Andrew Yang Period 7 PERSIAN Chart AP World History

POLITICAL Leaders, Elites State Structure War Diplomacy, Treaties Courts, Laws

Chapter 19: Early Latin America (Spain and Portugal + others) Latin American Conquests (1492-1570) 1. Unification of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon with the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, along with the fall of the last Muslim stronghold of Granada in 1492 and expelling of jews, sets the stage for the sponsoring of the voyages of Genoese merchant Christopher Columbus. 2. Columbus, trying to find a westward route to the Spice Islands, hits land near the present day Bahamas and also sails into the Caribbean, claiming Cuba and Hispaniola for Spain and falsely claiming the existence of spices and riches to be found. This begins the three phases of Spanish and Portuguese colonization 3. The Caribbean colonies became a testing ground for Spain, in order for the crown to determine the best way to organize its new colonies. 4. Further expeditions are made by zealous and greedy conquistadors who are intent on gaining glory and honor for the Spanish. By the middle of the 16th century, the great Aztec and Inca Empires fell due to factors such as the introduction of European smallpox and measles (to name a few), the crumbling centralization of both empires, and superior European weaponry. Tenochtitlan was razed and rebuilt as Mexico City, with the surrounding area becoming New Spain. The rest of Peru, with the conquest of Cuzco, established a Spanish foothold on South America, with Chile and Argentina eventually coming under the banner of the Spanish crown. 5. Portugal finally begins to develop its fringe colony of Brazil, beginning the process of transforming into a sugar plantation colony. Colonization Period (1570- early 1700s) and Destruction of Indian Societies 1. There is a transition by the time Spain and Portugal begin to digest their colonial gains, after the 1550s. 2. First, the exploitation of Indians for slave labor under the encomienda system of serf grants begins to stop (too little too late), but the grants are only stopped because of the serious depopulation issue and because of the crowns uneasiness about the newly formed aristocracy that was beginning to form from the labor grants. 3. However, there were still adverse conditions for native populations, who faced a slew of taxes and labor contributions for building projects such as churches and roads. Most natives instead migrated from their villages to the new silver and gold mines in Peru, Mexico, and Chile, getting paid wages but suffering immense harm from the bad mining conditions in the mines themselves. 4. Eventually, as the encomiendas disappeared, land grants and huge ranches called haciendas owned by Spanish families popped up as the new aristocratic families; the livestock on these ranches eventually replaced the number of depopulated natives. 5. Self sufficient colonies existed, based upon the structure of the Spanish government, with a bureaucracy headed by the two viceroys of New Spain and South America and courts and often corrupt local officials who looked for ways to exploit the native populations illegally. Reform and Revolution Age (middle to late 1700s) 1. In the early 1600s, the Northern European countries started to put pressure on Spanish and Portuguese colonies. Portugal lost parts of Brazil to the Dutch in 1627 before finally regaining it in 1654; early signs showed that reform was needed. There was a brutal blow dealt to the Spanish when the English recaptured their stronghold at Havana, effectively cutting off their monopoly on the gold, silver, and processed sugar trades. 2. French rulers started to take over the Spanish monarchy in the mid 1750s; the

ECONOMIC Type of System Technology, Industry Trade, Commerce Capital/Money Types of Businesses

RELIGIOUS Holy Books Beliefs, Teaching Conversion Sin/Salvation Deities

Bourbon reforms sent a commissioning viceroy to New Spain and South America to assess the crisis and report back what reforms were needed. After great atrocities against Indian populations were noted in the report, the viceroy acted to remove all local officials and aristocratic Creoles from the government system, as they were rampantly corrupt. Spanish type governments began to look more like French bureaucratic models intent on giving the state the most power; 2 more viceroys were created, and the convoy system was abolished. In Portugal, Pombals reforms re-organized Brazil so that Portugal could slowly lessen the huge amount of debt it had incurred to England. While reforms were somewhat successful, rebellions started to sprout in the colonies as they began to prosper economically. The huge influx of silver from the mines in Potosi in Peru and amalgamation mercury mines in Huancavelica brings in great wealth to Spain, but it also causes high inflation back in Europe. Huge amounts of silver are shipped to Ming China as well, with Chinese porcelain and silks coming back. The convoy system, in which ships sailed from Spain to the colonies to collect minerals and then met back up at the stronghold of Havana in Cuba, allowed ships to safely travel back home against the buccaneering English and Dutch, and well as French fleets that tried to wrest control of the Caribbean away from Spain and eventually did. Although Spain gained a large amount of silver, most of it was drained off to pay for continental wars back home against the rising nations of Europe, thus contributing to the bankruptcy of Spain. A similar situation was occurring in Portugal, where the sugar producing monopoly was wrested away through the Dutch, English, and French establishment of sugar plantation colonies run by newly imported African slaves. Portugal also eventually became heavily in debt with England, and the slower trickling of gold from Brazil to Portugal meant bad news and in part ushered in the series of new reforms in the 1750s. Economic problems in the end are what brought the slow decline of Spain and Portugals colonies in Latin America. Religion in Latin America slowly became geared to fit with Catholic practices, although indigenous beliefs were still kept.

SOCIAL Family Gender Relations Social Classes Inequalities Life Styles

In terms of the social hierarchy, at the top were either the natural Spaniards or the Latin American born Spaniards (the Creoles). Following them were the mixed interracial class of mestizos and mulattoes, and below them were the indigenous peoples who occupied the area before the arrival of conquistadors. Also, society transitioned to become more patriarchal than it had been originally, with women becoming more as child bearers than as workers. This represented a major shift from the old Incan and Aztec social hierarchies. Even though the native population of Latin America had been badly decimated by disease and bad treatment, native cultural values and customs remained resilient. Although the Catholic faith was introduced and embraced, some aspects of religion were fused with the old indigenous belief systems. Native cultures blended the new with the old, never fully letting go of their old customs.

INTELLECTUAL, ARTS Art, Music Writing, Literature Philosophy Math & Science Education

NEAR: GEOGRAPHY

The discovery of silver in Potosi fueled the Spanish interest for colonization; likewise, discoveries of gold also fueled Portuguese interests.

Location Physical Movement Human/Environ ment Region

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