APPLICATION OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING FOR OPTIMAL OPERATION AT UKAI RESERVOIR

NISHI BHUVANDAS Lecturer Department of Civil Engineering, MMEC, MMU, Mullana Ambala,Haryana-133 207 nishib@rediffmail.com P V TIMBADIYA Dr. P L PATEL Assistant Professor Professor Department of Civil Engineering Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat ,Gujarat -395 007 pvtimbadiya@ced.svnit.ac.in plpatel@ced.svnit.ac.in

ABSTRACT Efficient reservoir operation is necessary to overcome the temporal and spatial unequal distribution of inflows. So the study and operation of reservoir system has assumed great significance to meet the short term and long term requirements. Many new methods have been developed for optimizing reservoir operation of which Linear Programming is the most conventional method and is widely accepted. The main objective of this paper is to develop a Linear Programming model, considering a set of technical factors which influence the operational policy of the reservoir. The steps involved in the development of the model includes the construction of objective function maximizing the releases for irrigation using constraints like irrigation demand, reservoir storage capacity, reservoir storage continuity and evaporation. The methodology is illustrated through the case study of Ukai reservoir in Gujarat, India. Linear Programming (LP) is found to be a simple and effective optimization tool for reservoir optimization and the results obtained can be utilized for efficient operation of reservoir system.

INTRODUCTION At present, the water supply of large cities generally comes from surface resources. Water resources and water needs are not always compatible and the regulation is carried out by storage reservoirs The rise in population increases water need management and periods of drought aect the water supply systems. In those periods the management of water resources systems to minimize the damage to the users is of particular importance. Increases in both the number of objectives and in the relations between water resources systems, make reservoir management for the eective use of the resources a highly complex problem. The most important uncertainties in this problem arise from the random nature of the inows to the system. In this study, a linear programming (LP) model which takes this random nature into consideration was developed and the optimum management policy was sought. A large number of optimization and simulation models have been developed and applied over the past three decades, which vary significantly in their mechanism and applications. Yeh (1985); Wurbs (1993); Shih et al.(1995), Labadie (2004) reviewed and evaluated various models. Hall and Dracup (1970) proposed a linear programming model to maximize the net return and select an optimal cropping pattern. Loucks et al.(1981) discussed in detail about the micro level irrigation planning. Srinivasa Raju et al. (2000) used linear programming models to obtain various possible optimal cropping patterns and optimal operational policies considering different

dependability inflow levels. Singh et al.(2001) applied linear programming model to Shahi distributary command area to obtain net returns at different water availability levels. Frizzone et al. (1997) used LP to optimize the water resource in irrigation projects. Jothiprakash (2007) proposed optimal cropping pattern using LP. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The application of Linear Programming model is illustrated through the case study of Ukai reservoir in Gujarat, India .The Ukai project is a major project located on the banks of river Tapi. It is a multipurpose project serving many functions. The dam site is located at 21-15 N latitude and 73-35 E longitude. The area considered for study is Ukai reservoir system which is branched into three main canals namely Ukai Left Bank Main Canal (ULBMC), Kakrapar Left Bank Main Canal (KLBMC) and Kakrapar Right Bank Main Canal (KRBMC). It was constructed to command a total CCA of 331557 ha. Mean annual rainfall in the water shed is 785 mm. The salient features of Ukai reservoir project is presented in Table 1. TABLE 1 SALIENT FEATURES OF UKAI PROJECT Tapi Gujarat/India

River State/Country Length of Dam

a) Length of masonry section including-spillway b) Length of earthen dam section Max. height of Dam a) Earth dam above river bed b) Masonry dam above deepest foundation Gross Storage Capacity Full Reservoir level Design Flood Discharge Culturable Command Area

868.83 m 4057.96 m

68.58 m 80.772 m 7414.29 MCM 345 ft (17.48 lakh cusecs) 331557 Ha

APPLICATIONS The purpose of this study is to propose an allocation LP model that takes into account various purposes of the reservoir considering the reservoir storage and continuity constraints which is applied to Ukai project, Gujarat, India. The model formulated is aimed to evolve an optimal reservoir policy by maximizing the releases for irrigation while meeting the other requirements of the reservoir. The objective and all the constraints were formulated into a single input file by programming in LINGO 12.0 software (Windows based).

LINEAR PROGRAMMING LP is the most useful optimization technique: one in which all relations among the variables are linear both in the function to be optimized and the constraint along with non-negative decision variables. LP problem consist of a linear cost function which is to be minimized or maximized subject to a certain number of constraints. Objective function:
n

Max (or) Min: f(x) =

n

i =1

CjXj

Cj is cost coefficient

Subjected to:

aijxj bi
j =1

The non negativity constraint is xj 0 xj is decision variables, aij is constraint co efficient and bi is resource coefficient. The problem has m variables and n constraints. LP MODEL FORMULATION The LP model for optimization of total benefits for UKAI RESERVOIR PROJECT has been formulated using well known optimization tool LINGO incorporating relevant constraints related to it. The objective function of the model is to optimize the releases for irrigation and is mathematically represented as Maximize Z = RI
t =1 12

wheret stands for the total number of months from June to May RI is the Releases for Irrigation The objective function is subjected to a set of constraints as follows: 1) Irrigation demand constraints The release for irrigation (RI) should be less than or equal to maximum irrigation demand (ID). Releases should also be greater than minimum releases required for irrigation for that particular time period.
IDt RIt ID min

IDt = Maximum irrigation demand for time periodt RIt = Releases for irrigation for time periodt IDmin = Minimum releases required for irrigation

2) Reservoir storage capacity constraints The reservoir storage in any time period should not be more than the maximum capacity of the reservoir, and should not be less than the dead storage.
S min St S max where

Smin = Dead Storage in Mm3 Smax = Storage capacity of the reservoir in Mm3 St = Storage at any timet 3) Reservoir storage continuity constraint This constraint relates the continuity of storage, inflow, releases and evaporation of the reservoir at different time periods. St + It - Rt - Et = St+1 St = active storage at the beginning of periodt It = inflow during periodt Rt = release during periodt Et= evaporation loss during periodt 4) Evaporation constraint The evaporation storage is a function of the surface area and active storage of the reservoir. Et = et At where At = A0+a(St+St+1)/2 or Et = Lt+at(St+St+1) Lt = fixed evaporation loss Lt = et A0 et = evaporation rate in period t A0 = water surface area at the top of the dead storage level at = a et/2 a = surface area per unit active storage Thus, the storage continuity equation becomes: (1- at) St+ It- Rt- et A0 = (1+ at) St+1 RESULTS AND ANAYLSIS Considering the reservoir inflow data for thirty two years the mean inflow values were computed for 75% dependability levels for different months. Similarly the monthly evaporation was also calculated. Then the LP model was formulated using the reservoir constraints to optimize the objective function (i.e. to maximize RI) using LINGO.

TABLE 2 MONTHLY EVAPORATION

MONTHS JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 75% DEPENDABILITY EVAPORATION IN MCM 30.78 32.32 45.47 59.71 70.68 65.12 43.89 32.41 28.62 31.31 31.28 33.72

The monthly reservoir evaporation values are tabulated in Table 2. It shows that evaporation reaches its peak value in the month of May i.e. maximum evaporation in the reservoir occurs during May which is more than 70 MCM and the least evaporation occurs in the month of September which comes out to be nearly 28 MCM.

Monthly Inflow and Demand of Ukai

3000 2500 Inflow in MCM 2000 1500 1000 500 0 June July Aug Sep Months Oct Nov Dec Inflow Demand

FIG 1 RESERVOIR INFLOW AND DEMAND Thirty two years of historical data is used to obtain the inflows of various dependability levels. Here 75% dependable inflow is considered for the study, it being considered as the general planning level for water resources projects in India. Fig 1 shows the monthly inflows for 75% dependability levels and the demand from June to December. The inflows of other months are not significant and are neglected.

Optimized Monthly releases for Irrigation

500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Months Releases for Irrigation(RI) in MCM

FIG 2 OPTIMIZED MONTHLY RELEASES FOR IRRIGATION

Monthly Reservoir Storages
4000 3500 Storages in MCM 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Months

FIG 3 MONTHLY RESERVOIR ENDING STORAGES OBTAINED WITH THE LP MODEL The optimal operation policy (i.e. the monthly irrigation releases) and the corresponding monthly end storages thus obtained using the LP model is represented in Fig 2 and Fig 3 respectively. The release for every month meets the minimum irrigation demand required for each respective month. Fig 3 shows that the minimum reservoir storage occurs in the month of June and gradually increases in the further months of monsoon and reaches its peak in the month of October.

CONCLUSIONS Optimization models were used for the analysis of a water resources system. Linear Programming model has been applied to the system and optimized results for the montly irrigation releases have been obtained along with the monthly reservoir storages. The proposed model is capable to meet the minimum demands for irrigation. More constraints can be incorporated to the model for further improvement in the obtained release policy and to continue the work towards a practical application of the LP model in Ukai reservoir system. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors wish to express their sincere thanks to Shri. K. B. Rabadia, Supt. Engineer, Surat Irrigation Circle ,Surat, Gujarat and Shri. R. G. Dhangar, Executive Engineer, Kakrapar Right Bank Canal Division ,Surat, Gujarat for providing the data related to the reservoir and for extending their whole hearted support towards the study. REFERENCES Frizzone, J.A., Coelho, R.D., Dourado-neto, D., Soliani, R. (1997) Linear Programming Model to optimize the water resource use in irrigation projects: An application to the Senator Nilo Coelho project, Sci. agric., Piracicaba, 54, pp 136-148, June 1997. Jothiprakash, V. (2007),Optimal crop planning using linear programming model-A case study, Lecture notes on Soft Computing Techniques in Water Resource Management, QIP Short Term Course, Nov 2007, pp.73-82. Srinivasa Raju, K. and Kumar Nagesh, D. (2000),Optimum cropping pattern for Sri Ram Sagar Project: A Linear Programming approach, Journal of Applied Hydrology, Vol. XIII, Nos. 1&2, pp. 57-67. Singh, D. K., Jaiswal, C. S., Reddy, K. S., Singh, R. M., and Bhandarkar, D. M., (2001),Optimal Cropping Pattern in a Canal Command Area, Agricultural Water Management 50, pp 1-8. Loucks, D. P., Stedinger, J. R. and Haith, D. A. (1981) Water Resources Systems Planning and Analysis, Pentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Hall, W. A., and Dracup, J. A.Water Resources System Engineering, McGrawHill, New york,1970. Shih, J.S., and ReVelle, C.(1995). Water supply operations during drought: A discrete hedging rule. European Journal of Operation Research, 82, 163-175. Wurbs,R. A.(1993). Reservoir system simulation and optimization models. J. Water Resources Planning Management, 119(4), 455-472. Yeh, W. W-G. (1985), Reservoir management and operation models- A state of the art review. Water Resources Research, 21(12), 1797-1818. Labadie, J. W., (2004), Optimal operation of multireservoir systems:state of art review. J. Water Resources Planning Management, 130(2), 93-111.