Andrew Yang Period 7 PERSIAN Chart AP World History

POLITICAL Leaders, Elites State Structure War Diplomacy, Treaties Courts, Laws

Chapter 16: Transformation of the West, 1450-1750 Starting in the late 14th Century, the Churchs power began to decline, as many prominent men began to denounce the ways of the Catholic church. All were silenced, until the Church was at its weakest, in the early 1500s Colonialism begins with the frantic scramble to see who can conquer the most land in the New World and parts of southeast Asia; leads to wars such as the Seven Years War between France and Britain. The Protestant Reformation and Christian Disunity 1. In 1517, priest Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses of objection to the practices of the Catholic Church. In response, he was excommunicated and exiled 2. However, his practicing that faith alone guided one to salvation gained popular appeal with the people of Germany and Scandinavia but caused an outbreak of many religious wars over the viability of the new Protestant faith. France and Germany experienced destructive wars in the process until the Edict of Nantes in 1598 and the end of the Thirty Years War in 1648. England experienced the English civil war in the 1640s. 3. The Catholic anti-reformation was formed in the process, trying to revive Catholicisms appeal through the Jesuits and the Council of Trent The Age of Absolute Monarchies or Parliaments (Birth of Nationalism) 1. The death of feudalism, long predicted by the shortage of labor after the Black Death, is complete. Political entities in England, France, and the Hapsburg domains in Austria and Spain start to go towards the nation state concept 2. Louis XIV starts the trend towards an absolute monarch holding power by guiding France with professional armies and taxing, as well as being a patron of the arts at his Versailles palace. 3. Frederick the Great solidifies his power to create out of the Holy Roman Empire the influential nation of Prussia. 4. Meanwhile, in Northwestern Europe, England and the Netherlands have in place parliamentary monarchy systems, where the parliament has power over the monarch. 5. Of course, as the Enlightenment arrives, there is a general discontent with the now ineffective 18th Century idea of absolute rule (Locke and other political philosophers) The West in 1750 New agricultural advances and machines such as the flying shuttle or the scythe, as well as the introduction of the foreign New World potato crop, generated rapid population growth and became the precursor to the Wests Industrial Revolution. Western Europe begins the slow transition away from agriculture to manufacturing on a large scale. Merchant activity in the Renaissance, as well as the establishment of trading company monopolies and colonial empires in the Americas and southeast Asia by the Dutch, French, British, and Spanish, brings great wealth to the respective countries, which are also grappling with each other for power. Mercantilism, or the idea of keeping a very favorable balance of trade, takes hold with the establishment of colonial empires or trading posts. Capitalism takes off as the primary economic system by the end of this period (1750 CE).

ECONOMIC Type of System Technology, Industry Trade, Commerce Capital/Money Types of Businesses

RELIGIOUS

The development of the Protestant reformation, combined with humanism, the scientific

Holy Books Beliefs, Teaching Conversion Sin/Salvation Deities

revolution, and enlightenment, greatly diminishes the role that religion plays in the lives of ordinary people; faith is consistently attacked by philosophers and scientists alike for its narrow views against the idea of free rational thought and the importance of the individual rather than God.

SOCIAL Family Gender Relations Social Classes Inequalities Life Styles

The teachings of Lutheranism, enlightenment, and humanism shatter the hierarchal feudalistic concept of society; as a result, free peasants and a middle class continues to grow in importance, with the wealth of peasants gaining due to the economical changes of the period. Women however are not surprisingly excluded from this cascading of social change; the idea of the family gains a new meaning past its old functional anti-lust meaning, and there are new ideas on how to properly bring up children. In general, the Italian Renaissance and Northern Renaissance generated a revival of the old Classical Greco-Roman schools of thought and artistic style. Especially promoted was the idea of humanism, or the idea of the individuals importance and the concept that the individual can control his future. Simplistic styles of architecture (such as the St Peters Basilica) mimicked the traditional Roman column, arch, and dome styles. Painters such as Leonardo Da Vinci (a very talented and multi skilled inventor, scientist, mathematician, artist, etc) adapted the huge fresco style of paintings, copying the style of their Roman counterparts as well as adding in the concept of perspective, which gave depth to a painting. Sculptors such as Donatello and Michelangelo created realistic representations of men (David, for example), also mimicking their Classical counterparts but adding more realism through secret anatomical dissections of the human body. Playwrights such as Shakespeare, and writers such as the introducer of political science, Machiavelli, also contributed to the revival, which was made even more influential through the movable type printing press that allowed for increased distribution of books and thus knowledge. The Scientific Revolution (Challenging The Church) 1. Copernicuss Heliocentric Model 2. Keplers Laws of Planetary Motion 3. Galileos pursuits in Astronomy and physics 4. New technologies such as microscopes and telescopes, as well as the science of optics. New philosophers such as Descartes and Locke emerge, championing rational logic over faith and also, in Lockes case, 5. Newtons Principia Mathematica caps the achievements of this revolution through his identification of the laws that govern nature. 6. Championing of the Scientific Method Enlightenment (Precursor to Political Revolutions) 1. Humans are inherently good, or at least are born trying to be good 2. Applied the Scientific Method to society, thus creating the field of social science 3. Government should back off from the affairs of the people; government is essentially rule by the people 4. Was also a major attacker of the Church Italy was a major focal point for the Renaissance due to its urbanized society and its high amount of mercantile activity (especially between the city states of Florence, Venice, and Genoa).

INTELLECTUAL, ARTS Art, Music Writing, Literature Philosophy Math & Science Education

NEAR: GEOGRAPHY Location Physical Movement Human/Environmen t Region

NOTES: