List of Contents 1- General terms Oscillations Definitions Dimensions which describe the osclllatlon Phase Phase difference Undamped

ed and damped oscillations Waves Elastic waves, coupling 2- Propagation of sound waves Classification of sound waves Wave types Lamb waves Surface waves Comparison of sound velocities Calculatlon of practically usable wavelengths Behaviour of sound waves when normally incident on an Interface (boundary) Sound pressure Characteristic impedance Interfaces Reflection and transmission factors Continuous and pulsed waves 3- Ultrasonic testing techniques Through transmission technique, perpendicular incidence Pulse-echo technique, perpendicular incidence Introductory practice into the distance calibration for perpendicular Incidenc (pulse echo technique) Screen and important equipment controls Amplification control Pulse shift Time-base control Instructions for distance calibration 4- Configuration and functioning of ultrasonic test equipment and generation of ultrasound Equipment Configuration and functioning of ultrasonic test equipment Pulse generator Transmitter Operation node switch Receiver amplifier (vertical deflection) Horizontal deflection (sweep) Pulse shift Time-base calibration (sweep voltage generator)

Display screen (cathode ray tube) How oscilloscope functions Ultrasound generation Magnetostrictive effect Piezoelectric effect Transducer materials Transducer dimensions 5- Soundfield and probe configuration Interference Huygens principle Sound field dimensions Near field length Directional characteristics Graphic presentation Probe configuration Straight beam probe straight beam probe with plano-parallel delay block (stand-off) 6- Selecting the time-base rnge and the calibration distance Possible errors in calibrating the distance Read accuracy linearity deviations of the horizontal sweep Calibration distances 7- Logarithmic scale and sound attenuation Calculating with ratios Decay of sound pressure Causes Scattering Absorption Measuring the sound attenuation coefficient using perpendicular incidence 8- Sensitivity adjustment Echo height Reference reflectors Backwall Side drilled hole Diso shaped reflector (DSR) Adjustment of sensitivity and echo height comparison 9- Measurement of wall thickness Measurement techniques Simple length measurement Measurement using pulse shift Multiple echo methods

TR probe, transmitter/receiver probe for perpendicular incidence (twin probe) Applications Configuration Design dependent factors Sensitivity range Echo shapes Path errors Procedure for distance calibrations Factors influencing echo height and echo Position Testing surface Opposing surface 10- Scanning procedure Half value method, principle of sound measurement Sound field and other influences Step by Step procedure Limits of this method 11- Testing of sheet metal Types of defects found in sheet metal Typical scope indication Test techniques For thin sheet metals Automatic equipment Classification according to Iron and and Steel Supply Regulations 072 (12.77) 12- Testing of materials other than steel Sound velocity measurement Distance calibration for materials other than steel Influence of sound velocity on the echo Position Using reference block 1 or a calibration block of known dimensions and sound velocity Calculation of actual length when carrying out distance calibration for steel Testability of materials dependent upon sound attenuation 13- Properties of the testing system and its influence on the test results Influence on flaw location Depth resolution capacities Influence of the equipment on echo height Influence of probe on test conditions 14- Perpendicular (normal) incidence procedure Setting up the equipment Determining the time-base range and additional apparatus Checking the distance calibration Simple sensitivity calibration Defining flaw location

Depth of flaw Probe position on the test object Interpretation of form Indications Flaw scanning with echo height description Test report with evaluation according to test instructions 15- Principle of oblique incidence Interfaces and surface normals Phenomenon at Interfaces 16- Application of the laws of reflection and refraction with reference to mode conversion Oblique Incidence General case Critical angle Generation of surface waves Angle of Incidence Total mode conversion on reflection in steel Angle calculations on non-steel test items Conditions for total reflection of longitudinal waves 17- Partial mode conversion Grazing incidence (side wall ef Pfect) Radial perpendicular incidence in round stock Round stock testing Surface type transverse flaw Coaxial reflector (pipe) 18- Angled beam probes Principles of construction and function of angled beam probes Sonic field of an angled beam probe Determining probe data Checking probe Index and angle of Incidence 19- Principles and details of oblique incidence Reflection at parallel surfaces Reflections in corners (Corner Effect) Characteristic dimensions of oblique incidence Skip Sonic distance Sp Skip distance ap 20- Distance calibration for oblique incidence Selecting the test conditions Selecting the time-base Calibration with angled beam probes Calibration using a half-disc

Calibration on a half-disc with saw cut Calibration on calibration (reference) block 1 Calibration using calibration block 2 21- The Schlieren System Imaging arrangements Examples 22- Determination of reflector locations using oblique incidence The Flaw Triangle Calculatlon of unknown dimensions 23- Distance calibration using shortened Projection distances, sPD Determination of reflector location Rule for determining the time-base range Distance calibration using control blocks With precalibration using projection distances PD Without precalibration Calibration at edges Distance calibration Determination of x and a at corners 24- Form echoes Difference between form and flaw echoes Direction of incidence Perpendicular Incidence Oblique Incidence 25- Sensitivity adjustment for oblique incidence Adjustment reflectors Sensisitivity adjustment Checking the equipment calibration 26- Test reports (protocols) Preliminary remarks General section Test Instructions Coordinate Systems Test volumes, test techniques and Irradiation directions (directions of incidence, scanning directions) Registration details Test execution Test preparation Registering, locating and describing reflectors Longitudinal coordinates l1, 12, half value extensions

Transverse coordinate q Depth coordinate t Record sheet example 27- Mode conversion in steel Angle of impingement for complete mode conversion Almost complete mode conversion in test sample 60 angle probe, special features 28- Applications of reference block 1, as per DIN 54 120 and reference block 2 as per DIN 54 122 General Applications of the reference blocks Sensitivity adjustment Checking probe data and testing System properties 29- Examples of application of oblique incidence and notes on testing welded seams Testing shafts and bolts using oblique incidence Oblique incidence in pipes Faults in welded seams Location and differentiating between root flaws 30- Reference lines Recording reference lines Describing echo heights Registration level Sensitivity adjustment Echo height, exceeding registration level Prepared scales