CONTENTS

Acknowledgement About Doordarshan Kendra Hisar Studio Equipment Room Video Basics Production Control Room Editing Room Earth Station High Power Transmitter PDA-Parabolic Dish Antenna

Acknowledgement

Words fail to express ones feeling towards other still we express our sincere gratitude to Sh. D.P. Singh, Assistant Engineer DOORDARSHAN KENDRA, HISAR for their valuable guidance without which it would have been difficult for us to achieve our aim. we also express our gratitude to Sh. Sandeep Kaushik, Sh. S.N. Gera, Sh. B.S.Bisth, Prithvi Singh Dahiya ,Sh. N. K. Gijwani , Sh. Chander SEN who helped a lot in studying the various instruments.
It was really a good experience working in the institute and learning from such good and knowledgeable people. We hope it would be really helped to us in the near future. ISHANT SANCHIT SINDHWANI ANIL SHARMA MAHARISHI MARKENDESHWAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MULLANA

DOORDARSHAN KENDRA, HISAR

Doordarshan Kendra, Hisar, was established on 1st November 2002, on the auspicious Haryana day. The center was inaugurated by the honorable Mrs. Sushma Swaraj, the Information and Broadcasting minister. It is stretched over 4 acres of land. This fully air conditioned centre is one of the highly advanced & well equipped Doordarshan Kendra in India. This center is completely available with Digital equipment facilities. There are highly sophisticated digital equipments which are handled by the well trained & skilled engineers. Haryanas, only Earth station lies in this center, for the transmission of programs in whole of Haryana. From 5.00 pm to 7.30 pm every LPT of Haryana state has to tune to the frequency of Hisar and has to telecast programs from Hisar. The HPT of Doordarshan Hisar consists of UHF CH=31 frequency 551.25 MHz (for DD1) and UHF CH=33 frequency 567.25MHz (for DDNEWS) transmitters for receiving the feeds from Delhi and for transmission of DD1 & DDNEWS in the local area (Hisar). From 5.00 pm to 7.30 pm no feed from Delhi is transmitted in the state but the programs of DD-Hisar are transmitted at UHF in the local area through the MAST tower and in the whole Haryana region through the Earth station. The basic aim of the Doordarshan Kendra, Hisar is to promote Haryanvi culture & to enhance the development process in the agro land. And this center, no doubt, is spreading education & awareness in the different parts of Haryana (especially the rural areas) through its programs. It is a land mark in the history of Haryana. The further tasks & the features of the center are described in the subsequent sections.

BASIC TASK PERFORMED

PDA

RECEIVING RACK

TRANSMITTING RACK

RECEIVER

POWER AMPLIFIER

DEMODULATIO N

EXCITER IF

AUDIO-VIDEO AUDIOVIDEO SWITCHER SWITCHER

MODULAT OR

HIGH POWER TRANSMITTER

STUDIO
TV STUDIO HALL

Doordarshan have their own shooting studio. Studio Hall is used to shoot various programs. Artificial set is created in the studio hall according to requirements of the program to be shot. Studio hall contains nos of lights to give natural effect to artificial set.

Studio hall contains many devices for shooting and for creating natural set also. Like .. Lighting winches and control board Cyclorama Many microphone connections Makeup room Furniture Cameras Sound absorbers

Doordarshan produces their own programs like GHAR ANGAN,HARYANVI RAGNI and also live programs like KISAN and DD NEWS in this studio.

Lights are hanged over the lighting winches and arranged in row. Types and purpose for lighting will be explained under the title Studio Lighting.

Cyclorama is nothing but a special type of white curtain hanged with the wall in three dimensions. Cyclorama works as the light and color absorbers to maintain original color tone on video output. Because of its white color it is also used to create background of various colors by using color paper on lightings

Many microphone connections hanged in between the winches are used to attach the microphones during dialog delivery in play.

White colored walls act as a sound absorber material to the echoes.

reduce

Whole studio is centrally air conditioned and all the doors kept airtight for preventing outer voice coming into studio. Studio is also known as main action area. This place requires very large place compared to other sections. Action in this area includes staging, lighting, performance and arrangement to pickup picture and sound.

Requirements of TV Studio:

Very efficient air conditioning Uniform and smooth floor for smooth movement of cameras Efficient sound absorbers Effective communication with other sections 3 to 4 studio cameras with teleprompter Cyclorama and curtain Audio and video monitors Warning light and safety devices like fire alarm, firefighting equipment Digital clock display

STUDIO LIGHTING
The master key is used for creating 3-D and natural effect in studio.

Doordarshan uses 125 direct lights and 48 dimmers hanged on winches in main recording studio.
Why lighting is done?

When we shoot outdoor program, the source of light is sun. The natural effect we see in outdoor is greatly depends on the proper lighting. There are two main reasons to use light techniques in studio. First is when we prepare artificial set to look like natural, we have to give the proper lighting effect as if it was outdoor. Lighting also depends on the mood of the scene. Secondly, the output picture of the camera is 2D, while natural scenes we see are 3D, therefore on T.V. screen to differentiate the main object from the background 3D effect lighting is must.
Types of lights:-In Doordarshan halogen and cool day lights are

used.
Lighting techniques

To understand lighting techniques parameter of lights, those are..

we

should

know

all

the

Quantity Quality Color temperature Contrast ratio Quantity means the amount of light or amount of radiated energy by the source of light and quality means the type of light source used.

Contrast ratio is the difference between highly lighted and darkest part of the scene.

Different lights and colors have their own temperature known as color temperature. When a black body is heated, it may be noted that color of body changes from black to red and then toward white as temperature increases. Different sources have their own Color temperature; some nos of color temperature for different light sources are listed below: Sun light Studio lamp Domestic lamp Fire Cloudy day Clear blue sky 5600 Kelvin 3200 Kelvin 2780 Kelvin 1930 Kelvin 6500 Kelvin 12000 Kelvin

Nature has provided us two types of light hard and soft. Hard light is a point source light so the shadow of the object looks sharper. In nature sun is the hard light source and other reflecting clouds, hills and buildings are soft sources. The shadow of the object under soft light source looks feathered and soft. In studio mainly THREE POINT LIGHTING technique is used. These three points are 1. Key light 2. Fill light 3. Back light
KEY LIGHT:- is the main light used to highlight any object or to give

attention toward the person. This is full intensity light used to highlight the depth of object or human face. Key light is usually a hard source at an angle of 15-30 degree to camera axis at an elevation of about 40 degree.
FILL LIGHT:-is the 80% intensity of key light and at the opposite side

of the camera axis. Fill light is used to suppress the shadow made by key light. It is soft light and used to fill the light in whole room.
BACK LIGHT: - is used to separate artist from the background and so

to produce 3D visualization. It is hard source located at 180 degree of camera axis.The three point lighting ratio 3:2:1(back: key: fill) in monochrome and 3:2:2 in color provide good portrait lighting.

The last is the background light used to highlight the background of the scene or to create color background on white cyclorama.
BALANCE OF LIGHT:-

The motors attached with winches by metal belts control the height of the lights. Movement of winches is controlled from the control panel

Key light Fill light Back light Background light

100% 85% 110% 50-60%

which also contains the connection for talkback system. Intensity and power on/off of lights are controlled from the LCU(light control unit).

EQUIPMENT ROOM

Firstly, the video signal from the camera comes into the base station placed in equipment room and synchronous pulses

generated in equipment room are also given to base station. From base station video signal goes to CCU (camera control unit) placed in PCR and base station also gives 3 outputs that are SDI signal, COMPONENT signal and COMPOSITE signal. Out of these three SDI signal is given to the switcher and COMPOSITE signal is given to the monitor placed in PCR (production control room) for monitoring purpose.

CAMERA

BASE STATION

CCU
COMPONEN T

COMPOSIT E

MONITO R

SDI

SWITCHE R

BLOCK DIG. OF EQUIPMENT ROOM

Equipment Room consists of 4 racks.

RACK 1:1. Sync. Pulse generator: - It is used to generate the sync. Pulses

and these pulses are provided to all devices using sync. Pulse controller. 2. Analog Patch Panel: - These patches are provided to directly by pass the output. It contains source above and destination below. 3. Base Station: - 3 base stations are provided for 3 cameras. Each base station give 3 video signals that is SDI signal, COMPOSITE signal and COMPONENT signal. 4. AVDA: - Analog video distribution amplifier is used to divide one input into many outputs.
RACK 2:1. DIGITAL PATCH PANEL: - It contains patches for digital data and

it is used to directly by pass the video signal. It contains source and destination.

2. A/D CONVERTER: - This converter is provided to convert analog

RACK 3:1.

signal into digital signal because switcher can accepts only SDI (digital) video signal. 3. SWITCHER:- Switcher used in Doordarshan is PINNACLE PDS 9000 and it costs 3crore and 20 lakh. All the outputs of VTRS, CAMERAS etc are given as input to switcher and the output of switcher is the final output to display.
LOGO GENERATOR:- The logo generator is used to generate logos on T.V screen like

2. INTERNAL

is provided for communication between producer and cameraman.

TALKBACK

SYSTEM:-It

internal

3. PATCH CODES:-These are the wires used to facilitate easy bypass for defective equipment. 4. TALLY DISTRIBUTOR:-The three cameras used in the studio are

displayed in the PCR. The tally distributor shows which camera is on air or being recorded by glowing a light under the particular TV.

T.V SCREEN CAM 1

Tally light

RACK 4:1. T.V SCREEN: - It is provided to show the output. 2. WAVEFORM MONITOR: - It is a specially designed CRO to

show video waveform.

3. IRD:-Integrated Receiver Decoders used to receive the

signal from the satellite and provide the QPSK demodulation to the received signal. It also separates the signal into video and audio signal.
4. FRAME SYNCHRONIZER:-It is used to synchronize the outside

signal coming from the satellite that is it converts the video signal into SDI (Serial Digital Interface) video signal because switcher can accept only SDI signal.

VIDEO BASICS
PRODUCING VIDEO
It begins with the lens system which focuses an image of the scene onto a light sensitive surface within the camera head. In most video cameras, the light sensor is a solid state CCD (charge coupled device).

CCD
CCD is typically 12.5mm or 18mm across, and consists of hundreds of thousands of tiny independent cells. Each cell develops an electrical charge according to the strength of the light falling upon it. The result is an overall pattern of electrical charges on the CCD, that corresponds to the light and shade in the lens image. To produce video signal scanning circuits continually read across this charge pattern in a series of parallel path or lines(625). Fluctuating voltage produced, corresponds to the strength of each cell in turn. This is how a monochrome (black and white) camera generates its picture. In practical cameras which are colored (as in DDK Hisar) video cameras use 3 CCD format. There are a number of variations too, in

the types of CCD used and their resolution. Top quality cameras can resolve 700 vertical black and white stripes across the picture width, simpler cameras may only be able to reproduce half the number. Color fidelity is less accurate or consistent in simpler designs, and there is a greater possibility of disturbing picture defects. In best video cameras these are negligible.

RECREATING THE PICTURE

To convert the video signal back into the picture, use of either picture tube or an LCD screen is done. Most TV receivers, picture monitors, camera viewfinders, use picture tubes of various sizes. In picture tube abeam of electrons scans across the screen, causing its phosphor coated surface to glow. When the video is strongest the screen will glow brightly at that point. Where there is little light reflected from the scene, the scene will appear much darker.

HOW THE CAMERA SEES THE COLOR

The color video camera relies on the additive color mixing process. Any light sensor (CCD) can respond to the intensity of light. It cannot distinguish between color. By placing red, green and blue color filters over three light sensors the scene can be analyzed into separate color components. In the color video camera the lens image of the scene passes through a special prism, which splits into three identical versions. Three CCD sensors with their red, green and blue color filters provide three video signals corresponding to the light and shade of these colors in the scene.

THE COLOR PICTURE

SCANNING
The scanning circuit read off the CCD charge pattern 60 times per second. To reduce the flicker the odd lines are read first, then the even lines. These odd and even fields are interlaced to form a complete TV picture or frame. So the entire picture scanning process using 525 lines, take place in 1/30 seconds. In a625 line system there are 50 frames or picture a second.

SYNC PULSE
To reproduce the TV picture accurately, in full color, without tearing, breakup, or picture roll, it is essential for the scanning in the TV receiver or picture monitor to be exactly in step with scanning in the camera. So regular synchronizing pulses are combined with the video. These pulses need to pass through the system accurately, to provide stable pictures. There are two forms of sync pulses: Those that keep the horizontal or line scanning synchronization (line syncs) Those that time the vertical scanning rate(frame syncs) in

The video information together with its sync pulses (including an additional color burst signal which stabilizes color accuracy), is called composite video. The sync pulse is produced by SYNC PULSE GENERATOR. It has the following features:

The horizontal and vertical drive pulses that initiate the scanning process. The blackening pulses that suppress the scanning read-off as it moves on the next line or frame. The sync pulses at the end of each line and each field. The color burst which provides a reference signal to stabilize color fidelity when encoding color information with the luminance information. Sometimes a signal black burst is generated. This incorporates blanking, syncs, and black video level. This black burst signal is used as a synchronizing source, and equipment is genlocked onto it.

GENLOCK
All equipment in a video system needs to work from exactly the same synchronization pulses. Otherwise when shots are inter switched (cut or combined) there will be picture disturbances such as frame roll, displacement etc. To avoid this, sync pulses from the video sources are used to synchronize all units via a genlock unit, so that they scan in unison. Genlock unit may generate either a standard NTSC (PAL, SECAM) signal over a signal conductor combined Y and C or separate Y and C.

COLOR VIDEO
Although it is possible to transmit color from camera to screen in the form of three separate color components red, green and blue video signals there are technical disadvantages. When the American NTSC color TV system was developed, its designers had to ensure that color transmission could also be

received on black and white receivers. This required some ingenious engineering tricks which are also used in derived PAL and SECAM color system. Picture information was coded into: Luminance(Y): This conveys the brightness and light and dark screen. Chrominance(C): This conveys the color in the screen. The chrominance component is quite complex, for it has two features: I signal (red minus luminance) and Q signal (blue minus luminance) in PAL system called U and V.

FORMULAE FOR LUMINANCE Y= .3R + .59G + .11B Where R, G, B represents red green and blue respectively.

If R=0, B=0, G=0 then the video is black and if R=1, B=1, G=1 then the video is black. There are three types of video which depend upon Y, R, G and B:

Component video: Y, R-Y, B-Y SDI video: Y,C(modulation of R-Y and B-Y) COMPOSITE video: Y (modulation of Y and C)

Video Format NTSC PAL HDTV/SDTV

Typical Frequencies for Common TV and Computer Video Formats

Description

Television format for North America

Television for South America,

High Definition/ Standard Definition

and Japan Vertical resolution Format (visible lines per frame) Approx 480(525 lines per frame)

Europe and India Approx 575 (625 total lines)

Digital Television Format 1080 or 720 or 480 18 different formats

Horizontal resolution Format (visible pixels per line) Horizontal Rate (kHz) Vertical Frame Rate (Hz) Highest Frequency (MHz)

Determined by bandwidth; ranges from 320 to 650 15.734

Determined by bandwidth; ranges from 320 to 720 15.625

1920 or 704 or 640 18 Different formats 33.75-45

29.97

25

30-60

4.2

5.5

25

PRODUCTION CONTROL ROOM (PCR)

The generated signals in the studio are controlled and with some effects and characters are added here. The PCR usually of the various equipments like: Camera Control Unit (CCU) Vision Mixer (VM) Video Tape Recorder (VTR) Audio Mixer (AM)

CAMERA CONTROL UNIT (CCU)

The camera control unit (CCU) is installed in the production control room (PCR), and allows various aspects of the video camera on the studio floor to be controlled remotely. The most commonly made adjustments are for white balance and aperture, although almost all technical adjustments are made from controls on the CCU rather than on the camera. This frees the camera operator to concentrate on composition and focus, and also allows the technical director of the studio to ensure uniformity between all the cameras.

Main functions of CCU are: Control the iris, shutter speed. Adjust color balances- white balance & black balance. Monitor and adjust a wide range of technical parameters. Send signals to the camera operator. To digitally amplify the signal.

VISION MIXER

The vision mixer is the destination point for all picture sources in the studio. The output of all studio cameras, video tape recorder, caption scanners, character generator etc are fed to the vision mixing unit. The vision mixing involves basically 3 types transition between the above sources. These transitions are mixing wiping and keying. The output of mixer desk is fed to transmission monitor, Transmission chain etc. in production control area. The vision mixing panels offers a lot visual effects that require time, skill & costly auxiliary equipments. Some of the facilities of vision mixer are explained here.

THE CUT
The cut is an instantaneous switch from one picture to another. It avoids the frame roll & flash evident, on picture at the moment of flash evident, on picture at the moment of cutting.

THE MIX
The transition here is less pronounced. As the faders are operated, the established picture fades away, while the new picture progressively while transition. The mixing is illustrated.

THE FADE UP/FADE OUT

A selected channel can be fade up or fade out with the help of moving a fader up & down. The picture can be fade to black or from black.

THE SUPERIMPOSITION
Superimposition can be obtained by fading up two of more pictures together. This may be used to add tilting to an existing picture or special picture or special montage effects.

PREVIEW
Vision mixers also have a preview blank & its output connected to monitor. It enables us to check any selected non studio pictures before its translation.

THE WIPE
The wipe is common special effects. It can be described as one picture chasing the original picture. The direction of entry of the picture in original picture can be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, circular & so on.

KEYING
The keying signal can be generated either by the luminance or chrominance of source input. The keyed portion can be filled with the same or with external portion or matte. Matte means internally generated BG with choice of color from the vision mixer itself

CHROME KEYING
First figure shows original studio scene.

This figure shows computer graphics that will be used for chrome keying.

This figure shows the result of the chrome keying.

Computer graphics is super imposed on blue back ground in studio screen. IN this effect a selected portion of the back ground video source is replaced with foreground video source. The FG portion to be inserted is determined from a keying waveform, which may be

derived from the foreground picture. Sometime this is also called as color separation overlay (CSO)

AUDIO MIXING CONSOLE

Any audio signal -either from mike or VTR is fed to it. Like vision mixer, this is the instrument for the audio in which audio is controlled. PCR has a 16-line console with control effect like gain, attenuation, filtering and switching for the different input. The video after the treatment on the vision mixer is sent to VTR & suitable conversion or recording for the transmission through the transmitter or the earth station.

PHONE IN CONSOLE
Phone in console is the simple telephone device attached with the audio console. This device is used at the time of live studio program to have live presence of home viewer.

TALK BACK SYSTEM

This is one audio loop attached to all the sections of Doordarshan to communicate with different sections. This is just like intercom.

VIDEO TAPE RECORDER

The VTR is the section where copies of all programs are stored. All the programs shot in the camera are simultaneously recorded in the VTR. Also the VTR plays back all the videos as and when required. Videos of prerecorded Events are queued up in the VTR and are played back without a Break. A video tape recorder (VTR), is a tape recorder that can record video materialIn VTR we use the following video tape formats 1. DVCPRO50(Panasonic) 2. BETACAM (Sony)

1. DVCPRO50(Panasonic)
This is a Digital video recording system that works by using a digital rather than an analog video signal. The DVCPRO50 standard doubles the coded video bit rate from 25 Mb/s to 50 Mb/s. Out of 5 VTR used here,4 are DVCPRO50

2. BETACAM (Sony)
This is an analog video recording system that works by using a analog rather than an digital video signal. Out of 5 VTR used here, one is BETACAM. It uses higher specification metal tap which increases its performance.

VECTROSCOPE
An oscilloscope used for checking the color accuracy of all parts of the system (cameras, switcher, VCR, etc.). Wrong adjustments can totally wreck color quality. White and black should be neutral, producing a central blob screen. When the color bars test signal is displayed, a series of e.g. six bright dots appear around the screen ideally within small engraved boxes.

WAVEFORM MONITOR
A waveform monitor is a special type of oscilloscope. It is typically used to measure and display the level, or voltage, of a video signal with respect to time. The level of a video signal usually corresponds to the brightness, or luminance, of the part of the image being drawn onto a regular video screen at the same point in time. A waveform monitor can be used to display the overall brightness of a television picture, or it can zoom in to show one or two individual lines of the video signal. It can also be used to visualize and observe special signals in the vertical blanking interval of a video signal, as well as the color burst between each line of video.

CHARACTER GENERATOR
A character generator, often abbreviated as CG, is used to produce static or animated text for keying into a video stream. Modern character generators are computer-based, and can generate graphics as well as text.

EDITING
After recording a raw material using video tape recorders(VTR) different types of correction is done using edit suit like as cutting unwanted video & audio, making suitable timing for Broad-casting, program name, actor name, director name etc. and also edit new audio & different types of video pattern, new images , new pictures. There are unit time for any program, therefore we need editing thus we can see continuous picture in our television. There are two types of editing 1. Linear editing 2. Non linear editing

1. LINEAR EDITING
It is simple type of editing. In this type we can use only one or two Players & recorders .Different video clips that we want to add or join with main program are played into cassettes players, and

graphics that we want to add is selected to record on the tape. On recorder the starting time and ending time is selected in between which, mixing is done .Linear editing have disadvantage like it takes more time. We can only add clip of length that we have space on tape, means to add long clip, we cant move video on tape, so overlapping occurs at that time. We cant place more images & pictures. Using linear editing we can interchange audio & video only.

Other problems with linear tape based editing are: Editing in sequence-first shot first. Long hours spent on rewinding of tapes, Search of material. Potential risk of damage to original footage. Difficult to insert a new shot in edit. Difficult to experiment with variations Quality loss more in analog; even with digital Limited composing, effects, color, correction capability

2. NON LINEAR EDITING

NLE is video editing in digital format with standard computer based technology Computer technology is harnessed in random access, computation and manipulation capability ,multiple copies ,Intelligent search, sophisticates projects and media management tools, standard interfaces, and powerful display Flexibility in editing functions

Easy to do change multiple version

28

-s,

undo,

copy,

duplicate

and

Easy operation for cut, dissolve, wipes and other transition effects Multilayer of video becomes easy Powerful integration of video and graphics. Tools for filtering, color correction, key framing & special 2D/3D effects. Equally powerful audio effects and mixing. Possible to trim, compress or expand the length of the clip Support for multi format. Multi resolution clips Intelligent and powerful 3D video effect can be created and customized. Efficient and intelligent storage

Non linear editing is done on time line using PC based software. The figure shows the window of NLE software.

Video editing is done using multilayer technique and audio mixing is also possible on time line using multilayer. Photo shows the time line of video gallery, preview window and tool bar Different clips of source programs are created and placed in gallery. Items from the gallery can be used using simple drag & drop technique. There are so many in built mixing styles, transition, effects, wrappings effects stored in the software that we can apply over time line. For comfortable viewing of time line over large space in horizontal dimension, dual monitor technique is used in Doordarshan.

PC REQUIREMENT FOR NLE

Intel Premium 2333 MHz processor(Higher recommended) PCI 2.1 complaint motherboard 128 MB or higher Ram 25 MB of available space hard drive space for drivers SCSI system driver recommended, with an additional SCSI system drive for audio filed. Dedicated wide SCSI Av drive to store digital video files(at least 18 GB) CD-ROM drive (SCSI drive recommended) standard keyboard, three button mouse Super VGA display (at least 102478624 bit true color) monitor and accelerated graphics card (1152864 or greater recommended) Operating system: windows 2000 pro or windows XP NTSC or PAL video monitor Separate audio card is recommended for system sound VTR Speaker

EARTH STATION

INTRODUCTION

1)

The c-band up link satellite earth station equipment is a 2.25KW. C-band uplinks operating in the frequency range of 5.85 GHz to 6.425GHz for transmit & 3.625 GHz for receiving signals. The system is configured to operate in a fully digital environment carrying simultaneously four MPEG2/DVC programs compressed & multiplexed as a single transport stream. This system comprises of 2.25KW high power amplifier, LNA redundant up converters change over switch, digital equipment, video rack & audio processing equipment, downlink hardware & power conditioning equipments.

2) The station

electronics is located in the following racks namely base band rack 1, base band rack 2,digital equipment rack, receiving monitor rack, transmit rack &high power amplifier racks. All the subunits are located in these racks to meet the functional requirements of smooth flow of audio, video RF & control signals.

3)

A Network management system (NMS) is provided to control, monitor & configure essential subsystems in the lineup. The power conditionings have been configured totally uninterrupted operation with redundancy &by pass features.

System Detail
The station has been designed to take four programs generated in the studio room. These programs comprising of video & two audio signals (stereo pair) are transported through a fiber optic link. The transmit portion of the link is located in the studio & the receive portion in the base band rack 1 & these modules are connected using a fiber link optic cable. Totally four video & eight audio signals are transportable. For the station, where the studio facility & uplink facility is situated closed by, it is suggested to use a direct interconnection of the video & audio to the base band rack by passing the fiber optical module. The interconnection from studio room to the base band rack under as following:

Uplink Video Path

Of the four program of the fiber optic receive module, program 1 & 2 Processed in the base band rack 1 & program 3 & 4 are processed in the base band rack 2. To have full flexibility in the program, the program 1 & 2signals also fed as an additional input to the program switcher router in the base band rack 2.Similarly program 3 & 4 are also fed to the program switcher in the based band rack 1. Hence video and audio interaction is established for this purpose Each program comprises of a video signal and two audio signals which can be configured as dual mono or stereo audio. The video are processed as cable equalization & suppression, the video signals are fed to the 8*2 router (program switcher) for the program selection. The selected video signal is fed to the video processing amplifier for the sync regeneration & adjustment of video signal amplitude. Necessary video distributors are presented in the path for monitoring video in the path. In addition the signals are passed through video jack panel (VJP) which is use full in bypassing fault modules in the lineup.

Uplink Audio Processing

IN similar lines of the video processing, the audio signals are also first equalize & fed along with video signals to the 8*2 router (program switch). The selected pair of the audio signals is further processed for limiting the amplitude of the audio signal to a specified limit using the limiter. The limiter helps to limit the amplitude of the audio signal in the actual program. Necessary distributors are also provided in the lineup for monitoring the audio signals .Audio jack panels (AJP) are also provided for ease of bypassing faulty modules. The amplitude of the audio signal is measured using the Audio Monitoring Panel (AMP) which has necessary VU meters for indication of audio level. Each base band rack gives out two programs outputs, which are fed to the Digital; Equipment racks as base band signals. This consists of four MPEG2 video encoder, two multiplexer & two modulators configured to operate as a 4.0 system. The multiplier generates a singles transport stream to carry four compressed program signals. The multiplexer output is fed to the modulator so the modulator so as to perform QPSK modulation at 70 MHz IF corrector. The complete system including the network

management is supplied by M/S Tandberg as a pre wired rack. Two multiplexers & the modulator are provided are provided for redundancy.

Up Conversion
The up conversion of digitally modulated IF signals is achieved first by passing the IF carrier through a system equalizer in order to correct the group delay and amplitude response of the complete system including the satellite transponder. The equalizer output is fed to the up converter so as to convert the IF carrier to the transmitted C band carrier in the frequency range 5.85 to 6.65 GHz. Two set equalizers & up converters are provided along with a redundancy controller to have redundancy for modulator, system Equalizer, Up converter.

High power amplifier

The transmitted C band is amplified to 2.25KW power level in a high amplifier rack to implement as a1:1 system. The HPA rack comprises of two 2.25 KW HPAs & a redundancy controller for the 1:1 Redundancy operator.

Power Conditioning
The power for the operation comprises of Isolation Transformers AVR, UPS power distribution panel. The ups are implemented as a 1:1 system. Due to the physical separation of the base band rack, IF rack with respect to TX rack & HPA rack, two separate power distribution panels are provided for the ease of distribution

MECHANICAL FEATURES
The earth Station electronics are housed in industry standard 19 inches conforming to IEC standards. The subsystems have been located in various racks to take care of the convenient flow of video, audio, RF, power & control signals. The racks are dust proof & meet the specification of IP 54 ingress protection.

Construction Details and features of 19 inch rack

The rack has a frame which is made by welding 9 Fold sheet metal sections. The corners are strengthened by corner brackets. On to this frame work various parts of the rack line front glass door, back door, side covers, top & bottom panel are assembled 19 mounting angler having perforated mountings holes are provided on the front & back rear side of the racks. These mountings holes are provided on the front & back rear side of the racks. These mountings angles can be mounted at different positions. The position of the mountings angles depend on the supporting angles made out of deep drawn steel are also mounted on these mountings which are used to support & guide the subsystems. Space required in the front & rear side of the equipment & also the dept. of the equipment, a set of supporting angles made out of deep drawn steel sheets are also mounted on these mountings angles which are used to support & guide the subsystems.

TECHNICAL DATA SUMMARY

Number of video inputs 5 MHz Video input level Format Impedance Return Loss Number of Audio inputs Audio input level Audio frequency range Impedance Uplink frequency Downlink frequency Output Power Intermodulation : fourVideo frequency range : 1V : CCIR PALB 625 : 75 Ohms unbalanced : 20db : Eight : 0 db : 25Hz to 15 KHz : 600 ohms : 5.8 GHz to 6.4 GHz : 3.7 to 4.2 GHz : 22.52 transmit C frequency : -22 dbc (with 4 db output back off) : 25 to

AVR rating Ups rating

: 60KVA : 40 KVA

Parabolic dish antennas

Introduction
Parabolic dish antennas can provide extremely high gains at microwave frequencies A2 foot dish at 10GHz can provide more than 30db of gain. The gain is only limited by the size of parabolic reflector; a number of hams have dishes larger than 20 feet, and occasionally a much larger commercial dish is made available for amateur operation, like the 150-foot one at the Algonquin Radio Observatory in Ontario used by VE30NT for the 1993 EME contest.PDA consists of feed horn (works of receiving antenna) and LNBC (low noise block converter) which acts as oscillator plus mixer. PDA does amplification as well as generates IF(intermediate frequency).

RF Signal Amplifi er IF Band Mixer 9501450MHz

Local Oscillator (5150MHz)

Block diagram of PDA

DISH ANTENNA DESIGN

A dish design works the same as the reflecting optical telescope. Electromagnetic waves, light or radio, arrive on parallel paths from a distance source and are reflected by a mirror to a common point, called the focus. When a ray of light reflects from the mirror or flat surface, the angle of path leaving (angle of reflection) is same as the angle of the path arriving (angle of incidence). This optical principal is familiar to anyone who misspent a part of youth at a pool table. If the mirror is a flat surface, then two rays of light leave in parallel, if the mirror is curved, two parallel incident rays leave at different angles. If the curve is parabolic(y=ax2) then the reflected rays meet at a point. A dish is a parabolic of rotation, a parabolic curve rotated around an axis which passes through the focus and the centre of the curve.Some of the difficulties found in real antennas are easier to understand when considering a transmitting antenna, but are also present in receiving antennas, since antennas are reciprocal. One difficulty is finding a point source, since any antenna, even a half wave dipoles at 10 GHz is much bigger in all directions, as the energy that was not radiated toward the reflector would be wasted. The energy radiated from the focus towards the reflector, just as a light bulb would. So we are looking for a point source that illuminates only the reflector. The energy radiated from the focus towards the reflector illuminates the reflector, just as a light bulb would. So we are looking for a point source that illuminates only the reflector

HIGH POWER TV TRANSMITTER

RECEIVING RACK

Receiving Rack composed of Integrated Receiver Decoder (IRD) Equalizer, Line amplifier, Switching circuit and Monitor. Firstly, the signal from the Parabolic Dish Antenna (PDA) is given to the IRD

where demodulation of signal takes place and separate visual and aural signals are obtained. Further visual and aural signals are applied to visual equalizer and aural equalizer respectively. From the video equalizer, visual signal is given to the switching circuit and from aural equalizer, signal is given to the Line amplifier and then to the switching circuit. Finally, switching circuit output is given to the Monitor and Transmitter.

Satellite PDA IRD VISUAL EQUALISER

AUDIO EQUALISER Monitor LINE AMPLIFIER SWITCHING CKT Transmitter BLOCK DIAG. OF RECEIVER RACK

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Transmitter is mainly used to broadcast TV channels in a particular area free to air as the signal is dispersed in that region and picked up by directional antennas at home. There are of two types of transmitter: 1. HTP (high power TV transmitter) has a range of 55km and a power rating of 20kW and works on UHF (ultra high frequency).

2. LTP (low power TV transmitter) has arrange of 15 km and a power rating of 100W and works on VHF (very high frequency)

In DDK (Doordarshan Kendra) Hisar 20kW UHF TV Transmitter PCU1320SSPQ1 is used build by NEC, Japan. It is a set up to transmit two channels: DD1(Channel 31) Visual frequency Aural frequency DD2 (Channel 33) Visual frequency Aural frequency 567.25MHz 572.75MHz 551.25MHz 556.75MHz

PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS
Power output Visual:-20kW (sync. Peak) Aural:-2kW Frequency range: UHF band Band 4 37) Band 5 61) Visual IF frequency Audio IF frequency : 38.9MHz : 33.4MHz 606-798 MHz (Channel 38 to 470-606 MHz (Channel 21 to

Ambient requirements :Temperature Range Relative humidity Altitude : 0 to 45 C : 90%max : determined by the location

MAJOR FEATURES OF TRANSMITTER

1. High performance exciter 2. High efficiency cooling system 3. Compact size 4. High reliability 5. Excellent maintenance function 6. Ease of operation

MAJOR PARTS OF TRANSMITTER

1. Exciter

2. Power Amplifier

3. Power Supply

4. Dummy Load

5. CIB Diplexer 6. Liquid Cooling System

EXCITER CIRCUIT

VISUAL TR PA CIB DIPLEXER AURAL TR PA TO ANTENNA

EXCITER SWITCHING CKT

EXCITER CIRCUIT

POWER SUPPLY TRANSMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM

COOLING SYSTEM

BLOCK DIGRAM OF TV TRANSMITTER EXCITER CIRCUIT

HPB 3090 exciter circuit chassis receives two input of both video and audio signal incoming to the TV transmitter. Each chassis contain same signal processing plug in bands by which the signal are converted into IF modulated signal and aural modulated TV signal. Exciter circuit has the following parts which are explained later: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Aural modulator AD/DA converter DVC (Digital Video Converter) Visual modulator IF corrector Synthesizer VHF mixer

INPUT MONITOR VIDEO IN F/B IN

VIDEO MONITOR VISUAL MODULATO R

V AGC INPUT

V O/P MONITOR

A/D,D/A CONVERTOR

IF CORRECTOR

VISUAL MIXER

REF IN

SYNTHESIZER

650 750

AURAL MODULATOR
A AGC INPUT A MOD MONITOR

AURAL MIXER
A O/P MONITOR

O/P ANTENNA

AURAL O/P C/B DIPLEXER HARMONIC FILTER O/P FILTER VISUAL O/P

DUMMY LOAD

UPPER HALF REPRESENTS THE SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH FOR MIXER EXCITER CIRCUIT FOR MONOAURAL SOUND SYSTEM WHILE LOWER HALF REPRESENTS THE OUTPUT SECTION

AURAL MODULATOR

It generates a frequency modulator and IF signal by modulating a voltage controlled oscillator with an audio input. To fix average frequency of the modulator oscillator at the reference input the automatic phase controlled circuit is used.

DVC UNIT COMPENSATOR HPB 3103

It is composed of a non linear distortion compensating circuit, linear distortion compensating circuit, control unit etc, receives the demodulated output signal of the transmitter and automatically compensates for the distortion the output signal. The non linear and linear circuits can be respectively bypassed.

AD/DA CONVERTER
The HPB-3102 AD-DA unit has functions that converts the video i/p signal supplied to the exciter into a PCM signal and sends the PCM signal to a unit for digital correction (HPB3103 DVC) and which converts the video PCM signal after the digital correction into analog video signal and supplies the analog video signal to a visual modulator unit(HPB-3104 VMOD unit).

IF CORRECTOR
The HPB-3105 IF Corrector unit , generally used for correction of nonlinear distortion generated in the PA stage ,enables correction of DG and DP characteristics of visual signal. This unit also contains a means to combine two modulated. IF carriers of the visual and aural , allowing multiplex operation transmitter.

UHF MIXER
In HPB-3107 UHF Mixer unit, the local signal produced by quadruple and IF signal is applied to a DBM to obtain an RF signal. The RF signal is passed through filters (BPF and NF) to separate out only the specified channel. Then, by amplifying the signal to the required level, an RF signal of +20dBm is obtained at the o/p. By applying AGC to the IF signal, the o/p power of the transmitter is maintained at a constant level .The BPF and NF are adjusted from the front side.

I/F Input Level=+10dBm LO Input Level=+10dBm Output Level=+20dBm Bandwidth=8MHz

Visual modulator
The HPB-3104 visual modulator unit is intended to convert a base band video signal into a modulated IF signal with the ring modulator in which the IF carrier is also phase modulated by a processed video signal to pre-correct the incidental carrier phase modulation (ICPM).

SYNTHESIZER
The HPB-3108 Synthesizer unit generates two signals, visual IF (VIF) and local frequency.

Power amplifier

The UA-2000QC-S is a Power amplifier of peak output 2000 W, which is used for visual of analog Transmitter. The UA-2000QC-S is possible to use as a power amplifier of 1200W output for aural of analog Transmitter or a power amplifier of 500W for digital Transmitter as well.

Power supply
Power supply is a switching type of stabilized power supply that receives 400V AC (3 phase) and supplies +24~32V DC to loads.

3-db coupler
3-dB Coupler is used for application listed below:

Distributing one signal(2 o/p) Coupling 2 signals(1 o/p) Mixing 2 signals(2 o/p) Switching over 2 signals(2 o/p)

Cib diplexer

This unit is used to combine visual and aural signals. Operating principle:- The signal of the aural transmitter applied at terminal (1) of the 3-dB Coupler H1 appears at terminals (2) and (3) with the same amplitude with a phase difference of 90 degree (terminal (2) is 270 degree ahead in phase of terminal (3)), because of the nature of the 3-dB Coupler. No output appears at terminal (4). The signals appearing at terminals (2) and (3) then pass through aural band pass filters respectively and reach terminals (2) and (3) with 90 degree phase difference are combined in the H2 into terminal (4) because the signal at terminal (2) has a 270 degree lead phase from that at terminal (3) but no o/p appears at terminal (1). The signal is appearing at terminal (4).

Meanwhile, the visual transmitter o/p is connected to terminal (1) of the 3-dB Coupler H2. The visual signal entering this terminal does not appear at terminal (4), but at terminals (2) and (3) with the same amplitude and with a phase difference of 90 degree (terminal (2) is 270 degree ahead in phase of terminal (3)).

The visual signals are reflected at points A and B, then reaching terminals (2) and (3) of the 3-dB Coupler H2. Since the length of point A to terminal (2) of H2 is equal

electrically to that of point B to terminal (3) of H2, the visual signal returning to terminal (2) of H2 is combined with that to terminal (3) because of the nature of 3-dB Coupler. Then the combined visual signal appears at terminal (4).

Liquid cooling system

This system is composed of pump rack and heat exchanger in addition to the transmitter. The pump rack is equipped with automatically switch able dual pumps thus realizing high redundancy accuracy. This pump rack is composed of pumps, a coolant tank, control panel and power supply. Two pumps are used pump A and pump B for each rack out of which one is used at one time. In a region where outside air temperature never becomes lower than 0 degree Celsius purified or distilled water is used as coolant having PH range =6.5~8.5. In a region where temperature is less than 0 degree Celsius antifreeze use pure ethylene glycol containing no impurity diluted with water and mix it with the corrosion inhibitor.

ANTENNA

ANTENNA TYPE
Doordarshan /TV transmitting antenna is a Radio Frequency system Pty Ltd (RFS) transmitting antenna model PHP322D. The antenna is capable of multi channel operation & can accept a no. of UHF TV transmitters within the 470-860 MHz range. The antenna has been optimized in the factory for channels E31 (550-558 MHz) & E33 (566-574 MHz) & the frequency range 500-650 MHz

ANTENNA IDENTIFICATION
PHP 32 D

Panel Antenna Horizontal Polarized Thirty two panels Four Sides

ANTENNA INPUT CAPACITY

The system has been designed to accommodate 2*20 KW PAL transmitters into half antenna.

MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION
The array consists of a series of thirty two panel antenna. There are two antenna ladders to access the antenna for installation & maintenance. Lighting protection is to be installed on top of column.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Temperature operating Design wind speed

: -10 c to 50 c : 240 Kilometer per hour

Total Wind Load @ 50 m/s: Normal to Face =25 Ka

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Model : PHP32D Operating Frequency range: CHE31 (550-558 MHz) CHE33 (566-574MHz) Polarization : Horizontal

Max Power rating antenna Design Power rating

: 40 KW peak sync into Half : 2*20 KW Peak Sync