JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA ENGINEERING PHYSICS LABORATORY- II

Electro-Magnetism and Electronics: 1. Study the variation of Magnetic Field along the axis of a solenoid coil using Stewart - Gee's apparatus. 2. Draw the Frequency Response curves of L-C-R Series and Parallel Circuits. 3. Determine the Time Constant for a C-R Circuit. 4. Determine the Band Gap of a Semi conductor using a p-n junction diode. 5. Study of Characteristic curves (l/V) of a Zener diode to determine its Breakdown voltage. 6. Draw the characteristic curves and determine the thermoelectric coefficient of a Thermistor

RC NETWORK
EXPT NO: AIM: - To study the charging and discharging of a Capacitor APPARATUS: - CR Circuit trainer kit & probes (Resistors, Capacitors, voltmeter, stopwatch, breadboard, connecting wires & DC Power supply) Formula: Capacitive time constant of the CR circuit is t RC Where C = capacitance of the condenser R = resistance DATE:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:K R C + B _ + _ +V _

Procedure:1. To study the charging of a condenser:The experimental arrangement for the study of the charging and discharging of a condenser through a resistance is shown in fig A condenser C, resistance R, a tap key K are to be connected to a battery B. connect a volt meter V parallel to the condenser, by means of which the potential difference across the

plates of the condenser can be measured. Adjust the voltmeter knob so that it reads zero. Switch on the power supply press the tap key K and simultaneously start a stop clock. When the tap key, K is pressed the current flows and the plates of the condenser get charged. Note the voltmeter reading, V at suitable regular intervals of time (say 5 seconds) till the voltage reaches a maximum value i.e. the condenser gets fully charged. Note the observations in table repeat the experiment for different sets R and C values Graph:

Draw a graph with the time, t along the X-axis and the voltage, V (across the condenser) along the Y-axis. A curve shown in figure will be obtained. Draw a line parallel to X-axis at 0.63V0. This line cuts the curve at one point. The value of time on the x-axis corresponding to V=0.63V0 gives the capacitive time constant of the CR circuit, Calculate the theoretical value of the time constant CR using the formula and compare it with that obtained from the graph 2. To study the discharging of condenser:Switch on the power supply, keeping the circuit elements as they were. Press the tap key K. then the reading in the voltmeter gradually increases and reaches a constant value after some time i.e. the condenser gets fully charged. Now release the tap key, K and immediately start a stop clock. When the tap key is released the condenser starts discharging through the resistance and in consequence the voltmeter reading gradually decreases. Note the voltmeter reading at suitable regular intervals of time till the voltage across the plates of the condenser reaches a minimum value. Note the observations in table. Repeat the experiment for different sets of R and C values.

Graph:

Draw a graph with the time, t along the X-axis and the voltage, V (across the condenser) along the Y-axis. A curve shown in figure will be obtained. Draw a line parallel to X-axis at V=Vo .036. This line cuts the curve at one point. From this point draw a line parallel to y-axis which meets the x-axis at one point. The value of time on the x-axis corresponding to V=Vo .036 gives the capacitive time constant of the CR circuit, Calculate the theoretical value of the time constant CR using the formula and compareit with that obtained from the graph. TABULAR FORMS:SI.NO. Time(sec) VOLTAGE(volts) Charging Discharging

RESULT:- Time constant from theoretical =

From experimental =

ZENER DIODE
EXPT NO: AIM:- To study the V-I characteristics of zener diode APPARATUS:- Zener diode kit & probes(zener diode, milliammeter, voltmeter,1K resister, dc power supply(12V),bread board, connecting wires)
Procedure:The N-Type and P-Type sections of the given zener diode are identified. The black band marked on the zener diode represents N-type section. The measuring electrical instruments are checked for good working conditions. The circuit connections are made as shown in the diagram. For every characteristic, before the circuit is closed, the potentiometer knobs must be set to read minimum. Forward Bias:The P-type section and the N-type section of the zener diode are connected to the positive and negative terminals of the battery respectively. The power supply is switched on and the applied forward voltage Vf is increased in suitable steps from zero volt to a maximum of 2V and the corresponding currents through the diode are noted. The readings are tabulated. Reverse Bias:The P-type section and the N-type section of the zener diode are connect to the negative and positive terminals of the battery respectively. The power supply is switched on and the applied reverse voltage Vr is increased in suitable steps from zero volt to a maximum of 10V and the corresponding reverse currents (Ir) through the diode are noted. The readings are tabulated. Circuit diagram:mA _ _ + N

DATE:

_ +

Graph:-

Tabular form:S.No forward voltage(VF) Forward current(IF) S.No Reverse voltage(VR) Reverse current(IR)

Result:-Zener breakdown voltage =