2 930 5
7 853 5 45 9
179 726 5
Cu65
Zn66
As 75
2,473 8
1,229
11 330 6 -64 2
9 904 7 -304 5
11,530 1
-42 9 752 9
152 3
9 621 5
-60 0
ppm ppm ppm
-17 6
Rb85
Sr88 Mo 95
497 8
122 0 34 6
566 7
124 8
28 6
640 2
157 7 32 2 41 0
721 9 90 2 -195
41 0
486 3
1185 -85 0
436 7 106 6 36 4 26 7
496 7
119
ppm
ppm
-11 2
30 0
Cs133
Ba138
Ce 140 W 182
33 7 1120
62
34 5
144 8 85
27 7 146 5
54
37 5
33 3
127 2
96 28 6
ppm
ppm ppm ppm
167 3 76
-168
102 5
30 -13 3
1128
47 172
150 0
34 19 1
21 4
261 -3 5 28170 105

1 9
-61 8
Au 197
-0 9
-3 3 3 251 8
11 7
-3 1 1 9182 77 1 1
-164 2 881 8
81 27
-1 9
-3 0
-2 6 2 607 1
86
Pb208
Bi209
U238
ppm ppm
ppm
2 537 8
92 20
2,102 4
74 22
3,180 6
34 24
08
26
jn26a98
Sample
Comment! Fl 9
urn
13
14
15 Fl 11 Fl 12
16
Fl 10
11 0 26 0 -103 7 91 925 3 -77 2
90 225 9
90 991 0
90 -216 5
73 126 5
Li 7
Na23
ppm
ppm
ppm
409.0
74 436 5 -114 1 438 277 1
AI27
-129 1 304 968 7 150 243 1 -178161 -445 9 38 256 1
-1168 222 646 6 133 169 7

-13 437 9 -506 1
41 898 1
CI35
K39 Ca 44
Ti49
ppm ppm
305 256 7
128 601 9 -7 154 9 -162 7
184,715
ppm
ppm
25 998 6
-497 8
Mn55
Fe 57 Cu65
Zn66
ppm
ppm
ppm ppm
49,461
143,191
8
1
39 161 0
176 003 0 2 689 7 7 806 0 -87 0
155,549 9
3 833 6
8 079 2
215 850 7
2 968 6 8 725 8
3 575 9 12 941 7
As 75 Rb85
Sr88
ppm
ppm
ppm
-177 1 611 8
135 5
-44 5
-1635 507 4
1140 51 6
-170 9 480 1
111 0
426 3
1103 -26 7 24 2
108 4
Mo 95 Cs133
Ba138
ppm ppm
-56 5
45 2 148 1
98
31 9
103 0 60
56 8
109 2
ppm
ppm
ppm
Ce 140 W 182 Au 197

Pb208 Bi209
49 32 7
109
266 8 33
3 076 4
90
-35 0 -6 7
2 098 2 86
-38 4
-5 4 2 135 4
7 1
ppm
ppm ppm ppm
30
2 1103 73
U238
-1 7
36
34
-1 4
matrix corrected for
Li, AI, Ca, Ti
salt correction for K Fe, Mn, Zn Ca
Appendix
(LA-ICP-MS data)
j ~j
Polyphase
brine inclusion depth

m
assemblages
description
P2
Cu/Au
Tmhailte
in
Th
wt% NaCl
equiv.
51-61.115/3
523
0 01/0 03
Porphyry.clear qtz
vug
avq stdv
421.2
16.4
471.1 18 4
49 9
with
calcite, secondary trail

25
18
jn26a98
Sample
Comment; Fl 01
urn
24
26
27
29
30
31
32
Fl 02 180 -130 5 150 -481 5

17 245 8 -269 1
n
Fl 03
Fl 04
Fl 05
Fl 06
20 0 30 0
Fl 07
35 0
Fl 08
45 0
170 -114 5
170 131 5
93 785 7 140 7
Li 7
Na23 AI27
ppm
ppm ppm
-68 6
66 286 6
91 4
128 2
1155
68 202 3
55,640 2
-59 1
71,108 8
-47 9 226 385 5
97 303 4
68,784 5
-13 2
61,983 5
-6 4
-330 5
-143
C135
K39
!il-___
ppm
ppm
187,135 9
92 589 8
7 787 9 325 4
38 570 4
d
111 1080
261 100 7
70 251 4
26 521 3
262 102 0 109 237 4

8 269 2
244,018 6 101,262 6,281

1 4
249,899
243 238 0
110,534 6
8,301 2
-20 2 34 238 9
102,501 8
6 928 0
Ca 44
Ti49 Mn55
68 688 4
-5 230 6 -120 8 25 024 7
ppm
ppm ppm
-643 3
96 421 4
180 7
43 662 7
-60 1
31 156 7 88 412 6
-36 4
-32 7
31 064 9
30,759 8 100,557 5
Fe 57
107,006 6 4,406 7
7,547 3
-74 9
115 903 5
1150097
76 815 2
112,522 3 3,248 7
5,395 2
97 380 7
5b 4
105,784 3
223 5
6 388 8
-129
Cu65
Zn66 As 75 Rb85
ppm
ppm
-136 0
2,917 1
4,774 9
-36 7
300 8
8 346 3 274 4
298 1
3,528 7
5 623 0
4,816,8
6,272 7
13 8 385 7 45 2
25,060 8
259 8 334 2 1 095 4
ppm
ppm
-34 0 444 7
49 4
445 5 53 1
290 0
380 2 50 2
Sr88 Mo 95 Cs 133
ppm
30 8
435 3
ppm
ppm
103 1 31 3 74 3
34 -127 -2 3
-70 6
170 9
41 9
166
-148
138 4
78 1
26 1 73 8 22
54 -1 0 1 6101
96 3
27 8
101 4
23 1
43 6
23 6 64 7
108
Ba138
Ce 140 W 182 Au 197 Pb208
ppm
ppm
ppm
1,440 4
-2 0
-42 0
42 2 90
-8 4 1 0 1 3197
579 2
6 1
-9 8
55 7
2 0
2 5
66 8
1 6
42
-0 3
62
-0 6
ppm ppm ppm
58 4 215 1 27 0
1 1
-2 1 1 488 5
03
1,482 6
79
1 6
1,526 7
62
04
1,468 1
5 8 1 0
1 523 9
5 1
Bi209
U 238
46
07
85
-0 3
68
03
ppm
1 2
Li, AI, Ca Ti
salt correction for K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
Tmhai,te
in
Th
wt% NaCi
equiv
49-515/5
192
0 9/15
Early P3 with clear qtz crysts secondary trail

23 24 25
vuq
avg
stdv
429.3
37.5
462 8
19 0
50 9
4 3
je04a98
Inclusions Li 7 B11 Na 23
Sample
um
26
27
Comment; Fl brine deej Fl bnne 20ur Fl bnne 20-4 Fl bnne 20ur Fl bnne
20x15
-15 1 -128 1 151 991 6
15x15
-4 6 58 6 128 510 2
12x15 00 -225 3
17x10 -39 3
-341 7
20x18
ppm ppm ppm
162 2
252 7
150 159 1
115 1237 575 3

-333 1
127 892 8
185 7 -489 9
Mq24
AI 27
ppm
ppm
428 0
1 01/ /
374 9
-59 b
2 040 6
640 3
Cl mit hallte
ppm
ppm
395 888 0
128 570 6
57 157 5
378,398 9
117 405 9 74 746 8
356 275 8
105 682 8
87 902 9
327,423 2
92 915 1
337,763 7 91,749
7 43 368 7
ClmitNlST61 ppm
K39
78 578 4
Ca 42
Ti49
ppm ppm ppm
10171 5
-80 2
11 335 7
-24 4
16691 5
-159 1 14 504 5 94 557 8
5 405 6
-16 281 8 -1137

13 109 4
10 551 1 48 1 11 279 0 659183

72127
4 421 3
Mn.55
Fe 57
17 537 6
44 143 7 963 5 4 674 9 -20 2
16,708 7
81 886 9 4 593 6 4 116 1 60
ppm
ppm
97,489 4
3 949 8
4 139 7 -47 3 386 0
Cu65 Zn66 As 75
Rb85 Sr88 Mo 95
ppm
6 238 3
-50 0 503 5
ppm
ppm
-197
678 0
139 6 224 8
50
555 4
153 5
453 7
141 0
PPm
169 3
171 6 IO0
135 5
103 3
-7 9
Ppm
ppm
138 1
77
59 6
11 1
Ag107
Sri 120
Sb121
ppm
ppm
-294 3
-4 6
-77 1
-1 3
1 920 7
-8 8 37 1 135 4
-739 9
-109
30 7
97 6
-303 8
-3 3
Cs 133
Ba137
ppm
ppm
39 2 104 0
44 1 111 5
49 0
190 7 1 985 8 75
La 139
Ce 140
W 182 Au 197
EDJ_
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
ppm
172
28 0
1190 20 98
-2 8
137
22 3
100 193 -38 5

-18 9
-11 9
-5 7
-36 5
-103 23 7
31 0
-106
TI205 Pb208
Bi209
11 8
140
1 755 6 19 1
-12 1 1 662 7
-7 9
151 2 564 6 30 7
1,155 1
58
2 036 5
89
/ "3
Appendix
(1A ICP
MS
data)
Polyphase
brine inclusion
assemblages
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
P2
Tm,,,,,
in
Th
wt% NaCl
equiv
50 0
51-61 11V 5
523
0 01/0 03
Porphyry
clear qtz
avg
stdv
439 0
5 2
499 0 12 6
vug with calcite
0 6
secondary
jn23d98
std 1
6
trail
9
00
10
11
00
12 00
13 00
Comment;
urn
00 15x15
4 1 2 653 4
00
00 17x15
14x11
227 1
00
25x11
34 2
25x17
44 4
36x28 244
D
13x13 225 4
^65 9
30x12
77 2
Li 7
PPm PPm
Na23 AI27
CI35 K39
85 561 5
1 266 1 266 050 5 88 965 5
66 818 3
1 675 0
41 440 3
85 275 8
125 332 8
1 314 1 165 643 4 153 745 4
86 197 0
*
59 069 1
ppm
PPm PPm ppm
22 8
625 002 8
1 7157 463 812 4 112 006 2
1 410 8
344 651 1 129 384 0 20 603 6 2 091 6
25 944 4 130 415 7
497 9
1 452 9
295 995 4
382 602 8 69 170 3
214 646 C 96 254 0 18 054 0 2 730 0

20 372 1 116 801 0
3 066 2
426 4 38 5
627 2
61 837 6 11 452 7 1 803 1 13 446 0

79 733 4
Ca 44
Ti49
11 757 3
4 461 0
13 449 2
2 356 3
22 970 7
1 621 9 25 644 9 138 000 5 5 724 0
9 630 0 11 3
25 824 2
2 131 5 35 073 5
158 262 3
PPm
ppm
ppm
Mn55
18 272 4
13 541 7 81 070 9 4 345 7

5 593 1 38 1
Fe 57 Cu65 Zn66
As 75
3 459 4
110 676 7
3 316 6
7 985 4
PPm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
138 6
236 8 03 147 30 31 1 2
6 043 7
11 662 4
5 943 9 13311 8
27 8
4 282 2
8 925 7
3 216 5
5 561 6 28 0
31 7
187
23 9 528 0 113 1 106 5
Rb85 Sr88
Mo 95
457 0 96 2
85 6 38 4
366 2
75 1 68 5
646 2
124 3 131 3
633 5
136 1 1185
816 1 184 0
55 1
320 7
73 8 85 9
Cs133 Ba 138
Ce 140 W 182
32 0 1 1
157 7 495 1 1 1
1 534 4
49 6
1 0 83 1 300 2 1 5 2 576 5
134
50 0
1 2 283 4
68 6
43 7 1 3
26"~4 481 0
28 3 1 1
148 9 532 7
ppm
ppm ppm
00
54
24
158 1
1 0
346 1
78 00 58 9
02
771 3
451 2
1 8
2 526 3 11 8 04
416 0 25
3 520 1 148
Au 197
Pb208
Bi209
ppm
PPm ppm
22
1 889 3
1 4
2 207 7
93
00
1 352 3
85 08
65 03
68 00
U238
00 ppm matrix corrected for AI Ca Ti Mo Sn Ce W
03
02
00
salt correction for K
Fe
Mn
Zn
depth
m
description
strong fsp destr altered Qtz Eye
avg stdv
Tv
TmMB
Th
wt% NaCl
surface
488 5
3 1
580 3 10
71 1 0 1
BLA 1/97
S 2
sec
Porphyry
trail
with qtz py
vein
secondary
trail
mr11b98
Sample
Comment; brine
urn
brine 15x15
153 8 90 0
brine
14x10
161 8
br
ne
brne
12x12
134 0
12x12
10x10
Li 7
ppm
217 3
1 130 9
B11
Na23
ppm
ppm
580 1
108 887 1
451 1
114741 6
406 8 103 7^4 4 2 154 2

1 357 3
806 2
98 200 2
110371 3
Mg24
AI27
ppm
ppm
4184
1 265 4
739 3
1 576 5
401 6
1 323 2
539 2
38170
99 334 9
135 317 0
CI35 K39 Ca 42 Ti49 Mn55
PPm
ppm
141 268 9 131 032 7 27 395 3 2 253 6 38 002 6 223 930 5 121 2 11 117 1 721 5
41 064 0
138 903 5
97 060 8
133 652 9
86 435 1
150 346 2 24 279 6
ppm ppm
PPm PPm
"
23 831 6
1 148 5 38 231 0 201 510 3 546 9 13 801 4 721 2
29 427 2
1 596 3
33 581 6 1 166 1 37 945 0 217719 1
764 2
39 907
-
39 239 1 231 716 6

4 120 8
Fe 57 Cu65 Znt36 Rb85

Sr88 Mo 95
229 842 0
I ppm
ppm
ppm
946 7
10 981 4 7o3 9
171 8
10 405 2
11 351 5
820 6
697 6 180 8
146 9 194 1 000 7
ppm
ppm ppm PPm ppm
ppm
ppm
193 3
172 9 25 0 330 4 56 8
183 1
167 1
84 3
156 8 134 7
122
155 9
102 3
Ag107
Sn 120
Cs133
Ba 137
170
169
306 4
66 7
124 1 43
298 2
75 7
206 1
302 7
71 1 166 4
59
64 7
181 3
84
La 139 Ce 140
W 182
43 94
35 2
49
ppm
ppm PPm
72
26 9
88
30 0
94
66 28 3
79
103
26 1 17 2
Au 197
72
109
TI205
Pb208
ppm ppm ppm
39 8
3 167 4 11 2
39 9
3 971 5 6 9
37 1
3 357 2 56
41 1
4 204 7
43 1
3 221 6 57
Bi209
87
Appendix
(LA-ICP-MS data)
/ 74
Polyphase
brine inclusion
assemblages
depth
m
description
strong fsp destr altered Qtz Eye Porphyry with qtz py vein secondary
trail
Tv
Trnhahte
553 9
19 5
Th
wt% NaCl
BLA 1/97
B2
surface
avg
stdv
515 0
212
66 1 36
no25a97
Sample
Comments Fl brine
urn
10
11
Fl brine 20x25
30 4990622
Fl bnne 10x15
43 3
2 431 2
Fl brine
30x35
27 6
326 4
Fl brine 15x20
163 822 5
Fl brine 10x10
77 1 3 399 9
Fl brine
20x25 20 9
470 1
Fl brine 20 0
142 549 5
15x20
58 6809243 2231 0223
Li 7
PPm ppm
B11 Na23
2518 7688 145851 092

660 070892 2368 64049
ppm
PPm
ppm
128871 951
916 699333
629 653268
132 146 5
1 287 8 1 186 4
162 589 6 646 2

887 6
186 500 9
581 6 7173
138 643 3
3 284 5
177 857 8
^68 6 928 4
149 957 3
742 2 216 4
Mg24
AI27
2 366 5
K39 Ca 42
Ti49
ppm
ppm
ppm PPm
168808 629
30662 123 1171 96508
159431 672
163 878 4 36 476 1

1 163 7 20 834 3
136 668 3 12 874 3

764 7
88 928 4
139 269 7
60 783 4
2 509 7
14 161 9
102 337 4 13 701 4

8166 11 685 9
146 874 0 19 005 6

285 4
44389 084
2256 97316
169198
1 722 9
9 926 5
Mn55 Fe 57 Cu65
Zn66 Rb85
18590 323
119511 343
340 352808
15405 629
71735 758
17 263 5 73 472 6
1 798 3
15 174 9 87 814 2 4 378 9

14 784 7
ppm
PPm
127 875 4
1 916 9
65 870 6
184 9
67 473 2
75 279 9
2 252 2
1168 82546
17140 5643 966 476053
99 3800583
343 6
17 103 4
ppm
16557 3981 860 826788

129 330011 71 1906545
18 067 1 1 156 9 126 3 62 3
14 778 7
11 1048 548 6 73 6 51 5
120123 638 8 69 5
50 3
ppm
ppm
PPm
948 8
109 6 47 6
708 2 87 6
75 3
766 7
90 9
Sr88
Mo 95
113 096331
68 2
Aq107
Cs 133 Ba138
ppm ppm
ppm
14 0721517
75 1479508
263 115629
100
86 7
102 9 27 27 1
62
43 7 69 4
105 3 34
1196 t0 6
89 4 25
146
11 3 52 7
74 4 24
141
69 3418551
93 9990445
83 7
79 4
55 6
43 6
118 905026
Ce 140 W 182
Au 197
ppm
1 42715664 26 864601
6 248375 69 2237359
6 52951822 34 609341
2 22265533
47
34
ppm
ppm ppm
39
09 63 5
84
1 6
-36 8
98 57 2 5 499 7 23 0
61
1 6
79
1 9 67 8
TI205 Pb208
Bi209
72 9304686
73 0
39 0
40 7
ppm
PPm
5720 18915 43 6599565
7409 69459
31 5447325
6 574 8
33 6
3 623 4
23 9
3 363 1
176
3 834 5
166
6 082 1
25 1
no25a97
Fl brine
urn
12
13
1i
Fl bnne
15
16
17
deep
20 0
Fl brine
Fl brine
15x20 65 0 35 2 271 9 176 068 0 809 4
Fl bnne
40x50
49 0
Fl brine
40 0
20 0 10x15
ppm
81 -783 2 178 233 2 681 9
75
90 4 674 7
179 943 7
B11 Na23
ppm
-715 1
178 291 0
501 5 155 661 4 1 001 5
451 5 170 969 8

877 5
ppm ppm
ppm ppm
ppm PPm
Mg24
AI27
K39 Ca 42
712 3 1 161 5
857 5
39 4 102 568 3
250 9 122 812 7

11 551 6 176 3
139 2 107 831 7

6 247 8 213 9
346 9
818 0
100 665 0
12 525 3
100 831 5
13 932 7
100 849 1
17 983 1
45 5
159150
78 8 12 762 9 82 678 5
Tp 49 Mn55
Fo57
777 2 12 185 1 76 570 2
660 5 15 109 7
75 838 7
ppm
ppm
16 656 2
101 548 6 3 731 2 16 201 9 772 2 60 6
14 324 1
78 802 7
141679
80 844 4
Cu65 Zn66
Rb85
ppm
PPm ppm
ppm
2 816 8
9 991 9
235 4
10 267 7
3612 1
14 5158
1 249 2
16 697 1
642 5
71 8
1 372 1
14 646 2 616 1
624 9
85 4
626 9
98 5
625 7 25 8
Sr88 Mo 96
61 7 41 9
ppm
37 9
135
49 7
33 4
12 4
41 4 26 6
62 4
30 2
11 7 46 1 88 0
253 3
Ag
107
PPm
ppm
136
46 9
100
44 1
Cs 133
50 4
Ba 138 Ce 140
W 182
ppm
105 1 20
107 25 44 7 3 081 5 11 3
64 0 1 6
8 1 36 47 0 3 763 8 193
136 8
29 60
1 5
107 8
105 3
ppm ppm ppm
1 5
34
1 1
33
55
1 6
24
70
07
Au 197
TI205
Pb208 Bi209
ppm
PPm ppm Ti
49 8 4 126 6
48 3
3 574 4
49 6 3 731 6 30 3
54 9
4 095 7
38 2
27 1
39 9
matrix corrected for AI
salt correction for K Fe Mn Zn Ca
175
Appendix
D (LA -ICP-MS data)
Opaque-bearing brine
inclusion
assemblages
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
Early P3,
vein, moderate
Tmtalllll
potassic, qtz-py
avg
stdv
366.3
Th
wt% NaCl
equiv.
47-53 62/1 b
no26a97
311
0 28/0 22
423 1
44 0
3.6
22.5
0.3
^
Comments
urn
10
11
150 189 1
150 232 5
100
100 25x30
20 0 177 8 626 0
-9 459 6
100
100
150
7
B11 Na23
PPm
189 0
178 4
389 8
105 0
-279 7
-6 052 5
ppm PPm
ppm
-4,927 0 119,270
1
-7,458 5
95 331 0
-14,244 0
94 481 1 1 6140
-541 2
-1,4176
119 933 4 167 0
-2 002 2 121 52
34 8 -63 5 55 250 8
-27,053 3
-9,058 0
124 344 8 237 0

4 019 8
45,581 -1,011 144,602
123,344 8
138 5
-301 7
116 301 4
196 7
Mq24
AI27 K39
242 8
254 5
-223 5 90 552 0 -126 296 7 -747 7 44 687 8 41 582 5 749 0
209 3
2 5
ppm ppm ppm

ppm
9,622
-64 0
-340 7
Ca 42
Ti49
Mn55
Fe 57
62,728 7 -77,767 2
1,633 9
82,165 2
-252 898 6
59,500 4 -27,502 8
-162 6
6 I 047 0
56,879 -183,468
4 4
55,062 6
-35 965 3 -198 3
-191,840 8
-1 3107
-617,807.3
-4,391.9
-143,310
-1,627 5 62,933 1 27,274 6

2 883 0
-800 5
-687 7 34 397 3
38 353 2 1 209 0
ppm
ppm Ppm ppm ppm
ppm
30,628 9
29,834 2
953 3
28,942
32,900 7,586
8
2
258160
37 040 6
973 0
M6431
28,988
2
77,090.7
62,847.9
27,818 6
22,917 3
-676 8
Cu65
Zn 66
941 4
0
2,198 1
6 596 3
-1,592 25,534
1,321
4 5
6
7,735 9
368 4
12,421
17.G92 8
571 5 460 7
G 500 4
344 0
13 769 3
834 0 276 6
8 570 5
Rb85
706 0 3128
407 7 191 2
412 0 132 1 -149 1 33 5

188 2
421 8 202 5 -107 7 160

184 5 766 8 4 2
Sr88
Mo 95
182 3
155 1
-27 0 5 1 147 4
605 4
586 8 -355 5 -93 1
PPm
ppm
PPm
-62 4
101 2
83 4
271 3
-200 3
-38 1
-22 1
7 5
-149 5
-193 207 7
800 0 -4 2
Aq107
Cs133
-100
168 0 718 6
276 3
164 3
517 0
1 666 4 -10 6
Ba138
Ce 140
PPm
Ppm
1,1266
11 5
1,569 7
-7 1
716 1
36
598 0 12 1
29 239 0 -9 4 125
3 9
W182
Au 197
ppm
463 3
-177
-276 6
-27 8
99
240 6
-2 3 15 C 1 803 2
136 3
-4 5 133
199 7
-36 2 96
-578 9
-66 6 48 7
-160 6
243 2
-122
139
PPm
ppm
-137
92
TI205
Pb208
20 0
PPm
2,012 7
147
2,643 0
33 2
2 356 1 199
2 171 2
16 9
1,864 3
27 7
1,926 8
91 2
6,011 3
22 5
1,953 5
194
Bi209
ppm
20 2
Li, AI, Mg, Ca, Ti, Mo
salt correction for K, Fe, Mn, Zn
same
assemblage
other
run
se01b97
13 B3 20x20
20x20
15
16
Comment! B1 10x10
Inclusions
Li 7
urn
B2 10X15
15x15
B4 10x15
15x15
85 15x20
10x10
15x15
197 8 -127 1
91 798 4 211 8
ppm PPm ppm ppm
171 0
-55 4
220 0
427 8
B11
Na23
-164 9
-184 5
-208 0
280 5
78 857 7
71 3
94,793 6
227 5
3180 78 236 8
96,357 4
449 1 459 5
93,822 4
-20 5
1 307 9
Mq24
AI27
K39
ppm ppm
ppm
544 8
2,718
71 071 6
-10 288 7
64,510
74 308 2 -13 853 9
76 992 9 -26 202 7
Ca 42 Ti49
Mn55
-13 928 4
-14,172 0
-329.6
14 250 2
ppm
PPm ppm
ppm
-187.2
-187 0
514 9
611 2
155198
16,980 4
15,306 8 75,342 9 1,122

1 10 931 8
12,028 6
85 102 2 1 096 9
9 870 4 310 9 37 0 45 1
Fe 57
Cu65
Zn66 Rb85 Sr88
Mo 95
81,630 8
2,491 8 16,104 0
385 9
69 8
86,007 5
828 4
1148166
2 816 9 77168 427 3
ppm
ppm ppm PPm
9,223 5
327 9 45 5 61 2 -157 33 5
268 3 52 7 -32 1 -12 1

182
65 5 -75 8 -27 9
26 4 59 7
-1 8 -146
45 8 -8 9
26 4
Aq107
Cs133
Ppm
ppm
142
29 0 38 0
-1 3
Ba138
Ce 140
ppm
ppm
ppm
73 4
-1 0 48
52 1
1 1
56 8
-1 1
W 182 Au 197
TI205
-8 2 -6 4 96 1 682 3
102 -6 8
15 6 1 752 5 11 3
66 -9 6 9 5 1 352 2
-2 2
j EP1___
PPm ppm ppm
-3 6 108
170
10 2 1 104
4
Pb208 Bi209
1,878 0
79
40
3 4
matrix corrected for Li.
Mq, AI, Ti. Mn Ag, Ce, Bi
salt correction for K, Fe, Mn, Zn
Appendix
(LA-ICP-MS data)
j 75
Opaque-bearing
brine inclusion
assemblages
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
Early P3, moderate potassic, qtz-py
vein,
TmM,
avg
stdv
Th
wt%NaCl
equiv 44 0 0.3
47-53 62/1
b
same
311
0 28/0 22
366 3
3.6
423 1
22 5
assemblage other
run
se01b97
Comments
21
22
23
24
25
Inclusions
Li 7 B11 Na23
urn
15x15
65 9
25x25
78 0
54 8
20x20
1157
20x20 4122
30x30 39 7
ppm
ppm
-107 3
109 699 2
-200 7
34 808 8
-103 9
-39 1
81 595 9
PPm
98 639 8 431 8
92,393 0
2 325 0
Mq24
AI27
ppm
ppm
345 0
853 7
744 1
156 028 6
398 6
2,092 6 61,488 6 -7,730 5

-163 9
126 9 83 029 4
-5 885 7
707 3 73 821 9
9 664 9
57 6
89 047 1
6 238 3
K39
Ca 42
ppm
ppm ppm
ppm
ppm
-12,133
Ti49
Mn55 Fe 57
-80 9
109138
631 9
23 502 3
-208 7 12 056 8 89 799 9

747 8 8 654 9
276 5
19 373 0 91 182 6
10,227
66,366 1
69 257 0 2 357 4
8 623 1 363 4
124,179 4
407 5
23 871 0 893 7
Cu65
Zn66 Rb85
PPm
PPm ppm
1,148 4
5,259
4
4 006 9
11 511 8
285 9
362 8
40 8
43 8
443 1
1180 79 9 92 47 4
Sr88
Mo 95
ppm
ppm ppm ppm
29 1
-24 0
12 4 168 30 4
63 3
75 5
73
129 7
77 5 -17 2 57 7 1446 4 0
Aq 107
Cs 133 Ba138
39 8 36 0
52 6
28 1
81 0
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
86 4 48
28 0 1 5
Ce 140
W 182
Au 197
-0 7
-5 9 -3 0 63
59 -3 2
-1 9 11 8 1 430 9
2 1
39 4 5 3 33 3 1 452 8 32 4
177
53
T1205
Pb208 Bl209
ppm
ppm
32 1
3 760 2
131
2 337 3
907 7
125
ppm
64
20 9
22 5
matrix corrected for salt correction for
Li, AI, Ca, Ti, Ce
K, Fe, Mn, Zn
Cu/Au
depth
m
description fsp-destr altered Qtz-EyePorph, qtz-py vein partly neg crystal-shaped incl,
clustered
6
7
Tm,
avq
stdv
Th
wt% NaCl
equiv 36 9
2 8
BLA 1/97
surface
2812
36 4
586.4
43 0
Bit, 1
mr11a98
Comment!
Inclusions
Li 7
um
gepl
28 -72 0 28 76 5 14 28 81 8 20 -47 5 28 34 3 25
ppm
ppm
ppm
24 9
-1471
B11
Na23
-440 4
-330 1
40 050 6
-202 5
7 770 2
175 9
47 463 7
380 2
59 872 0
1190
52 174 0
-1,0771
44 663 7
49,374 2
657 8
Mq24
AI27
ppm ppm
731 2
540 8 68 941 4 96199 -389 0
14 429 0
721 8
-315 8 116 327 7 6 305 8
755 1
766 5
493 6 669 5
74 995 2 11 567 1
533 2
-380 8
2,247 3
33188
1,1904
76 977 3
K39
lPJ2L__
ppm ppm
63 625 7
8 079 3
68 591 0 -6 802 0
286 5
242,528
Ca 42 Ti49 Mn55 Fe 57
Cu65
-15 473 5
-458 9
-34 413 0 -1 017 7 43 373 9
996 2
19 1156 192 916 9 359 7 8 133 1 429 0 190
30
-255 3
13 471 3
-336 9 9 942 4 97 827 3 313 6 5 641 7 214 2 56 8 61

13 2 465 6 06
1 0
ppm
ppm
ppm
15,145 5
12 337 6
158,210 4
820 1
149 159 6
2146
135 283 1
157 5 5 476 7 244 8 83 8 5 1
19 1
120 748 9
145 2
4 600 8 244 1
44 5
447,378
607 8
Zn66
Rb85
ppm
ppm ppm
ppm
5 930 5
247 5 25 6
25 2
6 367 4
255 6 70 1 52 194 600 4 -0 5 06 102
17,478 9
836 9 1192 136
55 3
Sr88
Aq107
Cs133
Ba137 La 139
-3 9 17 0
482 3 06 04
7 0
ppm
ppm
23 8 222 7
-2 1
29 2 106 7
-0 5 05
-7 3
663 5
-0 8
851 5 1 5
-2 4
ppm
ppm ppm
Ce 140
W 182
1 3 -189
09 57
99
40 7
Au 197
ppm ppm
ppm
-8 1 23 3
2 632 5 66 9
-5 5
22 7 1 452 0 34 3
-3 7 44 2
2 460 0
-4 2 21 4
1 450 6
-9 4
25 1 1 816 5
55 21 4 1 454 5
32 0
20 3
76 4
TI205
Pb203
4 787 6 1004
Bi209
EPm
54 9
27 1
25 5
Li, AI, Ca, Ti La
salt correction for K, Fe Mn, Zn
/ 77
Appendix
(LA-ICP-MS data)
Opaque-bearing
brine inclusion
assemblages
depth
m
Cu/Au
description fsp-destr altered Qtz-EyePorph, qtz-py vein, partly neg crystal-shaped

incl,sec trail
avg
Tmhi,tP
390.5
28.1
Th
wt% NaCl
equiv. 46.5 3 0
BLA 2797 B2
surface
>600
stdv
je03b98
um
10
ir
11
Comment! Fl brine 10-2 Fl brine 10-2 Fl brine deer Fl
vgl 08
sar
Fl brine 10-2 Fl brine 10-2 Fl brine 2x 17x19 17x16

56 6 22x17
Fibrine 10-20
15x18
-34 3
15x18
-32 8
15x10
274 7
20x22
73 8
20x22
34 3 138 2 -349 7
Li 7
ppm
97 8
46 7
B 11 Na23
ppm ppm
ppm
-184 3
-1,095 8
-355 0
-277 3 110.586 4
472 4
-373 5
127 6
110,295
75,288 5
1 069 7
35 220 5
1 089 4
1139230
292 7
108,931 5
499 9 238 5 107 369 0
50 455 5
115,836
82,994
Mq24
AI27
C135 K39
280 5
1,309 7
411 7 211 8 130 429 6

100 272 6
ppm
-243 5
90 930 4 53 015 6
2,779 9
137 311 3 84 954 7
381 6
149 598 7
130 353 2
-198 2
82 853 6
24 881 5
713 2
1,322 2
ppm
ppm
78,048 4
99,893
46,499
8
8
Ca 42
Ti49 Mn55
ppm
ppm ppm
-23,312 7
149 4
-191,806 3
-824 6
18 051 9
-38 465 4
202 1 28 662 7
-19 022 8
453 2
5 323 9
-24 276 7
351 8 9 426 2
33,180 6 -30,913 3
445 9
-37,291
-21 474 5
253 0
-154 1
9,443
8,369 1
91.211 6
40 1
8,966 1
15,818 3
77 320 9
32 3
Fe 57
Cu65
ppm
64,538 7
63 0
117,451 9
177 3 14 997 3
144 235 3 -44 2 18 844 5 -34 2

1 203 5
68 579 4 94 9
2 643 4
87 397 7
27 9 4 797 9
58,375 1
236 4 4 497 4
-20 9 296 0
ppm
ppm
Zn66
As 75 Rb85
48146 -21 5
335 7 40 8
-187 138
3,979 5
27 3
234 8 40 1 -29 5
-3 3
7 240 8
45 7
ppm
ppm
-133 4
1 202 6
14 9
165 0
21 7
361 0 47 2
605 5
Sr88
Mo 95
ppm ppm
ppm
233 4 -154 3
60 6
53 6 -25 3
98
33 3
77 5 9
39 7
-22 4 235 2
199 0 274 8
180
187
9 0
Aq 107
Sn 120
E!!L___J
ppm
ppm
413 6
20 0 59 2
-1 581 5
195 8
-395 5 76 2 109 0
1832 9 3 40 7
244 1
19 3
603 6
135
942 5 164 69 6
224 7
63 6 244 7
Cs133
Ba 137
344 0
49 9
55 2
La 139
Ce 140
W 182
ppm ppm ppm
06
08
-7 2
250 4
-6 7
-79 0
-0 9
-1 3
-9 6
07
08
74
129 1
-0 9
7 1
12
-1 4 -11 4
-0 7
1 5 -13 3
0 7
"
-7 8
Au 197 T1205 Pb208
ppm
ppm
-1 6 15 1
-8 8
44 6
-3 3
20 1
-1 2 87 900 4
-2 2 15 5 1 505 8
11 0
-2.3
11 6
-3.1 15 2
-1 6 35 1
ppm
1 490 4 11 1
4,322 6
60 4
1,890 9
37 5
1,1877
71
1,441 0
11 9
3,449 3
3 4
Bl209
EP.m
as
43
same
assemblaqes
|e03b98
3 4
je04b98
urn
10
Comment; Fl brine 10-2 Fl brine 20ui Fl brine 20ur Fl brine 20ui Fl brine 10-2 Fl brine 10-2 Fl brine 10-2 Fibrine
(10)
20
17x15
308 0
-2 287 6
15x15
-144 2
10x10
-494 7 -5 777 9
10x15
-1035 00
8x10
29.5 74 8
17x16
-272 2
22x17
195
15x10
-17 7 -200 0
Li 7
ppm
ppm
B11
-812 9
-1,280 6
-636 7
Na23
ppm
ppm
I
78,606 8
3 172 1 -2 224 8
103 814 6
525 4 -985 1
54 854 7
772 4 -5 1106
112 1557
1 270 2 1 283 9
115 255 4
335 4 -354 3
126,561 0
359 9
20,169 5
408 2
-943 5 I
101 447 9 307 0

184 6
Mq24
AI27
ppm
1,1340 -130,706 7
CI35
K39
[ppm
ppm
ppm
-191,243
-98,074 9
33 869 4
-482 821 5
132 170 9
-104 141 8
56 459 6
70 027 6
41 071 2
86,018.1
108,549
2
53,496 7
40 454 7
64 958 7
57,325
Ca 42 Ti49
Mn55 Fe 57 Cu65 Zn66
-128,395 3
-842 1 16 579 4
-66 362 2 -627 5 71534 79 773 9

174 5
265 001 2
-1 228 6 26 509 2
67 973 6
-492 3
-22 053 1
109 8 9 998 9
-77 177 2 -561 6 10 240 5 105 222 5

146 7 6 210 7
-54 664 6
-12,383 0
189 6
ppm
M2___
-402 7
15 003 5 74 791 0 82 6 8 633 9
18,713
5 826 1 87 958 9 43 3 2 923 1 -19 3

227 8 20 0
ppm
ppm
119,155
80 442 0
477 5
105 610 6
56 9
5 321 4
207 273 8
395 8
12 031 9
-228 4
9 610 2
ppm
4 872 5 -88 6 ^li

33 0
21 941 e
As 75
Rb85 Sr88 Mo 95
ppm
ppm
-199 7 596 9
43 8
6145
1 612 0 84 8
131 5
o4fa 9
34 1
340 4
-111 0
436 1
-81 1
932 7
ppm
ppm
ppm ppm
84 3
38 9 -26 9
7 9
27 4 -120 8
23 0
68 5 -79 3
11 5
-136 2
-22 3
-65 5
17 3 -1 544 8 -167 11 8 44 8
-465 3
47 3
87 7
14 1
142
17 5
Aq 107
Sn120
Sb121 Cs 133
-3,187 2
-28 8 33 0 45 0
6 652 6
61 2
1 766 3
24 2
450 1
54 22 0 52 7 38 2
1 4
-1,880 7
-17 0 25 9
-1,169 1
-10 2
377 5 -3 2 94
ppm
ppm
120 1
32 2
41 0 388 4 1 2
-5 2
Ba137
La 139
Ce 140
ppm
ppm
-143 7
-21 5
70 6
336 7
64 67
35 5
126 -6 3
27 5
0 8 !
?
710 0
00
00
69
ppm
ppm
ppm
W 182
Au 197
-191 3
-58 5
-87 1
-30 3 179
-171 9
-125 7 -90 4 3 1185
-111 7
-40 5 -187
-21 4 -8 1
-93 5
-25 3
-80 7 -15 4
70 7
-12 8
-4 9
TI 205 Pb208
ppm
ppm
-24 6
98 943 2
24 8 1 876 3
22 0
1,410 6
1 838 8
1 426 4
3,372 3
1 885 5
natrix correction for Li AI, Ti
Sn Cs Ce, TI Mo As Ca
;alt correction for K Fe Mn Zn
Appendix
(LA-ICP-MS data)
j ~$
Brine inclusion
assemblages
depth
m
description
strong fsp-destr altered Qtz-Eyeavg stdv
Tmhallh.
315.0 45.3
Th
wt% Naci
equiv,
567.5
BLA1/97BI.1
surface
39.6
Porphyry, qtz-py vein,

clearly along
a
rounded incl, not
9.2
3.9
trail
je03a98
urn
6 FIIV+- 10,20 Fl
17x15
10
Fl 10-20 13x13 Fl 10-20-40
11
Comment! Fl IV+, 10-20 Fl IV- 20um

15x15
deep
20-40 Fl 20um 25x17 199 4
Fl 10-20-40
36x28
25x11
14x11
30x12
199 0 772 9 111 5 373 8
Li 7 B 11
ppm
-233 5
00
00
00
-1191
-771 0
125 669 6
59 6
-247 7
60 0
ppm ppm
-860 9
151 6
Na23
100,174
87,665 2
97,920 8
1 225 2
-1 328 3 108 242 6
100,315
106,442 0
971 4 -86 5
100,715 7
101,004 4
Mq24
AI27
ppm
ppm ppm
1,655 8
1,1467 64,468 6
53 531 7
-55 368 1
5,563 2
-788 2
1 747 5
999 4
-324 5
1,992 3
1,355 3
-465 6
-966 7
1,425
CI35 K39 Ca 42 Tl49
136,478 9
120,622 9 55,479 5 -43,708 3

645 2
10 164 1
95 931 7 42 644 1
98,285 3
101,666 1
102,971 7
ppm ppm ppm ppm

ppm
ppm
67,633 4 -41,416 7
926 2
41 008 9
-72 468 7 1 079 0
43,619 7 -3,613.5
63.9
49,049 3
43,262 7 -21,049 8
-169 7
7
-15,091 7
1,290 4
6 154 9
-36,043.7
1,725 4
-228 3
Mn55
Fe 57 Cu65
8,960 3
70,023 8
74 9
11,868 8
S 640 4
6,402 1
9,103 5 83,258 6
322 5
851 3
99,542
82,983 9
156 1
48,828
50,104 8
97 9
65,904.8
180.0
54,677 1
47 9
309 7
88 6
Zn66
As 75 Rb85
ppm
7,271 9
-59 0
10 646 4
67 7 339 7
6,550 4
-70 0
267 9
4,761 4
-103 3
150 7
5,205 2
43 6
194 3
4,514 1
37.0 253.8
6,997 0
83 0
296 5
5,709 0
40 7
209 6 27 6 -24 8
ppm
ppm
280 2
Sr88
Mo 95
Ppm
PPm ppm ppm
111 6
-57 1 127 -548 5
20 2
159 8
-48 6
180 8 -48 5
145
101 7
-85 8 -8 9
79 5 43 0
59
100 0 13.5 63
-54 9
151 9 -44.6
106
Ag107
Sn120
CS133
125
107
-363 3
-453 5
15 3
41 2
-639 1 182
77 1
-731 4 100
52 3 -1 9
-191 6 109
30 2 -0 4
-505 6 17 1
52 4
ppm
ppm
ppm
17.6
33 9 03
136
138 02
Ba137 La 139
Ce 140
W 182
70 0
04
-1 5
-184
6,193 9
-2 3
-17 9 -4 8
05 -2 2 -15 3
-3 1
487 3
PPm
ppm ppm
-3 3
-26 5
-104
-0 8
58 2
-1 5
05
-1 2 -0 9
00 -144
-3 6
00
-8 3 -4 2
Au 197 TI205
PP208 Bi209
-4 7
ppm
PPm
ppm
!
26 0
11 4
24 2
15 2
1 947 7
45 1
26 6
22 3
23 1
24 1
1 997 3
2,136
1,424 9
14 4
2,152 1
59 2
2,075
1,827 0
32 0
2,065 5
36 2
74 4
56 1
37 2
AI, Ca, Ti, Mo, Sn, Ce, W depth

m
K, Fe, Mn, Zn
Cu/Au
description
Tmh
avg stdv 345.0 40.4
Th
y^/^ NaCl equiv

42 1 3.7
49-52, 19B/4
334
0 07/0 11
Early P3, qtz-vein, potassic, clustered,

rounded incl with incl
some
386.8
43.2
opaque-bearing
Je03a98_
urn
190
20 0
21 0
Comments Fl IV-10-20- Fl IV- 20-40- Fl IV25x15
deep
00
28x20
13x15
Li 7
B 11
ppm ppm ppm ppm

ppm
981 4
-168 6
-764 2
2,442 0
-4 876 0
Na23
86,113 1
1 598 5
122,702
2 891
81 780 4
Mq24
AI27 Cl 35
K39
2 037 9 1
-351 2
-4 348 1
114,1536 121,188 1
38,945 0 -77,130 2
696 8
ppm
ppm
ppm
116 962 1
43 455 2 -35 677 0
-417 198 6
39 714 2 -231 911 6
Ca 42 Ti49 Mn55 Fe 57
ppm ppm
ppm
1 263 9
1 9 002 6
-1 467 3
22 663 9 46 433 9
21,900 8
43,244 6 637 7
36 611
Cu65
Zn66
ppm ppm ppm
769 1
-347 5
5 901 7
6,125 2
151 6 268 5 283 9
4,082 1
145 1
369 4 218 1
As 75
Rb85 Sr88
-305 4
360 0 242 2
ppm
ppm
Mo 95
ppm
ppm ppm
-105 5
-12 3
-34 2
5 6 -432 3
-335 7
-31 2
-2 989 9
Aq
107
Sn 120 Cs133
Ba 137 La 139
-1,006 8
78 2
475 2
ppm ppm
60 0
298 6
69 9
450 8
ppm ppm
ppm ppm
ppm ppm
87
11 2 00
1,523 5
30 2 35 7
00
12 8 -84 0
Ce 140
W 182
Au 197
T1205 Pb 208
Bi209
-11 2 153
08
13 1
1
-26 9
21 8
1,153 1
160
185 9 14 5
1,258 8
-21 2
PPm
matrix corrected for Li,
AI, Ca, Ti, Sn W
salt correction tor K, Fe, Mn, Zn
/ 79
Appendix
(LA-ICP-MS data)
Brine inclusion
assemblages
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
Tv
Tmtalte
351.0
36.1
Th
wt/0 NaC|
equiv.
0 07/0 11
49-52, 19B/3
334
Early P3, qtz-vein,

potassic, not clearly
defined
avg
stdv
219.5
27.6
368.3
39.6
41.4 3.9
plane,
neg
crystal-
shaped
no26a97 Comment; Fi nur
urn
to rounded incl
12
em
13
ein
14
nur ein
15
16|
20 0
Kri Fl
Kristal Fl
Kr Fi nur ein Kris Fl nur ein Kristall

25 0 91 0
20 0 562 8
150
141 4
25 0 539 8
Li 7
B11 Na23
PPm ppm PPm
257 7
-5,252 5
2,379
-5,097
-2,619 2
104 606 5
-8,308
87,652
7 7
105,360
108,745 2
297 7
95,789 8 1,282 4 9,884 9 49,064 8
Mg24
AI27 K39
ppm
PPm ppm PPm ppm ppm
547 5
87 3
2 270 4
102 4
30,270 8
4,447 5 41,264 3
Ca 42
Ti49
Mn55
49,127 7 -89 730 3
56 297 1
3,721 4 69,186 3
95,805 0
443 2
-101,3025
2,203 2 27,210 6
-46,675 3
1,048 9
-199,121 6 1,936
7
3,507 3
21,121 8
19,378 4
23,662 0
38,453 4
Fe 57 Cu65 Zn66 Rb85 Sr88

Mo 95
ppm ppm
ppm ppm
10,890
9,842 2
80 8
20,012 7 536 2 1.415 2
-23 1
35,599 5
838.2
78186
15,294 0
-89 6
22,719 0
-298 8
428 0
18,016 9
421 5
5,711 8
498 9
355 6
-39 7 -6 8
10,925 3
676 2
382 9
203.2 -1187
PPm ppm
ppm
1,290
438 6
-154 0 -27 4
-77 8
Aq107
Cs 133 Ba138
-120
40 4 437 2
-4 3
-163
166.9
705.3
ppm
ppm
58 7
440 7
124 7
662 6
175 5
909 4
Ce 140
W 182 Au 197
ppm
04
-72 5 1 9
-0 4
-24 4
-4 0 11 3
-2 8
158 8
-173
95 -55 9
-7 1
47
PPm
ppm ppm
-196.2
-18 6
TI205 Pb208
Bi209
68
906 7 -3 3
150
145
22 4
ppm
PPm
1,077 8
-1 0
1,467.0
148
1,497 0
120
2.432.1
28 6
Li, AI, Mg, Ca, Ti, Mo
K, Fe, Mn, Zn
Appendix
(LA-ICP-MS data)
180
Aqueous inclusion assemblages

depth
46-59QZE
surface Cu/Au
description
in
ThL4V^L
quartz
avg
stdv
Tm,ce
-4.6
2.9
salinity
7.1
4.2
242.0
2 6
phenocryst in fsp-destr altered Quartz-Eye-Porphyry

se02a97
2
5 6
10
11
Comments L+V
urn
L+V
180 -368 0
L+V
22 0 20x10
LA/
38 0 -59 0
L+V
28 0 -107 3
L+V
-152 -76.7
LW
20 0 10x15 -102 9
L+V
30x40
Li 7
ppm ppm
-1,268
96 5 75 5
60 0
B11
Na23
-2,833 7 36,178 6 7,331 1 28,403 2
-3 059 3
78 195 7
-837 2
5 277 3 1 873 1
-470 3
34 998 2
-588 8
274 2
ppm
ppm
32,198 0
874 7 -87 1
14 845 0
6,302 0
39 9
5,738 9
191 0
33,211 5
237 4 99 0
12 143 2
Mg24
AI27
K39 Ca 42
78192
1,300 5
-943 7
ppm
430 848 8
-1,239 0 4,180 0
-56,839 5
-132 5
-696 6
ppm
ppm ppm ppm
ppm
176,233 9
856,881 2
32 865 6
64,218 2
-352,901 4
59 307 0
7,380 0 -48,540
2
1,448 1 -6,349 2
-89 9
2,949 3
-33 964 8
-5 186 6
9" 423
9,199
Ti49
Mn55
2,621 7
832 0
-79 2
120 2
-925 5
1,825 7
723 5
96 1
7
59,963 8
635 994 1
Fe 57
-1,363 7 -50,418 0
1,1898
-7,798 1
-185 0 846 0
50 3
1,073.5
841.7
-9,155
-829 8 -29 6
265 7
4,992
4,009 6
325 9
Cu65
Zn66
Rb85
ppm ppm
ppm
14,012 2
20,196 9
424 9
8,660 6
10 845 6
-325 1 1,111 8
-37 0
-28.7 745.8 9.1
254 0
694 3 -23 9
4,261
-1977 286 2 -963 8 -210 3 39 6

456 1 -22 9
89 8 22 5 -143 -2 5
80 8
Sr88
Mo 95
ppm
ppm
ppm
172 4
-404 0 130 1
30 4 -133 1
-45 1
11 6
-96 6 -36 2
36.7
-18.7
-5 6
25 8
-81 4
341 0
-3 9
3 2
Aq107
Cs 133
Ba138
-33 0
ppm PPm
ppm
173
211 5
-7 1
23 4
14 1
43
-4 5
86
-4 0
77
60 9
24 1 -2 8
69 4
99 2
104
-0 6
Ce 140 W182
Au 197 TI205
-122 -60 4 61 5 482 6
5 7
-0 4
03 1 1
-0 6 3 4 459 6 -0 2
pom PPm
ppm ppm ppm
-149 7
-128 6 -38 5
-24 2
-18 1 -7 9
-3 6
-2 1 1 6
-29 3
-11 9 -4 5 -27 2 -6 6
-3 5
-2 8
-0 7
-18 3
-18 1
-4 7
Pb208
Bi209
3,094 5
35 2
7,101
845 8
6 9
-2 7 -0 6
121 2
-0 7
5,1120
-3 1
73 1
matrix corrected for Li. AI,
Ca, Ti, Fe, Mo, Ag, Pb, Bi
depth (m)
49-5219A 334
Cu/Au
0 07/0 11
description
Thuv_,L
avg
stdv 240,0
0.0
Tnv.
-1.8
0.2
salinity
3,0 0.3
Early P3, potassic,
cluster
of rounded inclusions
je16a98
Comments Fl aq 20urn
urn
6|
Flaq small,
10x10
10-20
Flaq
10x10
-9 2
10x12
-279 3
Li 7 B11
ppm
ppm
-74 4 877 2
-5,565 8
215 7
Na23
ppm
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
ppm
8,1939
-693 5
9,769 1
428 5
10,544 4
1
Mg24
AI27
126 5
4
-10,2108 5,423 8
-234,956 7
909 4
-1,737
K39
Ca 42
1,224
4 401 5
-41 200 2
-4,929 3
163 8
Ti49 Mn55 Fe 57
Cu65
-4,363 6
-648 7
-695 3
124 5
820 9
-3 188 2 148 5 263 8 -161 5
-17,022 3
-635 3
1,603
ppm
-105 54 8
28 3 73
Zn66
As 75 Rb85
ppm
-813 3
-1 037 1
ppm
ppm
-78 3
195
26 1 -94 3 -199
Sr88
Mo 95
ppm
ppm
ppm
137 0
-566 4 -138 0
79
-8 5 -1 1
Ag 107
Sn120
Sb121 Cs 133
ppm
ppm
ppm
-5,051 4
-1100
98
-91 0 20 36
-1 020 1 -27 3
34
Ba137
La 139 Ce 140
ppm
ppm ppm
-170 0
-182 -24 1
-2 7
6135 -0 3 -4 5
-1 6 -1 1
-22 1
371 2 -2 4
W 182
Au 197
TI205
ppm
ppm
-194 3
-1258 -33 3 137 6
-39 1
-149 -104
ppm
ppm
Pb208
Bi209
matrix
22 9
124 3
-3 6
-0 9 -25 3 ppm corrected for Li, AI, Ca, Ti, Fe, Mo, Ag, Sn, Sb, Ce W, Bi
181
Appendix D (LA-ICP-MS daia)
Aqueous
inclusion
assemblages
Cu/Au
0 01/0 03
depth (m)
51-61.1115/1
523
description
ThLW>L
avg stdv
292 2 10 0
Tmtt
-13.9 0 2
salinity
17.7 0 1
Porphyry.clear qtz in vug with calcite, secondary trail

8 9
P2
je16a98
Fl aq 10-20
8x8 Li 7
10
11
12
13
Flaq
30x10
3147
Fl 10-20
20x16
Fl aq 10-21
15x15
Flaq
20x12
10-20
Flaq 10-20
22x12 379 4
PPm PPm
ppm ppm
152 7 917 5 33 572 7 -126 1
-199
-97 6 2 164 2
31 577 2
199 5 893 6
33 699 2 94 0
B11
Na23
-801 8
33 518 7 391 9
856 8
34 043 2 71 8 2 085 8
6 779 4
873 7
33,526 5
-96 2
Mq24
AI27
K39
188 8
ppm
PPm
-1,256 8
10,131 4 31,995 9
-735 1
2136
-2 639 9
-1,288 3
8 177 9 -27 694 4
-1 884 9
-787 8
7 696 7
2,483 6 8,157 0
-28,484 4
13 353 7
-47 929 4
Ca 42 Ti49 Mn55
Fe 57
PPm PPm
ppm
-11 567 3
-15,309 8
-428 1
1 081 6
-601 5
2 651 5 -2 235 8
979 9
1 970 5 -989 4 -38 6
-1 071 6
4 691 3 6 994 9 4 371 0 1 522 9 -151 5
1,534 3
1 655 5
ppm
-1,290 1
-51 1
726 7 95 3
-2,162 4
-81 2 974 6
-84 0
Cu65
Zn66 As 75
ppm
PPm
ppm
-1154
782 9
-96 2
1 237 3
647 2
79 6
-105 9 127 3
153 9 -94 4
-107 2 113 1
194 2 -83 6
Rb85
Sr88 Mo 95
ppm
ppm
PPm
1126
137 8 -34 5
172 9
2166
-1161
99 8
197 3
-54 8
1347
1573
-71 1
Aq
107
ppm
PPm
ppm
-21 0
-767 1
-133
2 138 1
-5 8 967 3
-6 3 68 9
-7 7
15 1
-1 047 1
-8 9
-381 9 -9 5
-162
Sn120
1,235 5
-16 7
Sb121
-134
63 5 23 0
-1 7
-16 8 74 8
26 4
-169
Cs 133
Ba137 La 139
ppm
ppm PPm
110 1
69 7
22 3 57 -2 0 -147 11 5
70 7
-185 -1 5
L__i
2 824 7
483 4
09
Ce 140
W 182 Au 197
ppm ppm
ppm
-1 9 -23 2 -10 8
-2 6
-22 4 145
09
-100
-6 4
-4 1
-2 0 -199
-160
-26 6
-28 2
TI205
Pb208
Bi209
ppm
ppm PPm
-9 2
127 -1 9
-7 0
334
-3 8
50
249
-1 6
-11 5
223 172
-3 9
194
-2 4
-5 8
164 -3 8
matrix corrected for salt correction for K
Li, AI, Ca, Ti, Fe, Mo, Ag, Sn, Sb, Ce, W, Bi
depth (m)
49-5214
315
Cu/Au
0 12/0 11
description Early P3, fsp-destr altered, secondary trail

17
ThUVJ.L
avg
stdv
Tmta
-0.8
0.2
salinity
1.4 0.3
270.8
20.7
je16a98
Fl aq small
18
19
201
Fl aq 20um 8x6
-91 4
Flaq 10-20
11x8
407 4 -2 294 1
Flaq
14x8
10-20
Comments 8x8
Li 7 B11
PPm PPm ppm ppm ppm PPm

PPm
-868 9 -8 199 9
150 8 -918 3 3 677 1

185 4
-1 696 9
Na23
5 603 3
-1 496 1
3 609 2
-434 2
6 005 2
124 1 -2 375 7 -923 3 -51 504 0
-1
Mg24
AI27 K39
-18 453 5
10 547 9
-1 590 9
-1,482 9
684 8
-41 654 4
-8,159 3
-478 648 6
Ca 42
Ti49
-88 091 2 -2 055 1
PPm Ppm
-10,339 8
-1 3104
-854 4
1070 540 7
Mn55 Fe 57
Cu65
351 6
-7 106 8 -265 5
597 4 -3 432 3
-125 4
ppm
ppm
ppm
-34,416 2
-1,296 5
-2 347 8
-4 203 7
-1859
Zn66
As 75
Rb85
-357 9 -309 8
-34 8
-174 2
312 5 2108
-22 8
ppm
ppm
-1,483 6
-153 0
-132 0
20 4
Sr88
Mo 95
ppm ppm
ppm
-86 2
-1 529 7
24 6 -289 2
-45 3
29 8
-1198
19 2
45 9
-219 4 -25 3
Ag107
Sn120
Sb 121
-254 3
PPm ppm
PPm
-11,768 3
-299 2
-1 9134
57 9
-923 6
-24 2
-1 407 0
-42 0 -4 1
Cs 133
-105 0 -351 4 -38 4

-41 1
-8 0 -48 9 90 -6 6
54 30 6 -3 5
-1 8
Ba137
La 139
ppm
ppm
PPm
-35 4 50
-3 1
Ce 140
W 182
Au 197 TI205
ppm
-322 4
-229 8
-92 3
-61 0
-45 4
-25 5
26 6 -106
-26 9 -38 4
-14 1
ppm
PPm
-14 1
Pb208
Bi209
ppm
ppm
-210 7 60 3
109 0 -15 0
-190 -5 4
-28 2
8 1
Li, AI, Ti, Fe, Cu, As, Rb Mo Ag Sn, Cs Pb
Appendix D (LA-ICP-MS data)
)S2
Aqueous
inclusion
assemblages (anhydrite)
depth (m)
Cu/Au
0 4/0.4
description
TIHwh,
avg
sldv
Tm*.
2310
salinity
-4.7 7.2
4T4li"
a
172 0
Anhy-py vein
in
potassiclly-altered
21.9
3.4
4.6
andsite, secondary trail, reqular shaped
Je16b98
Comments Fl 1
urn
7 FI4 F!5
8 Fl 6
10
11 Fl 8 Fl 9
12
13
FI2
Fl3
Fl 7
14.0
-368 9
120
-487 5
150
-1 211 S
20 0 -230 6
24 0
-667 0 -2 462 6 32 656 0
703 3 -4 495 0 4 185 0
130
-137 2
-1 133 8
Fl 10
irJo
-226 3
150
-191 8
180
-372 2
140
-235 5
Li 7 B11
Na23
ppm
ppm
ppm
1,944 2 49,095 5
623 5
-4,111 3 48,444 8 1,424 3

-4,528 2
-107482 128952 2 445 6 -14 925 7

107198
-3,098 8 29,846 2
765 8
-1 746 4
-1,5164
52,438 1
724 6
-3,938
-2,127 3
53,741 9
1 032 0
33 077 1 447 6
-1 332 7
31,607 7
924 2 -2 388 7 2 784 6
48,711 9
433 5
Mq24
AI27
EHL__^ E2L_
ppm
-3,567 2 4,407 0
-3,086 2 7,480 7
-1,927 0 3,886 1
-3,916 2 20,112
9
-2 097 8 6 702 9
K39
6,141
3 062 4
T|49
Mn55
ppm
ppm
-1,421.0
458 7
-2,442.5
372 1
-5,405.2
69192
-1,587 6
5 495 3
-1 981 2
1 576 0
-768 3
296 3
-1 183 9 1 649 2
-1,179 5 1,425 6
-1,887 4
6 677 6
-995 9
2,196 2
-3 290 4
-/59 0
Fe 57
Cu65
ppm
ppm
-5,954 4
-313 7
-6 459 6
-22 822 0
-7 094 8
-5 7157
-7 581 C -864 9 399 6

-284 1 -36 4
-2 225 8
-1 036 0
1 334 3
-3 953 8
-201 0
-3,146 4
-217.9
-4,887 2
-249 1 4 624 3 -223 5
106 1
4,768 7
1 025 0
-2,573 3
Zn66
As 75
lEEiTJ
ppm
PPm
1,230
4,550 0
-1 1166
2,365 0
-236 0 78 4
491 4 -204 6
-144
1,1187
-139 1 22 0 68 8 -137 7
2,029 8
-160 4 73 3
-196 1
-345 1
42 6
-98 4
31 7 1 326 6
Rb85
42 9
-100 3
-62 5
Sr88
Mo 95
ppm
ppm
2,941 4
-222 6
16.694 0
-256 1
2,647 2
-170 1
142 4
-259 8
___yyy
yyfi)
-33 0 -943 3
-30 9
2,373 2
198 7 -44 7
2,314 5
121 3
-725 9
68 7 -12 7 -468 5
Ag107
Sn 120 Sb 121
ppm
ppm ppm
-18 3
-64 8
92 7
-5,215 5
-134 6
-33 8
-1 294 5
-38 0
-1 793 0
-35 0
-27 5
-791 6
-1,752 3
-37 0
-1,723 3
-44 4 22 0
-1,066 8
-17 5
-1,1823
-69 2
40 6 30 6
110 4
-45 6 15.3 86 1 -8 4
-4 8
Cs 133
Ba 137
___ALZ
180
197 9
-23~4l
50 9
212 7
ppm
ppm
36 1
-53 7
22 3
409 0
7 9 1355 -7 0
-5 6
80
151 7
141.5
-82 6
-4 1
-8 8
651 1 849 8
La 139
ppm
ppm
-7 6
11 5
-21 2
-28 8 -312 8 -204 3
-1105
-5 9
-5 4
48 0
233 1
-3 6
-6 5
00
-7 3
Ce 140
W 182
Au 197
1,706
ppm ppm
ppm
-69 9 -52 7
174
-91 3
-5/3 182 601 3
-64 8
46 2
-89 7
-64 8 20 0
-32 8
-21 3 -8 1
-55 0
-32 1 -22 4
73
-36 5 -9 5
-29 9 -48 5 -23 0
-15 1
-29 3 -10 5
TI205 Pb208 Bl209
-165
386 7 -14
ppm
ppm
595 4
-138
748 2 -44 1
101 4
-21 2
376 7
-7 0
281.9
56
395.9
00
853.3
-6 9
720.9
-5 1
-123
matrix corrected tor salt correction for K
AI, Mn, As, Br, Sr, Sn La, Ce, Pb
J83
Appendix
(LA-ICP-MS data)
Vapor inclusion assemblages
sample
nr
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
Th,u,v
vein
Tin.
-2.2 0.2
wt% NaCl
equiv.
3 6
wt%/ppm
14/2 4
4S-61.4 13/2
428
Early qtz-vein potassic,

or
P3
P2? With py-rpy

sec
cutting
C02
,
avq
stdv
399.0 23 0
trail,
some
neg
0.4
cryst
je16b98
Sample
Comments Fl vapor
um
17
18
10
20
21 Fl vapor
20x25
22
23
24
Fl vapor
24x18 476 4
Fl vapor 10-2 Fl vapor 10-21 Fl vapor

20x15
-274 9
Fl vapor 15x18
-54 1
Fl vapor 20x20
-1
25x20 385 4 -847 3

54 3/0 7
25x30 483 5 -1 436 2

10 044 9
21x16 126 7
Li 7 B11
ppm ppm
ppm
-240 0
192 2
-2 876 5
11 372 3
-2 600 9
11 259 6
-1 081 1
10 829 7
-2 774 6
10 509 4
-245 4 -3 561 1 -80 361 5
-637 0
-6 076 1 10 296 1
-541 3
Na23
10,270 3
188
-808 5
Mq24
AI27 CI mit bcr K39 Ca 42
ppm
ppm
102 5
9179
-144 2
-2 142 7 -58 352 3
638 8
-3 451 1 -68 323 4
-151 3
-2 378 8
-52 147 0
-146 1
-1 887 0 -44 748 8
-5 587 0
ppm ppm
ppm
33 074 1 32 295 1 -17 075 5
-19,669 3 8,278 5 -13,918 3

-333 8
914 3
-146,172 8
8 209 9
5 340.8
-44 610 1
5 641 1
-59 613 3
8 879 6
-44 868 5
6 787 3
-28 679 3
7 641 2 -65 195 3 -1 947 5 8162

-6 123 2
-132,134 1 3 566 8
1 071 1 -14 372 4
Ti49 Mn55
Fe 57
ppm
ppm ppm
643 6
7 524 9
34 288 1
-1 011 2
1 288 9
-1,344 5
1 352 3
10 367 4
-1 3102
-1 168 7 924 1
3 958 6
983 0
4914 5
6,342 4
341 2
350 6
1,801 2
99 5 704 6
Cu65
Zn66 As 75 Rb85
Sr88 Mo 95
ppm
ppm
478 2 2 299 1
352 1
4149
-2170
-306 6 208 8
34 3
11 9
2 134 2
-575 4 -128 9 30 9 -73
-282 7
-606 5
5,720 6
-765 2 -454 3 -53 8 -31 7
ppm
ppm PPm ppm
ppm
-62 9
168 5
163 2
29 6 -11
1
-199 2
113 1 I4 5
-364 7
52 9 14 9
-67 6
74 6 42
29 6 -50 9 -6 2 842 9 -136 126 26 0

-2 0
-121 1
-27 2
182 9
-47 1
-178 2
50 6 -1 226 5 -30 0
-89 9
27 9
-226 6
-60 8
-53 2
14 4
-468 9
-142 1
Aq 107
Sn 120
ppm
ppm
-937 3 -23 5
74
-1,321 0
-40 1 95
-7194
-26 5 -2 7 -46 0
-2 0
1,748
-380 1
-8 5
-4 150 0
-58 4
29 9
Sb121
Cs 133
-56 1 -4 2
PPm ppm
ppm ppm
-2 9
22
Ba137
La 139
-22 7
-5 5 -5 5 -26 8
-24 2
-41 2
14 6 102
-55 7
-6 1
-60 0
-11 3
-8 3
275 8
-109 8
00
-27 5
Ce 140
W 182 Au 197
1 7 -155
-142 -3 9 647 5
9 1
-198
-3 5
-106
-40 6 -71 1 -167 130 5 -15 2
2 1
ppm
ppm
-56 3
-37 6
-32 7
-26 5
-31 8
-17 1 -5 9
142 4
-4 8
-128
-6 0
-1190
26 2
TI 205
Pb208
ppm
ppm
ppm
-5 3
148 4 13 5
-192
82 3 -6 0
-132
141 8
-2 5
38 6 -2 9
-23 5 1126
14 9
Bi209
-75
je16b98
Sample
Comment Fl vapor
um
25 Fl vapor
24x19 -307 3
26
27 Fl vapor
25x15
28 Fl vapor
20x20
29 Fl vapor 28x21 -220 2 -1 513 2

11
30
Fl vapor
26x20 -55 9
31
Fl vapor
27x22
23x23
Li 7
B 11
ppm
-383 4
-649 6 -5 493 7 10 489 1
241 5
2 209 8 10 888 9
1192
ppm
PPm
-5,213 1
10,080 9 -582 6
-4,966 9
10 492 6
-4144
13 174 3
-983 3
Na23
108 2
11,566
Mq24
AI27 CI mit bcr K39 Ca 42
ppm
ppm ppm
358 2
-4 804 0 -102 847 5
-494 5
-9 347 8 -234 907 8
-291 7
-2 475 8
-45 905 6
-193 2
-2 002 9
47 3
-548 3
3,574 2
785 9
-7,195
-134,987 2
-38 611 5
-10,1606
536 8
-99135
-14,185 1
ppm
ppm
8,783 6
-105 081 5
-2 87S 1
7 686.0
-86 028 8
7,695 2
-188 006 9
6 629 3
-39 131 7
6 044 7
-31 757 7
4,823 9
-13,833 9
-368 4 356 4
Ti49
ppm PPm
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
-2 566 3
1 284 7
-3 533 6
777 9 -14 250 1 17 621 5
-1 080 4 828 2
-3 483 2
4 074 1
-843 1
1 275 1
-260 9
141 1
3 059 7 3 663 7 187 7
MnS5
Fe 57
800 2
-11,491 3
7 950 7
13 353.7 22 704 8
8 977 5 240 4 655 3

-1206 40 8 -7 4
1,949 4
12211 2
Cu65
Zn66
As 75
-1 954 3 -521 3 -43 3

-20 4
1 918 2
-378 3
-906 9 -818 9
-73 2
501 9
232 2 -68 8
55 1
150 9 19 5 -10 1
154 2
-31 0
-i
-35 1 62 -3 6
Rb85 Sr88 Mo 95
44 7 -21 1
ppm ppm
ppm
-197 -496 5 -157 9
66 0 -42 9
18 9
-366 7
-136 1
-280 4
-82 0
-102 2
-23 3
-30 7
-7 2
Aq 107
Sn120
Sb121 Cs 133
ppm
ppm ppm
-2 962 9
-77 7 -137
-2 113 6
-88 7
-8 9
-3 225 1
-108 6
-24 1
074 7
-38 8
-4 4
-803 3
-28 8
23
-237 7
-5 8 1 0
-304 8
10 1
-1 4
Ba137
La 139
ppm
ppm
-123 2
157
-76 8
-13 7 -11 6 51 1 -50 0
00
00
-33 0
-2 6
-28 1
1 583 5
-5 6
-1 2
-6 2
2 495 0 49 6
Ce 140
W 182
ppm
ppm
-12 1
129 3 -99 0
26 6
132 3 -1256 107
-92 7
-5 7
-29 7
00 -?7 6 99
-1 3
-8 5 -3 9
-11 0 -7 4 -3 0
38 3
Au 197
ppm ppm
ppm
-26 6 -9 5
170 1 -9 2
TI205
Pb208
-28 1
80 1
-20 6
528 8
-8 1
120 3
-1 6
49 5
Bi209
ppm
-165
-20 0
Mo
58 8
160
-1 1
-4 5
Li, AI,
Mg, Ca,
Ti
As
Ag,
Sn
Sb Cs
Appendix
(LA-ICP-MS data)
1S4
sample
nr
depth
m
Cu/Au
description strong fsp-destr Qtz-EyePorphyry, qtz-py vein, parallel

some
Thv,LJ.v
avq
sec
Tm,c.
-3.5
1.2
wt% NaCl
wt%/ppm
432.6
39.1
equiv.
5.7
1.8
BLA 2197 B1
surface
trail,
stdv
with opaques
11 12 vapor
mr11b98
Sample
Comment; vapor
urn
10 vapor
13
14
vaoor
15
16
vaporvql b12
25x20
1 122 6
vapor deep
26x20 283 1 -1 294 8 -549 4
vapor 30x15
-69 4
27x20
15x15 -539 0
-159 5
15x20 -29 075 0
20x20
Li 7
ppm
B11
Na23
PPm
ppm
-1,644 3
21 436 3
-1,356 3
272195
482 8
-230 880 9
-11 834 3 -12 006 9
-5 309 7
20 948 5
-2 072 2
16 368 8
-630 6
17 877 0 26 969 5 3 913 1

6 877 7
11,484 4 5,593 6 -1,511.7

6 090 5
Mq24
AI27
K39
ppm PPm
ppm
1,791
3 056 4 -10 089 9 12 323 5
410 1
-6 642 7
13 1206
-2 421 1
9 239 5
-315 159 1
-92 616 2
-4,350 6
6 703 3
Ca 42
Tl49 Mn55 Fe 57
ppm
-130,897 6
-4,767
0
-45 987 2
-1 5175
-181 985 4
-45 575 7
36109
1 095 5
-61,929 0
-2,748
6
-31,832 2
3,881 5
1,811 1
PPm
PPm PPm
-200,743 2
15 989 7
1 555 8
1,954 0 -15,411 1
56 078 9
2,323 8 17,1874
14 358 5 1 284 2 24 0 90
-50,118 5
-767 675 6
1,1702
-10 242 6 11 577 7
28 081 1
10540 0 20 899 1 553 3

30 1 -103 -252 5
123,173 0
8,781 7
788 0
155 87
Cu65 Zn66 Rb85

Sr88 Mo 95
ppm
ppm
589 863 0
-72 767 2 -1 525 0
156 577 7
-821 6
2,228 6
-33 6 -177
1,257
ppm ppm ppm ppm

ppm
-63 6 -35 5
24 8 -12 1
-982 9
-474 0
-52 8
-157 6 -142 -501 8 -4 2

-21 8
-26 280 4
-1 803 1
-849 2
107 8
2 401 9
-313 5
-28 4 -1 024 9
-139 2 68 2
-391 0
Aq107
Sn120 Cs 133
Ba137
-160
-555 4
2,155 6
-11 6
-69 776 0
ppm
ppm
-356 4
-5 639 8
-135
-104 7
35 35 1
-5 5
-68 1
-2 7
-26 4
-103 6
La 139 Ce 140
W 182
ppm ppm ppm

ppm ppm ppm
-14 8
-104
-2 7
-4 6
-349 0
-546 7 -4 095 2 -3 722 4 -826 0 -3 545 9
-166 -20 5 -182 0

483 8 -27 4 132 0
18 453 5
40 22 5 -25 2
-4 7
-5 5
-4 0 -67 3 -44 3 -169 148 8
-5 5
11,550 2
-2 4 -32 7
-93 8
-59 0 -27 3
-38 0 -17 6
59
Au 197
-26 0
-4 7
TI205
Pb208
286 2 -170
133 9
131 5 61
143 7
-4 2
Bi209
PPm
-5 1
-622 5
-26 7
matrix corrected for Li, AI, Ca, Ti, Sn
sample
nr
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
cutting qtz-vein potassic, clustered, some C02,
or
vein
Tnv.L>v
avg stdv
430.0
8.3
Tm,
-2 0
0.4
wt% NaCl
equiv. 3 4 0 7
wt%/ppm
14/2 4
45-61.4 13/2
428
Early P3
P2"> With py-cpy
neg cryst mr11c98

vapor
um
12
vapor
13
vapor
14
vapor
15 vapor qepl
16
22x20 2106
-355 4
9 970 0
20x17
-56 8
-370 7
17x17
-92 3 -605 1
17x17
-97 2
-1 092 0
28x31
-2188
-1 034 8
Ll7 B11
ppm
PPm ppm
Na23
9 891 1 470 9
2 196 6 9 289 6
9 940 5
3 137 4
10 048 9 -132 1
4 202 0
9 312 8
5 155 2
-2 822 9
Mq24
AI27
ppm
ppm
497 3
878 6
3 707 1
9 1579 -17 544 1 1 979 5
K39
Ca 42 Ti49 Mn55 Fe 57
ppm
ppm
ppm
9,079
8 868 8
-19 287 2 2 452 2
10 831 3 -47 671 3 2 494 3

1 599 4 10 133 5
-10 056 1 -400 1 3 207 7

11 972 6
-13 746 3 1 032 0 3 601 5 13 077 1 1 956 1 833 2 32 9

83
ppm
ppm
ppm
3 886 2 L 16 229 6 1 852 4

1 387 4
31416 13 701 1
4 204 4
Cu65
Zn66
-34 5 883 5
2 030 8
825 4
ppm
985 3
P,b85
Sr88 Mo 95
ppm
ppm
31 0
75
-34 6
28 5
98
26 5
82
192
-8 3
ppm
-59 5 -101 -108 4 28 -109 133 2 27
-1103 -8 6
-134 4
-94 2 149
-169 4
20
-196 9
Aq 107
Sn120 Cs 133
ppm
-6 7
-81 7
-29 5
-310 8
-4 1
ppm
PPm
ppm
25 92 -1 1
-2 9
46
-14 3 5 873 1
Ba137
La 139 Ce 140
15 1 -2 3 -2 4
38 8 210 4
-3 8
ppm ppm PPm

ppm ppm ppm
3^
W182
Au 197
-5 1
-3 3
-140
-4 2
-19 8
-24 2
-92 -4 2
-51
-107'
4 6
-32 9 -7 1 148 4 -6 4
TI205 Pb208 Bi209
-2 3 283 2
-1 5
-2 3
273 8
320 6 35
209 9
-3 4
ppm
-17
Li, AI, Tt Sn
salt correction tor K
/85
Appendix
(LA-ICP-MS data)
sample
nr
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
strong fsp-destr Qtz-Eyeavg
sec
Th
v+L->V
Tm,
-3.2
0.3
wt% NaCl
equiv.
wt%/ppm
422 5
178
BLA 2/97 B1
surface
53
Porphyry, qtz-py
some
vein
parallel
trail,
stdv
0.4
with opaques 4
mr11c98
Sample
Comment; vapor
um
3
vapor 23x17 -628 6
-5 470 4
5
vapor 28x17 vapor 11x11 -474 9 -2 024 3 16 494 8
7
vapor 14x14
qep!
-312 9
15x15
Li 7 B11 Na23
ppm
-230 4
-1457
-1 469 2
ppm
ppm
-2 531 3 155162
3 695 2
-1 583 6
17 953 7
16211 4
18 994 6
4 172 5 -2 202 0
Mq24
AI27
ppm ppm
24,555 8
-6 221 7 8 171 6
-298 1
-3 351 4
3 295 6
-2 864 6 5 624 4
5511 7 8 976 2
K39
fppm
EL
ppm
9 513 7 -60 251 9
3 898 2
Ca 42
Tl49 Mn55
Fe 57
-132 9170
-4 231 5
-75 135 4
4 070 1
-46 165 1
-1 668 8 1 424 8
-40 293 0
2 777 6
-2,562 2
923 4
m__. ppm
ppm
1,597 9
-21,326 6
2,419 6
14 334 9
880 3
11 733 7
-10,476 4
14 363 4 26 757 3
1 290 5
Cu65
Zn66
50,863 4
1,159 2
-30 2 -24 2 -567 0 -91 5 -983 0
32 3
36 659 7
27,875 2 1,1669
25 8
20 625 2 682 1
-10 9
-7 7
ppm
PPm
1,454 9
-23 3 180
-342 9
Rb85 Sr88
Mo 95
-16 1 86 -164 7 -24 7
Pj2m___
ppm
ppm
-11 2
-288 3 -30 4
-163 9 -18 4
-267 5 -2 9 -30
o
Aq107
Sn120
Cs 133
-50 3 -702 9
-7 0
PjL__
ppm
-576 1
-5 1
570 9
2 9
Ba137
La 139 Ce 140
W 182
ppm
ppm ppm ppm
-108 3
-68 8
2 855 7
54 4
-7 0
26 3
4 684 3
5 666 6 -102
-142 1
2 413 9
-4 1 -37 9
-5 8 38 5 -48 5
-24 3 326 3 -11 1
-6 4 -54 9 -37 8
-15 2 205 7
-6 4
-4 4 -50 6
Au 197
T1205
ppm
ppm ppm
-84 0
-30 0 254 5
-39 7
-10 4 223 8 -6 7
-30 0
-5 2
Pb208
138 8
-7 0
Bl209
ppm
-24 5
Li, AI, Ti, Sn
sample
nr
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
Thv.u.v qtz-py
avg
'tdv
Tm,
-S.3
0 8
wt% NaCl
wt%/ppm
0 28/0 22
equiv.
47-53 62/1
311
Early P3,
moderate potassic,
395.0
21 2
9.5 10
vein, cluster of rounded inclusions
se01b97
Sample
Comment; vapor
um
7 vapor 20x20 vapor 40x40

-241 3
9 vapor 25x10 592 8 -2 831 1

29 818 6
10 vapoi
30x10 -1 4187
11
12 vapor 10x15 vapor 10x10

1 574 1 -2 455 6
14
vapor
20x20
2 152 2
qepl
1 881 0
vapor
35x35 524 6 -999 2
10x20
1 052 7
Li 7
ppm ppm ppm
58 6
B11
Na23
-4 470 1 30 865 9 -486 2 85199
-4 618 5
28 696 6 1 558 5 -6 429 8
-1,483 9 31,1820
-136 2
-729 3
32 463 5
-10 252 9
-371 0
29,508 9
-520 9
28,986 2
207 4
336144
1 982 6
26,474
Mq24
AI27
!!!___,
ppm
253 8 -986 3 9 942 3 -56 108 5

1 502 7 -260 0 9 789 7
-398 3
-5 934 6
924 3 16 761 7
-1,923 0
-16,238
-1,591 3
-4 432 2
K39
Ca 42 Ti49 Mn55 Fe 57 Cu65 Zn66 Rb85
PPm
ppm
14,201 3
-301 996 4
19 984 4 -322 186 7

-5 259 7
13,358 6 -104,808 8
-1,461 5 2,4198
28 551
16993A
-300 8025 12 835 5 -1 776 5 -50 412 3
33 661 4
178191
-724 674 7
19,212 4 -74,217 0
1,802 3
589 2
6,874.0
-235,005 0
3,922 0
5 370 1 I
25,908 5
-31 814 8
2 330 5
ppm
ppm ppm
5,144 0
-1 828 8
-12 034 8
-3 802 0
54154
44 673 8
5 030 1
-54 252 4 35 562 7 -4 250 5 -153 7
-91 554 6 52 070 8 14 235 1 -379 9 -1867

-2 676 9
-11,657 7
12,706 9
36,966 1 LJS73557
94 472 1 4 430 2
-127 7
ppm
ppm
104 909 2 5 831 0 -143 6
18 052 5 2 960 1
80 7
51 792 8 1 226 0 42 0
J^rj
2 898 3 92 9 101
-86 4
5 839 1 -205 8
4,168 6
57 2 -20 5 -217 4
ppm
Sr88
Mo 95
ppm
ppm
-75 5
-926 5
-75 4
-868 8
-22 9
-319 3
-160
-156 1
-82 3 -820 3 -276 1

-33 8
-70 0 -597 4
Ag107
Cs 133
ppm ppm
-264 0
-36 6
-315 6
-25 5
-96 7
-9 4
-53 9
323 5
591 8
-75 0
-69 9
-100 -6 3
-4 8
-201 7
-23 5 -19 8 -21 3
-109 4
98 3 70
Ba138
Ce 140 W 182
ppm
ppm
ppm
-38 2
-30 5 -187 1
-45 7
-9 2 -159 7
14 6
7 1 -45 7
84
-4 1
-37 4
-16 1
-60 6
-44 0 -681 6
122
-2 1
47 7
-127 3
-111 1
-30 0
-56 8
-40 7 -106 252 1 -8 1
10 7 -192
-3 8 ^88 6
Au 197 TI205
ppm
-157 5
-35 9 384 9
-1100
-35 7 3132 -43 3
-36 5
-11 7
-24 5 66
1156
-6 2
-283 1 -95 9
1 379 9
-108 /
-40 5
ppm
ppm
Pb208
Bl209
466 4 -13 4
618 3
-35 6
925 7
-24 6
ppm
-36 8
68 7
98
matrix corrected tor
Lt, Mg, AI, Ti, Mn, Ag Ce Bi
186
sample
nr
depth
m
CulAu
description
strong lip destr Qtz rye Porphyry
avq
Thv+LJV
386 5
Tmto
21 04
wt% NaCl equiv 35
wt%/ppm
qtz py
I
BLA 1/97 4 1
surface
vein
neg
crystal shaped
s w
to rounded
sldv
27 7
07
rI
sec
tra I
son
th opaques
sametrail
no25a97
is
ie16c98
Sample
Co liment; Fl vapor
im
31
32
33 PI var
or
'
F
vu or
37
Fi vapor Ff
v
38
por
40
41
Fl vapor qef31 Fl vai
or
'31i
30 0
Flvapor
40
2 146 2
81 430 9
Fi vapor 2
Flvipor
20 3A40 185 6 27r9
13 153 2 12 181 8
308 0
JO
Fl vapor
FI vapor
60 0
1147
30x40 1 097 2
27 671 1 12 19b 4
10x45
3
40 0
10!
1 727 4 11 13
150 35x40
214 1 263 0
10 2
30
69 6
II/ B 11 Na 23
ppm
I pm
38
35 1 )8
1 7
j
74
115
47
164 0
2146 2
11 6188
r9"0 0
9 060 8
1 /08 6
11 093 4
1 /08 0
83 6
1 ? 1
8 081 3 4 2
a
2 39 2
11 090 3
9,924 6
58 4 950 8 6 053 8
Mq24
AI27
iprr
129 4 1 0 lb
>
39)^ 24 42
3 7214
3 10b 8 916 1 17 1
1963
46o6 1 204 1 2 3 ) 69 )
1
311 3
A 058 3
991 0
1174
80 9 2 )38 0
00 80 9
14 951
12110
1 301 10 I
b^ 57
1,339 /
8 3 6 6 8 1/42
K39 Tl49 Mn55
tpm
6 498 0
20 938 4 6 130 5
10 9o9 9
2 695 3
1421
91
1 537 3 4 171 1 78 3 2 331 1

33 279 8
729 7
233 7
14
1b3 7 4
142 3
801 4 3 719 1 963 5
29r7
496 8
Um
ppm
Il
m
_,
/140
1 85 H
3/9 3
103 9
158 1
! 339
Fe 57
Cu 65
194/29
36 783 4
65 849 1
47 53)6
11)517 1
1 301 6
Hi
1
732 4
10 873 9 2
8 071 (
110
4
11049 7
5^ 53
9 6 0 8
176 146
15)448 6
2 t/2
6
)8/4
25 1
198 5
Zn66
Rb85
ppm
11 604 6
74 2
21 3110 195 0
2 707 1 r1 0
131 0
2
1
686 0 212 10 3 111 3
30
!
ol
1310
58
r40 6
63 21 4/9
2921
35 8
1 'A 9
b
1 601 1
37
'
54/
u
Sr88 Mo 11
ppm
25 )
527 6
7i 7
1 775 5
b|
1 1
6r
128
236 2
06 787 6
43
37
r
85 24 9 44
29
55 J
888 0
20 r0 7
ppm
ppm
31
07 33 1
9
At)
107
60 2
16 5
2170
I
412
13 4
28
1 0
1o1 7
13 I
41
It,
25
95
23
4b I 7
8 0
7
0
CS133
1'7
Ba138
Ce 140 W 182 All 197
ppm
ppm
135
83
60 9
42 0
1 3b3 4 00
18A
55
0
0 6
1
1 6
128
5 8
0
2
07
1 6
02
44 9
08 199 44 1 5
24 5
JJ9
91 5
14 1 9
60
3
00 I 8
ppn
r62 8
39 0
170 7
38 3 8b 201 2 14 t Ph
20 6
46 0 9 3 i
41 7
1
44 6
62
lb2 0
22 2
2A2
D
I 1 1
4b 5
TI20r
Pb208 BI209
ppm
ppm AI
Ca
11 7 501 4 129
38 3 1 5tj7 1
06,
b79 7 1 1
ot
10
48 2
29
8
3
t.
246 8 121
2,8816
304 1
60 0
48 8
Mo Aq Ce W
07
14
^
.
14
28
2 1
2 1
matrix corrected lor
Wn 7n
sample
nr
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
stron j
Th
VK
Tmic*
2 1 0 4
wt% NaCl equiv
wt%/ppm fsp
ven
BLA 1/97
surface
destr Q1z Fye Po p? y y

neq
ivq
ro
386 5
3 5 0 7
qtz
l!
py
crystal bhaped
wthof
iq
dad
iv
27 7
cl
sec
tri i
some
e&
sinistra]
si
iioAt.C/'
je15c98
Inclusions
Li 7
Sample
Cor menti Fl vipor 20
um
6
vapor
l"
b0x20
8
vapor 40
11
vapor 20 4
1"
13
4C, Fl
vil
ir
0' FI vapor ..0 Ai Fl vipor 20
4QF1vipor ?0 4^ 61
25x27
? 120 4 185 6 1 4150
rrlFI
9,
FV9P
3X23
r20 4i I I vapor
42x1 S
85 3
42X15
r
20x20
102 S
xA
9
'22x22
09 7 7
1 19
20x26
00 35 2
138 6
B11
Na23
Pirn
1,122 3 16,341
3
348 0
967 8
1 89? 8
Jul 3 151830
3142
1 12
4
3166 15 035 4 194

v
988 5
14 689 2
17,511 2 11,536 7
10 3^2 8
114 3
Mq24
AI27
K39 Ca 42 Ti4J Mn55 Fe 57 Cu6S
ppm
PI
m
600?
1 702j f
8 4S4 5 l. 991 0
433 7
W 748 5
15S52
13 686 3
1
1 0o1 9
12 067 0 856
7
2318
2814
8)1 1
D
196 2
18 662 1
21,721 2
1 627 8
23 476 1
491 i
12 033 3 1 70/8 21 400 2
Ppm
5,282
4,3138
b9 038 4 1 034
474 3
74
2,790
1 S 327 7
ili85 2
19 281 2
63 9
0
169109 66/ 7 1167 3 7b4fa 19 466 1 85 1 133 <3 9 2 101 4
urn
1 345 9
185 4
872 2
49 6 1 rro4
1 5 77 S 4
3!
48 901 8
2'1 9
5
416 7
6b 3
1 071 8
148 4
1771 j
4 1b8Q
0|
6581
1 <V2 6
23 633 4 16
ppm ppm
218 3 7 235 4 432 7
5 4t>4 7 It
1 r21
9 586 6
18 62 5 S 4
1676 7 21 1 28
4,030
1,625
30 b20 7 12 289 4 232 9 17 7
CO
2n66 As 75
Rl>85
ppm
323 6
T>7
b'
7 963 8
4
168 6 88 2 0
291 1 1/1
Sb 2
S
18 5
of
]\
784,
1
9
1908 1b8
9 9
Sr88
Mo 95
ppm
ppm
152
166 3
11 5
38 1
125
14J 3
47
62 6
Aq107
Sn 120
ppm ppm
32 /
2 2bJ6 33 8
35
110 5164 33 9
3 5 1
3C?
K9 5
J
16 1
1 8 6
"
12/3
10 6
1 195 3
c
21
21
6o
131 752 5 67
,
22 7
12 01 9b
00
1,443 3
21/
22 00 4 I 00
Sb121
Cs 133
pprn
ppm
31 r
3 1
1 1
2
21 8
20
1 1
1 1
Ban?
li 139 Ce 140 W1S2 Au 197
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
64 7
31 6 00 104 5
104
15 200?
55
3^ ?
3
02
o1
AI
05
I
^
136
24 00
498 4 0
?,69C3
52 5 30 9
13b
>2'
128
3
'
1 4
i*
'(
30
)o 8o i
50 6
7]
2d 2
"1
41
1234
52r
5C4
19 1
40 2 10 1
TI205
Pb?08
ppm ppm Lprr

c
19 1
105 7
t>9 134 1
88
24 7
PS 10 1 W
4]
17
!
'
bB
136
6
13
)
86
o2 3
169
30 6
B.209
matrix
12 1 Ca Ti Fe
A.
3 1
68
21
11 3
rrected tor Li
on
Wn
Sn
Sb
C^ Co
sait correct
!or K
757
Appendix
(LA-ICP-MSdata)
Boiling assemblages
sample
nr
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
liquid
Trnha|lte
406.5/54.4
Th
vapor
wt%/ppm
0.14/0 12
Tm|C
2.1/1.3
49-52 21/3
337
Ear|y P3, potassic.

grained
sec
coarse
barren qtz-vein, small
Thv+L>v
trail, mostly low-density
447.5/3.5
vapor, less inclusions
salinity
48.4/6
7
salinity
3.6/1.1
je04a98
Sample
um
6 Fl vapor
10x14
Commente Fl brine 1C Fl brine 1C Fl vapor

18x18 101 8 -131 4 21x20 20x20
Li 7 B11
Na23
ppm
ppm ppm
74
-194 6
-2 2 -187
00
-282 9
101,720
119,1725
333 6
4,699 0
263 9 28 3
2,166 3
142
Mg24
AI27
ppm
ppm ppm ppm ppm
ppm
ppm
328 8 -148 1
302 4
75176
-24 453 3
CI35
K39 Ca 42 Tl49 Mn55 Fe 57
69,641 6 75,122 4 -12,626

5
75,681 0 87,400 8
-1,698 8 3,204 5 2,630 1

241 8 148 6
657 2
9 956 6
-16 166 2
14,225 8
258 6
443 4
114 1
100 0
-1 044 7
18,036 3 79,423 1
20,023 6
103,788 6
ppm
Cu65 Zn66
As 75
ppm
ppm ppm
ppm ppm
3,315 0
5,893 6
-24 2
1,970 8 4,941 9
-159
522 9
101 0 79 9
-2 8
421 0
69 6 -28 5
190 17 1
Rb85 Sr88
463 3 101 3 1168 67
75 65 -1 6
103 2
Mo 95
ppm
ppm ppm ppm
ppm ppm
141 9
35
-29 1 -3 5
Ag107
Sn120 Sb121
Cs133
28
-270 4
-5 3 44 1 51 1 128 27 8 -174
-8 0 105
-292 4
-3 3
-32 2
-0 6
3,386 0
-8 0 -0 7 -15 6
40 8 50 0
02
42
Ba137
La 139
ppm
150 29 2
-134
-8 1
02
-1 0
00 -19 3
-9 1 -7 6
Ce 140
W 182
Au 197
ppm ppm
ppm
ppm ppm
05
-1 8
-0 6 -0 4
TI205
14 1
Pb208
Bi209
1,788 7
-4 5
1,6169
76
182 08
33 9 -3 8
ppm
]8
Boiling assemblages
liquid
vapor
sample
nr
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
strong fsp-destr Qtz-EyePorphyry, qtz-py vein,
neg crystal shaped,
sec
Tmhallte
445.2/24.7 Th
Tmlce
1.1/0.3
wt%/ppm
BLA1/97 A
surface
Thv+L.>v
480
1,2
above
470.3/14.1
trail
11
salinity
52.7/3
12
salinity
2/0.5
14
same run as
je04a98
Sample
Comments Fl vapor
urn
10
15
16
Fl vapor 38x20
00
Fl vapor
Fl brine 2C Fl brine 2C Fl vapor 2i Fl brine 22x22

-36 5
Fl brine
45x20
29 1
35x18
-71 2
20x15
-33 1 -177 5
35x24
-35 0 -266 0
32x18
27 0
20x20
-22 2
7 B11 Na23
ppm
ppm
ppm PPm
ppm
-1428
44 2
-437 9
-329 0
56 1
1184
8,249 2
56 3
-146 4
8,462 2
31 9 -136 7
18,860 1
88 1 681 6
122,456 6 134,821 0
239 2
-420 2 461 6 -302 0
8,512 3 144,043 5 111,1627

922.2 554 1 -231 1 736 3
-198 8 71 395 9
Mg24
AI27
2,156.7 -19,220 4
CI35 K39
Ca 42
ppm ppm ppm
-11,330 5 4,227 8
-8,387
1
12,286 2
-42,383
69 688 5
91,292 6
82 358 6
-16 190 9
76,252 8
3,659 9 -7,570
5
9,500 5
-30 038 7 232 9
45 274 6
-20 705 3 -232 5
3,526 2 -13,277 2 1,955 3

516 0
60,176 0 -13,789 8
777 7
83,646 0 -10,558
4
Ti 49 Mn 55 Fe 57
ppm
ppm ppm
738 8
1174
566 6
2 443 2
520 0
-186 0
588 2
6,057 7
10,946 5 8,856 4 1,284 6 10,058 3 105,741 7 J09 799 7
9,263
11,620
5,213 8
73,887 8 112,2174
46 9
Cu65
Zn66 As 75 Rb85
ppm
ppm
1,074 7
428 1 -20 8 24 6 64
-130 -2 3
880 3
333 9 -152
170
1,1405
700 3 -61 4 43 6
774 7
2 502 1
3 758 1
1,707 8
289 4
3,186
5,855
9
3
4,192 2
-44 4
350 9
64 3
5,312 7
-30 8
341 8 104 6 -22 8 11 9
ppm
ppm
-36 7
299 4 84 2
-29 0
-33 2
-28 6 426 5 125 3

-30 2
24.1 33
-24 5
Sr88
Mo 95
ppm
ppm ppm ppm
ppm
58
-124 -2 4
154
-39 3 -7 9
1106
6 1
Ag107
Sn120
Sb121 Cs 133 Ba137
80 -509 7
-8 0 142 563 6 -1 7
69
67
-211 8
65 1 3
-242 0
-2 2 1 5 25 8
-815 8
-6 0 25
583 8
-6 4 35 4
1,526 3
-7 2
1,056 5
87 163 407 5 26 41
-377 3
-2 8 -193
ppm
32 171
ppm ppm
28 9
135 4
208 7
1 0
761 1
La 139
1,300 7
-1 3 -139 -6 0 -3 5
108 6
01 -0 7 -11 4
175
1 5
-46 8
816.0 -1 4
-30 0
247 5 1 5
-28 2 5 6 29 0
Ce 140
W 182
ppm
ppm ppm
ppm ppm ppm
-3 0
-40 2
-1 1
-26 6
-184 -13 9 182
Au 197
TI205
Pb208 Bl209
-5 2 22
108 0 -1 5
89 -9 2
257 0 -8 3
-23 3
199
-9 6
29 4
-12 6 -10 0
93 1
1,325 7
164
1,752 9
20 4
1,996 6
30 3
1,811 6
177
-3 0
-3 0
Li, AI, Ti, As, Mo, As, Sn, Sb, Ce, Bi

K Fe Mn
salt correction for
liquid incl
salt correction for vapor incl K
189
Boiling assemblages
sample
nr
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
liquid
vapor
wt%/ppm
14/2 4
Tmh,i
TmM
11
45-614 13/1
428
Early P3
or
P2? With py cpy
vein
364 3/29 3
^b 397 3/6 5
cutting qtz vein potassic low density vapor
sec
tn I
ThVtL>y
salinity
43 9/2 8
salinity
2 8
9
je17b98
Sample
Comment; Fl vapor urn 23x1S
H-
4 Fl vapor 30x17
C Fl
vaoor ev
7
Fl bnne
10
Fl brne 10 ; Fl brine
11 Fl bnne 12x14
12
FI br
ne
13
14
vaoor
Fl vapor 35x15
Fl vapor
Ax20
de Fl
17x14 1120
2~*3 0 5 541 fa
19x16
r7 7 433 4
28x20 189 6 828 8 442 7 88 971 0 A)0 6 1 719 1

31 535 6 94 758 9
11x10
1 813 2 6 473 1
11x15
15x20
33 4 1 099 3
7 B 11
ppm ppm
571 9
191
1
3
<
312 3 2 068 5
200 6 1 886 0 23 773 1 634 3
4 795 5
6 508 6 396 3
1 330 7 6 7170
144 8
152 8
Na23
ppm ppm ppm

opm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm PPm
6 220 0
528 3 6 797 0 69 806 4 4 393 5 139 160 2 2 346 9
96 626 0 609 4 685 2 27 2o2 5

74 372 1
4 A50
164 2
1 967 0
6 256 1
110 922 0 103 614 3

960 7 7 588 8
82 266 2
6 142
229 0 1 450 2
11 331 7
Mq24
AI27 CI35
1420
338 7
2 355 9 19 856 1 4 297 3 41 017 6 857 1 746 2 4 022 2
4 051 6
451 2 43164 27 993 1 85 010 2
5 266 7
48 660 0
1 487 5
13 1838 3 068 5
"3 502 7
29 672 9 153 220 4
M 007 5
K39
Ca42 Tl49
3 624 0 98 640 2
3 606 5
8 939 1
65 673 9
4 675 5 25 457 4
582 6
32 475 2 553 7
14 446 0
281 6
32 782 6
892 4
9 860 5
248 9
118 862 7
2 921 3
66 256 6
1 767 5
54 751 8
1 456 2
Mn55
Fe 57
522 0
8 028 7
631 2
3 726 7 1 507 8
331 8
9 851 1
19 300 9
84 900 5
5 150 6
1 4^6 5
4 0o6 6 493 3 1 2o1 3 97 9
27 074 3
90 288 7
2 597 9 7 566 4 29 0
14 808 0
18 942 0
33 671 7
667 8
5 648 2 166 2
885135
3 508 0 4 452 4 414 1 499 2
53 3
169 046 8 198 158 4
Cu65
Zn66
As 75
4 328 0
585 1
379 3
1 239 7
730 2 353 7
9,673
17 691 8
14 723 7
287 5 111 3 23 2
64
5 328 4 46 2
253 9
165 1 24 5
86 11 ?S 28 0 2 074 3
5 560 2
274 6
294 2
88 1
162 4
Rb85
Sr88 Mo 95
ppm
PPm
29 9
157
45 0
33 0 297 3 65 1 2 663 4 62 8
428 0
71 7 50 9
82 326 0 162 9 35 7
"M6
132
t>2 6
522 8
93 3
414 1 69 6
64001
10*2
30 7
90 71 6 76 734 6
ppm
PPm
ppm
2108
47 0 2 548 6 63 4 66 68 1
40
99 0
134
56 0
76
245 7
361 9
127 0
239 4
36 4
164
Aq
107
60
654 3
39 7
Sn 120
SP121 Cs 133
844 5
23 4
29
3 689 6
20154
1 512 2 27 3
57 8
ppm PPm ppm

ppm ppm PPm
ppm
20C
42
m 1
39
51
43 3 98 6 06
1 3
104 9
26 0
29 1
38 8 63 8 92
95 47 4 58 5
192 4 1 26 5 34
28
50
24 4
120
Ba 137
La 139
11 5
3 1
104 9
1 4
12
24
32 1
34
3 5
108 7
3 747 8
1171
45
Ce 140
W 182
Au 197
6 1 101 2
56 4
44
24 5
11 9
121 1
00
173 8 1
32
29 6
129
141 6
85
59 1 71 7
33 4
156
163 21 9 11
0
11 3
125 0
33 0
23 4
102
89 0
TI205 Pb208
ppm
27 0
62 4
68
97 4
33 0
121 0
13 1
1 641 4
100
378 3
89
114 1 7r
181
1 800 9
47 1
1 431 9
-22 8
2 234 6
42 4
4 289 1
ppm
62 2 53
Bl209
ppm
59
56
195
105 1
42
132 7
29 5
126 4
123 C
15
16
Sample
Li 7 B11
urn
Fl vapor
FI
small
Comment; 18x10
735 4
3 149 1
25x25
318 8
2 679 4 5 622 2
PPm ppm
Na23
5 476 2
375 0 7 238 6 56 455 2 6 376 4
Mq24
AI27
ppm
ppm
396 6
3 908 2
CI35
K39
ppm
ppm
28 687 7
5 987 3 /3 505 1 1 632 4
Ca 42
Tl49
ppm
ppm
117 676 6
3 108 3
Mn55 Fe 57
ppm
470 9
529 2
10 742 4 29193 428 2
0L_
ppm
10 395 1
6 844 3 1 024 9 422 2 41 2
Cu65 Z1166
As 75
ppm ppm
309 3
31 8
Rb85 Sr88
Mo 95
PPm
ppm ppm
.,
31 2 344 8 79 8
3 142 8
86 220 0
Aq
107
ppm
ppm ppm PPm ppm
56 7
1 081 8
Sn 120
Sb 121
Cs 133
52 1
11 8
55 5 73 68 2
82
Ba 137
La 139 Ce 140
86 2
104
ppm
ppm ppm ppm ppm PPm ppm
11 2 77 0 93 2 38 8
176 8
96 47 1
77 3
W 182
Au 197
TI205
Pb208
Bl209
15B
63 8 55
192 5
ma'rsx correc ppm
salt correctio n tor
liquid
K Fe
Mn
salt correctio n for vapor K
jq
Boiling assemblages
sample
nr
depth
m
Cu/Au
description
fsp destr Qtz Eye Porphyry qtz py vein neq crystal shaped sec trail iow density vapor
wt%/ppm
liquid Tmh,n
541 3/14 E
Tn
vapor
Tm,
14
BMW
surface
B,2
Thv*L>v
>580
salinity
65 5/2 1
mr11a98
salinity
2 5
d firent element menu
Sample
Comment; vapor
urn
22
vapor
23 vapor
24
11 Br
ne
12 Br ne
13 Bnne
vapor 15x15 48 9 207 8

127 Ll7
Inclusions
Li 7
22x17
88 66 0
6 650 2
10x10
21 5
20x15
25 0
55 7
30 0
66 6
26 0 52 6 224 5
109 212 3 285 3
ppm ppm
B11
Na23
1874
39 4 B 11
6 900 7 Na 23 184 7
43" 2 9^245 2
491 9
3140
92 08/7
Mq24
A127 K39
EEELI
ppm
6,596
7 593 0
862 6 303 9
8 490 6
566 4 653 3 8 633 1
539 6
1 256 2 5 963 8
Mq
24
449 3 482 2 128 892 4 8 842 1

299 8
ppm ppm ppm
159 4 AI27
7 822 7 K33
825 7
'29 590 9
592 6
130 446 3
Ca 42
Tl49 Mn55 Fe 57 Cu65 Zn66
Rb85
2 431 7
68 1
10 672 4 239 7
1 547 2 15 330 9
1 282 2
13 946 6
318 1
4 090 4 Ca 'U 151 4 Tl 49
15 192 8
505 C
125156
379 4
E1__
ppm
ppm ppm
1 860 7
21 637 2
884 9
3 841 0 1 230 6
1 552 4 Mn 55
15 5210 Fe 57
349 6 Cu65
24 665 8
232 42b 5 1532
Q
25 400 5
242 024 6
18,879 0
189,273 1,282
7 3
882 2 866 3 40 2
154 0
8 856 3 576 0
ppm
ppm
684 8
31 9
334 5
187
734 2 ZnPb
32 8 Rb35
776 6
577
'
8,213 9
483 5
Sr88
Mo 95
ppm
108
6 1 1 9 21 4
43
78
27 5
33
44 8 72 146 6
0^
10
Sr88
121 3
12 4 46 8 125 2
23
_Jiii
ZZHHa
106 2
63 4
ppm
ppm
98
Aq '07
Ba 137
Aq107
Sn 120 Cs 133
3 1 99 5 2 1 40 926 5 1 0
94 78
2 1 Cs 133
34 1
57I
94 2
1 5 45 129
33 4 87 5 28 0 1 9
142
ppm
ppm ppm ppm
29 La 139 1 8 Ce A0
03 W 182
Ba137
La 139
152
02
20 8
1 030 4
1
<
24
99 11 9 44 5 2 962 2
Ce 140
W 182
Au 197
Em_
ppm
09
34
27
05 Au 197
4 1
30
33 8 2 720 0
34
29 7
162 12 1
34
11 205
ppm ppm ppm
4o Pb208
2 777 6 11 4
TI205 Pb208 Bl209
64 241 8 1 2 AI
25
1706 1 5
29 B
256 1
209
12 1
103
153 9 23
ppm Ti Mo
09
matrix corrected for Li
Ag
Sn
La
191
Boiling assemblages
sample
nr
depth
m
Cu/Au
description Tmhaht<*
strong fsp-destr Qtz-Eyeavg
stdv
wt%/ppm
Porphyry, qtz-py vein, neq crystal shaped, sec trail
Th >600
wt% NaCl S8.4

1.1
BLA1/97
A
surface
489 8
8.4
1,1
no2Sa97
Sample
Comments Fl vapor
urn
31
32 Fl vapor
33
34 Fl vapor Fl vapor
35
36
37
Fl vapor 40 0 40x45
Fl vapor
20 0 35x40
-185 6
-275 9
Fl vapor 40 0
-70 2
30x40
25 0
338 8 35 1 -923 8
Li 7 B11
ppm ppm
ppm
-1,097 2
-2 146 2
-27,671 1 12,195 4
-1294
-81,490 9 12,195 4
-399?
-11,634 7
8 084 3 462 5
-5,164 0
11 090 3
3 724 4
,
-13,1532 12,181 8
328 0 -527 4
Na23
11,707 2
189 2
-1,727 4 11,743 6
195 3
Mq24
AI27 K39 Ca 42
ppm
ppm
ppm
-1,045 5
-2,474 2
14,951 5
3 213 0 1 301 4 -20 140 4
3J05_8^
2 946 1
-122 805 5
466 6
-6,498
-20,998 4
-1,560,061 9 -6,930 5
ppm ppm
-550,264 5
10,959 9 -212,925 0
3 421 9
-3,575 3 -262,181 0 -2,158 7

-466.2
1,204 4
38 654 0
Ti49
Mn55
Fe 57
-2,695 3
i
1 021 4
103 9
-792 4
4 729 1 -158 4
8 071 0
-293 9 8 9
ppm
-714 0
-1,854.1
-65,849 3
379 3
f^S
ppm ppm ppm ppm
-19,472 9 36,783 4
-10,517
-11,042 7 52,536 1
-1,579 6
Cu65 Zn66 Rb85

Sr88
-11,604 6
-74 2
47,630 6 -21,311 0
-195 0
-76 7
-1,301 6
40 873 9 -436 0
-2 1
25 474 0 1 686 0
24 2 40 3
25,130 8
-431 0
58
43
-2,707 4
61 0
-3,073.6
-39 6
-25 3
128
06
-8.1 -315 4
-41 3
Mo 95
ppm
ppm
-527 6
-60 2 -165 -135 -8 3
-1,775 5
-217 0
-236 2
-41 2
787 6
-2 8
-111 3 151 7
-37 5
-7 6
Aq107
CS133
Ba138
ppm
ppm ppm
-76 2
-60 9
-42 0
-13 4
187 5
-5 5
-1 0 05
-0 6
39 3
11 1
-1 6
-12.7
-12 8
-5 8
-2 5
-2 2
07
Ce 140
W 182 Au 197
ppm
ppm ppm ppm
ppm
-552 8 -39 0
11.7 -501 4
-129
-1,353 4
00
-38 3
-170 7
-20 6
-92 3
-257 8 -48 5
-5 2
-279 0
-41 7 -5 4
0 5 -40 2
1 4
-38 3
-8 6
-4 6
00 36 3 -0 7
159
-4 1 246 8
TI 205 Pb208 Bi209
-1,567
-201 2
-14 6
-48 8
-120
-7 1
no25a97
Sample
Comment; Fl vapor
urn
38
Fl brine 60 0 1147
39
Fl 100 79 3
40
41 Fl vapor
42
Fl brine 40 0
43 Fl vapor
30 0 741
Fl brine
44
Fl brine
30 0
45
vapor
21 4
-1 253 0 9 924 6
qef;
48 2
150 35x40
30 0
ppm ppm
84 3 -3 387 2 18181 9
8 283 6
57 2 -1 017 6
00 -692 6
B11
Na23
-2,145 2
-2,056 9
90 871 4
-5,920 0
9 060 8 i_ 991 0 P"
-1,708 6
11,093 4
1174
ppm
ppm ppm
ppm
11,6188
311 3
4 058 9
108,424 5
750 5 332 0
114,275 1
Mq24
AI27 K39
510 6
-58 2 124 874 3
58 4 950 8
1,1162
-21 3
4 339 7
8 356 6
5195
183 191 1
-80 9
1,537 3 -54,061 3
6,053 8 -24,624 7
-142 3
801 4
2,938 0
-46,394 1
-295 7
496 8
132,004 8
121,997 2 -17,882 0
-92 2
Ca 42 Ti49 Mn55 Fe 57 Cu65 Zn66

Rb85
PPm
ppm ppm
-45,969 5
-233 7
-186 623 9
8 174 2 1 339 5
-65 502 1
-28,000
4,171 1
-78 3
774 5
4? 594 8
-146 9
22,444 9
1136384
2 553 8
13,637
16,899 1 91,489 7
7 850 2 -178 2
ppm ppm
ppm ppm ppm
ppm
2,391 1
33,279 8
-540 6 -6 3 -2 1
-47 9
3,719 1
363 5 -292 1 35 8
85
175 445 5
159 448 6 -1 754 9 55 9 55 9
206,771 1
762 7 24 595 2 22162
2,472 7
651 6
88,090 5 19,627 8 12,397

3
24,228 2
1 325 1
1,601
37 7 44 -60 7 23 1
721 8
833 7 161 9 -I49 -2 5
Sr88
Mo 95
109 3 368 3
11 7
342 8
-69 7
100 2
68 1
-24 9
-4 4
888 0 434 7 80
99 9
Aq 107
Cs 133
Ba 138
ppm ppm ppm

ppm ppm
ppm
-9 5
-2 3 1 6
-13 1 132 7
336 9 2 5 -60 9
-6 7
86 7
134 3
78 1
29
44 9
59
3 4
57 0 99 6
20
-22 8
-3 1 55 0
69 1
141 5
Ce 140
W 182
Au 197
02
-44 6
30
-29 6
-7 2
-0 8
-199
-4 4
21 5 -152 0
-22 2
-1 8 -39 2
-6 0
0 0 -I32
-2 2
62
-1 0
TI205
ppm
ppm ppm
64 8
1 5
29
81 6 4 726 6
1 8
52 6 -187
20 4
Pb208
Bi209
-48 2
1 4
6 090 0
38 1
-24 5
2 8
2 884 6
304 3
3124
-2 4
4,355 7
164
30 2
matrix corrected for Li,
AI, Ca, Zi, Mn, Zn, Mo, Ag, Ce W, Pb
salt correction for

salt correction
liquid K, Fe, Mil, Zn forvapor K
Appendix
(LA-LCP-MS data)
192
Melt inclusion
analyses
119
sample
B11 Na23 AI27
assemblage
melt 1
mz12c98
melt 2
384 9
1 806 1
melt 3
521 9
melt 4
melt 5 39um
193 1 455 6
melt 6 15um
701 4 1 641 3
53 442 7 3r 440 2 4 563 8 4i 3 28 9 0 8
melt7 20um
3 458 0
melt 8 20um 168 5 825 9

59 442 7
meit+bio
142 0
melt 9
3 047 3
ppm
563 3
5 333 5 59
ppm
ppm
1 825 1
59 442 7
4 424 2
9 442 7 38 002 9 4 830 1
21 711 8
59 442 7
1 344 2 59 442 7 36 572 7 55 736 3 199 6 60 6

24
1 6169
59 4 12 7
66 /
59 442 7
59 442 7 36 446 3
4 229 8
442_7j
K39
Fe 57
ppm
34 578 5
3 186 5 180
32 589 3
3 825 2 22 3
37 494 7
2 503 6 22
34 530 9
3 901
18 266 6
87 083 7
33 335 8
6 693 8 174 6 49 1 24
EL_
ppm
Cu65
As 76
Au 197
173
84
11 0
50 02
73
67
30 01
ppm
ppm
70
03
84 04
90
72 0*.
34
0 1
04 155
Pb208
matrix
corr
ppm
for AI
104
1 1 2
106
21 4
10' 0
160
57
28 5
Pb
Sample
L 7
10
assemblage 120
melt 1 25um
met 2 10um
mz12a98
Tie!t3
10um
2 558 6
melt4 20
me
t 5 *A
et 620U1
nelt 7 3u
7
melt8 35UTi
119 3
melt 9 15U1
79
o
et 10 10 1 311 4
6
ppm
383 0
1 598 6
154 1 2 41r, 5
109 9
35o2
31
38 3
B11
N3 23
ppm
ppm
953 2
9 430 7
5 846 6
483 8
94130
299 3
2^6
102
1 296 2
03 6
19b0
7 459 7
235 9
4 246 1
r
806 5
434
170
501 3
Mq24
AI27 CI35
ppm
229 7
59 442 7
328 7 59 442 7
750 2
59 442 7
100
179 4
59 442
77 7 33 442 7
91 971 1
193 9
59 442 7
8 408 3
132 6
59 442 7
288 7
59 442 7
1 020 b
59 442 7
HL
ppm
59 442 7
14191 5
K39 Ca 42
ppm
ppm ppm
ppm ppm
15 633 3
24 938 6
1 444 0
1 547 3 117 1009
6 4
28 4o0<.
2 262 6
29918 1
287 4
21 21b 4
23 409 4
2 206 5
14 564 0
4 247 3
7 894 3
761 9
75 9122
Tl49
Mn55 Fe 57 Cu65
Zn66
439 4
231 7
1 164 0
359 9 11 524 9
1 664 4
1 293 6
463 5
99 7 3 169 7
1 402 2
44b 3
102 5
2 964 0 494105 7
297 1
b7 9 2 007 6 187 1 100 5
255 6
294 4
126 3
224 5
1 979 6 M7
317 9
128 5 1 746 5 226 9
108 7
806 1
229 9 7 8o7 9
1 1154 2A6
499 3
15 230 3
1 833 7
2 682 6
79 3 1168
2 760 8 29 6
35 4
EHL.
ppm
358 0
605 8 261 0
132 8 145 b
283 4
34 7
10a 4
44 1
75
As 75 Rb85 Sr88
Mo 95
ppm
ppm ppm
33 7
164 4
210 7
175 5
54 2
133 8
03 9
142 6 A2 9
6s 8
0
i
35 7
167 9 165 f
45 8
5
o
44
179 7
180
14o 1
U5 2
1080
192 7 155 3
84
1 1
128 8
51 2
8 9
138 4
270 0 32 8
14j 1
55
l
160 9
44
11 7
2
o
192 0
108 8 A7 9
1
m_
Ag
107
ffim_
8 1
06
226 8 03 86 81 4
2 6
Sn 120
Sb121
ppm
ppm
500 3 157
2 1086 21 5
33 34 4
2 652 6
31 7
2 19b
748
744
371 8
1 1
377 4 29
7t7 2 49 12 1
6 1 3 10 r
52
1 0 8 5
1 9
0 8 47
Cs133
Ba 137
PPm
ppm
143 71 69 141 07 04 8 1
46 25 6 4 1 26 0 25 50
57 8
6 8 35 5
10 8
1 9
11 f
La 139 Ce 140 Tb 159 Lu 175

W 182
PPm
ppm ppm
47
103 42 28 39 9
07
13 b 07 0 9 12 8
1 4
11
r
1 3
11 2 0 b
08
143 02
02
165 02
37 0
107 04
7 148 8
48 9 15 1
0o 07
8
ppm
ppm
Ob
10 8
01
1 7
01
25 06 07
05
(
27 4
25 3
Au 197 TI205
ppm ppm
ppm ppm
40
09
16 / 5 1
22 6
15
1
o
47 09
193
2 6
0 6 23 8 0
03
07
2 1
08 2 5 06
103
24
199
48 30 5 73
Pb208
B 209
193
09
15 9 1 2
180
04
21 6
04
53
1 4
32
Comrr melt 11
L 7
xtu met 12 20um melt 13 25um

859 3
ne
14 15
elt 15 10um metIC 30

181 0
897 1 128 9
qepl
E2L_
ppm
ppm ppm
261 6
80 8
70 0 1 508 6 177 6 271 0 59 442 7

r5 128 0
B11
Na23
1 026 4
65 2 00 59 442 7
2 840 9
235 9 160 2
3214
6 873 3
398 7
42 f 119
<,
123105
229 7
Mq24
Al 27
2A7
59 442 7
8
m_.
ppm
59 442 7
59 442 7
17 690 6
59<-42 7 19 222 7 10 977 5
Cl 35 K39 Ca 42 Tl49
Mn55 Fe 57
41 994 2 182 2 11 3146 3 553 8
682 7
ppm ppm
ppm ppm
17 390 4 4 282 9
4 015 7
<;8 879 1
21 083 3
7 121 6
!
i
35 505 3 301 3
102 7 3 152 1
63
169 1
36 5 1 140 7
380 0 3i5 7
2'34 2
36 4
320 8
77 1 2 347 4
1
371 9
283 1
44b 3
182 7
ppm
ppm
3 065 1 35 5 30 4
2 665 5
49 3
Cu65
Zn66
160 3 202 2
461 8 131 4
756 6
ppm
PPm
140
3 D
107 1
<-0 2
32 1 8 9 1173
164 1 11 4 1 b
As 75
Rb85
193
147 1
53 7
172 1 164 6 57 3
8 1 846 8 46
127
120 1
ppm
ppm
ppm
129 6 194 9
64
1
0
143 5 1
Sr88
Mo 95
1S5 7
20 1
0 5
45 3 5 7
130 6
10b 1
Ag
107
ppm
ppm
27 1 049 6
20
Sn 120 Sb 121
240 8
08
832
4
h
H
2lb
t b
360 7
0
3
ppm
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
Cs 133
Ba 137
97
188 0
108
148
6a 476 2 1130
25 8 03
7 4
357 9 11
62
457 3 14 5 22 02
S 9
335 0
La 139
Ce 140
Tb 159
59 3
106
63
146
05
2 9
23 9
0 6
23
02
0 1
92
Lu 175
W 182
ppm
ppm
04
147
02
30
0 5
9 2
03
2
c
02
2
1
65 09
1 1
Au 197 TI205
ppm
ppm
30
1 0
0b
1 0
Of 38
16 t
05
19 1 1
08 187
1 2
Pb208
Bl209
matrix corr
ppm
ppm for Cs
36 3
08
22 4 1 2
157
04
02
K Ca Ti Ba Na Mn Fe Sn Mq
193
Appendix
(LA-ICP-MS data)
Melt inclusion
analyses
sample BLA 18, assemblage 118 (analysed by A. Audtat)

cale After Nist 61 AlumbreraA/
Alumbrera
AlumbreraA'3 AlumbreraB/2 AlumbreraA/

40um Ml 50um Ml
*"
I
int
C/1
Sid
(Ah
ppm
82,000 0
3 275 4
82 000 0 17 652 6
3 990 3
82 000 0
82 000 0
27,773 2
82,000 0
23,798 3
680 7
82,000 0
19,573.1
648.7
Na23
Mg_24_
AI27
ppm ppm
ppm
ppm
8,190 1
82 000 0
2,634 9
82 000 0
82,000 0
482.731 3 44,124 0
11 080 7 756 8 367 8
82,000.0 691,539 0 43,719.4 9,504.3

669.2 248.0
Si 29
K39
417 182 5 34.075 8
1,259,504
1,167 0294
34 872 0
54,254 1
662 1
Ca 42 Tl49
ppm pern ppm ppm 8104 799 0
6 898 8
748 3 163 3 11 466 0 47 8
Mn 55
Fe 57 Cu 65
1193 12 134
1
36,494 6
341 7
8,064
6,453.5
opm
ppm
ppm
56 9 69 9
20
Zn66
As 75 Rb85 Sr88
opm
225 1
65 4
140 1
138 8 1 3 393 3 31 2
85 8
212 e 2 4
155 5 268 4
138.8 213.8
4 1
m_
PPm ppm
Cs 133
Ba 137 La 139
44
192 7
40
596 1
326 9
45 0
615.0
27.5
m___
ppm
ppm
85 1
Ce 140
W 182
35 5
55 9
56 5
2 1
46.0
2.0 19.5
Pb 208
Bi209
ppm
ppm
opm
51 9
21 0
33
25 9
0 1
Th 232
U238 Y 89
1 5
95
21 0 66
11
164
14.7 5.9
12.2
PPm
ppm
3.7
38
09
2 3
3.7
9 1 1 0
Zr90
ppm
132 6
39 3
93 9
65.8
Gold
analyses
depth
Cu/Au
description
m
r
wt%/ppm
yry jg
=
a.
V th le te od ry
n
51 61 11V S I
&
on j 439/5 2
499/12 6
c
je18a98
o
aar
pp>
7 9 Fl 10 70/j Fl
ep
r-
i
cI A
salinity
50/0 6
OAmrrento F! 20or
0 F1 0 A) 0 20
Fl
3j
15* 20 23 15x20
At
20/18
3
P 203 337 8 04 rp4 7f I 6

1
403
4
4 L
x0 502 0
47
4
2
it
sample
nr
depth
Cu/Au
description
wt /o/ppm
BLA/I/S7L3/
jf
-ft
/
A
r
je18b9S
1
1D F
Tm,
529 3/11 1 Th hr F
<60O
1 ri vap
r
salinity-
63 8/1 6
b
r
jeep br
n
f I
PI
17
/
1*715
2A ,3J 491
1
S
2
pc
7)00
4 17 4
4 I
o
4C
tr
77 C 97
nr
7
44
f J3
rr
30
sample
nr
depth
Cu/Au
description
*<vt%/ppm
421 3/20 8
1 P
r r r
45 61 3
1 ?2
Tm,
Irr
f J
-0 9/0 4
salinity
1 6/0 6
rnrr
rt
3F
00
j
F

i
PP
/
Ir J
-t
3 y
r
4
t 1
4 15
4 1
1 11
I
J
p^rr
20
1 7 2
sample
nr
depth
Cu/Au
description
wt%/ppm
ALE
P
SLA 2/S7 -iB2
or
jj
df
rph qtz
py /s
1 vein
partly reg
a 8
hap
I
-H
t 9
mz12b99
4
450 1/11 7
1J /t 0
n
Th
>600
sampc 6 7
salinity
53 3/1 5
Comn-n
IV+ I 1
L.
1
m
A
15
1/
/29ti
00
15jti
00 1
3
A 20jn 00 24,
4
To
on
00 0 J
J J
00
2 op
ou
PP~i 4
o
A 7
4
195 8
1 l 39
n
y
0
108 10
7 1
0
o
1 0
2
'r
No
'
PpT
O
101 339d
5
2
O
n
4b
1
5o
FF
Pq3 14 0 o1 u
1
r
ppm
bc 227 0 0 1-1
4
C44 1
5
F^57
z51 J
pprr
14^3
-,
9 1
j
09
J
1
2
-r
(A 6 19
6
9
P 1 4
16
"7
/A
t-r 1
3
P^tr
74
04
As
26
1
74
fi 40
0
j3 1
13o
J
J7
rr
Pb2r3 5 ^837o
0
ppm
26 b
08
"190
z462>:>
5oT 1
Gold
analyses
sample
Th
>600
nr
depth
Cu/Au
description
/fir
wt%/ppm
D3Tiaiies7
BLA IV U97/3
sr c/~e
an
f"p dAr alter-i Ait Eyp-Djrphyry uih jtz p

Tmn,
515 5/8 3
salinity
10 A
Fl
otirw
61 9/1 2
je19a98
8
3
F urrlB jrn
ArnpA
7 9
11
4 10 12
Fl
nn n ionn*
5
13
Fi A bn t-l 3 ;^l
15
"8
CjTir-r'srl b Fl zap
>r mis
Fl MrFl bnne
Fl bnip
~l
;
brre
Fitrgjt
3
iu
or o
urn
'I
5 934 0
_j
rpn
j
j
T
245 A5 0
228 172 0 '"5 875 0 24- A-0
0
A5S75 0 245 75 r
A,5 375 J A5
5 79
?
245 875 0 84- 37-AJ -.15 375

4 A4
1 0
'
A5d70
_45 A5
245 875 0
775 4
n
A
F40
'
ppm -0 A
n
i
4Au
9012 1 3AD 4 241 f
203
4
<
4 *A
9
'i44
,
V b4b 9
174 4
1 0 y
7 672
1
r' j
CP
0 5
1 J 0 5
'
r pm
'
06
jmi
a'^-mbaon
7
0
u
i
otAîi
1
-
y
1 Fl
.,
on
je19b98
I
or r i
b_,rrp<~
'
4 rl b
jnri jli
C F
n bru Fr Fi Lin
nr
-F A
orn
c
jj
unit brin 1 /10

:
uiin
Ir
iir or,s
L
J"TI
"
//
/i
A3 30 of 4A4b j/tl
22
/z
3
I
z
j
-pm
J
.40
041
A I,
A J^/ 24
J
03
A5 J Zo 040 0 / db_. 0 1 9 1l
r
J
L z
-,
.
lA
i-pro
.,
J
/
j
L.
1 A 1 1
AO
A3 1
7 033 9 61 3
A" 0
cj 1S7
Jo
f
10 3
rpm 4
2
11
0
?i
is
0
A 3
09
0 6
24
00
/3 '5
ppm
>\
313 U3
sample
nr
depth
Cu/Au
description
Th
wt%/ppm
r
in
BLA IV GS7 2 (jur'a
i
<'
lAi
j jLt
Cy- PjiAi ry
0 qt
y
i
( nn
.m
Tm,
salinity
58 5/4
je19b98
1
r
^ncl
'
if
ij
ôrrrri(-ri
/
îIlj'
;
f
\
pj1
Zj
rprn 0
I
j
J
I j
05
A
'
ppm
i)
/ /
5 1
A 1
ppm
-.
op mi
f i
je19d98
O
j
u'
V
r
i
1
i
18
ormrnâ sr
II
ayor
i
.j, ojj,
'
'
Fl
jjA
j1-!
mi
/ o^
2)1
.
m
i
H
p
J
F ft'jA
Fit
f I ^172 8
jiii 1
'-A
Mi
<
j^
J J
'
rpn 1' r-A7

-A
A (
J
u
zAj1
/ o
c
A-t .A3 o
i
rfOlAJ
a
A0
no
2 (
?A,0 ir, o
0( 0 5
Oj
6 6
'
pill
'
r
07 07
3^4
311
Oi
5 -0 2 1 0A
2 753
#DlV/0i #DU'/oi
2.7 0 0
j
\i
4 1177 00 I
7 Ao 7
J
10,
3
! pm
0 1 Ol
01 00
sample
crySial-sbaped1
nr
depth
Cu/Au
description
wt%/pprn
em
BLA 2/97 OB2 surface
[3p rAtr alip-ed tz-Eye-Pcrpb qiz py partly nea

7
8
0
salinity
3 10
!
53 3/1 5
mz12b99
3
/+
Sample
1C_n
Olim
15jm
"b'O 00 2 96 3 1
0
z j j
7
I,
/ 29jrn 00
1 408 4
IV- 15orn
00
-1 402 7
V-" 2uOrn
0
j
,-
3IJLA
00 o24 4
-1 OAJ3-
Inc'usicns
0 0
-1 045 b
UT3
00
00
B A 103 5
ppro
5 227 5
-1 A?
rta 23
ppm "45 A7"08 .ou jj)f

69
~
101 830 3 -,5 5od 2

70 516 8
A
"92
-
1T43A3
8 399 3
134 4 5/8 3
^
"15o58 2
55 745 0
141 ?J1 J lO J
-1 '59 6
of 544 1
K39
ppm
05 2"
AI 5
Fo57 .A 0
1134 4/ 3
ppm
7yy9 9->4
'
104 62
JO ,_J 1
ol 2 1
184 343 1
Co 55
ppm
-A37
80
114 1
zOZ
1
74
As 75
ppm 40 2 5
0 4
33 0
138
Au 197
rapt 1,
3 3
1 3
7
.
-0 0 462 3
1 557
1
'
05
FD 208 5 930 8 2 837 3
ppm
2b25_
2 490
'
1489 6
1 58" 8
Appendix
(Raman Spectra)
196
"4
CO
4
CO
qtz
yp
Wavenumber (cm-1)
197
Appendix F (XR7D Spectra)
Sample BA 22 of North Porphyry (late P3-Porphyry),fsp-destructive alteration, altered plagioclase phenocrysts

:ps
1.343*
10
20
30
SILICON
46-1045
OXIDE /
QUARTZ.
SYN
1
si POTASSIUM ALUMINUM
oa
SILICATE
HYDROXIDE
ILLITE-2M1
36-0911
1
POTASSIUM
...
lii
I
(
K
H3
AL2
SI3
AL
010
)2
ALUMINUM
SILICATE
HYDROXIDE
MUSC0VITE-3T
07-0042
<
il
(
i.
...
11
AL
NA
M6
FE
) 2
SI3
AL
Sample BA 15 of NW-Porphyry (late Porphyry) with feldspar-destructive alteration, plagioclase phenocrysts altered
:PS
3B4.0'
B.B38 |3
4.436
2.976
2.252
1.B23
1.541
1.343*
100
-
345.6307.2
90
so
268.8
230.4
192.0
70
60
SO
40
153.6
113.2'
76.8
30
20
38.4i
0.0
<
41 f m |iHpty*4*}Ufrii|i ifo
50
10
0
70
ALUMINUM 09-0451
SILICATE
HYDROXIDE
HYDRATE / HALL0YSITE-10A
AL2
SI2
05
H2
POTASSIUM
ALUMINUM
SILICATE
HYDROXIDE
ILLITE-1M
29-1496
J
POTASSIUM ALUMINUM
.7
AL2
SI
AL
010
!2
SILICATE
HYDROXIDE
MUSC0VITE-3T
NA
AL
MG
FE
) 2
SI3
Ai.
Appendix F (XRD Spectra)
198
Sample BA36 of Colorado Norte Porphyry, feldspar-destructive alteration, altered plagioclase phenocrysts
;PS
B.^3B
746.1
671.8
4.^36
2.^76
2.^82
1.823
1.541
J4
398.9i
522.3
447.7-
373.0
29B.4
223.8
149.2
74.B
o.o-T
10
-T"<""*r T"f
20
JL-jlJ,
J%.
j
W\
A...
iVl.
l|Tr A^
50
ili
EM
!^*t"
30
40
60
CALCIUM
27-0094
ZINC ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE HYDRIDE
HYDRATE / KEHOEITE
[NR]
( ZN CA )
POTASSIUM 07-0042
-1
AL2
P2 H8 012
H2 0
ALUMINUM SILICATE
HYDROXIDE
/ MUSC0VITE-3T
,11
1,1
,!
(
CALCIUM 21-0816
~u NA )
AL
MS
FE
SIS
AL
SULFATE
HYDRATE
SYPSUM
CA
04
H2
Sample 48-50/3, stongly feldspar-destructively

whole-rock
SPS
8.838 4.436
altered
porphyry,
1.343*
2.976
252
10
20
IRON SULFIDE /
PYRITE
42-1340
FE
S2
SODIUM MANGANESE
32-112B
OXIDE
HYDRATE
/ BUSERITE,
SYN
[NR]
NA4
POTASSIUM ALUMINUM
MN14
027
21
H2
SILICATE
HYDROXIDE
/ MUSC0VITE-3T
07-0042 l-l
(
11
K
NA
AL
MG
FE
)2
SI3
AL
Table Whole rock data of unaltered and altered wall rock and
porphyiy
Por
intrusions of Alumbrera
EarlyP3-f> orphyry
shyry
w
' :
Campamiento
Late
Porphyries
potassic
unaltered
i
P4-Porphyry
potassic
^.-4.3/3
Andesitic
a]! rock
Alteration
unaltered
qtz-mag
chloriteunaltered
qtz-mag \ potassic
potassic
potassic
reldspar-
feldspar-
feldspar-
potassic
feldspardestructive
!
chlorite-
chlorite-
unaltered
feldspar- chloritedestruct'
.
destructive
destructive
destructiy
epidote
BLA 55 BLA 48 BLA 82
epidote
BLA 79
i
epidote
BLA80 BLA 44
(Sasso, 1997}= 51-61.1/12

I I j
epidote
Sample
:
no
43-47.1/22:47-65, 9
47-63,44
19.2-45.3/1!
61-62.2/18
49-51/10
51-62.2/21
57.5-60/7
.4347.1/16
j
BLA 81
BLA67
FAR284
A^2^.
BLA62
'
Na20
!
2.5
3.23 1.57
16 02
:
:
! 0^56
0 34
017 0.61 13 15.4 176 172 284
'
-0.214
"
'"05
2.72 3.4
MgO
1.43 1.16
14 82 14 43
!
111
3.22, 1".5
0.ST
16 01
16 15
0.
2.77
:'
1
1
;
"2.86"
371
"AsA"_ j ""2.57
"'.
16.07 58.7
2 8 i
2.98
0.136' f 0.3 !
'3.63 277'"
49
15.11 64.85
68.1
i :
:
i".63
15.31
73.62
4 43 I 1 1
52
15.42 62.07
64.13 3.93 2.55
i
l"04
197
1643
[
; ;
4.93 16. SS
o".21 Z3
18.15
-
2.81 16.82
-
AE03
15 3
i
15.91 64.73
64 04
1.77
0.37
16.04
'
14.93
15.51
65.15
14.25
Si02
65.91 33.53
64.22 5.63
3.11
"
'
i
63.6
3.23 4.37 3.55 3.31 4.85
4.46
^
74.7
59.7
58.52
65.51
61.75
3.45
\
1
62.87
1.97 4.57
48.82
54.01
53.54
K20
4.03
6.1 1.57 1.35 0.12 6 52 3.76 7.94
'
1.302
0.292
2.32
5 74
5.63
2.02
j
!
2.12 7.5S
S.12
3.11 6.16
: :
CaO
3.4
0.01
0.11
T102
j. "8
0 52
:
'
'
1
!
067 0.01
-
5.14
2.11
0.11
b.56"
0.56 0.43 1.97 0.13 ora 0.61
8
063 0.63 0.13 0 06
0.117 0.17
4 31
: ; :
0.5l"
i"
0.13
4.64
1 i
'6'02
0.05
4.37 2.25 0.26
; i 1 15
1
"1
0.07
0 92
1
;
:
0.56
1.3 0.11
:
1.53
0.1 0.03
1 1
MnO
I
0.01
3.67 0.26 3
4 66
0.06
-:
0.07 0.12
5.93 5 55 2.38
0 73
"o.otA A .09 ! 5.13

i
7.25 277
4 38 4.63 2.44 0.26 2.16 2.04 0.01 0.06 1.45 049 0.25 2.06 0.22 1.38
I
:
cAo .1S
1.03
1.93
0 26
0 05
0.17
6 62
0.39
i
4.87
3.22 1.46
\
^
FeOtot
3.33
22.47 2.25
0.26 0.03 3.07 0.01
_
25.37 2.25
i
6.41
4 43
10 25 4,44
6,87
8.17 2,32 0.34

1 0.29
;
;
2.33 0.23
3.2
0.41 0.4
;
FeO 0.14
0.26 1.2 1.54 2.04 0.27 3.29 0.02 233 0.25 2.62
2.13 0.18
i
\
2.54
1.35
2.12
F-20S 0 87 2.37
0 25
-0 005
-0.005
0.34
0 23
o'.i
0.37
LIS 3.27
: i
H20*
0 61
0.88
i5
"
J
.0.64
"
"
J
ML
'"
C02
027
\
0,4
0,13
:
o8oi
0 36
j
1
2,09
|
A
zifr:
0.02""
1.17
' ........ _........
J
0 7
0.08
037
0.74
2 36
52 131.63
'
1.17
0.04
0.05"
0.16'
0.02''
0.02
<5 144.93 16771
7
'o.'o4
|
0.03'
8
'n.a.
_
2.04
2.0
0.04' 8
y
7
:
_ _
...0.014
Au
]'
"9
.^
96 129.95 139.61
0,014' ] ^ '77.777
<5
14 14 130.59 <5 119.83 22(5.3
;
2.03; 457''
! 1
!
^
105
<5 193.25
'
V 139..54
140.35
192.35
"140.54' ..15213
151.54'
204.29
04
401.0'J
34748
_
\
\
269.1
Cr
203 47 216.27 263.82 9.27
297.65
7284'""
208.81 839
21.36
:
'
.......?M:.'M.......
9.65
113,94 233856""'' "!
20212
20
2'84 04
165.47
Sc
"1
7.32
23 /I 16 1 95.61 /04 3 1/31
38
082
14,93
21 4 54.74
4/ 65
5"s"l
1074
4 98
133.83" 022""
\
1244
12.00 14.24
1
24
12 74
:
!
25.16
F
1777
16 41
[ | !'
64.65
24 05 ^
23.34
';
;
Co
17.74 50.14
100/31
19.25
14.15
8 09
13114
10 90
20 77-
20.17 53 21
60 7
r
27.07
Ni
55.S
4! 28 90 59 40 65
:
131.31 95 2 240 r26 0.65

255 <376 26 01
72.74 56 3/ 83 58 2.10 103

'
60.28 27
174.27
122.A
127,42
80.60
Vl.37
18 20
24 V) 59 1
:
m.y*
:
66.61
112! 00 45 771
-
98.2S
1188 43
!
412.81 55,57
83.65 552.58
: :
Cu 75 47 106 05 12.74 703

:
30 43 10 02 7.34 112
lirj
\
105 59 <i6.i
1/8
06 52
,1/3 81 85 12 '10.12 130

488 14 24
Zn
56.45 15 51 114.93 424 03 500

0
i
;
00 619 115
112
102
382.75
56.55
77.44 5.00
As
4.50
2.22
0 02
1.20 14.71
510
i
i
:
6.64
50 55
5.11
5.98
SC
;
8.82 102.OS 401.55 424.77

r
19.84 67.03 74/35

:
;
!
Rb 141
119
\
515
25
i
:
21
11
\
14
62
131
Sr
536
17.2 153.83
161
:
:
i 10 154 21
16
-12
28
16 181 20
28
670
357
559 22 17.85
1
426.15 475
52.45
541.24
Y
28 197 87
1 i
:
19
1 /3 24 20 153 164
19
03
20
29
22 151 26
j
154 24 137.11 20.43
:
25 24
142.56
r
19
23 Si 162 63 123
:
25 06 103.15 143.0!
23.79 162.23
j
I
Zr
149
!
10.65
597 14
i
23
-1
147
150
Nb
27 473 6.35
0.66
:
10
24 563
)
532 7.44
<0.23
13.18
20.05
15
12.95
16.22
17.22 579 8 43 0.67 587.46 10.49 1.07

:
Ba
i
671 40.72
0.03 104 76
07
600
85 12 47
0.04 <0.37 40.24 <0.24 0.63
15 14.37 7.17 8.42 5.34

1
775
549
671
631
5 78 0.61
536
649
669.92
:
342.82 9.83
!
:
553
j 11.53
0.33
0.03
:
:
179.35
n.a.
n.a.
713.55
i
1018.08 ; 10.32 142.55 5.32

:
Mo
7,59
8.9
8.35
30.97
<-0.67
j ;
0.46
<0.02
:
'
A9
Sn
103 53
...
I l'l3'57
76.32
i-OTg
\
26.12 21.3 23.28
12617
705
33.5
32.78 33.22
VO'35
41.25
0.49
""162.4""
65.62
61.31
0.64 0.64 0.26 0.5S
15.69
59.56
0.7S
0.64 0.31
10
13481
""10375""
32.11
33.13
22.3
105.13 6.77 30 53
2
8
['"2O2"'
:
'iio'V/"
12.37 26.17
99.23
26.73
La
27.31
i
43.95
0.49
31.53
16.72
Cc
52.67
7334 0.42
0.57 025 0.43 0.63 0.36 0.44
58.91
32
40.2
1
i
'
6441 0.65 0.83

1
:
61755
0.53 0.65 0.43
!
43.92
0.63 0.65 0.34 0.49 0.83
11.28
0.12 0.24
=
56.01 0.58 079
55
n.a.
i
!
23.57
0.74
i
53.69
0.72
52.42
0.73
Tb 0.45 0.31 5123
0.59
0.7
0.37
Ho
0.66
0.88
n.a.
0.99
1.12
0.83
Lu
0.37 1.41 210.9 135.05 71.44 10.93

0.29
'
\
0.27 1.63
255.43
0.41
0.23
082I
1.53 58.12 23.8
0.7
0854
1.5
93.59 20.35
;
0.3
0.09 2.17
113.41
0.34
n.a.
0.2S
0.42
0.46
Ta
1.31 133.49 25.26

0.14
!
1.68
1.3
1.63
1.38
1.61
1.44 41.32 T26 0.26

0.01
1.63 77.13
1.56
143.5
1,41
238.87
1.23 77.3
n.a.
0.93
1.02
1.03 j
n.a.
156.08
74.44
263.62
-[
70.43
86.53
66.5
Pb 0 13
12.12 0 28 9.79
0.32
81
'
-89
i
100.63
28.37
15.34
21.'l'l
36"58
9.42
2.92 9.91
221
1682
0.2
14.72
0.09
"
13.12
0.03
17.93
2548
!"
]
11.01
2.86 0.11
28.33
46.97 0.15 10525

2.54
1
n.a.
;
30.62
0.04 0.3 0.05
i
!
Bi
0.02
0.07
0.1
Th
11.44
7.94
9 65
77A77777... 7.7A77777. 7177777.

3.18
2.29
9.31
1.31
1 ""10.07 275"'"
!
8.9 1.23
199
3.95
LI
2.35
2.13
'1.24''
""A3"
wtt-i,-trace el
tmenlsinpp n
10
2.C9
1.39
0.91
Whole
rock data
of soine
poiphyry
intrasionsiaiid andsite wailrock. Ma jor elements ir
and Au in
PI*.
"*'Hj'
is calculated fa
"m
ihe loss of ignition qy ffubtniclioi of S Mid CO
;,iiot.aiia1vsed,.< below.dtection,ji.rni.t...
Table
Andsite wall rock
Gains and losses for all
samples
Campamiento Porphyry (late P3-Porphyry)

chlorite mag mag
Early P3-Porphyry
qtz
destructive 4347 1/22/ 43471/22/ 4347 1/22/
43471/22/ 4347 1/10 / 5-52 2/18/ 51-62 2/18/ 51-52 2/18/ 4347 1/22/ FAR 284 /
weak
feldspar
destructive destructive
chlorite
qtz epidote
BLA 55
3943/3
potassic potassic
potassic
potassic
feldspar
feldspar
feldspar
chlorite
intense
feldspar
destruct
ve
chlorite
potass
BLA 48 I
destructive
epidote
BLA 80
034
4 44
epidote
47-55/9 47-53/44 51-52 2/18
49 245 3/12
epidote
FAR 284 /
sample 49-51/10 51-522/21 57 5-6Q/7 43-471/16
pair
BLA 48/
BLA 82/
BLA 48 /
394373 /
BLA 82
BLA 81
BLA 73
46-62/6
BLA62
S 0 02
1 63
0
0 1 4
.,
0 &,
0
0 41 1
0 Oo
(15
[
10
10 1 0
P
5
40
o
Au 26
0i 06
7 2
33
0.-4 74 0 c5 4 26
4
D
U v!
0
0 r != 2
0 0P5
0 3
7-3
<,
34
0c[
01 136
C02
03
Na2D
0 1
3 1
A
07
7
0 08
9
MgO
A 7 69
1 4 7
LA
FcO 1 ;
4
9C
41r 2
od
15
2
2*"
ec
2
0 77
AI203
5
1 0/
04
04
ore
c35 OOo
2 PI
3 00 10 s7 1 37
S102 41 1
J J 3
0 J-*
1 1
54 2 38
0 59
K20
0 67
CaO 3
0 Pj
2 00
3
J 0 2 1
21
1 08
4 97
0
145
0o1 0
1
T02 0 29 2 19
0
0
0
0
3
1 38
0 1 3 82
1
0 004
00
0 01
0 27
MnO
FeOtot
8
00 0 28 0
2
107
629 2 11
J
8 0 02 3 1 1
9
c
37 1 89 0 10
21
22
9
11
3 11 2,
5 11
>
1 30
j
FeO 04
3 7
6
4
P205
/ 0
00
3 3
37
p9
03 4 1
f
H20
54
1
193 86
7
1-
141 63 14 80
i
Cr
97
CO
Sc
41
64
4
2144
72 01
p
Co
4
Ni
P0 42
a3 24
I J
Cu
1
22
0
2
^0 47,
j
Zn
1 n 4
0
2 22 2 36 2
15 0 51 6
F
f
S 30 52
As
64 63 5
Rb
-j
Sr 3 99 1 33 78 20
1 18
5
60
96
A /
253
5 OOd
11
c
4, 2 0 1 5
/ f
4
^
07 37
4 24
2 00 2 22
7 29
Y 5 10 18 24 3 31
Zr 5 13 24 2d
^4 3 32
39
4?
r
1
35 53 0 76
0 5
2 40
2 1
1 32
Nb 79 74 C2 A 4
Ba
6 97 23 3
3 72
45 87
4 48
9
3'2
8 5j
12
0
I
n a
32 84
r
4
a
456 47
Mo
0 9 78
19 Oz 0 0 3
3
Sn
5 33
05,
2
e o2
67 07
1 07 0 02 7d6 0 0
9 39 0 01
A 03 0 01
3-,3
3 52
2 95
94 03
La
0o3
25
1 3 0 1
841
3 09
0 2 0 0-,
3 25
7 20
4 0-, 7
c
96
2
13
2
1 3 80
Cs
^04 0 10
03
60
Tb
0 A
0 0^
0 20
0 06 01
0
Ho
0 00
0 0 09
0 J7 A
0 0^
pa
Lu
0 0o
0 34
n j
pa
T=
0 12
67
3
"
3 7
4
3
4 0
3
ri
N G 4
pa
Pb
7
3-,
3l>
3
0
3
D 0
3
25 1 4 1
p
Bi 0
Th
89
1 14
1 10
201
Appendix
PI
(Matrices)
Input:
Eairly P3 unaltered 43-47.1/22 Wt%

Molar
wt of oxides
Mol OX.,
per
Analysis g/100g
Ox
Wt 65.91
0.27
kg reck
MolOX 60 09 44.01
56,08
M0LpKG_
10.96855
0.C6135
0 606277
S!02
C02 CAO
3.4
3.22
NA20 S
61.962 32 066
159.7
0,519506
0 C24949 0.096825 0.429936
0.08 1.5463
4.05
FE203(F e
K20
94 2
H20 MGO
FEO
0.61
1.5 2.19 0.006852 15.8 0.56
18016
40,32
71,85
0.338588 0.372024
0.304802 0.000479
Cu20 AI203
Ti02
143.1
101,94
79.9
1,549931
0 070CS3
Sum
99.14315
15 47162
Cu-Cu20
0.006852
30 43
2 25177
New component set 1:
Result
Direct matnx SI02
ATpKG Gram-atoms Der 1kg rocK multiplication ATpKG^ A *MOLpKG_ 'eq, '1
=
C02
CAO
NA20
FE203.RK2O
H20
MGO
FEO
Cu20
AI203
Ti02
alpkg
a!oms(al
1
0
0 0
10.96855 Si
0 06135 C 0.606277 Ca 1.039011 Ma
0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0
0 0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0
1
0
0
0 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0
0
3
0.024949 S
0.498452 Fe
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
1 0
0
0 0
0
2
0 0
0 0
0
1
0 0
0 0
0 0
"J
2
0
0 0
o
0
0.859873 K
0.677176 H 0,372024
o
o
1
Mg
0
2
0
2 o
0
1 0
0 1
0
0
0 0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1 0
0
1
0
3
0
0
2 0
29,71185 0 0 000958 Cu
8
3 3
2 0 0
3.099863 AI
0 Q
0 0
2 0
0.070088 Ti
New Result
component
set 2' Mineral
norm
defined
*
Matrix equation
ATpK_=transposefB)
Ca
by matrix B relating new components MIN_ to ATpKG. MlnpKG_ solved for Inverse'â'sposefBll ATpKG MInpKG..
*
Mg
'
Cu
0 8
0.364692 An
4.086908 Qtz 0.102791 Bio 1039011 Ab
0 372024
0
u
;
P
1
3 3 0
8 0
0
0
jl
0 0
0
3
3 0 -1
0
0 0 1
2 12
8
0 0
0
0
0
1 1 0
0
0
1
0
1 3
0
2
0
0
0
0
MgFemus
0 055074 Hbl 0.180724 0,576358
7
3 3
0
0 0
2
0
0
c 0
5
0
0 0
4
0 0
0
1 1
2
2 0
0
0 0
24
12 8
0
0 0
0
0 0
Kfsp
0.06135 Cc
0,070088 0.011517
0,109778
1 0 0
0
0 0
2
0
0 3
3 0
3
5 0 4 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
Sphen
Pyrite
Magtt
1
0
0
1
0
K!
0 0
0
0
1
Q
o
0
0 0 0
1
0 Q 0
3 1
0 0
0.000958
Cpy
Appendix
II
(Matrices)
202
Input: quartz-magnetite altered sample composition, reduced

Wt%
Molar
to the main elements
(47-55/9)
Mol
OX
Analysis g/100g
Ox SI02
FE203
AI203
wt of oxides
per kg rock
MolOX 771.7
22.47
1.77
60 09
159.7 101 94
12.43135
1.407013 0.173632
atoms per
kg
SI02
FE203
10
0
0 2
AI203
0
0 2
12.43135 Si
2.814026 Fe
0.347263 AI
moles per 11.38956
kg
qtz kfsp
Si
Fe
AI
0.938009 mag 0.347263
203
Appendix
PI
(Matrices)
Input: Early P3 potassic 51-52.2/18 (10%qtz added)

Wl% Molar
wt of oxides
Mo! 0X_ per
Analysis g/100g
Ox
kg rock
Wt
72.06 0.36 2.11 2 55
Mol IOX 60 09
44 01
MOLpKG_
11.99201 O.C813 0.376238
SI02
C02 CAO
56 08
NA20
S FE203 (Fe
K20
61982 32,066
159.7 94 2
0.41141
0.115387 0.133613 0.609342 0.338583 0.369544 0.295C59
0,37
2,1339 5.74
H20
0,61
1.49 2.12
18016
40.32 71,85
MGO
FEO
Cu20 AI203
Ti02
1.351062
14,98 0.51
1431 101.94
79.9
0.094414
1.469492
0 06383
Sum
106.385
15.47162
Cu-Cu20
0.006852
0,6 2,25177
A Result
New
component set
C02
Direct matnx
SI02
1 : ATpKG Gram-atoms per 1kg rock multiplication ATpKG.. A *MOLpKG_ (eq. 11

=
=
CAO
NA20
FE2O3,FeK20
H20
MGO
FEO
Cu20
AI203
Ti02
atpkg
atomsjat
1
0 0 0
1
11.99201 Si
0.0818 C 0.376248 Ca
0
0 1
0
0
0
0 0
0
o
3
3 3
3
o
0 0 0
0 0
0
0
0 0
0
0 Q
0 0
0
0
0
0 0 0
2 0 0 0
3
0.82282 Na
0.115387 S 0.562298 Fe 1.218684 K 0.677176 H
0.369544
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
2
0
0 0 0
u
0 1
0
0 0
0 0
0 0 1
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0 2 0 1 0
0
0
0 0
0
0 0 0 1
0 0
0 2 0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0 1
0
1 1 0
0
0
0
0
0
0 3
Mg
31.57922 O
1 2 0 0
2 0
0.188828 Cu
2.938984 A! 0.06383 Ti
0 0
0
0 9
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 2
0
g
0
0
1
New component set 2: Mineral Matrix equation mineral Si

C
norm
defined
*
Result
ATpK_=transpose(B)
Ca
Na
by matrix B relat'pg ew components MlN_ to ATpKG... MlnpKG_. solved for Inverse't-ansposeiB)) ATpKG MlnpKG_
*
=
\finpkg
Fe
''
o
n
Cu
AI
Ti
0.406637 An
5,216125 Qtz
2
1 3
0
0 0
o
3
"1
0
3
0
0
0
5
0
0 0 3
8 2 12
0
0
2 0 1
0
0 0
0
0 0
-0.09385 Bio 0.82282 Ab
3 3 3
j
0 0
3 0
3 7
0
0 0 0 0
1 0
0 0
0 2
1 3
3 3
j
0 -1
5 4
0
0 0 0 1
o
3
n
8 0
18 24
1
3 2 2 1
0 0
0.369544
MgFe-
1
0 0
0
0 0
0
0 0
0130112 ch! -0.08801 hbl 1 312536
8 2
Kfsp
Sphen
3
0
g
1 1
0
0 0
rp
0
0 0
3
n
0
0 o
8
3 5
0
0 0
0
0
0 0818 Cc 0 06383
3 3
0.13113
0,285727
0,188828
Pyrite Magtt Cpy
0
0 0
0
Q 0
0
0 0
1
3 1
p 0
0
o
0
0
fl 0
0
0 0
1
0 0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0 2
4
0
Appendix
(Malrices)
204
Input Early
P3
Porphyry propylitic (BLA 55)

!
Wt3,\
vlolar
Mel OX
per
Analysis g'100g
Ox Wt 63.60 0.64
3.73 2,72 0 04
.vt of oxides
kg
rock
1vIolOX 60,09 44,01

56 08
61 982
MOLpKG.
10.58412
SI02
C02
0.145421
0.665121
0.438837
CAO NA20
S
32 066
0.0124/4
0.1527S6
0.342867
1
FE203 (Fo3
K20
2.44
3 23
159 7
94 2 13.046
H20
2.62
454263
MGO
FEO
163
A
40.32 71.35
1431
0 424266
0 276966 0 C00469 1.570532 0.078849
Cu20
AI203
0.006708
1601
101,94 79.9
Ti02 Sum
0.63
99.28671
15 47162
Cu-Cu20
0.0068521
30 43
2 25177
A
Result
New component:;et1:AToKG Direct matrix mul;:ipl cation S102
Gram-atoms per 1kg rock

=
ATpKG_
A MOLcKG
'
08. 1
)
H20 MGO
FEO Cu20 AI203
C02
CAO
NA20
'fE203iFK20
0
0 0
atpkg
atoms(at)
1
0 0
10,58412 Si
0.145421 C 0.665121 Ca 0,877674 Na
0
1
0
0 0 2
3
0
j 0 g
0
0
0
0 0
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
0
0
1
o o
0 0
0
0
0 0 0
0
0 0
0
0
1 0 0 0
0 0
2 0
0
o o
2
0
0
0
0 0 0 0
0.012474 S
0.582539 Fe
0.685775 K
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0 0
0
1 0
0
0 0
0
0
2.908526 H
0 0
2
0 0
2 0
0 0
1
0 0
1 0
0 0
3 0
0
Ij
2 0
1 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
3 0 2
0.404266
Mg
0
0 0
1 1 0 0 0
0
1
30.36955 0
0.000938 Cu
0 0 3
2 0 0
3.141063 AI 0.078849 Ti
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
New component set 2: Mmeral Resuit Matrix equation
norm
de'ined
*
ATpK_=!-ansposeiBi
Ca
Na
by matrix B relafng new comoonents MIN Jo ATpKG MlnpKG_ soVed for Inverseitranspose'B)) ATpKG MInpKG.
.
Minpkg
-1.16925 An
5 437024 Qtz
Fe
Mg
0 3 5 3 0 0 0 0 0
8 2
Cu
2
1
o 0
0 0
3
0
0 0
0.100418 Chi
0.877674 Ab 0.404266
3 3 0 3
0
0 0 0
0
o 0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
8
0
0 1
0 0
1 0
18 8
0 13
0 0
0 0
2 1
0
3
0
-1 0
0.805053 0.650064
0.035711
MgFeEpi
mus
0 0
0
0
0 0 0
0
3
3 0 1
0
0
1
0
0 1 1
3 0
0 0
1
1
0 0
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
12
8
3 5
0 0
0 0
3 1
0 0
Kfsp Sphen Pyrite Mag Cpy
0.145421 Cc
0.078849 0.0053
0.159492 0.000938
0 0
0
0 0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
3 1
0 0
0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0 4
0
0 0
1
0 0
0
205
Appendix
(Matrices)
Input: Early
P3
phyllic altered
Molar
'
5152 2 21
(5%qtz added)
Ho 0X_ per
Wt%
Analysis g/100g
Ox SI02
C02 CAO
.vt of oxides
kg rock
Wt
667065
2 37
IVIo'OX
6003
44 01
MOLpKG.
111011
0 538514
0 447575
2 51
56 08
NA20
S
0 56
0 74
61982
32 066
1597
0 090349 0 230774
0 126525 0 692144 0 765986
FE203
K20
(Fe
2 020602
6 52
94 2
H20
MGO
FEO
138 116
2 06 ft mvm
18 016
4032
7185
0 237698
C 236708 0 011083 1 453796
Cu20 AI203 Ti02
1431
14 82
0 52
10194
79 9
C65081
Sum
101 5257
15 47162
Cu-Cu20
0158525
?34
2 25'177
A Result
Newimponent set 1 Direct matnx

mu.
ATpKGs
Gram-atoms per
=
1kg
rock
tiplication ATpKG..
CAO
'
'MOLpKG (eq 1)
S
SI02
C02
NA20
FE203 FeK20
H20
MGO
FEO
Cu20
AI203
Ti02
atpkg
atoms(at)
1
0 0
11 1011 Si 0 538514 C
0 447575 Ca
0
1
0
0
0
3
3
0
-v
0
0 0 0 0
0
0 0 0
0
0
0
0 0 0
0
0 0
0
0 0
0 0 0
0
1
0 0 0
0
0 2 0 0 0
-1 n
0180698 Na
0 230774 S 0 539758 Fe
0 0 0
0
3
0 0
3
1
n
0
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
0 0
1
0
0 3
0
0
0 0 0
0
2
0
0
0
1 384289 K 1 531972 H
0 287698
0
0 2 0 0 0
0
0 2 0
0 0
1 0
0 0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
D
5
0 0
1
C
2 0
1 3
0
I
1
0
0 1 2
0 0
3
0 0
2 0
Mg
0
1 0
30 73189 0 0 022165 Cu
3
j
0 0
2 907593 AI
0 065081 Ti
0
0
0
0
0
0
"J 3
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
B Result
New
Matrix equation
component set 2 N1 ne'il no'i dc'ined bv matrx B Alr-'ng ATpK_=''ar--pcse B *MlnpKG_sc\ea'"r "\:rs
AompOAritsVIVoATpKG^ 'AsposeiBl' ATpKG MhcKG_

=
Mmpkg
minerai
Si
Ca
Na
N'g
0
Cu
-015602 An
6 693693 Qtz
2 1
0 0
0 0
3 3
0
^
0 0
8 2
3 0 1
0 0
o
0
0 820112 Mus 0180698 Ab

0 287698
3
3 0
3
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0 0
-1
2 0
0
0 0
1 0
12 8
0
18
0 0
0 0
3 1
0
C 0
0
0
0
0
MgFe-
-0 01353 Chi
8 0 3
3
-0 04149 FeAI0 564177
0 3
0
0
0 1 0
3
0 1
o
3
0 0
3 C
1 0
5
0
1
0
0
0
0 0
0
-1 1
0
0 0 0 1
Kfsp
8
3 5
0 538514 Cc
3 0
3
0
0 065081 Sben
0 0 0 0
0 0
0
0
0 093222
0 273738 0 022165
Pynte Magtt Coy
0
0 0
0
0
0
3 3
0
0
2
0
1
3
'
0
0
0 0
3
0 4
0
0
1
0
0
q
3
Appendix
(Stable Isotopes)
206
Raw Data Stable

Sample type
Isotopes
measured 5D
mineral measured
mineral
8180
analysed
analysed
Porphyry samples
LP LP LP Bio Bio Bio -110.6 -109.0 -109.8
Qtz
Qtz
9.3 9.1
49-60/12 49-60/12 Qtz 49-60/12
Qtz
Qtz
10.5
10.7
Mag
Qtz
Qtz
3.1
49-61.4/3-5
49-61.4/3-5 Qtz
10.6
10,5 2.8
49-61.4/3-5 BLA 97
BLA 97
Mag
Qtz Qtz
11.1
11.4
51-52.2/16
51-52.2/17
Bio Bio
-66.4 -70.2
Qtz
Qtz
8.6 8.4
49.2-46.3/12
49.2-46.3/13
Bio Bio
-82.8 -77.4
Qtz
Qtz
9.7 9.7
BLA81 BLA82
WR
WR
(Ser, Hte; (Ser, Mitel (Ser) (Ser) (Ser) (Ser)

(Ser) (Ser) (Ser)
-87.7 -82.4
43-47.1/16 43-47.1/17
WR
WR
-81.4
-157.1
51-52.2/21
51-52.2/22
WR WR
-81.3 -76.6
57.5-60/7
WR
WR WR
-81.7
-73.4 -73.1
Qtz Qtz
10.6
10.9
57.5-60/8
57.5-60/9
49.2-46.3/1-2
49.2-46.3/1-3
Ser Ser
-71.1
Qtz
10.2 10.3
-249.9
Qtz
BLA55 BLA56 BLASS
Chi
-76.0
Ab
10.6 10.5 10.6

10.5
Chi
WR
-77.1
-72.8 -54.7
Ab
Ab
BLA56
BLA64 BLA65
WR
Ab Ab
Ab
Chi
Chi
-7.6 -78.3
9.9
10.0
207
Appendix
(Stable Isotopes)
Raw Data Stable

Sample type
Isotopes
measured 8D
mineral
ana
mineral
measured
5180
lysed
analysed
Andsite samples 46-42.5/1 46-42.5/2
WR
WR
46-42.5/3
37-49/12
37-49/13
WR
(Ser) (Ser) (Ser)
-80.1
-321.7
37-49/4 37-49/4
(Qtz) (Qtz)
10.9 10.6
-58.4
Bio
Bio Bio
Bio
-97.0
-89.5 -91.8
Bio
Bio
6.5
6.6
37-49/14
37-49/12 37-49/13 37-49/14
Bio
Bio
(WR) (WR) (WR)
-81.8
-84.4
-96.2
49-61.4/7
Bio Bio
Bio
-100.4 -84.1 -74.6
Bio Bio
7.4
49-61.4/8
49-61.4/9
7.4
Fluid Inclusions
BLA 97
-57.8 -38.9
-38.9 -52.0
47-43.1/8
45-61.4/13 55.5-60/4
Standards
91F3F1
91F3F1 91F3F1
Serp
-77.6 -85.6 -81.9
NBS
NBS
-109.1
-84.1 -63.4
NBS Bio

T.ulrich - Genesis of The Bajo de La AlumbreraPorphyry CuAu Deposit

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T.ulrich - Genesis of The Bajo de La AlumbreraPorphyry CuAu Deposit

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DISS ETH Nr.

Deposit, Argentina: Geological,

A dissertation submitted to the

SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH

Doctor of Natural Science

born November 25th 1969

Prof. Dr. A. H, Clark

Queen's University Kingston,

Statement of the Problem

Organization of the Work

PART I: GEOLOGY AND GENESIS OF THE BAJO DE LA ALUM

Regional Geologic Setting

Wall Rock Andsites

Porphyry dike Quartz-Eye Porphyry

Igneous Breccia Early-P3 Porphyry Campamiento Porphyry

Porphyry NW-Porphyry Dikes

Porphyry (P4) Alteration Mineralogy and Zonation

(propylitic alteration) Alteration (Ph\ llic and Argillic Alteration) Feldspar-Destructive

Chlorite- Rpidote alteration

Stage Veins Ore Stage Vein Stage

Late Sulfide Vein

and Calculation of Alteration Reactions

PART II: FLUID INCLUSION AND STABLE ISOTOPE STUDY OF THE

BAJO DE LA ALUMBRERA PORPHYRY CU-AU DEPOSIT,

Material for Fluid Inclusion and

Polyphase brine Opaque-bearing

inclusions brine inclusions

Aqueous inclusions High-density vapor inclusions Low-density vapor inclusions

Aqueous ITigh-density vapor inclusions Low-density vapor inclusions

assemblages homogenizing by vapor disappearance assemblages homogenizing by halite dissolution

Interpretation of P-T-XNaCl evolution in time LAICP-MS Analysis of Fluid Compositions

Melt Inclusion Study

Sample Material, Timing

Microthcrmomctry of Melt Inclusions

Composition of Melt Inclusions Tentative Interpretation of Melt Inclusions

Hydrogen Isotope Study

Fractionation Factors and Results of the Stable

and Discussion of the Stable

Magmatisch-hydrothermale Erzlagersttten gehren

Transport gelster Komponenten

der genauen Prozesse, die

fhren knnen, sind

grundlegendem geologischem potentielle

Arbeit umfasst die

(806 Millionen Tonnen

Erz mit 0.53 % Cu und 0.64

Geologisch-petrographische, geochemische und isotopische Analysen sowie Mikroanalysen

der Prozesse abzuleiten. Das Ziel

Flssigkeitseinschlssen mit einem speziell fr solche Untersuchungen an der ETFI Zrich

porphyrischen Cu-Au-Lagersttte angewendet.

Mit dieser Methode und den herkmmlichen

Flssigkeitseinschisse (Mikrothermometrie, Raman-Spektroskopie) verfolgen.

wurde zudem der

einer Schmelze, die chemischen und

thermischen Prozesse der

sowie das Auftreten und die Herkunft unterschiedlicher

andesitischen Vulkanite des Faralln

jeweils separate Fluidpulse aufgestiegen,

Zone, einer potassischen Zone und einer propylitisehen Zone, sowie

im Gestein durch Fluid/Gesteins-

Reaktionen an, die in der 100%

Zone das Gestein