RLB UK Riders Digest 2011

Riders Digest
United Kingdom
2011
Riders Digest 2011

A compendium of cost data and related information on the Construction Industry.
Compiled by Rider Levett Bucknall (UK) Ltd Cutlers Court 115 Houndsditch London EC3A 7BR Tel: +44 (0) 207 398 8300 Fax: +44 (0) 207 623 0466 Website: www.rlb.com
Rider Levett Bucknall UK Limited, Registered Number - 465 3580: Registered in England: Registered Office - Millennium Point, Curzon Street, Birmingham B4 7XG
While Rider Levett Bucknall UK (RLB) has endeavoured to ensure the accuracy of the information and materials in this publication (the Materials), it does not warrant its accuracy, adequacy, completeness or reasonableness and expressly disclaims liability for any errors in, or omissions from, the Materials. RLB shall not be liable for any damages, losses, expenses or costs whatsoever arising out of or in connection with the use or reliance on the Materials. The Materials are provided for general information only and should not be construed as costing, legal, tax, or any other professional advice. Professional advice should be sought when utilising any information in this publication to verify its applicability to their specific circumstances. The Materials may not, in any medium, be reproduced, published, adapted, altered or otherwise used in whole or in part in any manner without the prior written consent of RLB. Cost information in this publication is indicative and for general guidance only. All prices and rates are as at 1st Quarter 2011 and expressed in British Pounds unless otherwise stated. References to legislative provisions and regulations are as at 1st January 2011. Changes after this date will not be reflected.
Please note that all figures exclude prevailing Value Added Tax (VAT).
Second Edition 2011 Rider Levett Bucknall
Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2011
CONTENTS
Page UK Construction Trends market Outlook Price Indices and Construction Output UK construction Output by Sector Price Indices for Construction materials UK Construction Cost Data Definitions of Terminology External Works Construction Elements Office Fit Out Office Refurbishment Hotel Fit Out Estimating Data Reinforcement Ratios Average Construction Payment Drawdown method of measuring Building Areas International Construction Building Costs Specific Definitions for International Construction Costs Construction Activity Cycle Construction market Activity for major European Cities UK Construction Information List of UK Professional Bodies List of UK Government Bodies Ecology Species Assessment Calendar Construction Design and management Regulations RIBA Outline Plan of Work Equality Act BREEAm BREEAm in Use EPC - Energy Performance Certificates DEC - Display Energy Certificates Site Waste management Plans Capital Allowances OJEU Process OJEU Process Procedures Buying Solutions Procurement Options Code For Sustainable Homes Sustainable Construction Technologies Life Cycle Costing and Carbon Professional Services Overview of Services International Offices Europe Asia Oceania North America Caribbean middle East Miscellaneous Conversion Factors Calculation Formulae Calendar 106 52 54 55 59 60 62 66 68 74 76 77 78 84 87 102
2 6 7 8
12 14 15 20 22 22
24 25 27
32 40 41 43
112 113 117 120 122 123
46 47 48 49
126 127 128
ii
iii
Foreword
Welcome to the second UK edition of Riders Digest, a compendium of cost data and related information on the UK Construction Industry. The Rider Levett Bucknall Global Practice was launched in June 2007. With over 2,000 staff in more than 80 offices across Asia, Oceania, Europe, middle East and the Americas, Rider Levett Bucknall brings together three companies who are committed to the quality of their core services (cost consultancy, project management and advisory services). We can trace our roots back to the 18th century and we pride ourselves on our dedication to customer care and leading edge service provision. Rider Levett Bucknall remain committed to being an independent, owner managed business that deliver and enable our customers to do more with less for the whole life of built assets, we enable clients to spend less money, but also have a better product with less environmental impact. Our Values:
confidence in our ability to deliver their solution which is a significant differentiator in todays competitive market. Despite challenging times for the Industry, the companys robust financial position ensures that significant funds continue to be allocated to research and development initiatives, the development of proprietary IT tools and the recruitment and retention of quality staff. Our strategic aim is to continue to cement Rider Levett Bucknalls Research & Development division as the industrys advisory experts of choice, and to provide additional value-added services to our clients. Key publications such as the Riders Digest, the International Report and the European Report will continue. In addition, we will be providing increased commentary and analysis to a number of leading Industry publications, and will also be releasing a smart phone app, giving users instant access to key industry information at their fingertips. We have invested in equipping all technical staff in the UK with powerful mobile workstations, enabling integration with design teams utilising Building Information modelling techniques. The Project management Academy offered by Rider Levett Bucknall has been certified by the Internationally recognised Association for Project management, receiving APm Corporate Accreditation, having fulfilled the requirements of APm. Rider Levett Bucknall (UK) has been named as Britains Top Employer for the second consecutive year, we took the number one spot in the mid-sized category in the list of Britains Top Employers which is awarded by the Corporate Research Foundation in conjunction with The Daily Telegraph. The award is presented to companies demonstrating best practice in HR, and scores are based on pay and benefits, training and development, career development, working conditions and company culture. We also ranked in The Sunday Times Best 100 Companies to Work for, and have also recently achieved Investors in People Gold recognition. I hope you again find this publication both informative and useful in your business.
People - to invest in our people and to value their contribution Industry - to be a beacon of best practice and lead and shape
in everything we do
Community - to be aware of our social responsibilities and to

make our contribution to the community
Environment - to be conscious of the difference we can make Customers to challenge the norm, seek fresh ideas and
deliver excellence relationships
Suppliers - to act with integrity, honesty and fairness in all our Shareholders to be owned by our people, to be financially
robust and to deliver agreed financial plans Our office network within the UK and our membership of the Global Practice allows us to integrate significant resources, skill and expertise to support our customers, but we will only take on commissions that we can deliver with certainty. Our strategic position is to concentrate our effort on the things that we already do well our embedded services and sectors and our centres of excellence whilst expanding our national offering into new markets and services where we can make a real difference to our customers. A clear differentiator for RLB is our approach to sustainability both within our business and in the way we deliver our services. We have ISO14001 accreditation and this year we have also been measured against the GRI reporting framework. Our Responsible management approach will run through the whole company - this aligns with our more with Less philosophy. We believe that our culture of employee ownership and involvement, flexibility, high levels of technical expertise and hands on involvement from senior staff gives our customers
Lance Taylor Chief Executive, Rider Levett Bucknall (UK) Ltd

iv
UK Construction Trends
market Outlook Price Indices and Construction Output UK Construction Output by Sector Price Indices for Construction materials
UK CONSTRUCTION TRENDS Market Outlook 2011: 2011 looks to be another tough year for the construction industry, with continued low demand, rising inflation, VAT increased to 20% and increasing tender prices. Demand from public sector clients is set to fall dramatically, and despite the governments view of the private sector picking up the shortfall to lead the economy from recession, it is difficult to see where this demand will come from in the UK construction sector. Capital investment is likely to be procured only by Clients with long term efficiency plans, where new capital investment is likely to guarantee increased efficiencies and long term savings, whether in terms of running costs, space rationalisation, or more cost effective methods of working. Consultants will need to understand their clients business drivers in order to deliver solutions beyond provision of the built asset, and deliver long term efficiency through collaboration and better understanding of clients values and long term goals. BCIS all in tender price indices remained virtually static during 2010, after suffering a dramatic 17.5% fall from a peak at the end of 2007 to a low at the beginning of 2010. Opinions as to the length of time this low point in tender pricing will continue for, varies widely among leading professional practices. BCIS forecasts show a little over 3% rise to the all in tender price index during 2011. Analysis of the basic factors behind the tender prices is necessary to understand the potential reaction to current market conditions. The main Inputs affecting tender prices are: Construction Demand: The total volume of construction orders in Great Britain fell in 3rd quarter 2010 by 14% when compared with the same quarter a year earlier. Orders fell in the public housing sector, in the infrastructure sector, the public non housing sector, and in the private industrial sector. There were significant increases in orders in the private housing sector and smaller increases in the private commercial sector 22% of contractors reported that output fell overall in 2010 compared with a year earlier. The coalition Governments determination to reverse the public sector deficit within four years has led to deep and wide ranging cuts in government funding across all sectors. The Government view is that it will be private sector growth which leads the economy out of the recession, and Government forecasts show significant private sector growth over the next four years. However the lending restrictions which the banks continue to operate particularly in the residential sector have meant that commercial development in the UK has remained almost dormant this year, with the only real signs of activity around London. We are operating in a very competitive UK market and we anticipate that this will continue throughout 2011 as the construction related market contracts further, the threat of inflation and a rise in interest rates and VAT to 20%, suggests that 2011 will be another difficult year. The Construction Products Association predicts a 2% decline in total UK construction output this year and further reductions into 2012. Private sector construction in the UK is forecast to increase in 2011 and 2012, but this will not offset the 17% fall in public sector construction forecast over the next two years, resulting in a nett reduction. Tables and graphs on the following pages show how tender prices react to demand, measured as construction industry output, in figures sourced from the Office of National Statistics.
UK CONSTRUCTION TRENDS Materials Prices: materials prices are forecast to rise by just over 3% over the course of 2011, following a rise of just under 7% during 2010. Preliminary Costs: Preliminaries, expressed as a percentage of the remainder of the contract sum (excluding contingencies) fell to around 12.5% during 2010, after having fallen from over 16% in 2007, these are expected to remain around this level for the coming year, as contractors try to offset increased material costs. Contractor and Sub contractor margin The majority of Contractors reported falling margins during 2010. During 2011, contractors will either reduce margin further to absorb input price increases, or increase tender prices in order to cover increased input costs. We do not anticipate an opportunity for Contractors to remain competitive, increase margin and cover increased costs in a static or reducing market. Market Reaction Tender prices remained subdued, but stable during 2010, with tender prices remaining at their lowest point since 2004 Contractors had previously been able to reduce tender prices, as the reduced demand had coincided with considerable reductions in the price of key materials and Preliminary costs, and these factors, combined with aggressive margin reductions throughout the supply chain had resulted in the reductions in tender prices of over 17% seen over the last three years, however, in 2011, a rise in material costs, combined with relatively stable labour costs will increase pressures on Contractors to increase tender prices. What next? The tables on the following pages show the composition of UK construction demand from 1990 to date. The decline in total demand since mid 2007 coincides with the reduction in tender prices. Demand is forecast to reduce in comparison to 2010 levels by a small amount further over coming year, with slight increases in the following years; however forecasts predict it may take 5 years to return to 2005 levels. Despite the previous trend of falling demand leading tender price reductions, any further reduction in demand are unlikely to result in price reductions over the coming year. This is due to different circumstances surrounding the inputs. Predictions for the coming year range from a rise in tender prices of between 2% and 3% and will depend on the ability of Contractors and their supply chain to absorb increased input costs, while trying to remain competitive in a reduced market.
Indices and UK Construction Output Comparison

6
1990 BCIS All InTender Price Index 129 72 126 94 87 83 82 82 82 85 87 88 90 90 92 96 102 105 104 106 108 107 134 139 141 144 149 153 158 163 165 170 173 176 181 187 192 198 207 215 214 95 77 80 82 84 86 88 90 91 93 93 95 95 97 98 100 102 105 109 111 114 108 109 121 130 130 138 146 151 161 174 187 197 213 224 230 245 246 217 207 114 223 100 103 106 109 112 Consumer Price Index Retail Price Index (RPI) UK Construction Output ( Thousand Million) 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 211 117 2012 218 120 2013 225 123 2014 232 125
UK CONSTRUCTION TRENDS
Indices and UK Construction Output Comparison
SOURCE: ONS, BCIS
UK Construction Output by Sector

45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1990
1990 1991 1,146 10,919 4,680 5,250 23,806 38,522 8,052 94,028 4,523 20,880 34,303 10,501 86,951 1992 1,951 11,223 5,413 4,344 17,181 31,940 11,409 83,461
Public Housing Private Housing Public Works Private Industrial Private Commercial Repair Infrastructure
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
1993 2,306 12,463 5,623 4,256 14,403 31,054 11,904 82,009
Output Millions
1996
1994
1997
1998
1995 2,460 12,892 5,630 4,498 14,350 32,360 9,400 81,591 2,446 12,228 5,590 5,054 14,762 33,086 9,230 82,396
1999
1996 2,023 11,947 5,205 5,306 16,321 33,834 10,391 85,027
2000
1997 1,669 13,365 4,134 5,452 18,294 34,037 9,894 86,846
2001
1998 1,361 13,531 4,370 5,571 19,842 34,017 9,655 88,347
2002
1999 1,187 12,252 4,946 5,780 22,374 33,544 9,444 89,527
2003
2000 1,484 13,632 4,672 5,134 22,475 34,247 8,824 90,469
2004
2001 1,520 12,742 4,713 5,250 22,338 36,012 9,457 92,032
2005
2002
2006
2007
2003 1,696 13,565 5,881 4,021 22,907 37,804 10,315 96,188 1,909 15,743 7,271 4,387 22,273 40,419 9,553 101,555
2008
2004 2,312 17,888 8,088 4,851 23,580 40,248 8,321 105,289
2009 2010
2005 2,138 18,450 7,319 5,123 23,683 40,170 7,542 104,425
(forecast)
2006 2,579 18,518 6,852 5,610 26,470 38,832 6,880 105,741
2007 2,929 17,990 6,428 5,563 29,436 38,895 6,990 108,233
2008 2,710 14,563 7,462 4,504 30,014 39,712 8,070 107,033
2009 2,860 10,912 9,928 3,077 22,956 35,805 9,266 94,804
(forecast)
2010
Public Housing
1,297 12,522 4,578
4,162 12,100 13,102 3,623 22,802 33,495 11,210 100,494
Private Housing Public Works Private Industrial Private Commercial Repair Infrastructure Total
UK Construction Output by Sector

7
SOURCE: ONS
All Agencies Output - Constant Prices Seasonally Adjusted (2005) - million
UK CONSTRUCTION TRENDS
UK Construction Materials Annual Average Price Index
UK Construction Materials Annual Average Price Index

300
2002 Hardcore 103 94 100 99 90 80 68 75 187 197 213 75 106 100 224 67 89 100 100 113 230 90 97 100 103 122 118 130 245 89 92 98 104 111 96 95 101 108 107 113 109 128 137 158 246 92 93 100 109 115 128 139 111 117 119 106 126 218 94 99 101 105 110 117 112 103 103 99 96 95 103 112 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2010 113 108 135 110 119 134 117 145 210
250 200
Cement Concrete Bricks Timber Sand
150 100 50
Structual Steel Rebar
0 2002
BCIS "All In" TPI
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Hardcore Sand Cement Concrete BCIS "All In" TPI

SOURCE: ONS, BCIS
Bricks Timber Structual Steel Rebar
UK Construction Materials Monthly Average Price Index

250
200
150
100
50
Hardcore Sand Cement Concrete Bricks Timber Structual Steel Rebar
Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Jul-08 Aug-08 Sep-08 Oct-08 Nov-08 Dec-08 Jan-09 Feb-09 Mar-09 Apr-09 May-09 Jun-09 Jul-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 Jun-10 Jul-10 Aug-10 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10
Hardcore
99 114 128 113 113 130 124
108 118 127 112 114 130 129
108 119 128 110 105 131 131
110 117 127 112 107 130 139
106 118 128 115 110 130 146
106 117 130 115 105 128 152
105 120 131 117 105 127 164
102 119 131 114 106 124 157
104 120 130 116 105 122 141
100 122 131 116 108 122 131
105 117 139 115 117 118 122
105 117 143 115 120 116 120
110 117 142 115 119 118 114
108 116 141 114 118 116 108
108 114 141 114 116 118 105
113 111 139 111 116 118 102
122 108 139 109 116 119 99
122 108 137 109 118 120 99
118 110 136 108 117 120 100
117 109 135 108 117 121 102
109 109 135 106 117 120 101
111 109 135 106 116 120 101
104 109 133 107 115 129 100
109 109 134 106 116 130 100
111 110 136 112 119 128 102
108 110 136 113 119 133 110
113 103 136 112 119 139 117
107 107 136 111 120 131 126
121 107 135 111 120 137 130
121 106 135 110 121 138 130
121 106 135 111 120 140 129 111 120 140 129
Sand Cement Concrete Bricks Timber Structual Steel
UK Construction Materials Monthly Average Price Index

9
Rebar
136 147 158 175 192
189
199
180
151
146
140
138
130
122
125
124
123
120
128
125
121
121
123
126
133
154
158
153
150
154
152
151
SOURCE: ONS
UK Construction Cost Data

Definitions of Terminology External Works Construction Elements Office Fit Out Office Refurbishment Hotel Fit Out
UK CONSTRUCTION COST DATA Definitions of Terminology Central Business District (CBD) The Central Business District is within the Central Business or Financial Area of major cities. It is the prime area of all the commercial and financial activities in the region. Gross External Area (GEA) GEA is the area of a building including all building enclosed covered spaces measured externally (i.e. to the external face of the perimeter walls) at each floor level, including covered basement and above ground car park areas. The rules of measurement of gross external floor area are defined in the RICS Code of measuring Practice (6th edition). Gross Internal Floor Area (GIFA) (or gross internal area (GIA)) is the area of a building measured to the internal face of the perimeter walls at each floor level. The rules of measurement of gross internal floor area are defined in the RICS Code of measuring Practice (6th edition). Refer to page 28 for more information. Net Internal Area (NIA) NIA is the usable area within a building measured to the internal face of the perimeter walls at each floor level. The rules of measurement of net internal area are defined in the RICS Code of measuring Practice (6th edition). Refer to page 29 for more information.
The Information above is a brief summary from the RICS new rules for measurement effective from 1st May 2009. These rules are intended as a brief guide only and the full RICS code of measuring practiced should be consulted if required. Advice regarding nett lettable areas used for calculating revenues should be given by the clients commercial property agent.
Special equipment Chutes, incinerators, compactors, pneumatic refuse disposal system, faade maintenance equipment, engineered smoke control systems etc; IT services high speed cables etc. Office Buildings Office within CBD refers to good quality office buildings located at the Central Business District, for the upper range of the rental market and leading owner occupiers such as headquarter offices for financial institutions and major companies. Office outside CBD refers to medium quality office buildings located outside the Central Business District, which are built for the middle range of the rental market. Hotels Types of hotels listed are based on five-star, fourstar and three-star international hotel ratings. Retail - Shopping Mall Shopping malls with typical amenities and finishes in common spaces. Exclusions: Tenant equipment, shop fittings and finishes in tenancy spaces. Industrial Buildings Quality reflects a simplified type of construction suitable for light or heavy industries. Exclusions: Special and operating equipment, processing plant and proprietary systems. Residential Ratio of kitchen, laundry and bathroom areas to living areas and the quality of finishes required will affect the cost range. Range given is significantly affected by the height and configuration of the building. Exclusions: Show flats, Loose furniture, special light fittings, household electrical appliances, kitchen equipment and building owners special requirements. Car Parks Above Ground minimal external walling excluding mechanical ventilation. Basement diaphragm wall or contiguous bored piles walls with standard mechanical ventilation provisions.
Building Works Building Works include substructure (piling, foundation, and basement), super-structure, architectural works, finishes and fittings, external works, site works, preliminaries, attendance and other builders work in connection with services. Building Services Building Services include mechanical services - airconditioning and mechanical ventilation, fire protection system, sanitary and plumbing; Electrical services electrical installations, vertical transportation, building management systems; preliminaries. Exclusions:
12
13
UK CONSTRUCTION COST DATA External Works The following rates are indicative only and include an allowance for profit and overheads but exclude preliminaries. The rates are not valid for tendering or pricing of variations. Description LANDSCAPING - Light landscaping to areas with minimal planting and site formation but excluding topsoil and turfing - Dense landscaping around buildings including shrubs, plants, topsoil etc - Turfing only to large areas including topsoil, subsoil sowing and treating per Item SUB-STRUCTURE - Reinforced concrete pad footing (Grade 35) 5 15 m
2
Construction Elements
Unit
400
500
m3
- Reinforced concrete slab on ground (Grade 35) COLUMNS - Reinforced Concrete (600 x 600mm Grade 35) - Reinforced Concrete (900 x 900mm Grade 35) UPPER FLOORS (EXCLUDING BEAMS) - 150mm reinforced concrete suspended floor slab (Grade 35) on holorib permanent formwork - 150mm precast concrete slab or beam and block floor with reinforced insitu concrete screed structural topping
225
275
m3
20
35
m2
190
250
10
15
m2
350
475
CAR PARKS - ON GROUND Based on 22m2 overall area per car with tarmacadam paving 1250 - 2000 including road lines, channels, drainage and kerbs ROADS (macadam finish including kerbs, channels and drainage) - Residential estate, 6.80 metres wide excluding foot-paths and nature strips - Industrial estate 10.40 metres wide including minimal to extensive formation
No
50
65
m2
50
65
m2
850
- 1250
1250 - 1750
- 200mm reinforced concrete suspended slab with high quality formwork for exposed finish
85
120
m2
14
15
UK CONSTRUCTION COST DATA Construction Elements Item STAIRCASES

- 1050mm wide reinforced concrete stair with painted steel tube balustrade (average rise 3.70m) including two flights and one half space landing - 1200mm wide reinforced concrete stair with painted steel tube balustrade (average rise 3.70m); including two flights and one half space landing - 2000mm wide grand public stair with glass and metal balustrade (4.00m rise) ; including three flights and two quarter space landings
Unit
Item
Unit
EXTERNAL DOORS (EXCLUDING IRONMONGERY) - Single leaf solid core door - Double leaf glazed door - Double leaf auto operating door 600 1000 3500 800 1200 4500 No. No. No.
3000
4000
Rise
4000
5000
Rise
INTERIOR WALLS - 250mm reinforced concrete wall (Grade 35) 115 20 25 30 150 25 35 35 m2 m2 m2 m2
7000
8000
Rise
- 100mm block wall - 140mm block wall - Plasterboard stud wall
ROOF - RC Slab (Grade 35) graded to fall and builtup roofing membrane - Structural steel, Purlins and insulated metal deck roof EXTERNAL WALLS - Cavity wall construction, 102mm facing brick outer skin 140mm blockwork inner skin - Double glazed window unit (casement type) - Glass curtain wall system, capped stick built system 100 120 m2
INTERNAL DOOR SET (INCLUDING IRONMONGERY) - Single leaf solid core flush door - Single leaf half hour fire door - Single leaf one hour fire door 450 500 600 750 800 950 No. No. No.
40
50
90
135
m2
INTERIOR SCREENS - Laminated toilet partition 400 600 each - Fully glazed office partition full (2.8m) height, frameless joints - Single glazed - Double glazed 200 500 300 600 m m
275 250
450 450
m2 m2
16
17
UK CONSTRUCTION COST DATA Construction Elements Item WALL FINISHES - Plaster and emulsion paint - Plaster and vinyl fabric wallpaper - Cement render and ceramic tile CEILING FINISHES - metal framed plasterboard ceiling painted - Exposed grid suspended ceiling with mineral fibre board acoustic ceiling - Hygenic suspended ceiling system FLOOR FINISHES - Carpet tile - Ceramic tile - Granite tile - Access floors; standard duty 18 30 65 30 35 60 150 40 m2 m2 m2 m2 25 30 m2 15 20 m2 Unit Item SPECIALIST SERVICES SANITARY AND PLUMBING - Average cost per plumbing point including fixture, soil 400 waste and vent; excl DOC m Pack - Average cost for storm water drains, (site area) 15 Unit
500
No.
15 50
25 70
m2 m2
18
m2
VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION - Glass sided escalator (4m rise) - 13 passenger lift serving 4 floors - Hydraulic lift serving 2 floors 60,000 - 75,000 45,000 - 55,000 18,000 - 20,000 No. No. No.
18
25
m2
25
35
18
19
UK CONSTRUCTION COST DATA Office Fit-Out The following costs are an indication of those currently achievable for good quality office accommodation.
Definition of Office Fit Out catagories: Life Safety Infrastructure, Sprinkler Pumps, tanks, risers, main fire alarm panels. Finishes to main entrances Finishes to common areas Finishes to Staircases fitted as part of shell and core Finishes to lifts Finishes to Common Toilets 436-645 700-850 15% 35% Sanitary Fit out of Common Toilets Suspended Ceilings Raised Access floors Extension of Basic mechanical and Electrical Services,Lighting, Heating, cooling and ventillation systems including controls, from the riser across the lettable floor space. Finishes to cores Fully fitted out WC's Sprinklers, Fire Alarms and basic safety signage Office Carpets Distrubuted power to each floor but not to each terminal point Installation of Cellular Offices Enhanced finishes Conference / meeting Room Facilities IT and AV Installations Tea Point and Kitchen Fit Out Furniture
Shell and Core Cat A Fit Out Cat B Fit Out
P P P P P P P P P
P P P P P P
P P P P P P
Type of Tenancy
Open Planned /m2
Fully Partitioned /m2
Typical Cellular Space
General Cat A office Fit out
375-530
0%
Plus; Cat B Fit Out For: Corporate/ Call Centre Solicitors/ Financiers/ HQ -
Computer Areas include access flooring and additional services costs but exclude computer equipment. Costs are calculated using the Cat A fitout cost PLUS the appropriate CAT B Allowance
Definition of Office Fit Out categories: Building Envelope Emergency staircases Balustrades and Handrails to Emergency stairs Accomodation Stairs Balustrades and Handrails to Accomodation stairs Feature Stairs Balustrades and Handrails to Feature stairs Lifts Base Services, plant and equipment to edge of floor plates
Shell and Core Cat A Fit Out Cat B Fit Out
P P P P P P P
P P
20
21
Office Refurbishment The following refurbishment costs include demolition and removal of partitions and internal finishes, provide new floor, ceiling and wall finishes but exclude fitting out. The lower end of the range indicates reuse and modification. CBD offices typical floor CBD offices core upgrade (excluding lift modernisation) 400 - 800 per m2
Estimating Data
Reinforcement Ratios Average Construction Payment Drawdown method of measuring Building Areas
125 - 300
m2
Hotel Furniture, fixtures and equipment The definition of furniture, fixtures and equipment varies between different Hotel brands and the star rating of the hotel. Generally the cost to supply and install loose and fixed furniture fixtures and equipment for guest rooms and common areas includes items such as beds, cupboards, desks, kettles, paintings, tvs, curtains, linen, crockery, cutlery, office furniture, hotel brand signage, restaurant and bar furniture, etc. Some operators may separately budget for operating stock and equipment (OSE) from furniture and fittings. Budget mid-market Luxury 4,500 to 6,000 10,000 to 16,000 25,000 to 70,000 per Guest room Guest room Guest room
22
ESTIMATING DATA Reinforcement Ratios The following ratios give an indication of the average weight of high tensile rod reinforcement per cubic metre of concrete (Grade 35) for the listed elements. Differing structural systems, ground conditions, height of buildings, load calculations and sizes of individual elements and grid sizes will result in considerable variation to the stated ratios. For project specific ratios, a civil & structural engineer should be consulted. Element
Substructure Pile caps Bored Piles (compression) Bored Piles (tension) Raft Foundation RC pad footings Ground beams Basement Retaining Wall RC Wall Ground Bearing Slab Edge Beams Lift Pits Above Ground Columns Beams Slab Walls (core) Lift Core Stairs
24
Average Construction Payment Drawdown The tabulation in next page is derived from the statistical average of a series of case histories, which will give an indication of the anticipated rate of expenditure when used for specific project types for preliminary budgetary purposes. Construction periods exclude various extensions, including wet weather, industrial disputes etc. All data is related to the date of submission of contractors application to the client and not actual payment, which is generally one month later. Half retention is assumed to be released at the end of the defects period and is excluded from the figures. Average Construction Payment Drawdown
Hotel Sector
Contract Period % 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Half retention (1.5%) released after end of defects period Contract Expenditure % 0.6 1.5 2.6 6.4 11.2 18.1 24.3 30.3 36.6 43.7 51.4 59.7 68.6 78.0 84.4 89.5 93.6 96.5 98.0 98.5
kg/m3
115 30 150 100 70 200
200 60 250 150 150 300
150 75 80 220 100
250 150 150 300 200

120.0
Hotel Sector
100
150 180 90 75 125 130
450 300 200 200 200 160
Contract Expenditure (%)
100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0

Half retention 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
Contract Period (%)
25
ESTIMATING DATA Average Construction Payment Drawdown

Industrial Sector
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Half retention (1.5%) released after end of defects period
120.0
Method of Measurement of Building Areas The Information provided is a summary from the RICS new rules for measurement effective from 1st may 2009. These rules are intended as a brief guide only and the full RICS code of measuring practiced should be consulted if required. Advice regarding net lettable areas used for calculating revenues should be given by the clients commercial property agent. Gross external area (GEA) is the area of a building measured externally (i.e. to the external face of the perimeter walls) at each floor level. The rules of measurement of gross external floor area are defined in the RICS Code of measuring Practice (6th edition).
Contract Period %
Contract Expenditure % 4.4 9.0 13.9 18.5 23.8 31.1 38.4 45.9 53.8 60.8 66.7 72.5 78.1 83.1 88.3 91.8 94.8 96.9 98.2 98.5 100
Industrial Sector
100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0
Contract Period (%)
Office Sector
Contract Period % 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Half retention (1.5%) released after end of defects period Contract Expenditure % 3.4 6.5 9.8 14.3 19.2 25.1 31.2 37.4 44.6 52.8 61.1 69.2 76.3 82.3 87.6 91.5 94.8 96.9 97.8 98.5 100
120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0
Office Sector
Contract Period (%)
Half retention
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
Half retention
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
26
27
ESTIMATING DATA Gross internal floor area (GIFA) (or gross internal area (GIA)) is the area of a building measured to the internal face of the perimeter walls at each floor level. The rules of measurement of gross internal floor area are defined in the RICS Code of measuring Practice (6th edition).
Including
Areas occupied by internal walls and partitions projections Columns, piers, chimney breasts, stairwells, lift-wells, other internal projections, vertical ducts, and the like Atria and entrance halls, with clear height above, measured at base level only Internal open-sided balconies, walkways, and the like Structural, raked or stepped floors are to be treated as a level floor measured horizontally Horizontal floors, with permanent access, below structural, raked or stepped floors Corridors of a permanent essential nature (e.g. fire corridors, smoke lobbies) mezzanine floor areas with permanent access Lift rooms, plant rooms, fuel stores, tank rooms which are housed in a covered structure of a permanent nature, whether or not above the main roof level Service accommodation such as toilets, toilet lobbies, bathrooms, showers, changing rooms, cleaners rooms, and the like Projection rooms Voids over stairwells and lift shafts on upper floors Loading bays Areas with a headroom of less than 1.5m Pavement vaults Garages Conservatories
Source: RICS Source: RICS
Net internal area (NIA) is the usable area within a building measured to the internal face of the perimeter walls at each floor level. The rules of measurement of net internal area are defined in the RICS Code of measuring Practice (6th edition). Refer to Appendix C of these rules.
Including
Atria with clear height above, measured at base level only excluding common areas Entrance halls excluding common areas Notional lift lobbies and notional fire corridors Kitchens Built-in units, cupboards, and the like occupying usable areas Ramps, sloping areas and steps within usable areas Areas occupied by ventilation/heating grilles Areas occupied by skirting and perimeter trunking Areas occupied by non-structural walls subdividing accommodation in sole occupancy Pavement vaults
Excluding
Perimeter wall thicknesses and external projections External open-sided balconies, covered ways and fire escapes Canopies Voids over or under structural, raked or stepped floors Greenhouses, garden stores, fuel stores, and the like in residential property
Excluding
Those parts of entrance halls, atria, landings and balconies used in common Toilets, toilet lobbies, bathrooms, cleaners rooms, and the like Lift rooms, plant rooms, tank rooms (other than those of a trade process nature), fuel stores, and the like Stairwells, lift-wells and permanent lift lobbies Corridors and other circulation areas where used in common with other occupiers Permanent circulation areas, corridors and thresholds/recesses associated with access, but not those parts that are usable areas Areas under the control of service or other external authorities including meter cupboards and statutory service supply point Internal structural walls, walls enclosing excluded areas, columns, piers, chimney breasts, other projections, vertical ducts, walls separating tenancies and the like The space occupied by permanent and continuous air-conditioning, heating or cooling apparatus, and ducting in so far as the space it occupies is rendered substantially unusable The space occupied by permanent, intermittent air-conditioning, heating or cooling apparatus protruding 0.25m or more into the usable area Areas with a headroom of less than 1.5m Areas rendered substantially unusable by virtue of having a dimension between opposite faces of less than 0.25m. Vehicle parking areas (the number and type of spaces noted)
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29
International Construction
Building Costs Specific Definitions For International Construction Costs Construction Activity Cycle Construction market Activity for major European Cities
INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTION Building Costs All costs are stated in local currency per m2 of gross floor area as shown below, at fourth quarter 2010. The costs stated in this section reflect the standards and specifications normal to that country
Local Currency Yuan Yuan $HKD mOP Yuan Yuan OFFICE BUILDING Premium Range Rate/m2 ASIA Beijing Guangzhou Hong Kong macau Shanghai Shenzhen Seoul Tokyo Singapore Jakarta Ho Chi minh City manila Kuala Lumpur Bangkok EMEA Birmingham Dubai London manchester Bristol Abu Dhabi
32
or region. Variations in costs may be experienced for factors such as site conditions, climatic conditions, standards of specification, regulatory requirements, market conditions, etc.
RETAIL Shopping Centre Strip Shopping Range Rate/m2 7200 7050 5 Star HOTELS 3 Star
Location/City
Grade A Range Rate/m2
Range Rate/m2 Range Rate/m2 Range Rate/m2
6500 - 9600 6000 - 9200 6350 - 9400 5800 - 8800 14400 - 20500 13000 - 17500 11800 - 16200 10500 - 14600 6500 - 9500 6000 - 9100 6100 - 9200 5700 - 8700
- 11000 - 10300
5600 - 7200 11100 - 14300 8100 - 10400 5200 - 6700 10800 - 13800 8000 - 9900
15400 - 19500 11700 - 14500 23200 - 28300 18700 - 21600 12900 - 15900 7200 6700 1110 93 1950 6000 - 11000 - 9900 - 1350 204 19100 - 23100 15200 - 18000
5600 - 7200 11000 - 14400 8100 - 10400 5100 - 6600 10600 - 13500 7800 - 9700 780 93 - 940 - 188 2620 - 3200 378 - 501 1490 - 1840 281 455
KRW (000) 1950 - 2360 1460 - 1790 Yen (000) $SGD IDR (000) 249 - 329 219 249
1850 - 3850 1750 - 2850 9000 - 11400 6500 - 9000
- 3050 - 7800
3000 - 4250
2350 - 2750
12000 - 15200 9300 - 11500
VND (000) 18150 - 22700 16500 - 19700 Php (000) Ringgit Bht (000) GBP AED GBP GBP GBP AED 38 50 30 38
14600 - 19700 13000 - 16500 23600 - 28900 18100 - 23400 26 1600 25 2500 4500 2980 2495 2750 4700 36 21 28 57 72 46 54
2000 - 3500 1700 - 2700 30 38 28 30
- 3000 30
1100 - 1700 20 650 25
3800 - 5000 55 68
2000 - 2800 38 42
1750 - 2300 1385 - 1850 6500 - 7800 5500 - 6700 2160 - 2800 1675 - 2165 1825 - 2320 1380 - 1825 1850 - 2300 1350 - 1850 6700 - 8000 5700 - 6900
- 3850 - 6000 - 4640 - 3875 - 3250 - 6200
- 850
1750 - 2350
1250 - 1750
3000 - 4000 775 665 750 - 1035 - 840 - 950
8500 - 10000 5500 - 6800 2165 - 2800 1825 - 2320 1900 - 2700 1490 - 2080 1245 - 1735 1350 - 2000
3000 - 4000
8750 - 10250 5700 - 7000

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INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTION Building Costs OFFICE BUILDING Premium Range Rate/m2 OCEANIA Adelaide Auckland Brisbane Canberra Christchurch Darwin melbourne Perth Sydney Wellington USA Boston Denver Honolulu Las Vegas Los Angeles Phoenix Portland San Francisco Seattle Washington DC NY Region
34
Location/City
Local Currency $AUD $NZ $AUD $AUD $NZ $AUD $AUD $AUD $AUD $NZ $USD $USD $USD $USD $USD $USD $USD $USD $USD $USD $USD
RETAIL Shopping Centre Strip Shopping Range Rate/m2 5 Star
HOTELS 3 Star
Grade A Range Rate/m2
Range Rate/m2 Range Rate/m2 Range Rate/m2
2500 - 3750 2200 - 3100 2750 - 3100 2500 - 3040 2500 - 3850 2000 - 3000 2950 - 3830 2390 - 3010 2795 - 3100 2565 - 3010 2695 - 3910 2180 - 3505 2950 - 3700 2300 - 2850 3180 - 4780 2605 - 3745 2850 - 3950 2150 - 2950 2700 - 3000 2100 - 2400
1550 - 2950 1020 - 1750 2150 - 2950 1970 - 2800 940 - 1400
1300 - 1750 790 - 1265 1050 - 1550 1030 - 1730 665 - 1285 915 - 1705 1050 - 1550 1030 - 1780 1240 - 1550 800 - 1200
3400 - 4300 3400 - 4170 3200 - 4300 3630 - 4250 3490 - 4230 2975 - 4085 3700 - 4200 3730 - 4580 3650 - 4550 3400 - 4100
2600 - 3300 2090 - 2480 2500 - 3600 2640 - 3680 2200 - 2675 1785 - 2760 2850 - 3350 2740 - 3785 2550 - 3050 2200 - 2600
1410 - 2200 2000 - 2950 2010 - 2885 1550 - 3200 1000 - 1500
2155 - 3015 1885 - 2635 1505 - 2420 1075 - 1615 2155 - 4035 1775 - 3015 1720 - 3070 1240 - 1990 1940 - 3015 1290 - 2100 1290 - 2370 970 - 1940
1075 - 1940 860 - 1400
970 - 1560 700 - 1345 1240 - 3285 700 - 1560 970 - 1505 805 - 1455 1240 - 1670 1185 - 1775 775 - 1290 805 - 1455 1240 - 1720
2260 - 3765 1990 - 3015 3985 - 5815 2475 - 4950 2690 - 3985 2155 - 3765 1885 - 2850 2745 - 4035 1990 - 2800 2045 - 3070 3445 - 4790
1615 - 2370 1130 - 1775 2420 - 4145 1505 - 2420 1830 - 2635 1290 - 1940 1290 - 1830 2045 - 2800 1505 - 1940 1400 - 1990 1990 - 2850
35
1505 - 3605 1240 - 2205 1185 - 2100 970 - 1720
1775 - 2100 1240 - 1615 2100 - 3230 1505 - 2370 1240 - 1885 1185 - 1505 1885 - 2585 1400 - 1990 2205 - 3120 1775 - 2475
1290 - 2100 1240 - 2370 805 - 1505 -
INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTION Building Costs CARPARKING Multi-Storey Range Rate/m Yuan Yuan $HKD mOP Yuan Yuan KRW (000) Yen (000) $SGD IDR (000)
2
Location/City
Local Currency
INDUSTRIAL Factory
2
RESIDENTIAL MULTI- STOREY Investment

2
Basement Range Rate/m
Warehouse
2
Owner Occupied
2
Range Rate/m
Range Rate/m
Range Rate/m
Range Rate/m2
ASIA Beijing Guangzhou Hong Kong macau Shanghai Shenzhen Seoul Tokyo Singapore Jakarta Ho Chi minh City manila Kuala Lumpur Bangkok EMEA Birmingham Dubai London manchester
Bristol Abu Dhabi
1950 - 2600 3050 - 5500 1800 - 2550 3150 - 5550 5900 - 6900 9600 - 13700 5700 - 7700
2200 - 3100 2450 - 3600 3050 - 3600 3550 - 5050 1900 - 2850 2400 - 3650 2950 - 3350 3350 - 4850 6600 - 7500 7100 - 8700 10400 - 12700 12600 - 16300 7200 - 9300 8400 - 13200
2000 - 2650 3500 - 5800 1850 - 2450 3050 - 5400 540 - 680 94 - 125 710 - 890 249 - 314
2100 - 2950 2500 - 3750 3200 - 3700 3700 - 5100 2050 - 2750 2350 - 3550 2850 - 3250 3250 - 4600 780 - 940 94 - 180 1000 - 1450 690 - 850 94 - 161 940 200 - 1140 1240 - 1520 - 242 224 - 276
600 - 1200 1300 - 1950 2700 - 3810 3500 - 5100
900 - 1450 1850 - 2400 2250 - 3850
4200 - 5300 3700 - 4800 5500 - 7000 7000 - 9000 6900 - 8700 6900 - 8700 12000 - 14500 12500 - 18000 18 - 26 950 - 1500 14 - 19 18 24 36 46 29 50
VND (000) 6900 - 10300 13900 - 19000 Php (000) Ringgit Bht (000) GBP AED GBP GBP
GBP AED
14
- 20
15 -
23
700 - 1000 1100 - 1600 10 - 13 15 18
950 - 1400 1200 - 2200 1500 - 2950 13 18 28 950 38 30 36
315 - 450
670 - 800
320 - 500 2700 - 4000 355 - 550 315 - 445

340 2700 - 500 - 4000
320 - 500 360 - 500 315 - 445

350 500
- 1400 1350 - 1850
2200 - 2700 2700 - 3200 360 - 450 315 - 400

350 - 450 -
4300 - 5400 5400 - 7600 1225 - 1690 1675 - 2165 845 - 1380 1380 - 1825
1500 - 1850 5600 - 7800
810 - 1000 665 - 780

700 900
1100 - 1500 4500 - 5600
36
37
INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTION Building Costs CARPARKING Multi-Storey Range Rate/m $AUD $NZ $AUD $AUD $NZ $AUD $AUD $AUD $AUD $NZ $USD $USD $USD $USD $USD $USD $USD $USD $USD $USD $USD
2
Location/City
Local Currency
INDUSTRIAL Factory
2
RESIDENTIAL MULTI- STOREY Investment

2
Basement Range Rate/m
Warehouse
2
Owner Occupied
2
Range Rate/m
Range Rate/m
Range Rate/m
Range Rate/m2
OCEANIA Adelaide Auckland Brisbane Canberra Christchurch Darwin melbourne Perth Sydney Wellington USA Boston Denver Honolulu Las Vegas Los Angeles Phoenix Portland San Francisco Seattle Washington DC NY Region
625 - 1050 1100 - 1400 640 - 965 1015 - 1410 600 - 800 1100 - 1700 670 - 930 655 - 970 900 - 1250 685 - 1395
600 - 1100 440 - 825 600 - 1000 620 - 970 500 - 755 680 - 1200 550 - 1100 635 - 1030 600 - 850 600 - 900
600 - 1100 2150 - 2850 2350 - 3050 490 - 775 2440 - 2900 2440 - 3560
600 - 1000 2200 - 2600 2300 - 2650 620 - 970 390 - 650 2490 - 3010 2700 - 3210 2500 - 3915 2565 - 3105
535 - 1050 685 - 1395 650 - 1050 1100 - 1350 685 - 1125 990 - 1455 550 - 900 900 - 1400
680 - 1200 1730 - 2115 1985 - 2300 550 - 1100 2200 - 2850 2500 - 3200 635 - 1030 2285 - 2885 2730 - 3280 600 - 850 620 - 900 2300 - 2580 2450 - 2950 2500 - 3000 2500 - 3000
600 - 1000 1100 - 1300
645 - 860 430 - 755
805 - 1075 645 - 970
915 - 1240 590 - 1025
755 - 1075 1455 - 2155 1775 - 2690 645 - 970 700 - 1720 645 - 1990
645 - 1025 970 - 1940 540 - 915 645 - 1615
1185 - 1830 1025 - 1670 1420 - 3390 2100 - 5920 700 - 1025 915 - 1290 755 - 1075 1130 - 1505 1025 - 1455 755 - 1025 540 - 970 755 - 2155 970 - 2585
645 - 1025 915 - 1345 485 - 645 700 - 860
755 - 1025 1455 - 2315 1290 - 2800 590 - 915 1505 - 2260 1670 - 2745
755 - 1025 915 - 1345 755 - 1075 970 - 1455 755 - 915 1240 - 1505 590 - 860 700 - 1075
860 - 1185 1185 - 2045 1345 - 2100 860 - 1130 1505 - 2475 1505 - 3015 590 - 860 755 - 915 1290 - 2530 1075 - 2850 860 - 1775 1290 - 2155 -
700 - 1130 860 - 1240
1025 - 1560 1505 - 2260
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INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTION Specific Definitions For International Construction Costs OFFICE BUILDING PREMIUM OFFICES refer to landmark high-quality office buildings located in a major CBD office market, which are trend-setters in establishing rents and accommodating leading owner occupiers including headquarter buildings for banks, insurance, multi-national corporations and other major companies. GRADE A OFFICES refer to high quality buildings which are built for the middle range of the rental market. HOTELS Range of costs excludes FF&E as defined on page 22. INDUSTRIAL Quality reflects a simplified type of construction suitable for light industry. RESIDENTIAL OWNER OCCUPIED multi-Storey units reflect medium to luxury quality, air conditioned, and accommodation up to 20 storeys in height. INVESTMENT reflect low-medium quality with basic fit-out provisions. Construction Activity Cycle The cycle model illustrates the different growth and decline zones in a theoretical construction industry business cycle. The tabulation in the following page provides an overview of the relative growth / decline of each development sector in various cities. Each city has its own industry business cycle in the context of its own economy, and as such the performance of each development sector is not strictly comparable between cities. Information as at first quarter 2011.
Note: The ratio of kitchen, laundry and bathroom areas to living areas and finishes required will affect the cost range. Range given is significantly affected by the height and configuration of the building. Exclusions: Loose furniture, carpet, special light fittings, washing machines, dryers, refrigerators and tenants special requirements.
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41
Construction Activity Cycle
INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTION
42
PEAK GROWTH ZONE ZONE
PEAK ZONE
PEAK DECLINE
MID GROWTH ZONE
MID ZONE
MID DECLINE ZONE
TROUGH GROWTH ZONE
TROUGH ZONE
TROUGH DECLINE ZONE
UK Birmingham p q p p p q q p q q Bristol London manchester Sheffield EUROPE Berlin p q q q q q p q p p Brussels Bucharest Dublin madrid milan Paris Prague Stockholm p q q q q q q q p p q q q p q q q q q p p q p q q
Houses
Apartments
Offices
Industrial
p q q q p
Retail
p p p p p
Hotel
q q q p p
Civil
q q q p p
q p q q q q q q p p
q q q q p p p q p q
q q q q p p q q p q
p p q p q p p p p p
Construction Market Activity for Major European Cities

43
Vienna
UK Construction Information
List of UK Professional Bodies List of UK Government Bodies Ecology Species Assessment Calendar Construction Design and management Regulations RIBA Outline Plan of Work Equality Act BREEAm BREEAm in Use EPC - Energy Performance Certificates DEC - Display Energy Certificates Site Waste management Plans Capital Allowances OJEU Process OJEU Process Procedures Buying Solutions Procurement Options Code For Sustainable Homes Sustainable Construction Technologies Life Cycle Costing and Carbon
UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION List of UK Professional Bodies:

Organisation Website Address
List of UK Government Bodies:

Organisation
Constructing Excellence Construction Industry Council (CIC) Construction Industry Scheme Department for Transport Health and Safety Executive HM Treasury Homes and Communities Agency Ministry of Defence Office of Government Commerce (OGC) Partnership Sourcing Strategic Forum for Construction (SFfC) Sustainable Development Guidelines (DEFRA) The Department for Transport The Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR) The Government Information Service UK Environment Agency UK Government Planning UK Law Society UK National Statistics UK Planning UK Statute Law UK Trade and Investment
Website Address
www.constructingexcellence.org.uk www.cic.org.uk www.hmrc.gov.uk/cis/ www.dft.gov.uk www.hse.gov.uk www.hm-treasury.gov.uk www.homesandcommunities. co.uk www.mod.uk www.ogc.gov.uk www.pslcbi.com www.strategicforum.org.uk www.defra.gov.uk/sustainable/ govern www.dft.gov.uk www.berr.gov.uk www.direct.gov.uk
Association of Independent Construction Adjudicators (AICA) www.aica-adjudication.co.uk Construction Awards Alliance Constructing Excellence Construction Skills The Association for Project Management (APM) The Association for Project Safety (APS) The Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB) The Confederation of British Industry (CBI) The Construction Industry Council The House Builders Federation The Housing Forum Institution of Civil Engineers The Institution of Engineering and Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers The Institution of Structural Engineers The National Federation of Builders The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) UK Contractors Group (UKCG) Bank of England English Heritage Communities and Local Government www.caalliance.co.uk www.constructingexcellence.org.uk www.cskills.org www.apm.org.uk www.aps.org.uk www.ciob.org.uk www.cbi.org.uk www.cic.org.uk www.hbf.co.uk www.thehousingforum.org.uk www.ice.org.uk http://www.theiet.org/ www.imeche.org/ www.istructe.org www.builders.org.uk www.architecture.com www.rics.org www.ukcg.org.uk www.bankofengland.co.uk www.english-heritage.org.uk www.communities.gov.uk/ corporate/
www.environment-agency.gov.uk www.planningportal.gov.uk www.lawsociety.org.uk www.statistics.gov.uk www.ukplanning.com www.statutelaw.gov.uk www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk
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47
UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION Ecology Species Assessment Calendar

Is a Survey Licence needed?*
Construction Design and Management Regulations 2007 Who is a Client? Under these Regulations, a Client is any one individual or organisation for whom a construction project is carried out, when the project is associated with a business or other undertaking (whether for profit or not). e.g. local authority, school governors, insurance company (except where home owner - arranges work and is reimbursed), project originator on PFI, homeowner if extending a domestic dwelling for business use, leaseholder/residents management company, charity, landlord - irrespective if for domestic dwellings, housing association, NHBC when arranging warranty repairs.
Sub-Optimal Survey Time
Yes
Yes
Yes
Rivers streams & standing water
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Ponds and surrounding land
Aquatic & terrestrial semi nat. habitats & brownfields sites
Heath, grassland,light scrub & brownfield sites
Wetland & coastal farmland
Hedges,water bodies, woodlands & buildings
Lowland open fields & some uplands
All habitats including built structures
Woodland,scrub and hedgerows
ECOLOGICAL SPECIES ASSESSMENT CALENDAR
Oct
Nov
Dec
All habitats
Rivers streams & standing water
Woodland,scrub and grassland
All habitats
Habitat
No
Someone will always be the Client. Tests to help determine who is Client who ultimately decides what is to be constructed and where, when and by whom who commissions the design and construction work (the employer under the contract) who initiates the work who is at the head of the procurement chain who engages the contractors many Clients know little about construction health and safety, so Clients are not required or expected to plan or manage projects themselves, nor do they have to develop substantial expertise in construction health and safety, unless this is central to their business. Clients must ensure that various things are done, but are not normally expected to do them themselves.
Aug
Sep
* Further licences will be required if the species or habitats are likely to be adversely impacted
June
July
Jan
Feb
Mar
Terrestrial Invertebrates
Phase 1 Habitat Survey
Bat Roosts/hibernation/ emergence & activity
White Clawed Crayfish
Breeding Door mice
Vegetation Survey
Wintering Birds
Breeding Birds
Greater crested Newts (Adults In Ponds)
Badgers
* Further licences will be required if the species or habitats are likely to be adversely impacted Optimal Survey Time
48
Sub-Optimal Survey Time

49
Water Voles
Hares
Reptiles
Species
Optimal Survey Time
Apr
May
UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Client Duties
Excludes Domestic Clients carrying out construction work to a residential property for their own or family residential use (but not where the work/ extension would be for a trade/ business use, irrespective of whether or not for profit)
All Construction Projects
Non notifiable Low Risk

Vital that those doing the works understand the risks involved and how to manage them. Architect, Lead designer or contractor carrying out bulk of design work should normally co-ordinate the health and safety aspects of the design work Builder or main contractor should normally co-ordinate construction work. No need for a written plan, may be sufficient to provide a brief summary which clearly sets out who does what, in what order. Depends on nature of work, parties involved etc.
Non notifiable High Risk

Vital that those doing the works understand the risks involved and how to manage them. Architect, Lead designer or contractor carrying out bulk of design work should normally co-ordinate the health and safety aspects of the design work Builder or main contractor should normally co-ordinate construction work.
Additional duties for Notifiable projects (works will take more than 30 days or involve more than 500 person days)
Appoint a CDM co-ordinator* to advise and assist with their duties and co-ordinate the arrangements for health and safety during the planning phase. Appoint a Principal Contractor* to plan and manage the construction work preferably early enough for them to work with the designer on issues relating to buildability, usability and maintainability. Make sure that the construction phase does not start unless there are : Suitable management and welfare facility arrangements from start A suitable principal contractors Construction Phase Plan Provide information relating to the health and safety file to the CDM co-ordinator. Ensure the health and safety file is prepared, reviewed or updated ready for handover. Keep health and safety file available for any future construction work or to pass to a new owner (* There must be a CDM co-ordinator and principal contractor in appointment until the end of the construction works) Appointing the right people as duty holders and making early appointments is particularly important for Clients with little construction or health and safety expertise, as they will need to rely on the advice given by the CDM co-ordinator on matters relating to the competence of those they intend to appoint and the adequacy of the management arrangements made by appointees.
Check own competence and resources and check competence and resources of all appointees; Lead designer, designers and contractors and ensure all appointed early enough for their respective roles. Clarify team roles. Allow sufficient time and resources for all stages. Ensure the designers and contractors are issued with the pre-construction information as early as possible; project specific health and safety information needed to identify hazards and risks associated with the design and construction work. Update and issue as appropriate, in respect of any further information and/or ongoing design or additional designers or contractors. Take account of the general principles of prevention - Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Co-operate with others concerned to enable those duty holders to comply with their duties. Co-ordinate with others involved in order to ensure the safety of those carrying out the construction work and others who may be affected. Ensure, so far as reasonably practicable, that there are suitable management arrangements for the project including welfare facilities for the duration of the project so the works can be carried out safely and without risk to health. The measures should focus on the needs of the particular job and be proportionate to the risks arising from the work. Where the works to be carried out will be a fixed workplace, ensure the works will comply with the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 in respect of their design and materials used.
Demolition work requires a written plan showing how danger will be prevented. Higher risk work requires documentation closer to a construction phase plan. Examples of higher risk work: Structural alterations Deep excavation or excavation in unstable or contaminated ground Unusual working methods Lonising radiation or other significant health hazards Nearby high voltage powerlines A risk of falling into water with potential to be fast flowing Diving Explosives Heavy or complex lifting operations Builder or main contractor should normally co-ordinate construction work.
What Clients should do their best to avoid: Inadvertently taking on additional responsibilities by specifying materials or methods of working will mean the Client will become a designer in relation to those specific matters and/or managing or carrying out construction work as they will become a contractor
Failing to appoint a CDM co-ordinator and Principal Contractor for the duration of the construction works as they will become legally liable for the work under those roles as well as for not making the appointments
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51
UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION RIBA Outline Plan of Work RIBA Work stages are the stages into which the process of designing building projects and administering building contracts are usually divided. The RIBA Outline Plan of Work summarises the deliverables required under each RIBA work stage, setting out a logical structure for building projects starting with the brief and ending with post occupancy evaluation. The Procedures identify the responsibilities of the design team at each stage of design and contract administration.
F Production Information
F1 Preparation of production information in sufficient detail to enable a tender or tenders to be obtained.
Pre-Construction
Application for statutory approvals. F2 Preparation of further information for construction required under the building contract. Preparation and/or collation of tender documentation in sufficient detail to enable a tender or tenders to be obtained for the project. Identification and evaluation of potential contractors and/or specialists for the project. Letting the building contract, appointing the contractor. Issuing of information to the contractor. Arranging site hand over to the contractor. Administration of the building contract to Practical Completion.
G Tender Documentation
H Tender Action
RIBA Work Stages Description of key tasks

Identification of clients needs and objectives, business case and possible constraints on development. Preparation of feasibility studies and assessment of options to enable the client to decide whether to proceed. Development of initial statement of requirements into the Design Brief by or on behalf of the client confirming key requirements and constraints. Identification of procurement method, procedures, organisational structure and range of consultants and others to be engaged for the project. Implementation of Design Brief and preparation of additional data.
Preparation
A Appraisal
Construction
J Mobilisation
K Construction To Practical completion
Provision to the contractor of further Information as and when reasonably required. Review of information provided by contractors and specialists. L1 Administration of the building contract after Practical Completion and making final inspections. L2 Assisting building user during initial occupation period. L3 Review of project performance in use.
B Design Brief
C Concept
Preparation of Concept Design including outline proposals for structural and building services systems, outline specifications and preliminary cost plan. Review of procurement route.
L Post Practical Completion
The activities in italics may be moved to suit project requirements, ie: D E F1 F2 Application for detailed planning approval; Statutory standards and construction safety; Application for statutory approvals; and Further information for construction.
Design
D Design Development
Development of concept design to include structural and building services systems, updated outline specifications and cost plan. Completion of Project Brief. Application for detailed planning permission. Preparation of technical design(s) and specifications, sufficient to co-ordinate components and elements of the project and information for statutory standards and construction safety.
G+H Invitation and appraisal of tenders

Source: RIBA
E Technical Design
continued on page 53
Use
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION Equality Act 2010

From the 1st October 2010, the Equality Act replaced most of the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA). However, the Disability Equality Duty in the DDA continues to apply. The Equality Act 2010 aims to protect disabled people and prevent disability discrimination. It provides legal rights for disabled people in the areas of: employment education access to goods, services and facilities including larger private clubs and land based transport services buying and renting land or property functions of public bodies, for example the issuing of licences The Equality Act also provides rights for people not to be directly discriminated against or harassed because they have an association with a disabled person. This can apply to a carer or parent of a disabled person. In addition, people must not be directly discriminated against or harassed because they are wrongly perceived to be disabled. Approximately 80% of the population will experience disability during their lifetime. most disabilities are invisible and therefore there is a risk of discrimination in every situation. Rider Levett Bucknall can assist in the mitigation of the risk of litigation. Rider Levett Bucknall Consultancy services go far beyond undertaking access audits, although access audits of existing premises can be a part of our work, they constitute a very small part of the services that we offer. Rider Levett Bucknall offers a range of Access Consultancy services that will give best value to your project, by achieving buildings and services that are available to all. This is developed by an amalgamation of inclusive environments, innovative approaches, use of assistive technologies, management procedures and equipment. This can reduce the construction costs of providing access and limit liability, in addition to getting it right first time. Advice can also include solutions that offer the best tax reductions, opportunities for positive press or liaison with disability groups and individuals to achieve essential consultation. membership of the National Register of Access Consultants (NRAC) enables Rider Levett Bucknall to provide recognised professional assistance in each of the following requirements: Develop Disability Equality Plans Access Statements for Planning applications Access Statement for Building Regulation submissions Access Audit of design proposals Access Audit of existing premises Accessibility of premises in rent reviews, property procurement and disposal.
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Strategic consultancy services for large scale developments Facilitating consultation with people with disabilities Disability Impact Assessments and Access Plans Expert advice & Expert Witness Development of accessible practices, procedures and policies
BREEAM
What is BREEAM?
BREEAm (BRE Environmental Assessment method) was created in 1990 and sets the standard for best practice in sustainable design and has become the most widely used assessment method to describe a buildings environmental performance.
How Does BREEAM Work?
The assessment process covers various building types which essentially look at the same broad range of environmental impacts: Management Health and Wellbeing Energy Transport Water Material and Waste Landuse and Ecology Pollution Credits are awarded in each of the above areas according to performance. A set of environmental weightings then enables the credits to be added together to produce a single overall score. The building is then rated on a scale of: PASS, GOOD, VERY GOOD, EXCELLENT or OUTSTANDING A certificate is then awarded to the development. BRE is the certification and quality assurance body for BREEAm ratings. BRE trains and licenses organisations and individuals to carry out the assessment process and work with the design team. Any building professional can become trained and licensed to deliver BREEAm ratings and the process works as shown below.
INDEPENDENT LICENSED ASSESSORS
BUILDING DEVELOPER, BUILDER OWNER OR OCCUPIER
PRE-BREEAM ADVICE CONSENSUS STANDARD QUALITY CONTROL FORMAL ASSESSMENT
ISSUE CERTIFICATE
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION How is BREEAM Used?

Clients, planners, funders and developers can use BREEAm to specify the sustainability performance of their buildings in a way that is easily visible in the market place, quick and comprehensive. It can also create reduced life cycle costs which increases the buildings desirability for potential users. Property agents can use it to promote the environmental credentials and benefits of a building to potential buyers and tenants. Design teams use it as a way to improve the performance of their buildings as well as improve their own experience and knowledge of the environmental aspects of sustainability. It also allows them to achieve reduced capital costs for the client as although more money can be spent on the design process, environmentally constructed buildings save money by reducing mechanical plant and the use of resource intensive materials. Managers use it as a way to reduce running costs, develop action plans and also to monitor, report and improve building performance at both the individual and portfolio level. All refurbishment projects with a value over 500,000 (primary schools) and 2million (secondary schools) and affecting more than 10% of the floor area of the school Designers should, as far as practicable, attempt to apply the same standards to all projects including smaller projects.
Welsh Assembly Government

As a main condition of funding, the Welsh Assembly Government requires a BREEAm Excellent rating or a minimum of Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) Level 3 together (incl. 10% recycled content), with the aim of zero carbon for all new buildings in Wales by 2011. The standard is not required for refurbishment, alterations and extensions, although these schemes still have to be designed to energy efficient standards. The planning system in Wales also now requires as mandatory a minimum of CSH Level 3 and a reduction of 31% in carbon emissions above 2006 Building Regulations for residential buildings, and BREEAm Very Good for buildings above 1000m2.
Who Requires BREEAM Assessments?

The BREEAm building assessments are required by various regulatory and government organisations.
Department of Health
As of 1st of July 2008, all health authorities in the UK require that new healthcare buildings seeking Outline of Business Case (OBC) approval must commit to achieving a BREEAm EXCELLENT rating and that all refurbishments commit to achieving a VERY GOOD rating.
Homes and Communities Agency

The Homes and Communities Agency was formed on 1st December 2008 bringing English Partnerships and the Housing Corporation together. In 2007, the Housing Corporation prescribed a minimum standard of Level 3 Code for Sustainable Homes in their Design and Quality Standards. English Partnerships also set Code for Sustainable Homes level 3 as the minimum standard for new build housing and a BREEAm Very Good rating for non domestic buildings in their quality standards.
What are the Benefits of BREEAM?

A BREEAm assessed development can mean: Functionality, flexibility, maintainability and durability Lower embodied and operational environmental impacts High user satisfaction, quality and control BREEAm buildings bring environmental, economic and social benefits including: Supporting a corporate environmental strategy Creating better work places, homes and leisure facilities Increasing the marketability of a development both in terms of desirability and rentals Demonstrating good and best practice
Office of Government Commerce (OGC)
As of march 2003, OGC requires a BREEAm rating of EXCELLENT for all new buildings.
DCSF (Department for Children, Schools and Families)

In order to achieve capital funding a it is a condition that new build and refurbishment projects must achieve a VERY GOOD rating under BREEAm Schools. The requirement covers: All major new-build projects with a value greater than 500,000 (primary schools) and 2million (secondary schools)
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION Benefits for Design Team

Enhanced knowledge Increased skills base Reduced research and design time Improved client understanding; enhanced chances of a successful outcome Increased market appeal Improved corporate image Improving the predictability of costs/ delivery both on the design process and the specification of products Client satisfaction As a result of improved understanding, additional market appeal and more efficient project management Reduced capital costs Although more money may be spent on the design process many environmentally constructed buildings save money by reducing mechanical plant and the use of expensive (resource intensive) materials.
BREEAM In Use
The biggest opportunity to address the UKs environmental impact lies in better management and improvement of the EXISTING BUILDING STOCK. BREEAM In-Use is a scheme launched by the BRE in late summer 2009 to help building managers reduce the running costs and improve the environmental performance of existing buildings. It consists of a standard BREEAm assessment methodology and a 3rd party (Auditor) certification process that provides a clear and credible route map to improving sustainability. BREEAm In-Use has been developed to recognise and encourage better building management and targeted investment in existing building stock. The BREEAm-In Use scheme enables your building managers (or our Surveyors acting on your behalf) to self-assess the performance of your portfolio using the online BREEAm In-Use tool. Licensed RLB BREEAm In-Use Auditors can then verify the building managers self assessment and then provide you with a valid certificate.
BREEAM In-Use assessment differs from the established BREEAM schemes in that BREEAM assessors undertake an assessment of new buildings and submit the data to BRE Global to review and issue a certificate. Whereas for BREEAM In-Use the Auditor verifies the data obtained by the building manager and issue the certificate themselves.
Benefits for Investors and Developers

Enhanced marketability Recognised brand associated with quality buildings and organisations with active corporate social responsibility agendas Represents a low risk investment choice Increased flexibility Reduced letting voids Increased investment security Good return on investment Desirable buildings give a high rate of return and a low void rate.
In that way the assessment tool will enable building managers to see the impact of their building and existing systems and initiatives, as well as the potential impact of any proposed changes. BREEAm In-Use Auditors may not provide formal consultation to Assessors, but may coach the Assessor as to improvements that could result in a higher BREEAm In-Use score. Should you have a significant property portfolio you will benefit from being able to demonstrate your BREEAm In Use rating to your occupiers, customers and the marketplace generally. It can also help shape your strategic property portfolio management, reduce running costs and improve the environmental performance of your stock.
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION EPC - Energy Performance Certificates

What Are They? EPCs are used to provide information on a buildings energy use and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. They also include a recommendation report giving advice on how to reduce the amount of energy used and lower the level of CO2 emissions in a building. How They Work? EPCs carry ratings that compare the current energy efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions with potential figures that could be achieved. Potential figures are calculated by estimating what the energy efficiency and CO2 emissions would be if energy saving measures were put in to place. The rating measures the energy and CO2 efficiency of a property using a sliding scale from A (very efficient) to G (least efficient). All properties of the same type are measured using the same calculation. This allows a comparison of the energy efficiency between different buildings. Example of an EPC Which Buildings Need an EPC? An EPC is required for new builds or when a building is rented or sold. A building will need an EPC if it has a roof and walls and has heating, air conditioning or mechanical ventilation. The building can either be a whole building or part of a building that has been designed or altered to be used separately. If a building is made up of separate units with individual heating systems, each unit will need an EPC. Which Buildings Do NOT Need an EPC? The following buildings do not need an EPC when they are built, rented or sold: Places of worship Temporary buildings that will be used for less than two years Standalone buildings with total useful floor area of less than 50m2 that arent used to provide living accommodation for a single household Industrial sites, workshops and non-residential agricultural buildings that use minimal amounts of energy. Commerical Buildings EPCs have to be provided by owners of commercial buildings when their premises are sold or let. Prospective buyers or tenants must receive an EPC before they buy from a seller, let or sublet. Owners of newly built or refurbished business property must receive an EPC before they accept a property from a builder. EPCs are needed for buildings with multiple tenancies and let for different uses, e.g. with a mixture of retail, office and/or residential accommodation. EPCs are not needed for: lease renewals or extensions compulsory purchase orders sales of shares in a company where buildings remain in company ownership lease surrenders Residential Developers Residential developers must provide an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) for any property they build. For developers selling houses off-plan (not yet built), a Predicted Energy Assessment (PEA) is usually required. Residential Landlords Private residential landlords are legally required to provide an EPC when renting out a home to new tenants. They are only required for self-contained properties. They are not necessary when a tenant rents a room and shares facilities. Landlords Energy Saving Allowance (LESA) Private landlords who pay income tax can offset up to 1,500 of spending for certain energy efficiency measures (per dwelling, not per building). The measures are loft, cavity, floor or solid wall insulation, draught proofing and hot water system insulation.
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Who Produces EPCs? Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) can only be produced by energy assessors who are members of a government-approved accredited scheme for that type of building, and who have the appropriate qualifications or experience. A domestic energy assessor is not qualified to conduct surveys relating to commercial property. This requires a Commercial Energy Assessor who is classified as non-domestic energy assessors (NDEA). Rider Levett Bucknall can provide commercial energy assessments for non domestic properties. How Long is an EPC Valid For? EPCs are valid for ten years on commercial and residential buildings except if they are part of a Home Information Pack (HIP). If it is part of a HIP, an EPC must be less than three years old when the building is first put on the market.
Example of a DEC
DEC - Display Energy Certificates

What Are They? The requirement for Display Energy Certificates (DECs) came into effect on 1 October 2008 and affects larger public buildings. They show the actual energy usage of a building, the Operational Rating, and show the public how much energy a building uses and its efficiency compared with other buildings. This is based on the energy consumption of the building, recorded by gas, electricity and other fuel meters. A DEC is also accompanied by an Advisory Report that lists cost effective measures to improve the energy rating of the building. What Counts as A Larger Public Building? Larger public buildings are those with a total useful floor area over 1,000 square metres which are occupied, or partoccupied by a public authority or institution that provides public services to a large number of people and is visited by the public. Affected public buildings must have a DEC on display at all times - together with an associated advisory report. Where a public organisation has occupied a building for less than 15 months on 4 January 2009, and does not have an EPC - or 12 months fuel meter readings - the energy assessor may calculate the operational rating for the building over the period of its occupation by the organisation.
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION Flowchart Showing Which Premises Need a DEC START

Box 1 Public Authorities Public authorities include: Central and local government NHS trusts Schools maintained and community Police Courts Prisons Ministry of Defence Army Executive agencies Statutory regulatory bodies
Premises That Do NOT Need A DEC

The following types of premises do not need a DEC: Premises of private organisations that share a building with a public authority or institution that needs a DEC, irrespective how much of the building they occupy. Premises operated by businesses. Restricted access buildings - such as research labs on campuses. How Long is an DEC Valid For? DECs are valid for one year. They are needed whether or not the building has an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) and in addition to any requirement for air conditioning checks. The advisory report is valid for up to seven years.
Consider for each of your buildings (a building also includes a part of a building designed or altered to be used separately) Is the total useful floor area of the building more NO than 1,000 square metres? You are unaffected in that building
YES
Are you a public authority? (See box 1)
NO
Are you an institution providing a public service to a large number of people? (See box 2)
NO
You are unaffected
YES
YES
Consider for each of your buildings Is this building frequently visited by members of the public? (See boxes 3 and 4)
NO
You are unaffected
Box 2 public service An institution providing a public service is one providing a service traditionally associated with local or national government Box 3 affected buildings Examples of buildings which may be affected included: Schools Leisure centres (but not private clubs) Hospitals Municipal golf clubhouses Public libraries Museums and art galleries provided by public authorities
You are affected (See box 5)
Box 4 buildings unlikely to be affected Examples include: Missile base Air base Restricted research establishment Box 5 What to do if you have an affected building If you are affected: 1. You must place a Display Energy Certificate on display in a prominent place clearly visible to members of the public in each building 2. you must be in possession of an advisory report on ways of improving energy performance 3. both of these documents must be produced by an accredited energy assessor
Source: Department for Communities and Local Government
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION Site Waste Management Plans

In England the Site Waste management Plans Regulations 2008 are a legal requirement, and in Wales similar regulations are likely to come into force in the near future. In Scotland and Northern Ireland site waste management plans are seen as best practice by their environmental standards agencies. The reason for the introduction of this legislation was that the largest source of waste in the UK and the principal user of raw materials is the construction sector. The Site Waste management Plans Regulations 2008 require all construction and demolition projects with an estimated value above 300,000 (excl VAT) to have a Site Waste management Plan (SWmP) prepared, with additional requirements for projects exceeding 500,000 (excl VAT). (Guidance in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland is similar but without the mandatory elements requiring compliance). Site waste management plans attract points when assessing projects to sustainable standards, such as Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment method (BREEAm), and are a requirement by government and major private clients in attaining their waste management goals. Construction is deemed to be any building, civil engineering or engineering construction work, including renovation, demolition, installation, dismantling and maintenance. The aim of the Regulations is to improve resource efficiency, reduce fly tipping, help demonstrate compliance with existing waste legislation and raise and maintain standards. They also support the wider initiatives of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental management Systems (EmS) and Corporate Responsibility (CR) as well as the Government Sustainable Construction Strategy. The Client must prepare a Site Waste management Plan before construction work begins. If a project is started without a Site Waste management Plan, the Client and the Principal Contractor are both guilty of an offence. Site Waste management Plans should endorse the Clients Environmental Policy and set out measurable deliverables. The challenge is to set reasonable, achievable targets that will divert waste from landfill. The legislation requires the introduction of effective management systems, in order to control the amount of waste produced from construction sites, so far as is reasonably possible. The Principal Contractor has a duty to regularly update the plan and the Client can introduce a regular monitoring process to ensure post contract compliance. The regulations require duty holders to: Provide information on actions taken to minimise and manage waste Prepare a Site Waste Management Plan before site works commence (similar to the Construction Phase Plan under the Construction (Design and management) Regulations 2007) Review, revise and refine the Site Waste Management Plan during the construction phase Provide sufficient site security to prevent illegal disposal of waste. The consequences of non-compliance with the Regulations range from a Fixed Penalty Notice to an unlimited fine upon conviction. These consequences apply both to the company as well as to individuals, if the offence was committed by a qualified person (Director, manager, Secretary or someone acting in such capacity). Rider Levett Bucknalls SWmP Client Advisers are able to assist Clients in discharging their duties by offering the following services: Agreeing the ethos and requirements for the project with respect to Sustainability and Site Waste management Advising Designers on Construction Waste Management requirements for the project what they can do to help with waste reduction and management and what information they will need to make available Establishing with / from Designers throughout design their decisions that help reduce / manage waste Obtaining from Designers, throughout design, estimates of types and quantities of waste Compiling pre-construction Site Waste Management Plan information Advising on the competence of potential SWM Principal Contractors and of Site Waste management requirements at Principal Contractor selection
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Capital Allowances & Land Remediation Relief What are capital allowances? Capital allowances are a tax deduction (tax allowance) for certain capital expenditure. They reduce a taxpayers tax bill for a given period by being deducted from the taxable income for the period. For corporate taxpayers, this effectively equates to a cash saving of 28% of the capital allowances write down for the tax year, for individuals this is as much as a 50% cash saving of the capital allowances write down for the tax year. The corporation tax rate is current at the time of print but will change to 27% from April 2011. The rules relating to expenditure that qualifies for capital allowances is found in the Capital Allowances Act 2001. This is updated as required. History of capital allowances Tax relief for capital expenditure started to be allowed in 1878 however the current capital allowances code stems from the Income Taxes Act 1945 which introduced the tax relief to help promote investment in property to rebuild the country after the war. Since that time there have been 3 rewrites of the legislation resulting in the 2001 Act. Why are they necessary? Companies that operate a business (or individuals that operate a trade) are taxed on their profits from that business/ trade. In deriving the taxable income, expenditure incurred in earning income is generally allowed as a tax deduction. Expenditure that is capital in nature (that is, expenditure to acquire an item that has an enduring benefit) is not deductible. To overcome this inequity, expenditure to acquire an item that is used as part of the business / trade was allowed a tax allowance so that the expenditure is deductible over a number of years. The write down allowance essentially aims to reflect the depreciation or diminishing value of the asset. Who can claim capital allowances? In order to qualify for capital allowances, the person claiming must: Be a UK taxpayer; Incur capital expenditure on a qualifying item; Use the qualifying item in the course of a trade; and Demonstrate that the qualifying item belongs to the taxpayer at the end of the accounting period in which the expenditure is incurred. Qualifying expenditure Types of capital allowances There are several types of capital allowances each with different definitions of qualifying expenditure and different write down percentages as follows: General Plant & machinery Plant and machinery is defined in the Capital Allowances Act 2001 s23 and often depends on trade in use (eg. Fire prevention, security, fixtures & fittings). Integral Features The following items were introduced in the Finance Bill 2008 and are classed as integral features: an electrical system (including a lighting system) a cold water system a space or water heating system, a powered system of ventilation, air cooling or air purification, and any floor or ceiling comprised in such a system a lift, an escalator or a moving walkway external solar shading. Enhanced Capital Allowances Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECAs) legislation has been introduced to encourage the use of energy-saving plant and machinery, low carbon dioxide emission cars and natural gas and hydrogen refuelling infrastructure and water conservation plant and machinery in construction projects. Adoption of qualifying items may also improve a projects Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment method (BREEAm) ratings and contribute towards achieving Energy Performance Certification. To qualify the item acquired must qualify as plant and machinery and must satisfy the following: The plant and machinery must be unused and not second hand The expenditure is incurred after 1 April 2001. The plant must meet the energy saving criteria specified by the Carbon Trust
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Enhanced Capital Allowances (Continued) The items currently qualifying include:
to air energy recovery Air Automatic monitoring and Targeting Boilers Combined Heat and Power Compact heat exchangers Compressed air equipment Heat pumps for space heating HVAC zone controls Lighting motors Pipework insulation Refrigeration Equipment Solar thermal systems Thermal screens Variable Speed Drives Warm air and radiant heaters Flow Controllers meters Leakage detection Efficient toilets Efficient taps Rainwater harvesting equipment
on second hand assets will still be able to claim allowances under the same general rules as if he were acquiring the assets brand new. The claim preparation process however is different. A fundamental principle of the tax system is that no more than one person can claim capital allowances on any qualifying asset at any one time. The result is that detailed checks must be made on all property acquisitions to determine their tax history. Hm Revenue & Customs is entitled to reject a capital allowances claim that is submitted without the proper research. All sale agreements should contain the necessary contract clauses and fully completed pre-contract questionnaires. Increasingly, property is being sold with an election between Vendor and Purchaser to agree the level of plant and machinery in the building that is being transferred. This is usually done at either 1 or at the tax written down value of the plant. This ensures that the position of the Vendor is secured and that they do not incur a balancing charge on disposal of the property. Additional capital allowances can sometimes be available on existing buildings where claims have previously been made and elections signed. This is in relation to integral features assets which did not previously qualify for capital allowances before the new integral features rules came into effect in Finance Act 2008. By far the most difficult area of claim is also frequently the most valuable, being claims on expenditure incurred on the acquisition of Plant and machinery in purchased buildings. Such claims, where no previous claim has been registered, require an apportionment of the purchase price to be made. In order to make a successful claim, the legislation must be thoroughly understood and this will involve making detailed investigation of the history of the property including examination of the contract of sale, leases, agreements, details of vendor, dates of purchase etc. In addition to this the correct valuation techniques must be employed. The Act requires that to claim on second hand plant and machinery an apportionment of the purchase price must be undertaken. This is done as the purchase price reflects the value of the land, building and plant and machinery in total. As such, the value of each element must be reconstructed and a multiplier applied to each variant to ensure that the total comes back to the purchase price. When dealing with second-hand property, as well as the tax savings available, the maximisation of capital allowances can also serve to have a positive effect on property yields. Land Remediation Relief Land remediation relief was introduced with the aim to encourage the development of brownfield sites. The intention of legislation is the clean up of environmental contamination in, on or over the land, the wording of the legislation however means that it is open to much wider interpretation giving a broad scope to claim, which we have been doing very successfully.
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The ECA website with further information is: http://www.eca.gov.uk/ Payable ECA (Tax Credit) If a company is loss making, that company may elect to take a payable tax credit in lieu of the 100% deduction available for ECA qualifying assets. The payable credit equates to 19% of the amount spent on ECA eligible equipment. The total amount of tax credit that can be granted in an accounting period is capped, at the greater amount of 250,000 or the total Employers National Insurance contributions paid by the claiming company during the accounting period when the ECA equipment was installed. The ECA credit is only available to incorporated companies. It is also important to note that to qualify for P&m allowances, the tax payer must own the plant, have installed ready for use or already in use in their trade and have incurred the expenditure on the plant. As such, the allowances are tapered back where a contribution towards the cost is received (landlord contribution or grant funding). Equally, allowances may be available where you contribute towards the cost of qualifying items used by another in their trade / business. Also, no allowances are given for plant and machinery or fixtures in a dwelling (residential property). However, the common parts of a residential development should qualify for allowances on qualifying expenditure on common parts (eg lifts). HmRC are currently reviewing their stance on student accommodation at the time of going to print, with further clarification to follow. Purchase of second hand buildings (excludes residential) Capital expenditure need not be on new items in order to qualify for capital allowances. That is, a taxpayer incurring expenditure
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Derelict Land Relief Derelict land relief was introduced by the Finance Act 2009. The intention of the legislation was to encourage abandoned sites to be brought back into productive use. In order to qualify, a site must be listed on the English National Land Use Database as being derelict since 1998 or have been derelict for 10 years. For qualifying sites, generous relief is available on demolishing and preparing the site for redevelopment. Tax Savings The relief is given at 150% for qualifying expenditure. Where clients trade property, a 50% benefit is realised as all construction expenditure (100%) is fully written off in any event to the P&L, enabling the extra over 50% to be claimed. In cash terms this equates to a 14% saving (assuming 28% corporation tax) on all expenditure claimed on land remediation relief. However, where clients hold property as an asset, such as the retail portfolio, the full 150% can be claimed. In cash terms this equates to a 42% saving (assuming 28% corporation tax) on all expenditure claimed on land remediation relief. The only restrictions are that a company is not entitled to claim: if the land is in a contaminated state due to the claimant company, relief cannot be claimed against subsidised expenditure such as grant funding or, if the acquisition cost of the land was specifically discounted in order to account for the cost of remediation works and stated as such in the purchase agreement. Land Remediation/Derelict Land Tax Credit If a company makes a loss for an accounting period in which they incur expenditure on remediating contaminated or derelict land, they may elect to receive a payable credit from HmRC. The amount of tax credit which can be claimed is 16% of the qualifying LRR for the accounting period the claim relates to. For investors, the cash return is equivalent to 24% of the expenditure incurred (16% x 150%), while for developers/traders the cash return is equal to 8% of the expenditure (16% x 50%). Completed developments Retrospective claims are available on expenditure incurred within two years from the year end within which the expenditure was incurred. eg. If a clients year end is 31 march, any expenditure incurred after 1 April 2008 can qualify for tax relief, so immediate tax savings can be realised. Planned developments If this tax relief is factored into the appraisal, project viability may be improved. Below are a few examples of the types of works where we have successfully claimed land remediation relief: Remediation of contaminated sites Asbestos management; whether it be extraction or containment works qualify for land remediation relief, including all associated works (e.g. prelims, professional fees, prolongation etc.).
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Gassing measures; membranes, suspended slabs Concrete; sulphate resistant Fees; direct remediation and various design team fees Prolongation; unforeseen remediation works
The 2009 budget included amendments to the current legislation which came into effect on 1 April 2009. This tightened the qualifying criteria for LRR and removed some items from eligibility. Finally, the pre-budget report recognised Japanese Knotweed as a contaminant and stated that all expenditure incurred during current eligible periods can be claimed. Therefore, any expenditure incurred on Japanese Knotweed after 1 may 2008 (dependent on year end) will be accepted as qualifying land remediation relief.
Allowances & Reliefs

Allowance/ Relief Business Premises Renovation BPRA Business Premises Renovation BPRA Enhanced Capital ECA Rates of Relief > % = most beneficial 100% 1st Year Tax Relief (Based on 28% Corporation Tax) = 1m BPRA = 280K tax(cash) saving Given yr of expenditure Qualifying Criteria Bring business premises vacant for > 1 yr in designated areas back into business use. Excludes heavy industry; coal, steel, agriculture. Energy efficient & water saving plant and machinery
100% 1st Year
= 1m ECA = 280K tax(cash) saving Given yr of expenditure = 1m FCA = 280K tax(cash) saving Given yr of expenditure
100% 1st year
Conversion/renovation of space above into flats: - building <4 storeys above ground floor - ground floor for business use - new flats NOT high value, short term lets, < 4 rooms (excl bath/kitch/hall) - original construction prior to 1980. - original use above ground floor dwelling(s) - unoccupied/storage for 1 year before conversion Remediating contaminated land and buildings e.g. asbestos removal, soil stabilisation, dig and dump, flood defences, human remains, Japanese knotweed Remediating contaminated land and buildings e.g. asbestos removal, soil stabilisation, dig and dump, flood defences, human remains , Japanese knotweed
Land Remediation LRR
INVESTOR 150% 1st Year
= 1.5m LRR (Capex 1m) = 420K tax(cash) saving Given yr of EXPENDITURE Accounts in loss = Tax credit (cash back) @ 16% = 240K 500K LRR (Capex 1m) = 140K tax(cash) saving Given yr of DISPOSAL Accounts in loss = Tax credit (cash back) @ 16% = 240K (loss given against 150%) = 1m GEN PM = 280K tax(cash) saving Given over time - >75% in 6.5 yrs = 1m INT = 280K tax(cash) saving Given over time - >75% in 13 yrs = 1m RR = 300K tax(cash) saving Given yr of expenditure
Land Remediation LRR
DEVELOPER 50% Year of disposal
General Plant & Machinery GEN PM Integral Plant & Machinery INT
20% reducing balance 10% reducing balance
Plant and machinery not defined in legislation depends on trade in use (eg. Fire prevention, security, fixtures & fittings) Electrical systems, a cold water system, a space or water heating system, a powered system of ventilation, air cooling or air purification a lift, an escalator or a moving walkway and external solar shading Repairs and maintenance
Revenue Relief RR
100% 1st year
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION OJEU Process The OJEU is the Official Journal Of the European Union This is the publication in which all contracts from the public sector which are valued above a certain financial threshold according to EU legislation, must be published. The legislation covers organisations and projects that receive public money. Organisations such as Local Authorities, NHS Trusts, Central Government Departments and Educational Establishments are all covered by the legislation. There are three different types of OJEU - supplies, services and works. OJEU Thresholds When a contract exceeds a relevant threshold, it is then subject to the requirements of the UK procurement regulations, which derive from the EU directives. Thresholds will be amended on a bi-annual basis. Once the relevant threshold has been exceeded you are obligated to advertise through the OJEU. The relevant thresholds are shown below:
OJEU NOTICE Normal (Electronic)
Supplies (Purchase of goods and including hire services) Services (Generally non construction services Works (Generally relates to construction, engineering activities and D&B contracts)
OJEU Process Chart

Submit OJEU Award Notice within 48 days
Award contract allowing for 10 day Standstill Period Evaluate Tenders against Award Criteria Receipt of Tenders
Conclude dialogue and invite sufficient tenders to ensure competition
40 Days 22 Days 10 Days
Conduct dialogue (in successive stages if necessary) Invite shortlist to participate in dialogue
Receive tenders and negotiate (in successive stages if necessary) to identify best tender by applying the Award Criteria Issue ITT to shortlist
52 (45) Days
Issue Invitation to Tender

Submitted Expressions of Interest Shortlist against qualification criteria (minimum of 5 bidders) Submitted Expressions of Interest Shortlist against qualification criteria (minimum of 3 bidders)
36 (29) Days
Entities Listed in Schedule 1 Other Public Sector Contracting Authorities Indicative Notices Small Lots
101,323 (125,000)
101,323 (125,000)
3,927,260 (4,845,000)
Open
Prepare Specification
Competitive Dialogue Negotiated with OJEU advert Restricted
156,442 (193,000)
156,442 (193,000)
3,927,260 (4,845,000)
607,935 (750,000) 64,846 (80,000)
607,935 (750,000) 64,846 (80,000)
3,927,260 (4,845,000) 810,580 (1,000,000)
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Negotiated Without OJEU advert
Can be used when an Open or Restricted procedure has been discontinued because of irregular or unacceptable tenders. All original bidders (that were not excluded) must be invited to participate.
Issue PQQs
37 (30) Days 37 (30) Days 37 (30) Days 15 (10) Days 15 (10) Days 37 Days 30 Days
OJEU NOTICE Urgent (Electronic)
OJEU NOTICE Urgent (Electronic)
OJEU NOTICE Pin (Electronic)
OJEU NOTICE Pin (Electronic)
OJEU NOTICE Normal
OJEU NOTICE Electronic
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION OJEU Process Procedures Open A tender is placed with the OJEU. This tender is open to any party in the EU. No party shall be excluded from tender. Using an open procedure means that the Invitation to Tender must be sent to all suppliers that express an interest in response to the Contract Notice. This procedure is most appropriate when there are a small number of suppliers expected to request an Invitation to Tender. Restricted Procedures A restricted procedure is appropriate when many suppliers exist within a market and it is not feasible to issue an Invitation to Tender to each. Competitive Dialogue Competitive dialogue is a procedure whereby an Institution will conduct dialogue with bidders directly with the aim of developing one or more suitable alternative solutions to meet requirements. Negotiated Procedure The Negotiated Procedure allows Institutions to negotiate directly with suppliers in order to award a contract. It is a procedure which should only be used in limited circumstances, for example in cases of extreme urgency or when an open or restricted procedure has been discontinued. Buying Solutions
Buying Solutions is the national procurement partner for UK public services, enabling customers to avoid costly and lengthy OJEU procedures and improve value for money and efficiency. As part of the Efficiency and Reform Group within the Cabinet Office, Buying Solutions purpose is to maximise procurement efficiency and value for money, by harnessing the public sectors purchasing power. By using the collective buying power of the public sector and by benchmarking the Project management and Full Design Team services against other external offers, Buying Solutions already has access to the best quality and most competitive deals. Each year billions of pounds are spent on public sector building projects. The new Project management and Full Design Team Services framework agreement provides a standard in the way these important building projects are organised and delivered - and is predicted to save 70 million for users over the four-year period of the framework agreement. The Buying Solutions Framework agreement offers a cost effective and direct call off route to suppliers for any publicly funded organisation. The framework agreement supports Government best practice and complies with EU Procurement legislation. You could save an average of 77 days and 85k on your procurement of construction advisors. As one of only 12 suppliers to the Project management and Full Design Team framework agreement, Rider Levett Bucknall have already been appointed following a rigorous EU- compliant selection process. You can appoint us direct via the framework agreement with no further competition required, if you can establish best value from published data or you can carry out a simple and speedy competition amongst some or all of the 12 framework agreement suppliers. Any public sector organisation, large or small can use buying solutions to procure design team services. The Project management and Full Design Team framework agreement is believed to be the only one of its kind with this level of accessibility. The Project management and Full Design Team Framework agreement operates throughout the United Kingdom and through our extensive network of UK offices we are able to deliver local, personal service to all of our customers.
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Traditional Lump Sum Traditional Lump Sum

Client Design Team
Procurement Options
Selecting the correct procurement route for a project is fundamental to its success, and will affect its cost, programme, quality and team relationships for the lifespan of the project. Procurement Strategy should be considered fully at the earliest opportunity, consideration should be given to the hierarchy of client and project requirements. We can advise on an appropriate route to best meet these requirements, and highlight some of the main features of the more common routes available on the following pages.
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Main Contractor Client Rep Suppliers Subcontractors Client Rep
Key
Contractual Line Communication Line Brief Tender Design Tender Construct
Advantages Stage (based on traditional) Two Concerns / Considerations Competitive fairness all Time required to complete tenders like forClient like full design prior to tender Cost Certainty at outset of Full design not always Design Team Client e.g. contract achievable -Rep specialist areas subject to contractor Established / tried and tested design Traditional Lump Sum Two Stage (based on traditional) minor changesMain be can Contractor Client takes time and cost implemented risk for changes in design Client Client Established method of Suppliers Client takes design risk valuation Design Team Contractual / adversarial Design Team Capable of conversion to a Trade contractors guaranteed maximum price approach (GmP) Main Main Client Rep Contractor Contractor Contractor designed elements can be Brief Design accommodated. Suppliers Suppliers
Subcontractors Construct Trade contractors
Sequence Brief Client Design
Key Features Design complete prior to tender Contractor takes price and time risk for works as tendered. Client controls design. Construction Management Two stage / negotiation can be accommodated as an alternative
Construction Management
Tender Construct Client
Brief
Design Tender Construct
Client Rep
Client Management Contractor
Design Team
Client Rep
Design Team
Construction Manager
Client Trade Client Rep Contractors
Trade Two Stage (based on traditional) Two Stage (based on traditional) Contractors
Advantages
Client
Brief Design
Design Team main Brief Trade Contractors Design Team
Enables quicker start. Construction
Concerns / Considerations Design Team Client Rep
Traditional Sum Design Team Lump Client Rep Tendering

Main Contractor
Construct Client
Design & Build

Suppliers
Client Main Contractor
Potential abuse of negotiating position during 2nd stage ContractorManager Management Design can be question mark over obtaining Contractor engaged earlier to advise on on traditional) Two Stage (based Tendering the best price. buildability, sequencing & subTrade Construct contractor selection. Potential for cost shock at end Contractors Client of 2nd Stage particularly on Encorages a more collaborative large and complex schemes. approach Design Team Client Rep
Brief Client Rep Design Develop
Trade
& Construct Greater Client involvement in the Tendering pre-selection andMain appointment Contractor of s/cs. Construct
Client Rep SubSuppliers
contractors Design Team (pre novation) Key Features
Design & Build
Ability to transfer greater degree Suppliers of design risk to the contractor. Design Team
(pre Trade Client Rep
Client
Brief Design Scope change and design creep must be avoided / Tendering minimised to secure a realistic Construct and achievable lump sum contract.
Loss of Client Design Control.

Develop & Construct

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Brief Design
Design Tender
Client
contractors D&B 1st Stage tender awarded prior to design contractors novation) Brief Design completion Contractor based on prelims, oh&p, (normally Client D&C approx quants & provTender & programme sums) Sequence Contractor 2nd stage typically Briefnegotiation and relies on by Brief Design Tender Design TeamConstruct Design Team Construct Trade the competitive tendering of work pacakges Client Rep (pre (post Contractors novation) novation) Pre-construction agreement required with MC Design Team Trade (post D&B D&B can be accommodated Contractors novation) Contractor Construction Management
Design Team Construct (pre novation)
Client Rep D&C Contractor
Brief
Construction Design
Management
Construction Management Construction Management

Client
Brief
Design
Tender
Construct
Brief
Design
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Client Rep
Design on Two Stage (basedTeamtraditional) Client Trade Contractors Design Team Client Rep
Key Features
Construction Manager
Construction Management Advantages Tender Concerns / Considerations Quick method of procurement - allows Constru Client takes programme and early start with design and construction Client cost risk. overlapping. Lack of cost certainty for CM Client Construction Management facing collaborative approach. Construction Management Client. Early advice for design, programmingClient Rep and Design Team Contract and payment Client buildability. Client administration of direct orders Finishes / fit out can be designed later in between Client and Trade Management Client Rep process with less scope for change. Contractors. Contractor Design Team Client Rep Programme (inc design) & cost plan agreed Potential post box scenario. with Client and Design Team before work Construction Trade Design Team Manager Requires higher degree of starts. Contractors Management Client involvement. Contractor Client retains control over design.
Main Construction Manager engaged on a Contractor Brief Traditional Lump Sum management fee Design costs for site and paid supervision / site preliminaries. Tendering
Direct client relationship with Trade Trade Contractors Contractors can improve performance.
Two Stage (based on traditional) Brief Design
No single point of responsibility. Trade
Contractors
Suppliers Trade contracts direct with Client. Construct

Tendering Design Team Design
Client Client Brief
Sequence
Tendering Construct
Brief Client Rep Construct Design Tendering Constru
Pre-construction agreement required for preDesign Team Trade construction input. contractors
Design & Build Contractor
Brief
Subcontractors Design Team Main Client Rep Main Contractor
Design Suppliers Client Tender Construct Client Rep

Tender Construct
Design & Build

Trade contractors
Develop & Construct

Suppliers Client
Develop & Construct

Client
Client Client Rep
(pre novation)
Contractor Construction Management Management Contracting Client
Brief
D&B Design
Design Team Design Team (pre novation) (pre Brief Design novation) D&B Contractor Tender
Client Rep
Design Team (pre novation)
D&C Contractor
Design Team Trade (post Contractors Construction Management novation) Design Team
Client
Client Rep
Trad Contrac
Brief
Client Rep
Design Tende
Design Management Contractor Tendering

Design Team Trade Contractors
Construct Manager
Construction
Advantages D&C Concerns / Considerations Construct Contractor Quick method of procurement - allows Client takes programme and early start with design and construction cost risk. overlapping. Design Team Trade (post Contractors Lack of cost certainty for Construction Early advice for design,TeamManagement programming and novation) Design Team Design Trade Client. buildability. (post (post Contractors novation) Finishes / fit out can be designed later in novation)Client Potential post box scenario. process with less scope forDesign change. Brief Requires higher degree of Programme (inc design) & cost plan agreed Brief Client involvement. Tendering Brief Design with Client and Design Team before work Design Team Client Rep No single point of starts. Construct Tendering responsibility. Client retains control over design.
Management
Key Features
Trade
Contractual (and payment) line between Contractor Client and mC creates more programme / performance ownership. Trade Contractors Simpler / fewer contractual lines.
NotConstruct supply chain as much interface and transparency.

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Brief
Design Tendering Construct
Contractors Management Contractor appointed on a fixed Brief Design management fee (usually a % of prime cost) plus supervision / prelim costs (these can be fixed). Tendering Sequence Single contract between Design and MC with Client Brief Construct Trade Contractors contracted to mC. Tendering Project prime cost estimated and updated as Construct design proceeds and works packages are let.
Develop & Construct

Design & Build
Client Client Design Team Brief Client Rep Brief Client Rep Design Design Team Tendering Concerns Design Tender
Brief Design & Build Design & Build Design

Main Contractor Main Suppliers
Brief based
Client
Contractor Tender (Employers Requirements) normally Client Design on outline design but can be at scheme Trade design stage. Contractors Tendering
Construct procurement and overall development Longer Single point responsibility. Contractor C process (compared to Cm / mC). Transfer of speculative risks to the Higher tendering costs for contractors Suppliers Contractor. Client Design & Build can influence and limit the extent of Earlier start on site design can Trade Develop & Constru competitiveness of bids. run in parallel (subject to level of contractors Team D&B Contractor prices design risk. Client design used for Design tendering). Client Rep (pre Client loses influence over design control Cost certainty at outset. novation) Client Design Team Employers Requirements need to be precise, Programme responsibility with Brief (pre Design Client detailed. clear andRep D&B Contractor (subject to post D&C novation) Design Team Tender contract Client driven change).Contractor Quality of design and end product needs to be (pre D&B closely monitored. novation) Possible to achieve a guaranteed Construct Contractor Novation arrangements can create a conflict maximum price (GmP). D&C on interest. Contractor Tried and tested. Design Team Trade (postbe Post contract changes can be more expensive Original design team canTeam Construction Management Contractors Design Trade traditional contacts with bills of quantities. novation) than novated for continuity (post / security Contractors novation) Design More inflexible route to accommodate change.Team of design.
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Tender Client Construct Client Rep
Advantages
Develop & Construct
/ Considerations
Design Team Sub(pre contractors novation) Construction Management D&B Contractor Client
Design Tender Construct
Brief
Design Team Design (post Team novation) Trade Client Rep Contractors
Construction Management Key Features Management
Sequence
Brief Design Team
Brief
Design Client Rep Tendering

Construct
(post novation)
Client Rep D&B Contractor makes proposals and adopts Construct (and completes) the design. Construction Tender price can be single action or negotiated Design Team Manager Brief Design (usually through two stage) Trade Contractors Management Contractor Trade Contractors
Brief
De
Tendering Construct
Brief
Design
Brief
Design Tendering
Develop & Construct Tendering Develop & Construct

Construct
Advantages
Concerns Construct
/ Considerations
Client
Design & Build Design Team (pre Client novation)

Client Rep
Design Team D&C (pre Contractor novation) D&B Contractor Client Rep
Integration of design and construction through collaborative approach. Develop Overlapping of design and & Construct procurement without the risk of un-priced design development. Client Quicker overall process. Progressive co-ordination of Design Team design with the early integration of (pre novation) specialist contractors.
D&C Contractor
Design Team (post novation)

Design Team (post
Trade Contractors
Trade Contractors
Design Team (post novation)
Contractors
Less cost certainty than traditional / D&B procurement routes. Good option in rising market potentially not offering best price in a falling market. Target cost and programme subject to change if they are not robust. Setting the target cost at the right level. Requires a collaborative approach from the whole team. Client Rep Target cost contracts (NEC3) require extensive administration. Loss of design control design needs to be developed to an appropriate level that is acceptable to the Client. TradePre-selection of the right contractor is key.

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Sequence
Brief
novation) Key Features Brief Design Main Contactor appointed early (at Stage C or D) Design Team novated to Main Contractor before Tendering Brief Design fixed price is agreed. Construct Target cost contract (e.g. NEC3) typically adopted. Tendering Initial appointment made on quality based Construct assessment plus oh&p / prelims Pre-construction agreement required.
UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION Code for Sustainable Homes What is the Code?

The Department for Communities and Local Government launched the Code for Sustainable Homes in April 2007. It has been developed to enable a step change in sustainable building practice for new homes. Homes built under the scheme are built to standards set in the Code, creating dwellings that are more energy and water efficient, produce fewer carbon emissions and cost less to run. It has been prepared in close consultation with the Building Research Establishments (BRE) Eco Homes System, which has already achieved success in reducing the environmental impact of affordable housing projects, in particular within the social housing sector. The total points awarded are translated into a star rating for the home: Percentage points required to achieve code levels: Total percentage points score 36 to 47 Points 48 to 56 Points 57 to 67 Points 68 to 83 Points 84 to 89 Points 90 Points and above Code Levels Level 1 (H) Level 2 (H H) Level 3 (H H H) Level 4 (H H H H) Level 5 (H H H H H) Level 6 (H H H H H H)
How Does the Code Work?

The Code assesses the sustainability of a home by awarding points in the following nine design categories: 1. Energy usage and CO2 6. Pollution (reduction in Emissions (reducing NOx emissions and use of energy use and Co2 Global Warming Protection emissions through building (GWP) insulation) construction, design and facility provision within the 7. Health and well-being (providing a better internal home) and external environment 2. Water (reducing potable for the home owner and water usage internally and the incorporation of the externally) principles of Lifetime Homes) 3. Materials (responsible 8. Management (Provision sourcing and of a suitable home user environmental impact of guide, reducing the construction materials) environmental impact of 4. Surface water run-off construction activities (management of surface and compliance with a water run off and flood Considerate Constructor risk) type scheme. Secured by Design is also included) 5. Waste (handling of both household generated 9. Ecology (protection waste and construction or enhancement of the waste) existing site ecology and efficient use of the land)
One star (H) is the entry level above the level of the Building Regulations. Six stars (H H H H H H) is the highest level demonstrating an exemplar development in sustainability terms. Scoring the Code - The Code levels are achieved by scoring credits against environmental issues within each category. The credits are converted into percentage points by applying a weighting factor. The weighting factor is different for each category i.e. one credit in the Energy/ CO2 category scores 1.17 percentage points whereas one credit in the materials category only scores 0.30 of a percentage point.
Note: There are also additional technical guidance notes applicable for new homes built in Wales.
Code level requirements - Within the Energy/CO2 and Water Categories there are mandatory minimum standards to be attained for each Code level. At Code level 6 it is also mandatory that the Lifetime Homes standard is met. There is a minimum standard Code entry level for materials, Surface Water Run-off and Waste and there are no minimum standards for Pollution, Health and Wellbeing, management or Ecology. A Code rating is mandatory for all new homes built in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and it is a requirement that Code level 3 is attained to be eligible to receive social housing grant funding. It is therefore an essential requirement to enable registered social landlords to receive grant funding. New houses that do not meet the minimum Code level will receive a Nil Rated certificate.
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION Benefits of the Code? Benefits for Residential Developers

A mark of quality: The Code can be used by home builders to demonstrate the sustainability performance of their homes, and to differentiate themselves from their competitors. Regulatory certainty: The levels of performance for energy efficiency indicate the future direction of building regulations, bringing greater regulatory certainty for home builders, and acting as a guide to support effective business and investment planning. Flexibility: The Code is based on performance, which means it sets levels for sustainability performance against each element, but does not prescribe how to achieve each level. Home builders can innovate to find cost-effective solutions to meet and exceed minimum requirements.
Sustainable Construction Technologies

There are a great number of sustainable technologies that can be optionally applied to buildings. They can be added for any combination of the following reasons: Reduce Carbon emissions Reduce power consumption Reduce running costs Self Sufficiency (Power or Water) As a substitute for mains supply Improving internal environment. A few different options are listed below, followed by an indicative table of the costs associated with each.
Biomass boilers
What is it? Biomass is an emergent technology in the UK, particularly as there are limited reliable sources of fuel. most UK biomass is produced as a by-product of timber manufacturing and is consumed as woodchip. High efficiency combustion based on wood pellets can reach generation efficiencies of up to 92%, but volumes of biomass required can be large. A conventionally insulated house requires more than 10m3 of biomass a year with significant implications for transport and storage. As a result, the technology is better suited to highlyinsulated homes with lower heating requirements. As a fuel, biomass is virtually carbon neutral: net emissions only relate to transport and pellet production. Consequently, the availability of local supplies is an important factor in minimising carbon impacts. How Does it Work? Biomass fuels can be waste, residue or energy crops grown specifically for use as wood, or oil Fuel. The fuel is transported to the site and stored in a suitable area. Fuel is delivered by conveyor or pumping systems to the boiler. Fuel is burned to produce hot water in the same way as a coal or oil fired boilers. The fuel is considered as carbon neutral since the CO2 emissions during combustion are considered to have been captured during the growing cycle.
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Approximate Cost Increases for Code Compliance

The table shows the approximate extra over cost increase for achieving different levels of the Code for Sustainable Homes, for a Three Bedroom Semi Detached House, based on 2006 Building Regulation Compliance.
Low Three Bedroom Semi Detached Home:

Code Level 1 Code Level 2 Code Level 3 Code Level 4 Code Level 5 Code Level 6
High
250 850 2,750 6,500 25,500 28,000
450 1,250 3,000 8,250 30,000 41,000
(Extra Over 2006 Building Regulations Compliance)
Benefits for Social Housing Developers

Lower running costs: Homes built to Code standards will have lower running costs through greater energy and water efficiency, so helping to reduce fuel poverty. Improved comfort and satisfaction: Homes built to the Code will enhance the comfort and satisfaction of the residents. Raised sustainability credentials: The Code will enable social housing providers to demonstrate their sustainability credentials to the public, tenants and funding bodies.
How does the Code relate to Energy Performance Certificates?

EPCs cover energy performance whereas the Code covers nine areas of sustainability. The energy rating of a home that has achieved 4 stars will have an energy performance equivalent to EPC band A. A home which achieves 5 or 6 Code stars exceeds the maximum EPC rating. The EPC rating has been designed to cover all homes from the oldest listed dwellings, to the most modern, energy efficient homes. As a result, homes achieving a rating under the Code for Sustainable Homes will register on the EPC scale between A and C.
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Benefits Carbon neutral Government grants and/or capital allowances All fuel options are renewable Low capital cost per kW when compared to renewable alternatives mature and tested technology Range of boiler suppliers from single boiler to a power station Can be coupled with suitable plant to produce chilled water Can be coupled with suitable plant to produce CHP Limitations Capital cost is higher than conventional gas boilers Higher maintenance cost than equivalent gas boilers Footprint of boilers is larger than gas plus the addition of fuel storage could reduce lettable areas A secure source of fuel is required Planning issues could be a problem due to the clean air act Ash needs to be disposed of Biomass systems are more management intensive and require expertise in facilities management Conventional electricity generation from large scale power stations is very inefficient as only a small part of the input energy is converted to electricity (typically 2535%), with the remainder lost via cooling towers as waste heat at the power station and transmission line losses to the point of use. A typical CHP system conventionally comprises: 1. a diesel or gas turbine engine 2. a generator (alternator) 3. heat recovery jackets on the engine carcass and exhaust system 4. metering, control and distribution systems for the generated heat and electrical power. Heat can also be used to provide cooling via absorption chillers. CHP is applicable on a variety of scales, from citywide development down to individual buildings. Steady heat and power loads will improve the economics of CHP and so systems should be designed to allow a suitably sized engine to run at or near maximum capacity for as much of the day as possible micro-CHP refers to small scale CHP, which is most commonly used for individual buildings. Units are becoming smaller and quieter and have the potential to be used in place of traditional boilers within homes. Benefits Reduction of CO2 emissions Reduced capital costs if funded by an ESCo Energy cost savings Good quality CHP qualifies for climate levy exemption Can be considered as clean energy qualifying for enhanced capital allowances Contribution toward compliance with building and renewable energy regulations and can be powered using biofuels Generating at point of use negates transmission losses Reduced dependency on electricity supplier An alternative to purchasing new or additional boiler
Combined Heat and Power

What is it? Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is a heating boiler and electricity generator combined. The heat used to generate the power is used to heat the building rather than exhausted in cooling towers. In the UK CHP is associated with large installations, such as in hospitals. Data from the end of 2005 recorded about 1,500 CHP engines in operation in the UK, producing 5,800mW, equivalent to 7.5% of the UKs total electricity requirement. How does it work? CHP is the production of electricity and useful heat from a single plant close to the point of use.
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Limitations Capital cost, plant and construction if not funded by an ESCo maintenance costs are likely to be higher than conventional plant There may be environmental issues due to plant noise and flue gases. Requires predictable and relatively constant loads for optimum performance Requires full use of generated heat for optimum efficiency Loss of net lettable areas Provision for Flues Closed loop Vertical / Horizontal / Piles The installation would consist of one or more holes bored into the ground, down which the pipework loops are fed and grouted in place, layed directly in horizontal trenches or integrated with the piling reinforcement, with a header connection at the top linking directly to a load or heat pump (i.e. Air handling units). It is a closed loop so no water is extracted from the ground, in effect the pipework acts as a simple heat exchanger with the soil, rejecting or collecting heat depending on the time of year and internal conditions. Benefits A source of renewable energy Government grants and/or capital allowances Constant temperature water source Low operating costs (pump energy) No contamination from ground or ground water (closed loop) Combined with heat pump can provide heating and cooling A low cost supply of water (open loop) Loops can be installed within building piles saving drilling costs Limitations Initial bore costs will vary dependant on the geological structure The bore will not necessarily yield sufficient water supply for the intended application (open loop) A licence to extract water is required from the relevant statutory body (Environment Agency) this can be time consuming (open loop) Site access (possibly crane) is required to remove pump for maintenance Back up chillers / boilers may still be required
Ground Source Heat Pumps

What is it? This is a system of drawing heat from the ground using either a vertical borehole or a series of coiled pipes laid a few metres below the surface. The energy source is the sun heating the ground below the surface, which is protected from extremes of heating and cooling, by the mass of earth above, so the temperature will remain at around 10-12C, this in turn heats the water and antifreeze mixture in the coil. This recovered heat is transferred to the heating system by a heat exchanger. In a good system, every unit of electrical energy input will yield three or more units of heat energy. To be efficient a heat pump must have a coefficient of performance of about three (COP 3). A poor COP rating may mean the system is not as green as a gas boiler as it would give off more CO2. Heat pumps can also be used above ground with air and under water in ponds and lakes, and in some instances can be reversed to provide cooling. How does it work? There are two types of ground source heat pumps. Open loop The installation would consist of one or more holes bored into the ground, with a pump lowered into the hole to extract ground water that will be more or less at a constant temperature all year. Extracted water is normally passed through heat exchangers and used for heating, cooling or a combination of both. Extracted water could be used on site, re-injected through a borehole or discharged to a water sauce such as a river.
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Green Roofs
The term Green roof is used to describe roofs that are planted with living plants or vegetation. There are basically two types predominantly used in the UK. An intensive green roof requires labour intensive maintenance, often with irrigated low growing vegetation e.g. a mown lawn. An extensive green roof consists of low maintenance, low growing vegetation (sometimes called a bio diverse roof) e.g. Sedum.
Grey Water
What is it? The term grey water refers to re-used waste water from domestic activities such as dishwashing, bathing and laundry,
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it accounts for up to 80% of domestic water usage. To date there are few rainwater and grey water systems in the UK and little independent evaluation of their operation or the water savings achieved. Well-publicised water shortages, pressure from environmental regulators and the increasing availability of the necessary technology has raised the profile of water conservation measures. As a result of these factors, water demand in buildings can be reduced by substituting mains water for rainwater or grey water in certain applications, such as toilet flushing. If the building mains water supply is metered this may produce cost savings for the building owner or operator. How Does It Work? Reuses waste water (bathing, hand washing and laundry) for toilet flushing, irrigation and none potable uses Grey water can be direct-fed from a packaged filtration and storage unit and pumped to the water outlets as shown or alternatively indirect fed, where the grey water is supplied from a packaged filtration and storage unit and pumped to high level storage tank to gravity feed the outlets There are several methods of treating the recovered water for none potable use which include sand filters, membrane filters and biological treatment. Passive biological treatment in the form of reed beds can also be used Benefits Up to 30% reduction in water consumption (reduces water bills without changing the users behaviour). Grey water recycling systems are can be used for saving water in homes as well as workplaces. Wide range of water filtration techniques available Limitations Requires water filtration and treatment before use Installation and maintenance costs may not justify savings Pumps, filters and sensors require regular management and maintenance to prevent heath risks CO2 saving Low Grey water must not be stored for more than 24 hours untreated and for not more than three days after treatment more suited to new installations than retrofit Pumps, filters and sensors can present operational problems Providing sufficient grey water storage capacity may present a problem
Rainwater Harvesting
What is it? There are two uses of harvested rainwater, potable and non potable. Non potable supplies can be as simple as a drain pipe into a water butt. A potable system involves much greater planning and system costs due to the possibility of contamination. Systems uses can provide toilet flushing and irrigation, washing machines can be supplied, but may lead to problems involving odour and discolouration. Savings rely on the need for non potable supply. The UK has an abundance of water and this keeps our mains supply costs relatively low. This however appears to be changing with the UKs first drought orders and recent hose pipe bans in the South East, prices will surely begin to rise. How does it work? Reclaimed water can be used for several applications such as toilet flushing, irrigation, washing machines and car washing Indirect pumped systems collect rainwater in a tank and then pump it to a high level header tank which provides a head of water to gravity feed the outlets Direct pumped systems which feed the outlets without the need for a header tank Gravity systems where a header tank is directly feed at high level. Benefits The use of rainwater for toilet flushing and other non potable uses reduces the consumption of treated mains water thereby saving on the cost of a metered water supply Can help to reduce surface water run-off and risk of flooding Limitations Requires water filtration and treatment Roof materials may effect the quality of harvested water Cleaning should be regular and debris removed to prevent water contamination Installation and maintenance costs may not justify savings Pumps, filers and sensors require regular management and maintenance Providing sufficient water storage capacity may present a problem CO2 saving Low
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION Hydroelectric

Hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. The energy extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the waters outflow. This height difference is called the head. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head. To obtain very high head, water for a hydraulic turbine may be run through a large pipe called a penstock. The major advantage of hydroelectricity is elimination of the cost of fuel. The cost of operating a hydroelectric plants is nearly immune to increases in the cost of fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas or coal. Fuel is not required and so it need not be imported. Hydroelectric plants tend to have longer economic lives than fuel-fired generation, with some plants now in service having been built 50 to 100 years ago. are displaced within the material, thus starting a flow of current through an external connected circuit, converting solar energy into electrical power. Cells are grouped together to form PV modules that may in turn be arranged in solar arrays which are referred to as solar panels. The best way to utilise PV cells is to use them as a direct replacement for an element of a building. For example PV cells could be used as roofing or shading elements on south facing roofs, as faade panels on the south faade or as an architectural feature integrated within glazing. Benefits A source of renewable energy which can be grid connected Feed-in Tariffs replaced government grants on 1st April 2010 index linked and guaranteed for 25 years, greatly improving the financial return Feed-in Tariffs are tax free to private individuals Power is exempt from the Climate Change Levy The system produces no noise or harmful emissions No moving parts, leaving minimal operational or maintenance costs Does not require direct sunlight, but care must taken to avoid overshadowing Limitations Initial costs are high, but may be partly offset if integrated with building fabric Planning issues could be a problem Businesses must pay tax on Feed-in Tariffs may have implications for load capacity of roof or building structure may have implications for availability of plant space on roof PV panels may require regular cleaning
Photovoltaics
What is it? Photovoltaic cells are an established technology that have been in production for 40 years, however there is only a limited prospect of further efficiency improvements to panels. A monocrystalline panel may have a 20% efficiency but has a maximum efficiency of 40%. It is not currently cost effective as an energy source but reductions will come from an increase in market size. Another major problem is that power generation is not synchronised with peak demand which necessitates selling back to the grid, Although PVs do not face the economy of scale issues of wind, there is a constraint on PV output related to available roof area with a suitable aspect and pitch. Even for the most efficient monocrystalline panels, 8m2 of PVs are required to generate 1kWp an output that will typically contribute about a fifth of annual household electricity consumption. How does it work? Photovoltaic materials, commonly known as solar cells, generate direct current electrical energy when exposed to light. Solar cells are constructed from certain semiconducting materials that absorb solar radiation; electrons
Sustainable Urban Drainage

Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) include: Pervious surfaces, Filter drains, Filter strips, Swales, Basins, ponds and wetlands, Soakaways, Infiltration trenches, pipes and accessories, Rainwater re-use and Green roofs. They are fast becoming a popular option for surface water handling, supported by planning guidance, Building Regulations, and organisations such as the Environment Agency and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency.
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SUDS aim to replicate the natural drainage pattern of a site prior to development. The main benefits are the reduction of pollution, reduction of flow rates and of water volumes. Benefits Flat Plate Collectors The system produces no noise or harmful emissions minimal operational or maintenance costs Does not require direct sunlight, but care must taken to avoid overshadowing Cheaper than evacuated tubes more visually appealing than evacuated tubes Benefits Evacuated Tube Collectors The system produces no noise or harmful emissions minimal operational or maintenance costs Does not require direct sunlight, but care must taken to avoid overshadowing Higher efficiency and less space take compared to flat plate Higher water temperature than flat plate Limitations Flat Plate Collectors Planning issues could be a problem may have implications for load capacity of roof or building structure may have implications for availability of plant space on roof Lower efficiency and larger space take compared to evacuated tubes Lower water temperature than evacuated tubes Limitations Evacuated Tube Collectors Planning issues could be a problem may have implications for load capacity of roof or building structure may have implications for availability of plant space on roof more expensive than flat plate Cannot be embedded within roof structure
Solar Thermal
What is it? Solar collectors are used to generate higher levels of heat from solar energy than can be achieved by passive measures. The main objective is to heat domestic hot water, although heating systems can also be supplemented. A typical domestic solar hot water system of 1,000 to 2,000kWh can provide about 70% of annual hot water needs, saving about 0.2 to 0.4 tonnes of carbon per annum. Systems based on the circulation of liquids and air are both available, with the most efficient and expensive, based on an evacuated tube system, similar to vacuum flask technology. How does it work? In a typical system, a heat transfer medium (generally a water/antifreeze mixture) travels through a series of heat conducting tubes known as a heat collector. During its circulation through the tubes, the fluid picks up heat which is then transferred to the domestic hot water supply. Commercially available systems are either indirect (closed loop) or direct (open loop). With the more common indirect system, circulating fluid flows through the collector and transfers the heat to a hot water tank. With direct systems, water is heated as it is passed directly through the collector, and flows to the dwelling where it can be used for bathing, washing etc. Direct systems can have higher efficiencies than indirect systems, but will have higher running costs, as the potential for scaling and corrosion of the internal surfaces can lead to increased servicing and maintenance. A basic solar thermal collector comprises of a translucent cover, an absorption plate, and the heat transfer system. There are two main types of collector, known as flat plate and evacuated tube. Flat plate consists of an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover and a dark or black coloured absorber plate. Evacuated tube collectors consist of rows of parallel transparent glass tubes, each containing an absorber tube covered with a selective coating.
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Wind Turbines What is it? The UK is the windiest country in Europe with an average wind speed of 6m/s. However most housing is in sheltered areas, so average wind speed will be about 3 or 4m/s. Wind turbines do not produce power below about 3m/s. It is recommended that an average wind speed of 5m/s second is needed for a turbine to be viable. Even though turbines are multi directional, wind in towns is often affected by turbulence, the wind in one direction may fall below 3m/s leaving the head turning aimlessly trying to find wind, leading to a decreasing life expectancy of the turbine. Wind increases with height, with a rooftop being the ideal place to place a turbine, however this may lead to added structural costs. A wind turbine will generate noise typically 2 or 3 decibels above the background noise, so proximity to living spaces should be avoided. A turbine moving in fast winds is likely to cause resonance through the building. How does it work? Wind turbines convert the power in the wind into electrical energy using rotating wing-like blades which drive a generator. They can either be connected to the national grid to export electricity, used directly for electricity or used to charge batteries for on-site use. Turbines can range from small domestic turbines producing hundreds of watts of energy to large offshore turbines with a capacity of 5mW and a diameter of 100m. While horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs or propeller type) are the most common, there is growing interest in vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) particularly in urban locations where they are thought to be able to cope with more turbulent winds. Turbines can be free standing mounted on a tower, mounted on a building structure or in the case of new buildings it also possible to integrate turbines within the buildings structure. Wind velocities are the key factor in the location of wind turbines. Care must be taken with site selection, particularly for larger turbines. A feasibility study should take into account wind speed and turbulence and constraints such as radar stations, airports, landscape designations and proximity to special wildlife areas or bird migration corridors. Benefits A source of renewable energy Feed-in Tariffs replaced government grants on 1st April 2010 index linked and guaranteed for 20 years, greatly improving the financial return Power is exempt from the Climate Change Levy The system produces no harmful emissions Highly visible demonstration of renewable energy Limitations Planning issues could be a problem may have implications for load capacity of roof or building structure may have implications for availability of plant space on roof Substantial foundations required Electricity generation dependant on wind speeds Noise is an issue if sighted on or close to buildings
Fuel Cell
How does it work? A fuel cell is similar to a battery except that fuel (most commonly hydrogen) is constantly fed into it to generate electricity and heat by an electrochemical process. Pure water is produced as the output emission. Fuel cells have two electrodes; an anode on the negative side and a cathode on the positive side. These are separated by a solid or liquid electrolyte; the type of electrolyte determines what type of fuel cell belongs to. Hydrogen is supplied to the anode while oxygen is supplied to the cathode thus creating the chemical reaction. Hydrogen can be supplied through bottle stores or reformed from natural gas. Types of fuel cell; Phosphoric acid, molten carbonate, solid oxide, proton exchange membrane etc. In a building context a fuel cell can be used as a CHP unit generating electricity and heat for building services. E.G. Woking BC, the UKs only commercially operational fuel cell (200kW phosphoric acid) system providing power
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E Industrial, Hotel, Leisure, Hospital B Most types of building F Average site wind speed minimum 7 m/s G Average site wind speed minimum 3.5 m/z L Space and convenient source of fuel 8-10 years 150 - 380 per kW 19,000 c.f. gas 100,000 Environmental impact, and maintenance B Biomass boilers L A Industrial distribution centres C Prestige offices and retail D Residential and commercial, hotels and leisure M Space and convenient source of fuel for summer heat CHP E M Environmental impact, and maintenance 28,000 + 63,000 12,000 c.f. elec + 12,000 c.f. gas 700 - 1,200 per kWe 4-6 years H Roughly south-facing, un-shaded J Roughly south-facing, un-shaded for hot water Over 25 years 800 - 1,000/m2 9,500 c.f. gas 50,000 None J D Passive solar water heating
and heat all year round. (Note subsidised by an American defence company to be used as a demonstration project). Potentially applicable for transport, stationary (residential / commercial buildings) and portable appliances. Benefits Fuel cells have very few moving parts and consequently require minimal maintenance, while offering high reliability in continuous power supply.
Key:
For larger turbines the payback can be within 10 years (taking into account Feed-in Tariffs)
Payback Period
Their efficiency does not vary with their size. Very quiet mode of operation. Negligible emission of pollutants in the ideal case, just water vapour. They can produce electricity at efficiencies well above standard internal combustion engines combined with generators or steam cycles. Fuel cells can be used for co-generation hence increasing their overall efficiency up to 85% in all sites identified as suitable for CHP. Depending on the type employed, the rejected heat can be utilised for either low or high grade heat. Limitations At present fuel cell costs are very high varying anywhere between 2,500 - 6,000 per kW depending on fuel cell type. Unverified level of performance over time. Their performance and reliability over their lifetime still remains to be confirmed. many types of fuel cell power plants must have their stack and fuel processor units replaced every 5 to 10 years (e.g. Woking BC, fuel cell stack replacement after 5 years, estimated cost 250,000 Infrastructure; the primary energy source is hydrogen and currently there is no infrastructure provision hence the use of bottle stores or reforming of natural gas. Some fuel cells provide heat to power ratio of less than unity, thus not matching traditional applications where heat demand is higher than that of electricity. Some types of fuel cells produce low grade heat unsuitable in most cases for industrial purposes.
Approximately 10 years
Under 10 years 1,400 - 2,000 per kW 7,600 c.f. gas 40,000 Site space for pipes K Ground source heat pump B
2-50kW output 3,000 - 5,000 per kW
Up to 1.5 kW output 5,000 per kW
3,000 per kWp (400 - 500/m2) for large schemes and 4,000 - 5,000 per kWp (600-700 /m2) for domestic schemes
850 - 1,300/m2 for laminated glass
Annual saving per 100,000 of capital cost
Capital Cost
They can be employed as grid connected or stand alone.
43,000 c.f. elec
17,200 c.f. elec
5,375 c.f. elec
3,870 c.f. elec
Renewable Technologies, Application and Cost Data
100,000
40,000
12,500
Environmental impact. Site space for large turbines
Environmental impact. Roof space f or small turbines
Available roof space
Potential barriers
Candidate Prebuildings requisites
None
Renewable technology
Photovoltaic rain screen or glass
Tower-mounted wind genera tors
Photovoltaic rain screen or panels
Building-mounted micro wind
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Borehole cooling
Site space for pipes
12,000
kWh
9,000
5,160 c.f. gas
CO 2
2,200 - 2,500
Under 10 years
8-10 years
K Feasible ground conditions
UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION Life Cycle Costing and Carbon

Counting the Cost of Carbon Information on the embodied carbon of many construction materials is not broadly available to support the design process. Rider Levett Bucknall have spent a year Researching and Developing a solution to this issue i.e. the Cost of Carbon. Sustainable and therefore Low Carbon Construction is now enforced by Government Legislation and EU directives. Under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 all new projects must contribute to sustainable development. The EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings means that all buildings constructed, sold or let must have an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) to achieve Building Regulations approval. Public buildings over 1,000 m2 must have an annual Display Energy Certificate. The Communities and Local Government Report, Cost Analysis of the Code for Sustainable Homes (July 2008) indicates substantial cost increases above the 2006 Building Regulations to achieve a Code 4 rating. On medium sized sites, the cost of achieving Code 3 is estimated to be 10% above Building Regulations (2006) and 31% to achieve Code 6. However, this figure can vary dramatically depending upon the geographics and the size and nature of development. Registered Social Landlords, the Housing Associations, for example, are aiming to achieve Code 4 by 2012. Our approach to Life Cycle Costing in the UK is now predicated on the new standard ISO15686-5 Buildings and Constructed Assets Service Life Planning Life Cycle Costing. Whole Life Costing is often confused with Life Cycle Costing: Life Cycle Costing is the systematic economic evaluation of property costs over a period Whole Life Costing is the systematic economic evaluation of all costs and benefits over a period of analysis, i.e. it includes the core business costs. The huge weakness in the housing and commercial markets exacerbates the issue of project viability in very difficult market conditions. It is not a simple exercise to identify the Life Cycle Cost overhead of carbon reduction targets. Rider Levett Bucknall has developed our Life Cycle Cost and Carbon modelling Tool to capture both the embodied energy and the energy emissions i.e. the Carbon Footprint as well as capital and operational costs. The model is equally applicable to building portfolios, new project optioneering, and component life cycle cost benchmarking. We have also developed a Life Cycle Cost model for fifteen of the sustainable technologies available in the UK. This enables us to very quickly analyse and recommend the most suitable option on a particular scheme very early in the design. This includes the embodied and emitted energy. Our Life Cycle Cost and Carbon modelling Tool also facilities the decision process in achieving optional carbon reduction targets early in the design process. Figure 1 below illustrates the diminishing influence of the various stakeholders on a project as design and, ultimately, construction progresses. It is essential to have a suitable, early, commercial sustainable carbon and life cycle model to ensure that the optimum solution is achieved. Our Key tenet is to ensure that we achieve the Greatest Whole Life Value for the Lowest Whole Life Cost.
Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 Building Regulations EU Energy Performance of Building Directive Clients Requirements Design Team Contractor Operator Inception Brief Design Construct Operate
Time (Building Life Cycle) Figure 1: Influence on a Low Carbon Sustainable Building Solution
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Professional Services
Overview of Services Building Surveying Project management Quantity Surveying
PROFESSIONAL SERVICES Overview of Services

We are a leading independent firm providing some of the most comprehensive and forward thinking construction and property advice available. We do this through our global team of experts, who possess a passion for both core services and innovation. We are committed to developing new services and techniques aimed at enhancing your business in the long term. You will benefit at every stage of the construction cycle to successful project delivery. We operate out of 60 offices across 20 countries and have a total staff of over 2000, but we work hard to ensure that you receive a tailored service. We work closely with all our clients to provide the best solutions on a local, regional or international platform. The following services are offered through our core services of Cost Consultancy, and Quantity Surveying, Project management, Building Surveying, CDmC Services and Specialist Advisory Services. BUILDING SURVEYING RLB Building Surveyors are able to provide Property Asset management advice to clients who have aspirations to either:1. maintain their existing property portfolio 2. Refurbish, remodel or build new properties 3. Disposal of, or acquire new properties RLB can aid Clients in realising their asset objectives but also provide complementary services including quality and efficiency, environmental performance, statutory compliance, liquidity and commercial aspects. RLB are able to tailor this combination of services to ensure they fulfil the Clients exacting requirements Our Building Surveyors are highly qualified professionals who offer expert advice on a variety of projects and take on many roles throughout the lifecycle of a building. From project inception to demolition RLB can offer concise and pertinent guidance to make any project a success. The services provided by the Building Surveyor in providing Property Asset management advice can be briefly summarised as follows.:Professional Services Professional services are the traditional competencies which underpin the conventional Building Surveying role. With the technical knowledge of construction and building pathology, Building Surveyors can offer advice across a range of topics. The umbrella term professional services is firstly concerned with the physical attributes of a property; namely the assessment of its current state, condition and configuration. This stream of services includes the following:
Identification and correction of building defects Due diligence assessments on behalf of a prospective
property purchaser
measured surveys to calculate a propertys nett lettable area Building condition surveys as part of a planned or reactive
maintenance strategy existing properties
Feasibility studies to aid Clients in realising their aspirations for
The professional services spectrum also encompasses the complex legal/regulatory compliance regime which governs property and construction. The high ethical and professional standards imposed by the RICS ensures surveyors are in a position to offer reasoned and practical advice on the range of legal topics including:
The Party Wall etc. Act 1996 Dilapidations claims under the Landlord and Tenant Act 1927
The benefit of a surveyors familiarity with the legal framework together with their work experience are imperative to safeguarding Clients interests. Building Surveying is a dynamic profession and surveyors provide an integral service for Clients seeking to fulfill their statutory duties under new and changing legislation, for example:
Disabled Access Audits (Equality Act 2010) Fire Risk Assessments (Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order
2005)
Construction Services Building Surveyors have always taken a major role in large construction schemes and have developed a range of services to suit specific project situations. The traditional roles of an Architect such as Project management, Contract Administration and Specification Writing are now often undertaken by Building Surveyors. Clients have found that the Building Surveyors broad knowledge base and adaptability lend themselves well to these critical roles. Building Surveyors are able to plan, design, specify and administer refurbishment and smaller new build and extension projects. Project monitoring is another role that Building Surveyors have been able to take on. This role involves the Building Surveyor acting as an independent advisor for an interested party in a construction project. Usually where a financial institution is funding a project and they require specific standards to be met, but also where a tenant has signed a lease for a new building and want to ensure that the space meets their requirements.
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PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
With health and safety becoming ever more important on construction sites Building Surveyors are well placed to adopt the role of CDm Co-ordinator. This position was created by the Construction (Design and management) Regulations 2007 and involves the co-ordination of the health and safety aspects of a project from initial design, during construction and throughout the whole life cycle of the structure. Environmental Services Building Surveying services continually evolve to reflect the emerging concepts in the property and construction sector. With growing emphasis being placed on improving energy efficiency and reducing carbon omissions, the transferable skills of a Building Surveyor are suitable for assessing the environmental impact of the built environment. Having a comprehensive knowledge of construction technology and an understanding of building operations and material performance, Building Surveyors are well placed to offer a range of energy assessments as part of their services portfolio. many Surveyors have widened their scope of service by becoming RICS accredited energy assessors to assist Clients in fulfilling their legal obligation under the European Energy Performance in Buildings Directive (EPBD): Energy Performance Certificate An assessment of a buildings carbon omissions to give an energy rating together with recommendations for improving efficiency (required for New Builds and properties for sale or letting). Display Energy Certificate and Advisory Report An appraisal of a buildings actual energy consumption based on utility bills, generating a property specific operational rating (required for public buildings over 1000m2 and reviewed on an annual basis). SKA Assessment Provides an assessment and labeling method designed to rate and compare the environmental performance of office fit-out projects in the UK. A Ska Rating helps organisations achieve more sustainable fit-outs. The benefit of using a Building Surveyor for environmental assessments is that they are suitably qualified to review the feasibility of recommendations and physically implement them on site. In addition, Building Surveyors often form an integral part of a design team. Their technical knowledge is invaluable in recommending innovative and sustainable solutions to reduce the environmental impact of a new build. many Building Surveyors have expanded their skill set by becoming accredited BREEAm (BRE Environmental Assessment method) assessors to assist Clients in achieving best environmental practice. PROJECT MANAGEMENT Rider Levett Bucknall offers customers a focused service that puts a clients needs first. We appoint a Project manager, or a Project management Team, that we know will bring the relevant experience to bear on your project. Our specialist expertise will be applied to establish the appropriate balance of emphasis and attention to detail throughout the project, to ensure that initial budget and timescales are met without compromising quality. We will co-ordinate the activities of all parties, so that they focus on the projects objectives and what is expected of them. It means we will dynamically control your project from the outset, setting out a framework of controls that can be applied to the entire process. With the backing of advanced computer systems and clear reporting procedures, we will deliver your project to your requirements and to meet your precise needs. Our services include Project management through all development stages from briefing through to completion and occupation. Our activities often embrace a number of specialist skills and disciplines, which are co-ordinated by the Project management team:

Consultant Selection Strategic Briefing Development management Design management Business Cases Commissioning management move management Project Control Programme management management Consultancy Procurement Advice Change management Contract Selection Risk management Due Diligence Project monitoring
QUANTITY SURVEYING Cost Consultancy Our approach to Quantity Surveying is one which focuses on the business needs of the customer and aims to deliver a cost management service which enables our customers to make informed decisions in relation to their property assets. Our range of services is enhanced by our sector expertise and appropriate experienced staff that will provide positive advice at the various stages of the project cycle. Feasibility Studies Our internal benchmark information enables us to provide a speedy response at early stages of a project to assess if the
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PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
project requirements can be achieved and to offer alternative solutions if appropriate. Cost Modelling This can be used as a dynamic tool to review alternative design options and explore what if scenarios to identify the most cost effective options within the parameters of the brief. Cost Planning Our cost plan will be a detailed elemental budget, which will form the key cost management control document and will be prepared in conjunction with the whole project team to ensure ownership of the budget. All future changes will be managed against the signed off cost plan. Value Engineering We will work with the project team, and where required, facilitate workshops in order to undertake a structured review at key project stages to ascertain that the project is meeting the functional requirements of the brief and is providing whole life value. Risk Analysis and Risk Management We will advise the project team on strategies for identifying and minimising specific risks together with appropriate levels of cost and a methodology for managing risks within the identified levels. Specialist Mechanical and Electrical Cost Advice Our specialist surveyors are able to provide cost advice in relation to services installations and where appropriate are able to challenge designs based upon their detail understanding of technical knowledge and design criteria relating to installations. Procurement Advice Based upon the customers principle objectives in relation to cost certainty, quality of design, workmanship and programme we will undertake a review of these objectives and provide recommendations in relation to the optimum procurement method to best achieve these objectives. Contractor/Supplier Selection Evaluating the most suitable contractors/suppliers for a project based upon scope, content, complexity, procurement and the need for specialist knowledge and innovative thinking. Pre and Post Contract Cost Control A key element of our role is to manage the costs within the signed off budget through :
Continual cost checking of design development Value engineering Alternative cost studies Post contract cost control including change order process
International Offices
Europe Asia Oceania North America Caribbean middle East
Tender and Contract Preparation and Evaluation Preparation of tender and contract documents which provide details of the project requirements and clearly identify responsibility for risks.
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INTERNATIONAL OFFICES
EUROPE UNITED KINGDOM
BIRMINGHAM - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL millennium Point, Curzon Street Birmingham, B4 7XG UK Telephone: +44 0 121 503 1500 Facsimile: +44 0 121 503 1501 E-mail: birmingham@uk.rlb.com Contact: mark Weaver BRISTOL - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL 3rd Floor, Grosvenor House, 149 Whiteladies Road Clifton, Bristol, BS8 2RA UK Telephone: +44 0 117 974 1122 Facsimile: +44 0 117 974 1141 E-mail: bristol@uk.rlb.com Contact: mark Williamson LONDON - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL 1st Floor, Cutlers Court 115 Houndsditch, London EC3A 7BR UK Telephone: +44 0207 398 8300 Facsimile: +44 0207 623 04 66 E-mail: london@uk.rlb.com Contact: Tony Catchpole MANCHESTER - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL 8 Exchange Quay, Salford Quay manchester, m5 3E5 UK Telephone: +44 0 161 868 7700 Facsimile: +44 0 161 868 7701 E-mail: manchester@uk.rlb.com Contact: Phil Higham SAMLESBURY - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Telephone: +44 7966 982 010 E-mail: samlesbury@uk.rlb.com Contact: Steve Aikman SHEFFIELD - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL 6th Floor Orchard Lane Wing, Fountain Precinct, Balm Green, Sheffield, S1 2JA UK Telephone: +44 0 114 273 3300 Facsimile: +44 0 114 273 3301 E-mail: sheffield@uk.rlb.com Contact: Dean Sheehy TEESIDE - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Evans Business Centre, Durham Way South Aycliffe Industrial Park, Newton Aycliffe County Durham, DL5 6XP UK Telephone: +44 0 870 770 9830 E-mail: newcastle@uk.rlb.com Contact: mark Weaver WELWYN GARDEN CITY - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL The Weltech Centre, Ridgeway Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, AL7 2AA, UK Telephone: +44 0 170 787 1506 Facsimile: +44 0 170 739 5037 E-mail: welwyn@uk.rlb.com Contact: Andrew Reynolds WOKINGHAM - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL mulberry House, Osborne Road, Wokingham Berkshire, RG40 1TL UK Telephone: +44 0 118 974 3600 Facsimile: +44 0 118 974 3601 E-mail: wokingham@uk.rlb.com Contact: Simon Kerton
RLB | EUROALLIANCE
Telephone: E-mail: Contact:
+ 44 7774 667 177 mike.staples@uk.rlb.com mike Staples
ASIA
SINGAPORE - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL LLP 150 Beach Road #09-01, Gateway West Singapore 189720 Telephone: +65 6339 1500 Facsimile: +65 6339 1521 E-mail: rlb@sg.rlb.com Website: www.asia.rlb.com/singapore Contact: Winston Hauw
VIETNAM
HO CHI MINH CITY - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL CO. LTD Centec Tower, 16th Floor, Unit 1603, 72-74 Nguyen Thi minh Khai Street, Ward 6, District 3 Ho Chi minh City, Vietnam Telephone: +84 83 823 8070 Facsimile: +84 83 823 7803 E-mail: rlb@vn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Ong Choon Beng INDONESIA - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Jl. Jend. Surdirman Kav. 45-46 Sampoerna Strategic Square South Tower, Level 18 Jakarta 12930, Indonesia Telephone: +62 21 575 0828 / +62 21 575 0829 Facsimile: +62 21 575 0801 E-mail: chris.leong@sg.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Christopher Leong
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PHILIPPINES - RIDER HUNT LIACOR, INC. Suite 2301 East Tower, Philippine Stock Exchange Centre Exchange Road, Ortigas Commercial Centre Pasig City 1605, manila, Philippines Telephone: +63 (02) 634 0535 +63 (02) 634 3124 Facsimile: +63 (02) 634 2786 Email: rhl@rhl.com.ph Contact: Corazon C. Ballard, Tagumpay E. Barrios HANGZHOU - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Room 2306 23rd Floor, Deep Blue Plaza, No .203 Zhao Hui Road, Hangzhou 310014 Zhejiang Province, China Telephone: +86 571 8539 3028 Facsimile: +86 571 8539 3708 Email: hangzhou@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: K.m. Chau HAIKOU - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Room 1805, 18th Floor, Fortune Center, 38 Da Tong Road, Haikou 570102 Hainan Province, China Telephone: +86 898 6672 6638 Facsimile: +86 898 6672 1618 Email: haikou@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: K.m. Chau HONG KONG - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL LIMITED Eastern Central Plaza, 20th Floor 3 Yiu Hing Road, Shaukeiwan, Hong Kong Telephone: +852 2823 1823 Facsimile: +852 2861 1283 Email: hongkong@hk.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Philip Lo MACAU - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL MACAU LIMITED Alameda Dr Carlos DAssumpcao No. 398 Edificio CNAC 9 Andar, I-J macau Telephone: +853 2875 3088 Facsimile: +853 2875 3308 Email: macau@mo.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Kenneth Kwan NANJING - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL MACAU LIMITED Room 1202, South Tower, NIC 201 Zhong Yang Road, Nanjing 210009 Jiang Su Province, China Telephone: +86 25 8678 0300 Facsimile: +86 25 8678 0500 Email: nanjing@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Kenneth Kwan SANYA - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Room 801, Bihai International House He Dong Road, Sanya Hainan 572000, China Telephone: +86 898 8898 7866 Facsimile: +86 898 8898 6818 Email: sanya@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Stephen Lai SHANGHAI - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL 10th Floor, Shanghai Square Office Tower 138 Huai Hai Zhong Road, Shanghai 200021, China Telephone: +86 21 6330 1999 Facsimile: +86 21 6330 2012 Email: shanghai@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Stephen Lai / W. Q. Wang
CHINA
BEIJING - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Room 1803-1809, 18th Floor, East Ocean Centre 24A Jian Guo men Wai Avenue, Chaoyang District Beijing 100004, China Telephone: +86 10 6515 5818 Facsimile: +86 10 6515 5819 Email: beijing@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Lo See Wing CHENGDU - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Rooms 6-12, 31st Floor, Huamin Empire Plaza 1 Fuxing Street, Chengdu, 610016, Sichuan, China Telephone: +86 28 8670 3382 Facsimile: +86 28 8613 6160 Email: chengdu@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Stephen Liu CHONGQING - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Room 1801, 18th metropolitan Tower No 68 Zourong Road, Central District Chongqing 400010, China Telephone: +86 23 6380 6628 Facsimile: +86 23 6380 6618 Email: chongqing@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Danny Chow DALIAN - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Room 1103 11F, Xiwang Tower No 136, Zhongshan Road, Zhongshan District Dalian 116001, China Telephone: +86 411 3973 7778 Facsimile: +86 411 3973 7779 Email: dalian@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Lo See Wing GUANGZHOU - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Room 2016 Dongshan Plaza 69 Xian Lie Road Central, Guangzhou 510095, China Telephone: +86 20 8732 1801 Facsimile: +86 20 8732 1803 Email: guangzhou@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Kenneth Kwan GUIYANG - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Room E, 12th Floor, Fuzhong International Plaza 126 Xin Hua Road, Guiyang 550002, China Telephone: +86 851 553 3818 Facsimile: +86 851 553 3618 Email: guiyang@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: K.m. Chau
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SHENYANG - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL 25th Floor, Tower A, President Building, No. 69 Heping North Avenue Heping District, Shenyang 110003 Liaoning, China Telephone: +86 24 2396 5516 Facsimile: +86 24 2396 5515 Email: shenyang@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: C.H. Chan SHENZHEN - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Room 4510 4513 45th Floor, Shun Hing Square Diwang Commercial Centre 5002 Shennan Road East Shenzhen 518001, China Telephone: +86 755 8246 0959 Facsimile: +86 755 8246 0638 Email: shenzhen@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Kenneth Kwan TIANJIN - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Room 1908 19th Floor, Tianjin International Building 75 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300050, China Telephone: +86 22 2339 6632 Facsimile: +86 22 2339 6639 Email: tianjin@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Lo See Wing WUHAN - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Room 2301 23rd Floor, New World International Trade Centre No. 568 Jianshe Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China Telephone: +86 27 6885 0986 Facsimile: +86 27 6885 0987 Email: wuhan@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Stephen Lai / W. Q. Wang WUXI - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Room 1205-1206, Wealth Building No. 220 Ren min Zhong Road Wuxi Jiangsu 214000, Jiangsu, China Telephone: +86 510 8274 0266 Facsimile: +86 510 8274 0603 Email: wuxi@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Stephen Lai / W. Q. Wang XIAN - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Room 2906 29th Floor, Digital Plaza Hi-Tech International Business Centre 33 Keji Road, Xian 710075, China Telephone: +86 29 8833 7433 Facsimile: +86 29 8833 7438 Email: xian@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Stephen Liu ZHUHAI - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Room 3108, 31st Floor, Everbright International Trade Center No. 47 Haibinnanlu, Jida, Zhuhai 519015, China Telephone: +86 756 388 9010 Facsimile: +86 756 388 9169 Email: zhuhai@cn.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Kenneth Kwan
JAPAN
TOKYO - KYOWA CONSTRUCTION COST CONSULTANTS CO. LTD Kanda Ponpian Building 2-5 12 Iwamoto-Cho Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0032, Japan Telephone: +81 3 3865 0591 Facsimile: +81 3 3865 0595 Email: ishihara@kyowa-sekisan.co.jp Website: www.kyowa-sekisan.co.jp Contact: Tsuyoshi Ishihara SOUTH KOREA SEOUL - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL KOREA LTD Room 3305, 33F Trade Tower, Trade Center 159-1 Samsung-Dong, Kangnam-Gu Seoul 135-729, South Korea Telephone: +82 2 582 2834 Facsimile: +82 2 563 5752 Email: seoul@kr.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Stephen Lai TAIWAN - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL LIMITED RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL (HONG KONG) Eastern Central Plaza, 20th Floor 3 Yiu Hing Road, Shaukeiwan, Hong Kong Telephone: +852 2823 1823 Facsimile: +852 2861 1283 Email: hongkong@hk.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Stephen Lai
OCEANIA
AUSTRALIA ADELAIDE - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL SA PTY LTD Level 4, 63 Pirie Street Adelaide S.A. 5000, Australia Telephone: +61 8 8100 1200 Facsimile: +61 8 8100 1288 Email: adelaide@au.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Stephen Knight BRISBANE - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL QLD PTY LTD 3rd Floor, Law Society House, 179 Ann Street Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia PO Box 1383, QLD 4001, Australia Telephone: +61 7 3009 6933 Facsimile: +61 7 3009 6999 Email: brisbane@au.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: mark Burow CAIRNS - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL QLD PTY LTD Suite 7, 1st Floor, Cairns Professional Centre 92-96 Pease Street, Cairns QLD 4870, Australia PO Box 5224, Cairns QLD 4870, Australia Telephone: +61 7 4032 1533 Facsimile: +61 7 4032 1566 Email: cairns@au.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Bill Wilkes CANBERRA - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL ACT PTY LTD 16 Bentham Street PO Box 7035, Yarralumla ACT 2600, Australia Telephone: +61 2 6281 5446 Facsimile: +61 2 6281 5378 Email: canberra@au.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: mark Chappe
116
DARWIN - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL NT PTY LTD Level 4, 62 Cavenagh Street Darwin NT 0800, Australia PO Box 3423, Darwin NT 0801, Australia Telephone: +61 8 8941 2262 Facsimile: +61 8 8941 2572 Email: darwin@au.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Paul Lassemillante GOLD COAST - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL QLD PTY LTD City Pacific Corporate Park, Level 1 North 2 miami Key, Broadbeach, Qld 4218, Australia PO Box 101, Pacific Fair Qld 4218, Australia Telephone: +61 7 5595 6900 Facsimile: +61 7 5595 6999 Email: goldcoast@au.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Peter Spencer MELBOURNE - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL VIC PTY LTD Level 13, 380 St Kilda Road melbourne VIC 3004, Australia Telephone: +61 3 9690 6111 Facsimile: +61 3 9690 6577 Email: melbourne@au.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: michael Kerr NEWCASTLE - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL NSW PTY LTD 63 Lindsay Street PO Box 97, Hamilton NSW 2303, Australia Telephone: +61 2 4940 0000 Facsimile: +61 2 4961 1222 Email: newcastle@au.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: mark Hocking NORTHERN NSW OFFICE RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL NSW PTY LTD Level 1, 9 Park Avenue, PO Box 197 Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia Telephone: +61 2 6659 2060 Facsimile: +61 2 6659 2001 Email: northernnsw@au.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: mark Hocking PERTH - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL WA PTY LTD 7th Floor, St martins Tower, 44 St. Georges Terrace Perth WA 6000, Australia Telephone: +61 8 9421 1230 Facsimile: +61 8 9421 1535 Email: perth@au.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Alastair mcmichael SUNSHINE COAST - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL QLD PTY LTD 63 The Esplanade, maroochydore QLD 4558, Australia Telephone: +61 7 5443 3622 Facsimile: +61 7 5443 6233 Email: suncoast@au.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: mark Brittain SYDNEY - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL NSW PTY LTD Level 5, 41 mcLaren Street North Sydney NSW 2060, Australia PO Box 531, North Sydney NSW 2059, Australia Telephone: +61 2 9922 2277 Facsimile: +61 2 9957 4197 Email: sydney@au.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Bob Richardson WESTERN SYDNEY RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL NSW PTY LTD Level 5, 34 Charles Street Parramatta NSW 2150, Australia PO Box 1419, Parramatta NSW 2124, Australia Telephone: +61 2 9806 0044 Facsimile: +61 2 9806 0244 Email: westsyd@au.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Gary Train TOWNSVILLE - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL QLD PTY LTD Level 1, 45 Eyre Street, North Ward Townsville QLD 4810, Australia PO Box 19, Townsville QLD 4810, Australia Telephone: +61 7 4771 5718 Facsimile: +61 7 4772 3848 Email: townsville@au.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Chris marais
NEW ZEALAND
AUCKLAND - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL AUCKLAND LTD Level 15, Vero Centre, 48 Shortland Street Auckland 1141, New Zealand PO Box 5377 Auckland 1141, New Zealand Telephone: +64 9 309 1074 Facsimile: +64 9 379 5420 Email: auckland@nz.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Brian Dackers CHRISTCHURCH RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL CHRISTCHURCH LTD Level 3, Charles Luney House 250 Oxford Terrace, PO Box 461, Christchurch, New Zealand Telephone: +64 3 365 0590 Facsimile: +64 3 365 0570 Email: christchurch@nz.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: malcolm Timms OTAGO - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL OTAGO LTD Level 2, 12 Remarkables Park PO Box 691, Queenstown 9348, New Zealand Telephone: +64 3 409 0325 Facsimile: +64 3 409 0327 Email: chris.haines@nz.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Chris Haines PALMERSTON NORTH RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL PALMERSTON NORTH LTD Suite 1, Level 1, 219 Broadway Avenue, Palmerston North 4414, New Zealand PO Box 1117, Palmerston North 4440, New Zealand Telephone: +64 6 357 0326 Facsimile: +64 6 356 5624 Email: palmerstonnorth@nz.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Wayne Kitching TAURANGA - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL AUCKLAND LTD Level 1, 35 Grey Street, PO Box 13619, Tauranga 3141, New Zealand Telephone: +64 7 579 5873 Facsimile: +64 7 571 5210 Email: tauranga@nz.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Richard Gerrish
118
WELLINGTON - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL WELLINGTON LTD 279 Willis Street, Wellington 6011, New Zealand PO Box 27-013, Wellington 6141, New Zealand Telephone: +64 4 384 9198 Facsimile: +64 4 385 7272 Email: wellington@nz.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Tony Sutherland KONA - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL PmB #408, Waikoloa Highlands Center 68-1845 Waikoloa Road, Suite 106 Waikoloa, Hawaii 96738, USA Telephone: +1 808 883 3379 Facsimile: +1 808 883 3389 E-mail: KOA@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Kevin mitchell LAS VEGAS - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL 6555 South Valley View Boulevard, Suite 510 Las Vegas Nevada 89118, USA Telephone: +1 702 227 8818 Facsimile: +1 702 227 8858 E-mail: LAS@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: martin Grace LOS ANGELES - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Pacific Center 523 West Sixth Street, Suite 522 Los Angeles, California 90014, USA Telephone: +1 213 689 1103 Facsimile: +1 213 624 0949 E-mail: LAX@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Graham Roy NEW YORK - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL 26 Broadway, Suite 1616 New York, NY 10004, USA Telephone: +1 212 952 1300 E-mail: EWR@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Grant Owen PHOENIX - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL 4343 East Camelback Road, Suite 350 Phoenix, Arizona 85018, USA Telephone: +1 602 443 4848 Facsimile: +1 602 443 4849 E-mail: PHX@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Julian Anderson / Scott macpherson / John Jozwick PORTLAND - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Brewery Block 2 1120 NW Couch Street, Suite 730 Portland, Oregon 97209, USA Telephone: +1 503 226 2730 Facsimile: +1 503 226 1267 E-mail: PDX@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Graham Roy SAN FRANCISCO - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL 425 market Street, Level 22 San Francisco, California 94105, USA Telephone: +1 415 362 2613 E-mail: SFO@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Graham Roy
NORTH AMERICA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BOISE - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL 250 South Fifth Street, Second Floor, Boise, ID 83702, USA Telephone: +1 208 947 0807 E-mail: BOI@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Craig Roth BOSTON - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Two Financial Center, Suite 810, 60 South Street, Boston, mA 02111, USA Telephone: +1 617 737 9339 Facsimile: +1 617 737 0540 E-mail: BOS@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Grant Owen DENVER - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL 1621 Eighteenth Street, Suite 255 Denver, Colorado 80202, USA Telephone: +1 720 904 1480 Facsimile: +1 720 904 1481 E-mail: DEN@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Peter Knowles GUAM - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL GCIC Building, Suite 603 414 West Soledad Avenue Hagta, Guam 96910 Telephone: +1 671 473 9054 E-mail: GUm@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Emile le Roux HILO - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL 117 Keawe Street, Suite 125 Hilo, HI 96720 Telephone: +1 808 883 3379 Facsimile: +1 808 883 3389 E-mail: koa@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Kevin mitchell HONOLULU - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL American Savings Bank Tower Suite 1340, 1001 Bishop Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA Telephone: +1 808 521 2641 Facsimile: +1 808 521 3296 E-mail: HNL@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Tony Smith / Paul Brussow / maelyn Uyehara KENNEWICK - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL 3104 West Kennewick Avenue, Suite C Kennewick, WA99336, USA Telephone: +1 509 735 3056 Facsimile: +1 509 783 6477 E-mail: psc@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Nick Castorina
120
SEATTLE - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL 1924 First Avenue, Level 2 Seattle, Washington 98101, USA Telephone: +1 206 223 2055 Facsimile: +1 206 223 2056 E-mail: SEA@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Chris Burris 304 West main Street monroe, WA98272 Telephone: +1 360 805 0413 Facsimile: +1 360 805 0314 E-mail: PAE@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Justin Dinius TUCSON - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Two East Congress, Suite 900 Tucson, Arizona 85701 Telephone: +1 520 202 7378 Facsimile: +1 520 202 7379 E-mail: tus@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Joel Brown WASHINGTON DC - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL 1200 G Street NW, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20005 Telephone: +1 202 434 8350 E-mail: DCA@us.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Grant Owen CANADA CALGARY - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL LTD 200 - 609 14th Street NW Calgary, Alberta T2N 2A1 Canada Telephone: +1 403 571 0505 Facsimile: +1 403 571 0507 E-mail: YYC@ca.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Roy Baxter
MIDDLE EAST
ABU DHABI - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Al Wifaq Building Level 11, Suite 1120 Airport Road PO Box 105766 Abu Dhabi - UAE Telephone: +971 5 0292 5723 E-mail: tony.bratt@ae.rlb.com Contact: Tony Bratt DOHA QATAR - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Al Fardan Tower Level 8, Office 806 PO Box 31316 West Bay Doha Qatar Telephone: +974 4 101 724 Facsimile: +974 4 101 500 mobile: +974 3 614 958 E-mail: sam.grahamdubai@ae.rlb.com Contact: Sam Graham DUBAI - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Oasis Centre, Level 3 Suite 68, Sheikh Zayed Road PO Box 115882, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Telephone: +971 4339 7444 E-mail: dubai@ae.rlb.com Contact: Rob Edgecombe MUSCAT - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL LIMITED LLC Building No. 287, 18th November Road North, Azaiba, Sultanate of Oman Telephone: +968 2449 9676 Facsimile: +968 2449 7174 E-mail: oman@om.rlb.com Contact: Stephen Lai RIYADH - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL PO Box 8080, Riyadh 11482, Saudi Arabia Telephone: +966 1479 7772 Facsimile: +966 1474 8783 E-mail: riyadh@sa.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Andy Isherwood
CARIBBEAN
CAYMAN ISLANDS - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL 4 Commerce House, Dr Roys Drive George Town, Box 1489 Grand Cayman KY 1110, Cayman Islands Telephone: +1 345 946 6063 Facsimile: +1 345 946 6073 E-mail: martyn.bould@ky.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: martyn Bould BARBADOS - RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL Phoenix Centre, George Street Belleville, St michael Barbados WI BB11114 Telephone: +1 246 435 5795 Facsimile: +1 246 445 5788 E-mail: robert.hoyle@bb.rlb.com Website: www.rlb.com Contact: Robert Hoyle
122
Miscellaneous
Conversion Factors Calculation Formulae Calendars
MISCELLANEOUS Conversion Factors

To convert To convert Area Area Square inches into square millimetres Square inches into square millimetres Square inches into square centimetres Square inches into square centimetres Square feet into square centimetres Square feet into square centimetres Square feet into square metres Square feet into square metres Square yards into square feet Square yards into square feet Square yards into square metres Square yards into square metres Square metres into square feet Square metres into square feet Square metres into square yards Square metres into square yards Square yards into acres Square yards into acres Acres into square metres Acres into square metres Acres into square yards Acres into square yards Acres into hectares Acres into hectares Hectares into acres Hectares into acres Hectares into square metres Hectares into square metres Square kilometres into hectares Square kilometres into hectares Square miles into square kilometres Square miles into square kilometres Square miles into acres Square miles into acres Square kilometres into square miles Square kilometres into square miles
Volume and Capacity Volume and Capacity Cubic inches into cubic centimetres Cubic inches into cubic centimetres Cubic inches into litres Cubic inches into litres Cubic feet into cubic metres Cubic feet into cubic metres Cubic feet into litres Cubic feet into litres UK pints into litres UK pints into litres US pints into litres US pints into litres UK litres into pints UK litres into pints UK litres into gallons UK litres into gallons US litres into gallons US litres into gallons US litres into pints US litres into pints Cubic yards into cubic metres Cubic yards into cubic metres UK gallons into litres UK gallons into litres US gallons into litres US gallons into litres UK gallons into cubic metres UK gallons into cubic metres UK fluid ounces into cubic centimetres UK fluid ounces into cubic centimetres Mass Mass Grains into metric carats Grains into metric carats Grams into ounces Grams into ounces Ounces into grams Ounces into grams Ounces into kilograms Ounces into kilograms Pounds into kilograms Pounds into kilograms Kilograms into pounds Kilograms into pounds Tons into kilograms Tons into kilograms Tons into metric tonnes Tons into metric tonnes Tons into pounds Tons into pounds Tons into tonnes Tons into tonnes Tonnes into tons Tonnes into tons 0.323995 0.323995 0.035 0.035 28.349523 28.349523 0.0283495 0.0283495 0.4535924 0.4535924 2.205 2.205 1016.0469 1016.0469 1.01605 1.01605 2,240 2,240 1.016 1.016 0.984 0.984 Volume of cube or prism Volume of cube or prism Volume of cone Volume of cone Volume of hexagonal prism Volume of hexagonal prism Volume of Sphere Volume of Sphere Length by breadth by depth Length by breadth by depth Height by 13 area of base Height by 1 3 area of base (side)2 by height by 2.598 (side)2 by height by 2.598
4 3 x (radius)3 x 3.1416 4 3 x (radius)3 x 3.1416
Conversion Factors
Multiply by Multiply by
645.16 645.16 6.4516 6.4516 929.0304 929.0304 0.092903 0.092903 9.00 9.00 0.8356127 0.8356127 10.764 10.764 1.196 1.196 0.0083613 0.0083613 4046.8564 4046.8564 4,840 4,840 0.4046856 0.4046856 2.471 2.471 10,000 10,000 100 100 2.589988 2.589988 638.0 638.0 0.386 0.386 Temperature Temperature Degree Celsius to Degree Fahrenheit Degree Celsius to Degree Fahrenheit Degree Fahrenheit to Degree Celsius Degree Fahrenheit to Degree Celsius F = (C x 9/5) + 32 F = (C x 9/5) + 32 C = (F-32) x 5/9 C = (F-32) x 5/9
To convert To convert Length Length Milli-inches into micrometres Milli-inches into micrometres Inches into millimetres Inches into millimetres Inches into centimetres Inches into centimetres Inches into metres Inches into metres Centimetres into inches Centimetres into inches Feet into millimetres Feet into millimetres Feet into centimetres Feet into centimetres Feet into metres Feet into metres Yards into metres Yards into metres Fathoms into metres Fathoms into metres Chains into metres Chains into metres Furlongs into metres Furlongs into metres Miles, statute into kilometres Miles, statute into kilometres Miles, nautical into kilometres Miles, nautical into kilometres
Multiply by Multiply by
25.4 25.4 25.4 25.4 2.54 2.54 0.0254 0.0254 0.394 0.394 304.8 304.8 30.48 30.48 0.3048 0.3048 0.9144 0.9144 1.8288 1.8288 20.1168 20.1168 201.168 201.168 1.609344 1.609344 1.852 1.852
16.387064 16.387064 0.016387 0.016387 0.0283168 0.0283168 28.316847 28.316847 0.5682613 0.5682613 0.473 0.473 1.760 1.760 0.220 0.220 0.264 0.264 2.113 2.113 0.7645549 0.7645549 4.54609 4.54609 3.785 3.785 0.0045461 0.0045461 28.413063 28.413063
Calculation Formulae
To calculate To calculate
Area of Triangle Area of Triangle Area of circle Area of circle Area of sector of circle Area of sector of circle Area of square, rhombus Area of square, rhombus Area of equilateral triangle Area of equilateral triangle Area of trapezium Area of trapezium Area of ellipse Area of ellipse Area of parabola Area of parabola Circumference of circle Circumference of circle Surface area of sphere Surface area of sphere Surface area of cone Surface area of cone Volume of cylinder Volume of cylinder
Multiply Multiply
Base by 12 height Base by 1 2 height (radius)2 by 3.1416 (radius)2 by 3.1416 Length of arc by 12 radius Length of arc by 1 2 radius Base x height Base x height (Side)2 x 0.433 (Side)2 x 0.433 Height x 12 x Height x 1 2 x (sum of parallel sides) (sum of parallel sides) Major axis by Major axis by minor axis x 0.7854 minor axis x 0.7854
2 3 x base x height 2 3 x base x height
Diameter x 3.1416 Diameter x 3.1416 4 x (radius)2 x 3.1416 4 x (radius)2 x 3.1416 (radius by slant side by (radius by slant side by 3.1416) + area of base 3.1416) + area of base Area of base by height Area of base by height
126
2011
JANUARY
M T W T F S S 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
2012
FEBRUARY
JANUARY
M T W T F S S 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
FEBRUARY
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
MARCH
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
APRIL
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MARCH
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 30
APRIL
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 29 30 31
MAY
M T W T F S S 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
JUNE
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
MAY
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
JUNE
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
JULY
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
AUGUST
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
30 31
JULY
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
AUGUST
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
SEPTEMBER
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
OCTOBER
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
SEPTEMBER
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
OCTOBER
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
NOVEMBER
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
DECEMBER
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
NOVEMBER
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 31
DECEMBER
M T W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 26 27 28 29 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
128

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RLB UK Riders Digest 2011

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Riders Digest

Riders Digest 2011

Second Edition 2011 Rider Levett Bucknall

Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2011

112 113 117 120 122 123

126 127 128

Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2011

Community - to be aware of our social responsibilities and to

Lance Taylor Chief Executive, Rider Levett Bucknall (UK) Ltd

Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2011

Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2011

Indices and UK Construction Output Comparison

Indices and UK Construction Output Comparison

SOURCE: ONS, BCIS

UK Construction Output by Sector

2006 2,579 18,518 6,852 5,610 26,470 38,832 6,880 105,741

2007 2,929 17,990 6,428 5,563 29,436 38,895 6,990 108,233

2008 2,710 14,563 7,462 4,504 30,014 39,712 8,070 107,033

2009 2,860 10,912 9,928 3,077 22,956 35,805 9,266 94,804

4,162 12,100 13,102 3,623 22,802 33,495 11,210 100,494

UK Construction Output by Sector

Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2011

All Agencies Output - Constant Prices Seasonally Adjusted (2005) - million

UK Construction Materials Annual Average Price Index

UK Construction Materials Annual Average Price Index

Hardcore Sand Cement Concrete BCIS "All In" TPI

Bricks Timber Structual Steel Rebar

UK Construction Materials Monthly Average Price Index

Hardcore Sand Cement Concrete Bricks Timber Structual Steel Rebar

108 118 127 112 114 130 129

108 119 128 110 105 131 131

110 117 127 112 107 130 139

106 118 128 115 110 130 146

106 117 130 115 105 128 152

105 120 131 117 105 127 164

102 119 131 114 106 124 157

104 120 130 116 105 122 141

100 122 131 116 108 122 131

105 117 139 115 117 118 122

105 117 143 115 120 116 120

110 117 142 115 119 118 114

108 116 141 114 118 116 108

108 114 141 114 116 118 105

113 111 139 111 116 118 102

122 108 139 109 116 119 99

122 108 137 109 118 120 99

118 110 136 108 117 120 100

117 109 135 108 117 121 102

109 109 135 106 117 120 101

111 109 135 106 116 120 101

104 109 133 107 115 129 100

109 109 134 106 116 130 100

111 110 136 112 119 128 102

108 110 136 113 119 133 110

113 103 136 112 119 139 117

107 107 136 111 120 131 126

121 107 135 111 120 137 130

121 106 135 110 121 138 130

Sand Cement Concrete Bricks Timber Structual Steel

UK Construction Materials Monthly Average Price Index

Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2011

UK Construction Cost Data

Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2011