Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ANKIT 11090105
PREFACE
Practical training in an industry is an essential part of an engineering curriculum towards making a successful engineer, as in an industry only a student can realize the theory thought in classroom and it also gives an exposure to modern technology. In the field of Electronics Computer engineering there has been rapid development to support the ever increasing volume information, so Electronics students has an opportunity during Training period to knowledge about the latest technologies. The training period of 28 days is not much sufficient to take complete knowledge of technology used but one is expected to identify components, the process flow in an industry for high efficiency and about the knowledge of product technology. Practical knowledge means the visualization of the knowledge, which we read in books. For this we perform experiments and get observations. Practical knowledge is very important in every field. One must be familiar with the problems related to that field so that we may solve them and became successful person. After achieving the proper goal of life an Engineer has to enter in professional life. According to this life he has to serve an industry, may be public or private sector or self-own. For the efficient work in the field he must be well aware of practical knowledge as well as theoretical knowledge. To be a good Engineer, one must be aware of the industrial environment & must know about management, working in industry, labor problems etc., so we can tackle them successfully. Due to all the above reasons & to bridge the gap between theory and practical, our engineering curriculum provides a practical training course of 28 days. During this period a student in industry and gets all type of experience and knowledge about the working and maintenance of various types of machinery. Since time immemorial, a man has tried hard to bring the world as close to himself as possible. His thirst for information is hard to quench so he has continuously tried to develop new technologies, which have helped to reach the objective. I have undergone by 28 days of training (after II yr.) at BAHRAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED, ROHTAK. This report has been prepared on the basis of the knowledge which I acquired during my 28 days training at Company.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Practical training has an important role in a shaping up an engineering student for practical knowledge how a keeping him update with latest technology. First of all, I would like to express my attitude towards Mr. Manjeet Singh Laddar (Training cum placement officer MMEC, Ambala) and towards Er. Sandeep Goel (H.O.D., Electronics department, MMEC,Ambala) for providing me a great opportunity to undertake training at BSNL, Rohtak. I would also like to thanks to Mr. Jignesh Sehgal (SDE, BSNL ROHTAK) and the cooperative management helpful staff for giving me a knowledge of their services and helping me time to time. Last but not least I would like to thanks to our teacher Er. Govind for providing moral support to me. With extreme regards and obligations.
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (abbreviated BSNL) is a statewnedtelecommunications company headquartered in New Delhi, India. BSNL is one of the largest Indian cellular service providers, with over 87.1 million subscribers as of April 2011, and the largest land line telephone provider in India BSNL is India's oldest and largest communication service provider (CSP) It is fourth largest departement of TeleCommunication Company in Asia and seventh in world today. Which is one of the most earning revenue in India. Above more than 3 laces employees, officer and engineers working in BSNL at present. Previously electro mechanically exchanges for use in India namely Strowger type exchange, cross bar exchange were there.These manual telephone exchanges suffered from some disadvantages.To overcome these an automatic exchange was introduced in this system. In 1980s PITHROTHA LTD. Introduced C-DOT exchange in India. These exchanges replaced by electro mechanical exchange. These exchange which has wide range of capacity replaced electro mechanical exchange, C-DOT-128, C-DOT-256, C-DOT-512, C-DOT- 1024(SBM) exchange, C-DOT2048(MBM) exchange and so on.Besides C-DOT exchange ILT exchange, E-10B exchange also proved of mild stone in Telecommunication Sector to replace electromechanical exchanges, which were most sophisticated and modern latest techniques electronics exchanges. There after it was OCB-283 exchange which proved very important exchange in this series to replace electro mechanical exchanges.
CONTENTS
MOBILE TELEPHONY THE FIRST GENERATION CELLULAR SYSTEM 3. THE SECOND GENERATION CELLULAR SYSTEMS 4. GSM TECHNOLOGY 4.1 CELLULAR RADIO NETWORK 4.2 FREQUENCY RE-USE 4.3 ADVANTAGES OF GSM 4.4 GSM CARRIER FREQUENCIES 4.5 GSM SPECIFICATIONS 4.6 GSM SUBSCRIBER SERVICES 4.7 SUPPLIMENTARY SERVICES 4.8 NETWORK STRUCTURE 4.8.1 MOBILE STATION 4.8.2 BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS) 4.8.3 NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS) 4.8.4 GSM NETWORK INTERFACES 4.9 PHYSICAL AND LOGICAL CHANNELS 4.9.1 GSM PHYSICAL CHANNELS 4.9.2 GSM LOGICAL CHANNELS 4.10 CALL SETUP IN GSM NETWORK 4.10.1 CASE 1- FIXED LINE TO GSM MOBILE 4.10.2 CASE 2- GSM MOBILE TO GSM MOBILE
4.10.3 CASE 3- GSM MOBILE TO FIXED LINE 4.11 HANDOVER PROCESS 5. INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING 5.1 CLUTTER 5.2 TOOLS USED FOR RF PLANNING (ATOLL TOOL WORK) 6. REFERENCES AND BIBLOGRAPHY
Frequency Division Multiple Access. Voice traffic only. No inter-network roaming possible. Insecure air interface.
In early networks, the emphasis was to provide radio coverage with little consideration for the number of calls to be carried. As the subscriber base grew, the need to provide greater traffic capacity had to be addressed.
To improve on the analog systems, the European Conference of Posts and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) established Groupe Speciale Mobile (GSM) to set a new standard. The system developed became the Global System for Mobile Communications (also GSM).
While first generation systems used a cellular structure and frequency re-use patterns, digital systems developed this concept to include multi-layer cellular patterns (micro cells and macro cells). The greater immunity to interference inherent in digital transmission allowed tighter frequency re-uses patterns to be implemented.
4. GSM TECHNOLOGY
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications: originally from Special Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems in the world. The GSM Association, its promoting industry trade organization of mobile phone carriers and manufacturers, estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard. GSM is used by over 4.3 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquity enables international roaming arrangements between mobile phone operators, providing subscribers the use of their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus GSM is considered a second
generation (2G) mobile phone system. This also facilitates the wide-spread implementation of data communication applications into the system. The ubiquity of implementation of the GSM standard has been an advantage to consumers, who may benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network operators, who can choose equipment from many GSM equipment vendors. GSM also pioneered low-cost implementation of the short message service (SMS), also called text messaging, which has since been supported on other mobile phone standards as well. The standard includes a worldwide emergency telephone number feature.
needed indoors; for example, in shopping centers or airports. However, this is not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in-building penetration of the radio signals from any nearby cell. The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels (adjacent-channel interference).
Cell: Hexagonal in shape, this is the area which is covered by a single Base Station. The
number of cells in any geographic area is determined by the number of MS subscribers who will be operating in that area, and the geographic layout of the area(hills, lakes, buildings etc). Large Cells The maximum cell size for GSM is approximately 70 km in diameter, but this is dependent on the terrain the cell is covering and the power class of the MS. Generally large cells are employed in: Remote areas. Coastal regions. Areas with few subscribers. Large areas which need to be covered with the minimum number of cell sites. Small Cells Small cells are used where there is a requirement to support a large number of MSs, in a small geographic region, or where a low transmission power may be required to reduce the effects of interference. Small cells currently cover 200 m and upwards. Typical uses of small cells: Urban areas. Low transmission power required. High number of MSs.
cells, and high capacity) to a sparsely populated rural expanse (large omni cells, low re-use and low capacity).
Co-channel Interference
This occurs when RF carriers of the same frequency are transmitting in close proximity to each other; the transmission from one RF carrier interferes with the other RF carrier.
Sectorization:
The problem with employing omni-directional cells is that as the number of MSs increases in the same geographical region, using omni-directional cells we can only go so far before we start introducing co-channel and adjacent channel interference, both of which degrade the cellular networks performance. To gain a further increase in capacity within the geographic area we can employ a technique called sectorization. A sectorization split a single site into a number of cells, each cell has transmit and receive antennas and behaves as an independent cell. This has a number of advantages: firstly, as we are now concentrating all the energy from the cell in a smaller area 60, 120, 180 degrees instead of 360 degrees, we get a much stronger signal, which is beneficial in locations such as in-building coverage. Secondly, we can now use the same frequencies in a much closer re-use pattern, thus allowing more cells in our geographic region which allows us to support more MSs.
4site/ 3cell
Sr. no 1. 2.
ARFCN
( 200 KHz)
124 374
Uplink (MS to BTS) band is always kept lower than the downlink (BTS to MS) band due to the fact that mobile station is operating at lower power than the BTS (base transceiver station).
The network is structured into a number of discrete sections: Mobile station (mobile equipment + SIM). The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers). The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core network. The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections). The Operations support system (OSS) for maintenance of the network.
It mainly consists of the mobile equipment (ME) and the SIM card.
Mobile Handset
Mobile Hand set is one of the most complicated GSM devices. It provides user the access to the Network. Each handset has unique identity no. called IMEI (international mobile equipment identity). It has a slot provided for inserting the SIM card. It carries a battery to provide the power required for carrying out the functions of mobile station. It also has the input (keyboard and microphone) and output devices (speaker), to enable the user use the device in a user friendly interface.
Example of SIM card The SIM card contains the identification numbers of the user, a list of the services that the user has subscribed to and a list of available networks. In addition, the SIM card contains tools needed for authentication and ciphering and, depending on the type of the card, there is also storage space for messages such as phone numbers, etc. A so-called Home Operator issues a SIM card when the user joins the network by making a service subscription.
Base Station Controller (BSC) is the central network element of the BSS and it controls
the radio network. This means that the main responsibilities of the BSC are: Connection establishment between MS (mobile station) and NSS (network switching subsystem), Mobility management, Statistical raw data collection, Air and A interface signaling support. BSC controls several BTSs. BSC manages channel allocation, & Handover is from one BTS to another BTS. BSC is connected to MSC via A interface. Transmission rate on an I/f is 2 Mbps. Interface between BSC & BTS is called ABis I/f. BSC has database for all of its BTSs parameters. BSC provides path from MS to MSC.
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is a network element maintaining the Air interface. BTS contains the equipment for transmitting and receiving radio signals (transceivers), antennas,
and equipment for encrypting and decrypting communications with the base station controller (BSC). It is a plain transceiver which receives information from the MS (mobile station) through the Um (air interface) and then converts it to a TDM (PCM) based interface, the Abis interface, and sends it towards the BSC. It takes care of Air interface signalling, Air interface ciphering and speech processing. In this context, speech processing refers to all the functions the BTS performs in order to guarantee an error-free connection between the MS and the BTS.
BTS has a set of Transceivers to talk to MS. One BTS covers one or more than one cell. Capacity of BTS depends on no of Transceivers. BTS is connected to BSC via ABis interface. Transmission rate on ABis is 2 Mbps (G.703). Interface between MS & BTS is called Air I/f. Transmission rate on Air interface is 13 Kbps. BTS controls RF parameters of MS.
The Transcoder (TC) is a BSS element taking care of speech transcoding, i.e. it is capable of converting speech from one digital coding format to another and vice versa. For transmission over the air interface, the speech signal is compressed by the mobile station to 13Kbits/s (Full Rate) or 5.6Kbits/s (Half Rate). However, the standard bit rate for speech in the PSTN is 64Kbits/s. Therefore, a converter has to be provided in the network to change the bit rate from one to another. This is called the Transcoder (TC). If the TC is located as close as possible to the MSC with standard PCM lines connecting the network elements, we can, in theory, multiplex four traffic channels in one PCM channel. This increases the efficiency of the PCM lines. But when connecting to the MSC, the multiplexed lines have to be de-multiplexed. In this case the unit is called Transcoder and Sub multiplexer (TCSM).
Short Message Service Centre: To provide text message service. To send short messages from mobile to another mobile subscriber. Messages can also be sent by Manual Terminal connected to SMSC.
TCH/FS: Speech (13 kbit/s net, 22.8 kbit/s gross) - Full rate speech channel TCH/EFR: Speech (12.2 kbit/s net, 22.8 kbit/s gross) - Enhanced full rate speech TCH/F9.6: 9.6 kbit/s data TCH/F4.8: 4.8 kbit/s data TCH/F2.4 2.4 kbit/s data Half rate
TCH/HS: speech (6.5 kbit/s net, 11.4 kbit/s gross) - Half rate speech channel TCH/H4.8 4.8 kbit/s data TCH/H2.4 2.4 kbit/s data
Control Channels
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) The Broadcast Control Channel is transmitted by the BTS at all times. The RF carrier used to transmit the BCCH is referred to as the BCCH carrier. The information carried on the BCCH is monitored by the MS periodically (at least every 30 sec), when it is switched on and not in a call. Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Carries the following information (this is only a partial list): Location Area Identity (LAI). List of neighboring cells which should be monitored by the MS. List of frequencies used in the cell. Cell identity. Power control indicator. DTX permitted. Access control (for example, emergency calls, call barring). CBCH description.
The BCCH is transmitted at constant power at all times, and its signal strength is measured by all MS which may seek to use it. Dummy bursts are transmitted to ensure continuity when there is no BCCH carrier traffic. Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
This is transmitted frequently on the BCCH timeslot and allows the mobile to synchronize its own frequency to that of the transmitting base site. The FCCH may only be sent during timeslot 0 on the BCCH carrier frequency and therefore it acts as a flag to the mobile to identify Timeslot 0. Synchronization Channel (SCH)
The SCH carries the information to enable the MS to synchronize to the TDMA frame structure and know the timing of the individual timeslots. The following parameters are sent: 1) Frame number. 2) Base Site Identity Code (BSIC). The MS will monitor BCCH information from surrounding cells and store the information from the best six cells. The SCH information on these cells is also stored so that the MS may quickly resynchronize when it enters a new cell.
Used by the mobile when it requires to gain access to the system. This occurs when the mobile initiates a call or responds to a page. Paging Channel (PCH)
Used by the BTS to page MS, (paging can be performed by an IMSI, TMSI or IMEI). Access Grant Control Channel (AGCH)
Used by the BTS to assign a dedicated control channel to a MS in response to an access message received on the Random Access Channel. The MS will move to the dedicated channel in order to proceed with either a call setup, response to a paging message, Location Area Update or Short Message Service. Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH)
This channel is used to transmit messages to be broadcast to all MSs within a cell. The CBCH uses a dedicated control channel to send its messages, however it is considered a common channel because the messages can be received by all mobiles in the cell. Active MSs must frequently monitor both BCCH and CCCH. The CCCH will be transmitted on the RF carrier with the BCCH.
These channels can be associated with either an SDCCH or a TCH. They are used for carrying information associated with the process being carried out on either the SDCCH or the TCH.
Conveys power control and timing information in the downlink direction (towards the MS) and Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), and link quality reports in the uplink direction. Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
The FACCH is transmitted instead of a TCH. The FACCH steals the TCH burst and inserts its own information. The FACCH is used to carry out user authentication, handovers and immediate assignment. All of the control channels are required for system operation, however, in the same way that we allow different users to share the radio channel by using different timeslots to carry the conversation data, the control channels share timeslots on the radio channel at different times. This allows efficient passing of control information without wasting capacity which could be used for call traffic. To do this we must organize the timeslots between those which will be used for traffic and those which will carry control signalling.
activity. This changing relationship between the two multiframes is particularly important, for example, to a MS which needs to be able to monitor and report the RSSIs of neighbour cells (it needs to be able to see all the BCCH of those cells in order to do this). The hyperframe consists of 2048 superframes; this is used in connection with ciphering and frequency hopping. The hyperframe lasts for over three hours, after this time the ciphering and frequency hopping algorithms are restarted.
CC= Country code (33=France, 358=Finland, etc.) NDC= National Destination Code SN= Subscriber Number
The public switched telephone network (PSTN) also referred to as the Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) is the network of the world's public circuit-switched telephone networks. It is a worldwide net of telephone lines, fiber optic cables, microwave transmission links, cellular networks, communications satellites, and undersea telephone cables connected by switching centers, which allows any telephone in the world to communicate with any other. Originally a network of fixed-line analog telephone systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely digital in its core and includes mobile as well as fixed telephones.
The technical operation of the PSTN utilizes standards created by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union). These standards allow different networks in different countries to interconnect seamlessly. The combination of the interconnected networks and the single numbering plan make it possible for any phone in the world to dial any other phone. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communications standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network. The key feature of ISDN is that it integrates speech and data on the same lines, adding features that were not available in the classic telephone system. ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system, which also provides access to packet switched networks, designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in potentially better voice quality than an analog phone can provide. It offers circuit-switched connections (for either voice or data), and packet-switched connections (for data), in increments of 64 kilobit/s. A major market application for ISDN in some countries is Internet access, where ISDN typically provides a maximum of 128 kbit/s in both upstream and downstream directions.
2). The PSTN exchange analyses the dialled number. The result of the analysis is the routing information required for finding the mobile network (Public Land Mobile Network, PLMN) in which the called subscriber has made his subscription. The PSTN identifies the mobile network on the basis of the NDC, after which it accesses the mobile network via the nearest Gateway Mobile Services Switching Centre (GMSC).
3). The GMSC analyses the MSISDN in the same way as the PSTN exchange did. As a result of the analysis, it obtains the HLR address in which the subscriber is permanently registered. Notice that the GMSC itself does not have any information about the location of the called subscriber. The subscribers location can only be determined by the two databases, the HLR and VLR. At this stage however, the GMSC only knows the HLR address and so it sends a message (containing the MSISDN) to the HLR. In practice this message is a request for locating the called subscriber in order to set up a call. This is called an HLR Enquiry.
4). The HLR analyses the message. It identifies the called subscriber on the basis of MSISDN and then checks its database to determine the subscribers location. As you remember, the HLR is informed every time the subscriber moves from one VLR area to another, i.e. the HLR knows in which VLR area the subscriber is currently registered. It has to be pointed out that the HLR does not handle network traffic at all. A traffic connection requires two network elements that are able to provide speech connections. A speech connection is a network service and it can be handled only by an MSC. Therefore, to enable the traffic connection, maybe two MSCs will have to be connected. The first MSC is the Gateway MSC which is contacted by the PSTN exchange. The HLR acts as a coordinator to set up the connection between the GMSC and the destination MSC (which could of course be the GMSC itself).
Incoming
Gateway MSC contact When someone places a call to a mobile phone, they dial the telephone number (also called a MSISDN) associated with the phone user and the call is routed to the mobile phone operator's Gateway Mobile Switching Centre. The Gateway MSC, as the name suggests, acts as the "entrance" from exterior portions of the Public Switched Telephone Network onto the provider's network. As noted above, the phone is free to roam anywhere in the operator's network or on the networks of roaming partners, including in other countries. So the first job of the Gateway MSC is to determine the current location of the mobile phone in order to connect the call. It does this by consulting the Home Location Register (HLR), which, as described above, knows which Visitor Location Register (VLR) the phone is associated with, if any.
If the owner of the phone has previously requested that all incoming calls be diverted to another number, known as the Call Forward Unconditional (CFU) Number, then this number is stored in the Home Location Register. If that is the case, then the CFU number is returned to the Gateway MSC for immediate routing to that destination. If the mobile phone is not currently associated with a Visited Location Register (because the phone has been turned off) then the Home Location Register returns a number known as the Call Forward Not Reachable (CFNRc) number to the Gateway MSC, and the call is forwarded there. Many operators may set this value automatically to the phone's voice mail number, so that callers may leave a message. The mobile phone may sometimes override the default setting. Finally, if the Home Location Register knows that the phone is roaming in a particular Visited Location Register area, then it will request a temporary number (called an MSRN) from that VLR. This number is relayed back to the Gateway MSC, and then used to route the call to the MSC where the called phone is roaming.
8. An initial and final address message (IFAM) is sent to the PSTN. Ring tone is applied at the MS in response to alerting , which the MSC sends to the MS when the PSTN responds with an address complete message( ACM) 9. When answered the message connect is forwarded to the MS by the MSC, stopping the MS ring tone. The MSC then connects the GSM traffic channel to the PSTN circuit, thus completing the end to end traffic connection. 10. Conversation takes place for the duration of the call.
More handover algorithms have been developed for specific applications, such as microcellular, and are currently being implemented.
Types of handovers:
Intra Cell / Intra BSC HO Inter Cell / Intra BSC HO Inter Cell / Inter BSC HO Inter Cell / Inter MSC HO
5. INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
Designing a cellular system - particularly one that incorporates both Macrocellular and Microcellular networks is a delicate balancing exercise. The goal is to achieve optimum use of resources and maximum revenue potential whilst maintaining a high level of system quality. Full consideration must also be given to cost and spectrum allocation limitations. A properly planned system should allow capacity to be added economically when traffic demand increases. As every urban environment is different, so is every macrocell and microcell network. Hence informed and accurate planning is essential in order to ensure that the system will provide both the increased capacity and the improvement in network quality where required, especially when deploying Microcellular systems. RF planning plays a critical role in the Cellular design process. By doing a proper RF Planning by keeping the future growth plan in mind we can reduce a lot of problems that we may encounter in the future and also reduce substantially the cost of optimization. On the other hand a poorly planned network not only leads to many Network problems, it also increases the optimization costs and still may not ensure the desired quality.
5.1 Clutter
Clutter refers to a Land Use/Land Cover classification of surface features which impact on radio wave propagation. These features are classed according to their physical and electrical properties. Average obstacle height, local absorption power loss, co-efficients of correction and distance to clearing are some of the clutter-specific parameters that can be set and adjusted in propagation modeling. Image classification for RF propagation studies must accurately model clutter in terms of its influence on radio wave propagation. Clutter is generally produced from multispectral satellite imagery where distinct classes of surface features can be delineated through spectral homogeneity and other characteristics. For certain classes such as water, forest and crop land we can employ supervised
classification techniques. This is an automatic yet iterative process, the results of which are checked and rechecked for classification accuracy.
Antenna Horizontal Antenna Gain RF Antenna Ht Orientation Beamwidth 65 Degree 65 Degree 65 Degree 65 Degree 33 Degree 18 dBi 18 dBi 18dBi 21dBi 24 dBi 23 M 25 M 30 M 35-40 M 40-45M 0/120/240 0/120/240 0/120/240 0/120/240 As desired
Network Planning Tool (Atoll): Planning tool is used to assist engineers in designing and optimizing wireless networks by providing an accurate and reliable prediction of coverage, doing frequency planning automatically, creating neighbor lists etc. With a database that takes into account data such as terrain, clutter, and antenna radiation patterns, as well as an intuitive graphical interface, the Planning tool gives RF engineers a state-of-the-art tool to: Design wireless networks Plan network expansions Optimize network performance Diagnose system problems The major tools available in the market are Planet, Pegasus and Cell Cad. Also many vendors have developed Planning tools of their own like Netplan by Motorola, TEMS by Ericsson and so on. More details regarding work with Atoll Planning Tool will discuss in next slides. .