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PYROELECTRIC DEVICES
The pyroelectric effect in certain materials was recognized a long time ago, and
such materials were referred as "electric stones." It was observed when such a stone
was thrown in the fire, and it started to generate electric charges and caused a
"cracking" sound. This is basically due to the temperature dependence of the
spontaneous polarization of a polar material.
The principle on which the pyroelectric effect is based concerns the charge
generation associated with the spontaneous polarization change with temperature:
131
132 Chapter 6
Heat sensor !
Infrared irradiation
-
-
-
+ +- +- -+
Ps
+
- - - - +
+
+ + +
Ps
(a) (b) Ps
Radiation A Radiation
A
a
a
Fig. 6.2 Typical geometric configurations for pyroelectric detectors: (a) face
electrodes with the polarization direction parallel to the infrared irradiation, and (b)
edge electrodes with the polarization direction perpendicular to the irradiation.
Solution
j ∝ e- t/ τ . (P6.1.1)
It is evident from this relation that one pulse of infrared (IR) light will provide only
one pulse of current. Because the current becomes zero after a certain time, we
cannot distinguish whether the IR beam is coming or not. Therefore, to measure the
temperature of an IR irradiating object (such as meat in a microwave oven), the
infrared beam from the object should be chopped periodically.
Light intensity
Time
Pyroelectric current
Time
(2) Responsivity1)
When the incident power flux is W exp(jωt) (i. e., chopped IR irradiation), the
amplitude of the temperature variation is provided by
∆T = ηW A (γ 2A 2 + ω2 K 2) -1/2 , (6.2)
134 Chapter 6
K = ρ cp Ah , (6.3)
where ρ is the density of the pyro-material, cp the specific heat and h is the
thickness of the detector [refer to Fig. 6.2(a)].
q = p A ∆T , (6.5)
ri = ηp ωA (γ 2A 2 + ω2 K 2) -1/2. (6.6)
τD = K / γ A , (6.7)
we obtain finally
ri = ηp ω γ -1 (1 + ω2 τD 2 )-1/2. (6.8)
Figure 6.4 shows an amplifier circuit for measuring a pyroelectric voltage signal.
The resistance R is relatively high and is inserted to remove the charge after it is
thermally induced on the pyroelectric (CD ). The transistor must have a high
impedance (e.g., FET).
Vs
V0
CD R CA RL
V=0
rv = ηp / ρ cp εA ω , (6.12)
These are useful figures of merit because the temperature change of the sample is
larger for the smaller specific heat (c p ) material under constant heating, and the
voltage generated by a certain amount of pyro-charge becomes larger for the smaller
dielectric constant (ε) material [refer to the previous section 6.1(2)]. Table 6.1
summarizes several figures of merit. Table 6.2 lists the figures of merit of several
pyroelectric materials.3)
Solution
For T < T 0, the minimum of the Landau free energy is obtained at:
______________
PS = √(T 0 - T)/(β ε0 C). (P6.2.4)
Pyroelectric Devices 137
we obtain
ε = C/[2(T - T0 )] . (T < T 0) (P6.2.6)
Concerning the specific heat, modification from the Debye specific heat cp0, ∆cp
can be calculated as ∆cp = (?F/?T). Since P S2 = - α/β,
Then,
∆cp = (∂F/ ∂T) = (1/2)(T 0 - T) / β(ε0 C) 2 , (P6.2.8)
and
cp = cp0 + ∆cp
= cp0 + (1/2)(T 0 - T) / β(ε0 C) 2. (P6.2.9)
p / c pε
Bias = 1 kV/cm p / c pε
800
300
600 2 kV/cm
3 kV/cm 200
400 4 kV/cm
100
200
0
18 20 22 24 0 5 10
Temperature (oC) Bias Field (kV/cm)
(a) (b)
Fig. 6.5 Figure of merit (p/cp ε) change with temperature (a) and bias field (b) for
the Ba 0.67Sr0.33TiO3 -based ceramic. The poling voltage is the same as the biasing
voltage. (a) Note that the bias field stabilizes the temperature characteristics
significantly. (b) Maximum black body (490o C) response of a 50 µm thick sample
of BST at a chopper frequency of 40 Hz.
Figure 6.6 shows a typical structure for a polymer pyroelectric infrared sensor. In
practical usage, a pyrosensor requires an infrared light (thermal ray) chopper,
because the electrical signal can be detected only at the transient stage of light
illumination or shut off. An electromagnetic motor is conventionally used as a
light-chopper mechanism, but recently a piezoelectric bimorph chopper has been
developed by Kuwano et al.,6) which allows for miniaturization of the pyrosensors
(Fig. 6.7).
One of the disadvantages of the pyro-vidicon is the degradation of the image over a
long period of usage due to thermal diffusion on the target. Pedder et al. proposed a
segmented target design to solve the diffusion problem.8) Figure 6.9 shows the
microscopic structure of a D-TGS [deuterated triglycine sulphate,
(ND2 CD 2COOD)3 D 2SO 4] target, and Fig. 6.10 is an example of a picture taken in
darkness.
140 Chapter 6
Fig. 6.8 Structure of a pyro-vidicon tube (a) and its equivalent circuit (b).
Fig. 6.9 Infrared image target with divided fine segments (19 µm width, 16 µm
depth, 25 µm pitch).
Pyroelectric Devices 141
CHAPTER ESSENTIALS_________________________________
CHAPTER PROBLEMS
6.1 Assuming the first-order phase transition for the Landau free energy,
calculate the temperature dependence of the figures of merit for a
pyroelectric detector: p, p/cp and p/cp ε.
6.2 There is a PLZT (6/80/20) ceramic disk with 1 cm2 in area and 100 µm in
thickness electrically poled along the thickness with tranparent electrodes.
When the sample is illuminated with a laser light (power: 10 mW/cm2 ) for
0.1 second, calculate the following values:
Assume that all the light energy is absorbed by the sample, and that no heat
loss nor electric loss is taken into account. Refer to Table 6.2 for the
necessary data.
Hint
6.3 Consider three materials: sharp phase transition, diffuse phase transition
and successive phase transition materials (a, b and c in the figure) with the
spontaneous polarization vs. temperature relations as illustrated in the
following figures. Discuss the merits and demerits of each from a pyro-
detector application viewpoint with respect to the following: (1) the
magnitude of p, (2) the relative permittivity, (3) temperature stability and
(4) aging.
RT Temperature
REFERENCES
1) J. M. Herbert: Ferroelectric Transducers and Sensors, p.267, Gordon & Breach,
New York (1982).
2) S. G. Porter: Pyroelectricity and Its Use in Infrared Detectors, Plessey
Optoelectronics and Microwave Ltd., Towcester, NN12 7JN, UK (1980).
3) M. E. Lines and A. M. Glass: Principles and Applications of Ferroelectrics and
Related Materials, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1977).
144 Chapter 6