Endocrine System

The endocrine system is a system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body. It derives from the Greek words endo meaning inside, within, and crinis for secrete.

Endocrine organs and secreted hormones

Hypothalamus

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone- Stimulate thyroid-stimulating hormone Dopamine- Inhibit prolactin released from anterior pituitary Growth hormone-releasing hormone- Stimulate Growth hormone Somatostatin- Inhibit Growth hormone Oxytocin- Uterine Contraction ; Lactation

Pineal Body
Melatonin- Antioxidant; Monitors the circadian rhythm including inducement of drowsiness and
lowering of the middle body temperature sleep cycle

Pituitary Gland
Growth Hormone- Stimulates growth and cell reproduction
Thyroid-stimulating hormone- Stimulates thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) synthesis and release from thyroid gland Beta-endorphin- Inhibits perception of pain Follicle-stimulating hormone -In females: Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles in ovary -In males: Stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules -In males: Stimulates spermatogenesis -In males: Stimulates production of androgen-binding protein from Sertoli cells of the testes Luteinizing hormone

-In females: Stimulates ovulation

In females: Stimulates formation of corpus luteum In males: Stimulates testosterone synthesis from Leydig cells (interstitial cells)

Prolactin- Stimulates milk synthesis and release from mammary glands Mediates sexual gratification

Thyroid

Triiodothyronine- Stimulates body oxygen and energy consumption, thereby increasing the basal metabolic rate Stimulates RNA polymerase I and II, thereby promoting protein synthesis

Thyroxine- Stimulates body oxygen and energy consumption, thereby increasing the basal metabolic rate Stimulates RNA polymerase I and II, thereby promoting protein synthesis Calcitonin- Stimulates osteoblasts and thus bone construction

Stomach

Gastrin- Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells Ghrelin- Stimulate appetite, secretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland Histamine- stimulate gastric acid secretion

Liver

Insulin-like growth factor- insulin-like effects ; regulate cell growth and development Thrombopoietin- stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets

Pancreas

Insulin- intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle from blood Glucagon- increases blood glucose level

Adrenal Glands

Glucocorticoids

-Stimulates gluconeogenesis
Stimulates fat breakdown in adipose tissue Inhibits protein synthesis Inhibits glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Inhibits immunological responses (immunosuppressive) Inhibits inflammatory responses (anti-inflammatory)

Adrenal medulla
Adrenaline -Fight-or-flight response:
Boost the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate andstroke volume, vasodilation, increasing catalysis of glycogen in liver, breakdown of lipids in fat cells) Dilate the pupils Suppress non-emergency bodily processes (e.g., digestion) Suppress immune system

Testes
Androgens-

Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density, growth and strength, Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard andaxillary hair.

Ovarian follicle
Estrogens -Structural: Promote formation of female secondary sex characteristics Accelerate height growth Accelerate metabolism (burn fat) Reduce muscle mass Stimulate endometrial growth Increase uterine growth Maintain blood vessels and skin Reduce bone resorption, increase bone formation

Protein synthesis: Increase hepatic production of binding proteins

DISEASES
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Addisons disease is a rare, chronic endocrine disorder where the adrenal glands do not produce [1] sufficient steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids). Lifelong, continuous treatment with steroid replacement therapy is required, with regular follow-up treatment and monitoring for other health problems. Diabetes mellitus type 2 formerly non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or adult-onset diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context [2] of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Diabetes is often initially managed by increasingexercise and dietary modification. If the condition progresses, medications may be needed. Often affecting the obese, diabetes requires patients to routinely check their blood sugar. Thyroiditis is the inflammation of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located on the front of the neck below the laryngeal prominence, and makes hormones that control metabolism. Hermaphrodite- having reproductive organs of both genders Kallmann syndrome is a genetic disorder marked by anosmia and hypogonadism - the decreased functioning of the glands that produce sex hormones. Abnormalities in various genes may cause a defect in the hypothalamus, causing a deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone