Types of Networks and Network Computing in .NET

Karthikeya TYPES OF NETWORK:
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LAN: - The network limited to single organization located at a single place is known as LAN... Ex: office n/w, n/w with in a bank MAN: - The network limited to single city and its sub urban places is known as MAN Ex: city cable n/w WAN: - The network which has no limit in the universe is known as WAN Ex: internet EAN: - The network limited to single organization or group of organization located at various places is known as EAN We have 2 types of EAN.. 1. intranet 2. extranet INTRANET: - The network which is located to single organization located at various places is known as intranet Ex: banking n/w If we have account in any bank we can perform transactions from any of its branches EXTRANET: - The n/w limited to group of organization located at various places is known as extranet Ex: ATM Group of banks are becoming a group and they providing services TYPES OF N/W COMPUTING: If the type of n/w is lan, man, wan or ean we use following types of n/w computing CENTERLISED COMPUTING: In this method client is connected to server. Clients are called as dumb terminals because client would not contain any resources like 1. processor 2. ram 3. hard disk 4. Operating sys etc.. Total processing would be taken place at server only. Every command from client would be transferred to sever and the server executes that command and returns result back to client
Karthikeya DIS ADVANTAGES:
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When number of clients increases burden on sever will be increased. n/w gets slow down which reduces performance CLIENT SERVER COMPUTING: In this method all clients are connected to server. Clients are called intelligent or smart terminals because client contains all the resources like cpu, ram, os and hard disk etc. processing is getting done at client side only. Server is the storage medium for the data ADVANTAGES: When no of clients increase no burden on the server. n/w doesnt slow down. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING: In this method all clients are connected in an n/w. the data will be processed or shared from any kind of device even it is other than the computer. Efficiency of this computing is more WHY .NET..? .NET is a powerful tool used to build distributed computing application. .NET stands for NETWORKING ENTERPRISE TOOL 1. OS 2. PACKAGES 3. APPLICATIONS(BANKING AND PAYROLL) 4. DATABASE 5. SERVER TECHNOLOGIES(BIG TALK, SHARE POINT) 6. ERP(ENERPRISE RESOURSE PACKAGE(SAP, CRM)) 7. TESTING TOOLS (WIN RUNNER, LOADER AND QTP) 8. PROGRAMING LANGUAGES .NET is a frame work tool which supports 41 programming languages In this 41 there are 9 .NET pls 1. C# 2. C++ 3. F# 4. J# 5. JSCRIPT 6. IRON PYTHON 7. IRON RUBY 8. VB 9. WNDOWS POWER SHELL
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Asp.net is not a pl. it is a web technology. Its code can be written used C#, VB and J# JAVA purely object oriented pl doesnt support operator over loading doesnt support multiple inheritance doesnt support pointers provides GUI applications supports general data types plat form independent doesnt provide language interoperability C# purely object oriented pl supports operator over loading supports multiple inheritance used interfaces supports pointers used unsafe key word provides GUI applications supports general data types not a plat form independent provides language interoperability
CONSOLE APPLICATION: By default VS.net creates a separate folder for each application. All the related files are stored in this folder... Any application in .NET is treated as a solution... A solution will have default extension of .sln... With given name of application a Namespace will created A single Namespace can contain any number of classes STRUCTURE OF A C#.NET PROGRAM: Used system // List of Built in Namespaces required including in program .. // It is similar to # include <stdio.h> in C, C++ .. Namespace Anyname of Namespace { Class classname { Static void Main (string [ ] args) { Statement . . } } } Every statement in C#.net ends with a terminator (;) C#.net has case sensitive programming language
Karthikeya FIRST PROGRAM:
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Namespace CABasics { Class First { Static void Main (string [ ] args) { Console.WriteLine (Welcome); Console.ReadLine (); } } } WRITING THE C#.NET CODE IN NOTEPAD: In Notepad write the following code Used system; Used system.collection.generics; Used system. Text; Namespace CABasics { Class First { Static void Main (string [ ] args) { Console.WriteLine (Welcome); Console.ReadLine (); } } } Then save the file with the name.cs Then open Visual Studio command prompt Type CSC filename.cs Then type filename Then press Enter
PATH OF C# .NET COMPILER: C:\windows\microsoft.net\framework\version folder CONSOLE CLASS:
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This class contains various properties and methods required to work with input and output streams METHODS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Clear(); Write(message); WriteLine(message); Read(); ReadLine();
CLEAR (): This method is used to clear the contents of the screen It is similar to clrscr () in C or C++ WRITE (): This method is used to display some method on the screen After displaying the message. The cursor remains in the same line Console. Write (welcome); O/p: welcome_ // cursor blinks after welcome WRITELINE (message): This method also used to display some methods on the screen After displaying the message. The cursor will move to next line Console.WriteLine (welcome); O/p: welcome _ // cursor blinks in new line READ (): This method is used to read a single character from the screen or input stream This method reads ASCII value of the character READLINE (): This method is also used to read the characters from the screen or from the input screen This method reads group of characters in the form of string COMMENTS IN C#.NET:
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// Single line comment /* .text. */ Multi line comment * Write a program to find addition of two numbers..? Namespace CABasics { Class Addition { Static void Main (string [ ] args) { int a, b; a=10; b=20; int c=a+b; Console.WriteLine (Value of a is..+a); Console.WriteLine (Value of b is..+b); Console.WriteLine (Sum of a and b is..+c); Console.ReadLine (); } } } NOTE: Other way to print the value of C Console.WriteLine (Sum is :{ 0}.c); Similarly Console.WriteLIne (Values of a and b is..{0}, {1}, a,b); {0}, {1} are similar to %d or %f in C Language READ () Vs READLINE (): Read () 1. Reads single/next character from the screen/input stream 2. Reads maximum of 1 character only 3. Reads ASCII value of the character 4. Return type is Integer ReadLine () 1. Reads group of characters from the screen/input stream 2. Reads maximum of 255 characters 3. Reads string value of the characters 4. Return type is string
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EXAMPLE FOR READLINE (): Namespace CABasics { Class Addition { Static void Main (string [ ] args) { String Name; int age; Console.WriteLine (Enter your Name and age...); Name = Console.ReadLine (); Age= Convert. To int32 (Console.ReadLine ()); Console. Clear (); Console.WriteLine (your Name is...+Name); Console.WriteLine (your age is...+age); Console.ReadLine (); } } } EXAMPLE FOR READ (): Namespace CABasics { Class clsExamples { Static void Main (string [ ] args) { int x; Console.WriteLine (Enter any character...); x = Console. Read () Console. Clear (); Console.WriteLine (Entered value is... + x); Console. Read (); } } } NOTE: Instead of age = Convert. To int32 (Console.ReadLine ()); we can use age = int. Parse (Console.ReadLine ());
PROGRAMING CONSTRUCTS: The methods we use to write a program are called programming constructs
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Any programming language will have three types of programming constructs 1. Sequential 2. Selection 3. Iteration * SEQUENTIAL: In this method all the statements are executed one by one with out skipping any statement * SELECTION: In this method compiler will execute only few statements and some set of statements are ignored based on the given condition. There are four types of selection statements 1. Simple If 2. If else 3. Nested If 4. Switch * SIMPLE IF: if (condition) { Statements . . } In this method, if the given condition is true the statements of if-block are executed Otherwise the statements of if-block are ignored * IF ELSE: if (condition) { Statements . . } else { Statements
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hanu.andru@yahoo.com . .
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} In this method if the given condition is true if-block statements are executed... If the given condition is false the else-block statements are executed * NESTED IF: In this method one or more if-conditions are included with in if-block or with in else-block if (condition) { Statements . . } else if { Statements . . } . . . else { Statements . . } Example for Simple-If Namespace CAselection { Class simpleif { Static void Main () { int Empid; Double basic, da=0, hra=0, gross; String Ename; Console. WriteLine (Enter Employee details...);
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Empid=Covert. To int32 (Console.ReadLine ()); Basic=Covert. To Double (Console.ReadLine ()); If (Basic>5000) { da=0.4*Basic; hra=0.2*Basic; } gross=Basic+da+hra; Console. Clear (); Console.WriteLine (Employee Id is...+Empid); Console.WriteLine (Employee Name is...+Ename); Console.WriteLine (Gross salary is...+Gross); Console.ReadLine (); } } } NOTE: Da and Hra should be initialized with any value There is no guarantee that if block always runs Hence it may be rise compile time error Example for else-if * Accept Employee details from user (Empid, Ename and Basic) then calculate Da, Hra as given below condition on salary Da Hra Basic >= 5000 40% 20% Basic <= 5000 30% 10% Namespace CAselection { Class simpleif { Static void Main () { int Empid; Double basic, da=0, hra=0, gross; String Ename; Console. WriteLine (Enter Employee details...); Empid=Covert. To int32 (Console.ReadLine ()); Basic=Covert. To Double (Console.ReadLine ()); If (Basic>=5000) { da=0.4*Basic;
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hanu.andru@yahoo.com hra=0.2*Basic; } else { da=0.3*Basic; hra=0.1*Basic;
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} gross=Basic+da+hra; Console. Clear (); Console.WriteLine (Employee Id is...+Empid); Console.WriteLine (Employee Name is...+Ename); Console.WriteLine (Gross salary is...+Gross); Console.ReadLine (); } } } Example on Nested-if * WAP which accept age of a person and display message as given below Age Message 0 -5 you are a kid 6 - 12 you are a child 13 - 19 you are a Teenager 20 - 35 you are a Youngster 35 - 50 you are in Middle age >50 you are in Old age Namespace CABasics { Class Nestedif { Static void Main (string [ ] args) { int age; Console.WriteLine (Enter your age...); Age= Convert. To int32 (Console.ReadLine ()); If (age<=5) { Console.WriteLine (you are a kid...); } else If (age<=12) { Console.WriteLine (you are a child...); } else If (age<=19) {
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Console.WriteLine (you are a Teenager...); } else If (age<=35) { Console.WriteLine (you are a youngster...); } else If (age<=50) { Console.WriteLine (you are in Middle age...); } else { Console.WriteLine (you are in old age...); } Console.ReadLine (); } } } SWITCH CONDITION: Switch (condition) { case exp1: { Statements .. .. break; } case exp2: { Statements .. .. break; } .. .. .. default: { Statements .. .. break;
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We can also write switch case as shown as below Switch (condition) { case exp1: case exp2: case exp3: case exp4: { Statements .. .. break; } case exp5: { Statements .. .. break; } .. .. .. default: { Statements .. .. break; } } Example on switch * WAP to find given character is vowel or consonant Namespace CABasics { Class switch
these will work as or (||) operator
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Static void Main (string [ ] args) { String alpha; Console.WriteLine (Enter any character...); alpha = Console.ReadLine (); Console. Clear (); Switch (alpha) { case a: case e: case i: case o: case u: { Console.WriteLine (vowel); } default: { Console.WriteLine (consonant); } } Console.ReadLine (); } } } ITERATIONS: Iterations are used to execute group of statements repeatedly for required number of times. In c# they are 4 types 1. 2. 3. 4. FOR LOOP: For (variable = start value; condition; variable increment/decrement) { Statements .. .. } WHILE LOOP: for loop while loop do-while loop for-each loop
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While (condition) { Statements .. .. increment/decrement of variable; } DO WHILE LOOP: Do { Statements .. .. increment/decrement of variable; } while (condition) Example on for loop * WAP to find the factors of given numbers Namespace CABasics { Class forloop { Static void Main (string [ ] args) { int num; Console.WriteLine (Enter any number...); Num = Convert. To int32 (Console.ReadLine ()); Console. Clear (); For (int i=1; i<=num; i++) { if (num%i == 0) Console.Write (i+\t); } Console.ReadLine (); } } } Example on while-loop * WAP to find Reverse number of given number
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Namespace CABasics { Class forloop { Static void Main (string [ ] args) { int num, Rnum=0; Console.WriteLine (Enter any number...); Num = Convert. To int32 (Console.ReadLine ()); Console. Clear (); While (num>0) { Rnum = (Rnum*10) + (num%10); Num = num/10; } Console.WriteLine (Reverse number is + Rnum); Console.ReadLine (); } } } KEY WORDS IN C#: C#.NET contains 2 types of keywords 1. Reserved keywords 2. Contextual keywords RESERVED Vs CONTEXTUAL: RESERVED 1. These are syntactical words used to write code like if, for etc 2. Total 77 are present in C#.NET 3. Reserved cant be used as a variable directly. To declare them as a variable then use @ symbol before Ex: int if; // not allowed Int @if; // allowed RESERVED KEYWORDS: CONTEXTUAL 1. These have special meaning to the compiler 2. total 6 contextual keywords are present in C#.NET 3. Contextual keywords can be used as variables directly Ex: int get; // allowed
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Karthikeya 1. abstract 2. as 3. base 4. bool 5. break 6. byte 7. case 8. catch 9. char 10. checked 11. class 12. const 13. continue 14. decimal 15. default 16. delegate 17. do 18. double 19. else 20. enum 21. event 22. explicit 23. extern 24. false 25. finally
hanu.andru@yahoo.com 26. fixed 27. float 28. for 29. foreach 30. goto 31. if 32. implicit 33. in 34. int 35. interface 36. internal 37. is 38. lock 39. long 40. namespace 41. new 42. null 43. object 44. operator 45. out 46. override 47. params 48. private 49. protected 50. public
9052044478 51. readonly 52. ref 53. return 54. sByte 55. sealed 56. short 57. size of 58. stakalloc 59. struct 60. switch 61. this 62. throw 63. true 64. try 65. type of 66. unit 67. ulong 68. unchecked 69. unsafe 70. ushort 71. used 72. virtual 73. void 74. volatile 75. while
CONTEXTUAL KEYWORDS: 1. get 2. partial NOTE: Type c# *.doc in search MAIN METHOD IN C#: In C#.NET Main () method is the starting point of program execution. A program can contain maximum of only one Main () method. A Main () method must be always static because only one instance will be maintained for the Main () method. Return type of Main () method is either void or int. Main () method contains one optional argument i.e. string [] args. Args is the array of string data type. This is used to pass the arguments to the Main () method. A Main () method in C#.NET is always private. It cant be declared as public. 17 3. set 4. value 5. where 6. yield
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If we dont mention return type for Main () method. It gives compile time error with error number CS1520. ARRAYS: An array is a variable which is used to store multiple values with the same name Array locations are accessed with the help of index Tree view of Array is shown in landscape page at last
SINGLE DIMENTIONAL: If an Array contains a single roe or single column then it is known as Single Dimensional Ex: A 0 10 1 20 2 30 A [5] A 10 0 20 1 30 2 3 40 4 50
40 3 50 4 MULTI DIMENTIONAL: If an Array contains more than one row and more than one column then it is known as Multi Dimensional Array Ex: A [3, 3]
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NORMAL ARRAY: If an Array occupies a memory size of <= 64 kb then it is known as Normal Array HUGE ARRAY: If an Array occupies a memory size of > 64 kb then it is known as Normal Array STATIC ARRAY: If an Array size constant through out the program execution then it is known as Huge Array DYNAMIC ARRAY: If an Array size not constant and changes during the program execution then it is known as Huge Array JOGGED ARRAY: An Array with in another Array is known as Jogged Array NOTES: C#.NET doesnt support dynamic Arrays but VB.NET supports dynamic Arrays In VB.NET we can change the size of the array during the program execution used ReDin keyword In C#.NET Arrays are treated as reference type Arrays are object in C#.NET For Arrays memory is not allotted in contiguous memory Memory is allotting in heap allocation i.e. in random memory location SYNTAX TO CREATE AN ARRAY: Data type [ ] Array Name = new Data type [size]; (Or) Data type [ ] Array Name = new Data type [ ] {Initializing elements}; Ex: Int [ ] A = new int [4]; A [0] = 20; A [1] = 30;
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hanu.andru@yahoo.com A [2] = 40; A [3] = 10; A [4] = 50; (Or) int [ ] A = new int [ ]{20,30,40,10,50}; A 0 20 1 30 2 40 3 10 4 50
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NOTE: If an Array is not initialized, then it will store by default values in to the array locations like Numeric Data types = 0 Non-Numeric Data types = NULL Boolean Data types = False * Example for Single Dimensional Array Namespace CABasics { Class Array { Static void Main (string [ ] args) { int [ ] A = new int [ ] {20, 30, 50, 60, 70}; for (int i=0; i<5; i++) { Console. Write (A [ ] + /t); } Console.ReadLine (); } } } Namespace CABasics { Class String.Array { Static void Main (string [ ] args) { string [ ] A = new string [ ] { Abhi,Minni}; for (int i=0; i<5; i++) { Console. Write (A [ ] + /t); 20
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hanu.andru@yahoo.com } Console.ReadLine (); } }
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} * foreach loop in Arrays: SYNTAX: foreach (Data type variable name in List) { Statements . . } Namespace CABasics { Class Array1 { Static void Main (string [ ] args) { string [ ] A = new string [ ] { Abhi,Minni}; foreach (string s in A) { Console. Write (s + /t); } Console.ReadLine (); } } } NOTE: In foreach loop at iteration the respective value of the list is copied in to the foreach variable In the above example in 1st iteration s will contain a value Abhi In 2nd iteration s will contain a value Minni A foreach statement always iterates through the whole array. If you want only to iterate through a known of an array A foreach statement always iterates from index zero through index Length -1. If you want to iterate backwards, its not possible If the body of the loop needs to know the index of the element rather than just the value of the element, you will have a for statement If you need to modify the elements of the array, you will have to use a for because foreach statement is read only 21
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METHODS N PROPERTIES WITH ARRAY OBJECT: PROPERTIES: Length: - This property returns the size of the Array A. Length 5 Rank: - This property returns the dimension of the Array A. Rank 1 If Array is 2 Dimensional then rank is 2 METHODS: Copy to (Destination Array, index) A. Copy to (B, 0); This method is used to copy elements of one Array to another Array * Example for Array objects Namespace CABasics { Class Array1 { Static void Main (string [ ] args) { string [ ] A = new string [ ] { C,C++,.NET,Java,Ajax}; string [ ] B = new string [10]; Console.WriteLine (Elements of Array A are...); foreach (string s in A) { Console. Write (s + /t); } Console.WriteLine (Rank of Array A is...+A.rank); A. Copy to (B, 0); Console.WriteLine (Elements of Array B are...); foreach (string s in B) { Console. Write (s + /t); } Console.ReadLine (); } } } ARRAY CLASS:
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In .NET we have a separate class for array known as System. Array This class will provide various methods to work with Array Array. Binary search (Array name, Search value); Array. Clear (Array name, [index], [length]); Array. Copy (Source Array name, Destination, Array name, length); Array. Reverse (Array name, [index], [length]); Array. Sort (Array name, [index], [length]);
* Array. Binary Search: This method is used to search an element in a sorted array used Binary search method It returns an integer value If search element is found this method will return positive integer i.e. index value of element in Array If search element is not found then this method will return a negative value Ex: A 0 10 1 20 2 30 3 40 4 50 3 -6 -4 -3 5 60 6 70
Array. Binary search (A, 40); Array. Binary search (A, 65); Array. Binary search (A, 48); Array. Binary search (A, 32); NOTE:
To use Array. Binary Search, Array must be in Sorter order * Array. Clear (): This method is used to initializing the default values in to the Array location Ex: 0 1 2 3 4 A 20 30 40 10 50 Array. Clear (A): 0 A 0 Array. Clear (A, 1, 3): 0 A 20
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
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Karthikeya * Array. Copy ():
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This method is used to required elements from one Array to another Array To copy the required from required location in destination Array SYNTAX: Array. Copy (Source Array name, Source index, destination Array name, destination index, length) Ex: Array. Copy (A, 2, B, 4, 4); 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 20 40 50 60 10 30 70 20
B 0 * Array. Reverse (): This method is used to reverse the elements of the Array Ex: 0 1 2 3 4 20 50 10 40 60 A Array. Reverse (A): 0 1 60 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 10
3 50
4 20
Array. Reverse (A, 2, 3): 0 1 2 20 50 60 * Array. Sort ():
3 40
4 10
This method is used to sort the elements of the Array in ascending order Ex: 0 1 2 3 4 20 50 10 40 60 A Array. Sort (A): 0 1 10 20
2 40
3 50 24
4 60
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Array. Sort (A, 2, 3): 0 1 20 10 * Example
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Namespace CABasics { Class Array1 { Static void Main (string [ ] args) { int [ ] A = new int [ ] {20, 50, 30, 10, 60, 40}; int [ ] B = new int [10]; int Searchvalue; Console.WriteLine (Enter search element...); Searchvalue = Convert. To int32 (Console.ReadLine ()); Array. Sort (); Console.WriteLine (Sorted Array is...); foreach (int s in A) { Console.Write (i+/t); } int f= Array.Binarysearch (A.serachvalue); if (f>=0) { Console.WriteLine (Element is found...); } else { Console.WriteLine (Element is not found...); } foreach (string s in A) { Console. Write (s + /t); } Array.Reverse (A); Console.WriteLine (Reversed Array is...); foreach (string s in A) { Console. Write (s + /t); } Array. Copy (A, B, A. length); Console.WriteLine (Elements of Array B are...); foreach (string s in B)
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Console. Write (s + /t); } Array. Clear (A, 0, A.length); Console.WriteLine (Elements of Array A after clearing...); foreach (string s in A) { Console. Write (s + /t); } Console.ReadLine (); } } } WORKING WITH TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY: SYNTAX: * int [ , ] A = new int [2, 3]; A [0, 0] = 10; A [0, 1] = 20; A [0, 2] = 30; A [1, 2] = 40; A [1, 1] = 50; A [1, 2] = 60;
A 0 1 0 10 40 1 20 50 2 30 60
(Or) * int [ , ] = new int [2, 3]{{10, 20, 30}, {40, 50, 60}}; (Or) * int [ , ] = new int [ , ]{{10, 20, 30}, {40, 50, 60}}; * Example Namespace CABasics { Class cls2DArray { Static void Main (string [ ] args) { int [ , ] A = new int [2, 3 ]{{10, 20, 30}, {40, 50, 60}}; Console.WriteLine (Elements of 2 Dimensional Array are ...); for (int r=0; r<2; r++) { for (int c=0; c<3; c++)
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hanu.andru@yahoo.com {
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Console.WriteLine (A[r, c] +\t); } Console.WriteLine (); } Console.ReadLine (); } } } UNDERSTANDING VLUES AND REFERENCES: * All primitive types such as int are called value types. When you declare an int variable, the compiler generates code that allocates a block of memory enough to hold an integer * Class types such as objects are handled differently. When you declare an object variable, the compiler does not generates code that allocates a block of memory big enough to hold an object. * it allot a small piece of memory that is enough to store the address of another block of memory * values types are sometimes called as direct types, and reference types are sometimes called indirect types HOW COMPUTER MEMORY IS ORGANIZED: *OS and runtimes frequently divide the memory used for holding data into two separate chunks * these two chunks of memory are traditionally called the stack and the heap * when you call a method, the memory required for its parameters and its local variables is always allocate from the stack * when method is finished the memory for variables is automatically released back to the stack and they ready to use again * when you create an object the memory allocates always from the heap. When the last reference to that object disappears, the memory used by the object becomes available for reuse * stock memory is organized like a stack of boxes piled on top of each other. When method finishes, all its boxes are removed from the stack * heap memory is like a large pile of boxes strewn around a room rather than stacked neatly on top of each other * each box has a label indicating whether it is in use or not * although the object itself stored in the heap, the reference to the object is stored in the stack * heap memory is not infinite. If heap memory is exhausted the new operator will throw an out of memory exception and the object will not be created BOXING N UNBOXING: BOXING 1. Converting a value type variable to reference type 2. It supports 2 types * Implicit Boxing * Explicit Boxing UNBOXING 3. Boxing takes 20 times more time as compared to normal initialization 1. Converting a Boxing variable back to value type 2. It supports only one type * Explicit Boxing
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hanu.andru@yahoo.com 3.
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* Example Namespace CABasics { Class clsBoxing { Static void Main (string [ ] args) { int i = 10; // it stores in static memory allocation object o = i; // Implicit boxing object x = (object) i; // Explicit boxing int j = (int) i; // Explicit boxing Console.WriteLine (Value of i is ...+ i); Console.WriteLine (Value of o is ...+ o); Console.WriteLine (Value of x is ...+ x); Console.WriteLine (Value of j after un boxing is ...+ j); Console.ReadLine (); } } } NOTE: We write it like this object o = 10; DRAWBACK OF REFERNCE TYPES: In the reference variable, changes the value of the location which it is referring, it also affects the other variables which are referring the same location
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In the above figure (a, b, c, and d) are referring to the same locations If any reference variable (a, b, c and d) changes the location of 20 values It automatically effects to other references also CLASS: A class is a group of things which possess same common similarities. We can call the class members through the help of the object An object is an instant of class. Every object will represent all the following of the class
MEMBERS OF CLASS: In C# a class can contain 7 types of members 1. Data fields 2. Methods/Functions 3. Constructors 4. Destructors 5. Properties 6. Events 7. Indexers CLASS DIAGRAM: Class Name Data fields Properties Indexers Methods Constructors Destructors Events DECLARING AN OBJECT IN C#: SYNTAX: Access specify class class name { Code 29
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hanu.andru@yahoo.com . .
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} Access specifies are 5 types they are * Public * Private * Protected * Internal * Protected Interval Internal is default in C#... CREATING AN OBJECT FOR A CLASS: SYNTAX: Class name object name = new class name (); Ex: Employee obj = new Employee (); * Example on class ClsEmployee int Empid; string Ename; string Eaddress; int age; Public void Getdata (); Public void Display (); Namespace CABasics { class clsEmployee { int Empid, age; string Ename, Eaddress; public void Getdata () { Console.WriteLine (Enter Employee Details); Empid = Convert. To int32 (Console.ReadLine ()); Ename = Console.ReadLine (); Eaddress = Console.ReadLine (); age = Convert. To int32 (Console.ReadLine ()); } public void Display () { Console.WriteLine (Employee Id is + Empid);
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Console.WriteLine (Employee name is + Ename); Console.WriteLine (Employee Address is + Eaddress); Console.WriteLine (Employee age is + age); } } class clsExample1 { static void Main () { clsEmployee obj = new clsEmployee (); obj.Getdata (); obj.Display (); Console.ReadLine (); } } } * Example ClsEmpSalary int Empid; string Ename; double Basic, DA; double HRA, Gross; Public void Getdata (); Public void Calculate (); Public void Display (); DA = 40% of Basic HRA = 20% of Basic Namespace CAB Asics { class clsEmpSalary { int Empid; string Ename; double Basic, DA, HRA, Gross; public void Getdata () { Console.WriteLine (Enter Employee Details); Empid = Convert. To int32 (Console.ReadLine ()); Ename = Console.ReadLine (); Eaddress = Console.ReadLine (); Basic = Convert. To Double (Console.ReadLine ()); } public void Calculate ()
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DA = 0.4 * Basic; HRA = 0.2 * Basic; Gross = Basic + DA + HRA; } public void Display () { Console.WriteLine (Employee Id is + Empid); Console.WriteLine (Employee name is + Ename); Console.WriteLine (Employee Basic is + Basic); Console.WriteLine (Employee DA is + DA); Console.WriteLine (Employee HRA is + HRA); Console.WriteLine (Employee Gross salary is + Gross); } } class clsExample1 { static void Main () { clsEmpSalary obj = new clsEmpSalary (); obj.Getdata (); obj.Calculate (); Console. Clear (); obj.Display (); Console.ReadLine (); } } } FEATURES OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING: * Abstraction * Encapsulation * Polymorphism * Inheritance * ABSTRACTION: Abstraction is hiding the implementation and providing result or service. Ex: If we go to a restaurant and order a Biryani, Biryani preparation is hidden but Biryani is served. Abstraction is of 2 kinds * Data Abstraction * Function Abstraction
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Karthikeya DATA ABSTRACTION:
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Used this we can provide Abstraction for the data fields of the class by used properties and Indexers FUNCTIONAL ABSTRACTION: When we call any function outside the class. Code of the function is hidden but we get the Result * ENCAPSULATION: Binding the data members of a class along with function of the class is known as Encapsulation Encapsulation has two purposes 1. To combine methods and data inside a class; in other words, to support classification 2. To control the accessibility of the class; in other words, to control the use of the class POLYMORPHISM: Polymorphism is providing different functionalities of implementations for the sane function operator This word has been derived from Greek word. Its meaning is poly means Many.. morphy means forms or phases Polymorphism is achieved in 2 ways * Function overloading * Operator overloading INHERITANCE: The main purpose of inheritance is code reusability Creating a new class from an existing class is known as inheritance The existing class is known as Base class or parent class The newly created class is known as Derived class or Child class When we inherit a new class the existing class members can be accessed in newly created class based on their accessibility levels
TYPES OF INHERITANCE: * Single Inheritance * Multiple Inheritance * Multiple Inheritance
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hanu.andru@yahoo.com * Hybrid Inheritance
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SINGLE INHERITANCE: Creating a single new class from a single Existing class is known as single Inheritance
Class A
Parent
Class B MULTIPLE INHERITANCE:
Child
Creating a new class from two or more existing classes is known as multiple Inheritance Class A Class B
Class C In the above fig class A and class B are parent or Base classes for class C class C is derived for class A and class B All the members of class A and class B cab be used in class C based on their accessibility levels Not possible in c# with both parents as classes. One interface and one parent is allowed for multiple. MULTI-LEVEL INHERTIANCE: Creating a new class from already derived class is known as multilevel Inheritance Class A
Class B
Class C 34
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In the above figure class B is derived from class A and class C is derived from class B * class A is parent /base class for class B and super class for class C * class B is parent /base class for class C and child class for class A * class C is Derived class for class B All members of class A can be used in class B based on their accessibilities All members of class A and class B can be used in class C based on their accessibility Levels HYBRID INHERITANCE: This is the combination of multiple and multilevel inheritance Class A Class B
Class C
Class D In the figure class C is created by used class A and class B. This is multiple inheritance class D is created from class C which is already derived. This is multilevel inheritance class A and class B are base classes for class C and super classes for class D class C is parent class for class D and derived class for class A and class B class D is derived class for class C * Example clsCompany string Cname; string Caddress; int RegNo; string ConNum; Public void Getdata (); Public void Display (); ClsEmployee int Empid; string Ename; string Eaddress; int Eage;
35 Public void GetEdata (); Public void EDisplay ();
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Namespace CAInheritance { class clsCompany { int RegNo; string Cname, Caddress, Cnum; public void Getdata () { Console.WriteLine (Enter Employee Details); RegNo = Convert. To int32 (Console.ReadLine ()); Cname = Console.ReadLine (); Caddress = Console.ReadLine (); Cnum = Console.ReadLine (); } public void Display () { Console.WriteLine (Company details are); Console.WriteLine (RegNo is + RegNo); Console.WriteLine (Name is + Cname); Console.WriteLine (Address is + Caddress); Console.WriteLine (Contact number is + Cnum); } } class clsEmpSalary: clsCompany { int Empid; string Ename; double Basic, DA, HRA, Gross; public void Getdata () { base.Getdata (); Console.WriteLine (Enter Employee Details); Empid = Convert. To int32 (Console.ReadLine ()); Ename = Console.ReadLine (); Eaddress = Console.ReadLine (); Eage = Convert. To int32 (Console.ReadLine ()); } public void Display ()
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base. Display (); Console.WriteLine (Employee Id is + Empid); Console.WriteLine (Employee name is + Ename); Console.WriteLine (Employee Address is + Eaddress); Console.WriteLine (Employee age is + age); } } class clsExample1 { static void Main () { clsEmpEmployee obj = new clsEmpEmployee (); obj.GetEdata (); Console. Clear (); obj.EDisplay (); Console.ReadLine (); } } } NOTE: base is the keyword which is used to access the Base class members with in the Derived class base is the default object which is used to access the Base class member in Derive class This is the keyword used to access the current class members * Example on Multilevel clsCompany int Regno; string Cname; string Caddress; string Cnum; Public void GetCdata (); Public void DisplayCdata ();
clsEmployee int Empid, Eage; string Ename; string Eaddress; Public void GetEdata (); clsSalary Public void DisplayEdata (); double Basic, Da; double Hra, Grass; 37 Public void GetSdata (); Public void Calculate (); Public void DisplaySdata ();
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Namespace CAMLInheritance { class clsCompany { int RegNo; string Cname, Caddress, Cnum; public void Getdata () { Console.WriteLine (Enter Employee Details); RegNo = Convert. To int32 (Console.ReadLine ()); Cname = Console.ReadLine (); Caddress = Console.ReadLine (); Cnum = Console.ReadLine (); } public void Display () { Console.WriteLine (Company details are); Console.WriteLine (RegNo is + RegNo); Console.WriteLine (Name is + Cname); Console.WriteLine (Address is + Caddress); Console.WriteLine (Contact number is + Cnum); } } class clsEmpSalary: clsCompany { int Empid; string Ename; double Basic, DA, HRA, Gross; public void Getdata () { base.GetCdata (); Console.WriteLine (Enter Employee Details); Empid = Convert. To int32 (Console.ReadLine ()); Ename = Console.ReadLine (); Eaddress = Console.ReadLine (); Eage = Convert. To int32 (Console.ReadLine ());
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} public void DisplayCdata () { base. Display (); Console.WriteLine (Employee Id is + Empid); Console.WriteLine (Employee name is + Ename); Console.WriteLine (Employee Address is + Eaddress); Console.WriteLine (Employee age is + age); } } class clsSalary: ClsEmployee { double Basic, Da, Hra, Gross; public void GetSdata () { base. GetEdata (); Cinsole.WriteLine (Enter Employee Basic Salary); Basic = Convert. To intDouble (Console.ReadLine ()); } public void Calculate () { Da = 0.4*Basic; Hra = 0.2*Basic; Gross = Da + Hra +Basic; } public void DisplaySdata () { base. DisplayEdata (); Console.WriteLine (Employee salary details are...); Condole.WriteLine (Basic Salary is + Basic); Condole.WriteLine (Basic Da is + Da); Condole.WriteLine (Basic Hra is + Hra); Condole.WriteLine (Basic Gross is + Gross); } } class clsExample1 { static void Main () { clsSalary obj = new clsSalary (); obj.GetSdata (); Console. Clear (); obj. DisplaySdata (); Console.ReadLine (); } }
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Karthikeya } ACCESS SPECIFIERS:
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These are used to give restriction to the class members, classes, structures, enums and delegates They are 5 types * private * protected * internal * protected internal * public PRIVATE: private members are accessible with in the same class which they are declaring PROTECTED: protected members are accessible with in the same class and with in the Derived classes Derived class may be present in the same Namespace or in different Namespace INTERNAL: internal members are accessible in any class with in the same Namespace. The class might be Derived or Non-Derived internal members cant be accessed outside the Namespace if the class is Derived also... PROTECTED INTERNAL: These are accessed in any class with in the same Namespace and in Derived classes outside the Namespace PUBLIC: public members are accessed in any class with in the same Namespace or outside the Namespace Same Namespace same derived other class class class Outside the Namespace derived other class class
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Karthikeya private protected internal protected internal public CONSTRUCTOR:
hanu.andru@yahoo.com Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes
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A constructor is a method with in the class with the same name as class name A constructor is invoked automatically when an object is created for that class A constructor is used to initialize the data fields of a class TYPES OF CONSTRUCTORS: DEFAULT CONSTRUCTORS: A default constructor is a parameter less constructor Default constructor is invoked when an object is created with out any parameters USER DEFINED DEFAULT CONSTRUCTOR: With in a class programmer defines a constructor with out passing any arguments which is known as user defined * Example on user defined constructor Namespace CAConstructor { class clsEmployee { int Empid, age; string Ename, Eaddress; public clsEmployee () { Empid=101; age=25; Ename=Abhi; Eaddress=Hyderabad; } public void Display () { Console.WriteLine (Employee Id is + Empid);
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Console.WriteLine (Employee name is + Ename); Console.WriteLine (Employee Address is + Eaddress); Console.WriteLine (Employee age is + age); } } class clsExample1 { static void Main () { clsEmployee obj = new clsEmployee (); obj.Display (); Console.ReadLine (); } } } At the time of execution compiler will search for the user defined constructor initially If user defined default constructor is not available then system will create its own constructor and stores the default values in to the data fields This is known as system defined * Example on system defined constructor Namespace CAConstructor { class clsEmployee { int Empid, age; string Ename, Eaddress; public void Display () { Console.WriteLine (Employee Id is + Empid); Console.WriteLine (Employee name is + Ename); Console.WriteLine (Employee Address is + Eaddress); Console.WriteLine (Employee age is + age); } } class clsExample1 { static void Main () { clsEmployee obj = new clsEmployee (); obj.Display (); Console.ReadLine (); }
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Karthikeya } } DISADVANTAGES:
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If we create number of objects, same values are stored in to all object data fields To overcome this problem we use parameterized constructor * Example on parameterized constructor Namespace CAConstructor { class clsEmployee { int Empid, age; string Ename, Eaddress; public clsEmployee (int Id, string s, string Ad, int A) { Empid=Id; Ename=s; Eaddress=Ad; age=A; } public void Display () { Console.WriteLine (Employee Id is + Empid); Console.WriteLine (Employee name is + Ename); Console.WriteLine (Employee Address is + Eaddress); Console.WriteLine (Employee age is + age); } } class clsExample1 { static void Main () { clsEmployee obj1 = new clsEmployee (102, sai, Hyd, 25); clsEmployee obj2 = new clsEmployee (101, raj, Ban, 24); obj1.Display (); obj2.Display (); Console.ReadLine (); } } } COPY CONSTUCTOR: If we want to copy or use existing object data fields, then we use copy constructor
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Copy constructor is used to copy the existing object data fields in to newly created object data fields Copy constructor will have one argument of the same class type Existing object data fields are stored used constructor then constructor is accepted by the user * Example on copy constructor Namespace CAConstructor { class clsEmployee { int Empid, age; string Ename, Eaddress; public clsEmployee () // default constructor { Empid=101; age=25; Ename=Abhi; Eaddress=Hyderabad; } public clsEmployee (int Id, string s, string Ad, int A)// parameterized { Empid=Id; Ename=s; Eaddress=Ad; age=A; } public clsEmployee (clseEmployee objTemp) { Empid = objTemp.Empid; Ename = objTemp.Ename; Eaddress = objTemp.Eaddress; Eage = objTemp.Eage; } public void Display () { Console.WriteLine (Employee Id is + Empid); Console.WriteLine (Employee name is + Ename); Console.WriteLine (Employee Address is + Eaddress); Console.WriteLine (Employee age is + age); } } class clsExample1 { static void Main () { clsEmployee obj1 = new clsEmployee (); clsEmployee obj2 = new clsEmployee (102, sai, Hyd, 25); clsEmployee obj3 = new clsEmployee (obj1); clsEmployee obj4 = new clsEmployee (obj2); obj1.Display (); obj2.Display ();
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hanu.andru@yahoo.com obj3.Display (); obj4.Display (); Console.ReadLine (); } }
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} PRIVATE CONSTRUCTOR: If a constructor is defined used private access specifies then it is known as private constructor It cant be call from outside the class It can be call with in the class only Generally private constructor is used in remoting concepts STATIC CONSTRUCTOR: * Example without static variable Namespace CAConstructor { class clsSample { public clsSample () { i=100; } public void display () { Console.WriteLine (Value of I is + i); i++; } } class clsNonstatic { static void Main () { clsEmployee obj1 = new clsEmployee (); obj1.Display (); clsEmployee obj2 = new clsEmployee (); obj2.Display (); Console.ReadLine (); } } } * Example without static variable
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Namespace CAConstructor { class clsSample { int i; static int j; public clsSample () { i=100; } static clsSample () { j=100; } public void display () { Console.WriteLine (Value of I is + i); i++; Console.WriteLine (Value of I is + i); i++; } } class clsNonstatic { static void Main () { clsEmployee obj1 = new clsEmployee (); obj1.Display (); clsEmployee obj2 = new clsEmployee (); obj2.Display (); clsEmployee obj2 = new clsEmployee (); obj2.Display (); Console.ReadLine (); } } } All static members will have a common instance for all the object of the class Where as all non-static members will have separate instance for each class All static data fields can be initialized in a non-static constructor Ex: public clsSample () { i=100; j=101; // this is allowed... }
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When we initialize a static data fields in a non-static constructor. It looses its static nature Ex: static clsSample () { j=100; i=100; // this is not allowed } A non-static variable cant be initialized in static constructor A static data field can be initialized in both static and non-static constructor but priority is given to the non-static constructor Ex: public clsSample () { i=100; j=101; // this is allowed } static clsSample () { j=100; // this is allowed } STATIC Vs DYNAMIC VARIABLES: STATIC 1. Initialized only once during the beginning of execution 2. Returns their old values 3. Can be only private or local, cant be public POLYMORPHISM: Polymorphism is achieving by used two ways * Function Overloading * Function Overriding FUNCTION OVERLOADING: Assigning additional work to an existing function other than the original work is known as function overloading We overload a function in two cases * When number of parameters/arguments are changed * When data types of the arguments are changed DYNAMIC 1. Reinitialized every time for each object 2. Cant return their old value 3. Can be local or public
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* WHEN NUMBER OF ARGUMENTS CHANGED: public int add (int a, int b) { int r = a+b; return r; } Above function can be used to add only two integers To perform an addition of three integers we cant use this above function Add (10, 20) can be used but add (10, 20, 30) same function for three arguments in the following way public int add (int a, int b, int c) { int r = a+b+c; return r; } * METHOD SIGNATURE / FUNCTION SIGNATURE: A method signature/function signature can be identifying by depending their * Access specifies of the function * Return type of the function * Function name * Number of arguments * Data types of arguments With same signature: public int add (int a, int b) { } public int add (int x, float b) { } With different signature: public int add (int a, int b) { } public int add (int a, int b, int c) {
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} public double add (int a, double b) { } public double add (double a, double b) { } public void add (int a, int b) { } FUNCTION / METHOD OVERRIDING: Providing different functionality for the same function is known as function overriding When we override a function, function signature doesnt change Function overriding is implementing in INHERITANCE FUNCTION OVERLOADING Vs FUNCTION OVERRIDING: OVERLOADING 1. Function signatures are different 2. Function will have existing function code and new code (i.e. function need to perform overload function work based on requirement) 3. Can be implemented with or without inheritance 4. Known as static polymorphism (Early binding / compile time polymorphism) * Example for function overloading clsCompany int Empid, Eage; string Ename; string Eaddress; 49 Public void Getdata (); Public void Displaydata (); OVERRIDING 1. Function signatures are same. Doesnt change 2. In this newly assigned code is execute and already existing code of the function is ignored 3. Can be implement with in Inheritance only 4. Known as Dynamic polymorphism (Late binding / runtime polymorphism)
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In this class Getdata () contains code to accept all the data fields like Empid, Eage, Ename and Eaddress During the expression of the company, company divides the employee in to Manager following rules Age is fixed >= 45 years Address is same as the company address While accepting the data of the Manager, it isnt required to accept Eage and Eaddress For Non-managers we need to accept all the data fields SOLUTION: For this we have to derive to new classes from clsEmployee known as clsManager and clsNon-manager We overriding the methods Getdata () and Displaydata () in clsManager
clsEmployee
clsManager CLASS DIAGRAM:
clsNonManager
clsEmployee int Empid,Eage; string Ename; string Eaddress; Public virtual void Getdata (); Public virtual void Displaydata (); clsManager int Bonus; Public override void Getdata (); Public override void Displaydata ();
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Namespace CAfunctionOverride { class clsEmployee { protected int Empid, age; protected string Ename, Eaddress; public virtual void GetEmpdatat() { Console.WriteLine (Enter empid, name, address and age); Empid = Convert.Toint32 (Console.ReadLine()); Ename = Console.ReadLine(); Eaddress = Console.ReadLine(); Eage = Convert.Toint32 (Console.ReadLine()); } public virtual void DisplayEmpdata () { Console.WriteLine (Employee Id is + Empid); Console.WriteLine (Employee name is + Ename); Console.WriteLine (Employee Address is + Eaddress); Console.WriteLine (Employee age is + age); } } class clsManager : clsEmployee { int Bonus; public override GetEmpdata() { Console.WriteLine (Enter Manager Details); Empid = Convert.Toint32 (Console.ReadLine( )); Ename = Console.ReadLine(); Bonus = Convert.Toint32 (Console.ReadLine( )); } public override DisplayEmpdata() { Console.WriteLine (Manager Id is + Empid); Console.WriteLine (Manager name is + Ename); Console.WriteLine (Manager Bonus is + Bonus); } } class clsFunOverride { static void Main () { clsManager objM = new clsManager ( ); objM.GetEmpdata (); objM.DisplayEmpdata ();
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hanu.andru@yahoo.com Console.ReadLine (); } }
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} VIRTUAL METHOD OR FUNCTION: A virtual method is declaring used virtual keyword.. A virtual function can be overridden in one of its derived classes.. OVERRIDING A METHOD OR FUNCTION: To override a method use the override keyword.. Generally we override the virtual methods or functions..
NOTE: A virtual class cant contain abstract methods. No keyword is used to declare virtual class but for creating methods. We use virtual keyword.. A virtual function contains both declaration and definition of method. Where as an abstract function contains only declaration ABSTRACT FUNCTIONS: A function which contains only declaration and does not contain any functionality is known as abstract function An abstract function is declared used abstract keyword An abstract function must be overridden in one of its derived classes An abstract function can be declared only with in abstract class If an abstract functions declare in non abstract class. Then compilation error occurs ABSTRACT CLASS: A class which contains one or more abstract functions is known as abstract class Abstract class should be declared used abstract keyword An abstract class can not be initialized directly An abstract class can contain both abstract and non abstract functions An abstract class should be used to derive new class Example: clsEmployee (abstract) int Empid,Eage; string Ename; string Eaddress;
52 Public abstract void GetEmpdata (); Public abstract void Display ();
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clsManager int Bonus; Public override void GetEmpdata (); Public override void Display (); Namespace CAabstract { abstract class clsEmployee { protected int Empid, age; protected string Ename, Eaddress; public abstract void GetEmpdata (); public virtual void Display (); } class clsManager : clsEmployee { int Bonus; public override GetEmpdata() { Console.WriteLine (Enter Manager Details); Empid = Convert.Toint32 (Console.ReadLine( )); Ename = Console.ReadLine(); Bonus = Convert.Toint32 (Console.ReadLine( )); } public override DisplayEmpdata() { Console.WriteLine (Manager Id is + Empid); Console.WriteLine (Manager name is + Ename); Console.WriteLine (Manager Bonus is + Bonus); } } class clsAbstractExample { static void Main () { clsManager objM = new clsManager ( ); objM.GetEmpdata (); objM.DisplayEmpdata ();
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hanu.andru@yahoo.com Console.ReadLine (); } }
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} INTERFACES: A class which contains all abstract methods is known as an interface An interface is declared used interface keyword An interface cant be instantiated directly An interface can contain only the following members of class * Methods (Abstract only) * Properties * Events * Indexers Interface is used to implement multiple inheritances in c#.net All the methods of an interface must be overridden in derived classes By default all members of interface are public. All methods are abstract An interface can be used to derive another interface
ABSTRACT Vs INTERFACE
ABSTRACT 1. overriding of virtual methods in derived class is optional 2. by default all members of abstract class are private
INTERFACE 3. contain both abstract and non abstract methods 4. declaring used abstract keyword
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5. can contain all the members of the class say data fields, methods, properties, constructors, destructors, events and indexers 6. cant be instantiated directly 7. cant be used to implement multiple inheritances 8. use abstract keyword for declaring all abstract functions 1. overriding of abstract methods in derived class is compulsory 2. by default all members of interface are public.. NOTE:
3. contain only abstract methods 4. declaring used interface keyword 5. can contain 4 members of class namely properties, methods(abstract), indexers and events 6. cant be instantiated directly 7. used to implement multiple inheritances 8. do not use abstract keyword for declaring abstract functions
By default all interface methods are of protected i.e. access specifies is by default protected for them Example:
clsEmployee (interface) void GetEmpdata (); void DisplayEmpdata ();
clsManager int Bonus, Empid; string Ename; Public override void GetEmpdata (); Public override void Display ();
Namespace CAinterface { interface clsEmployee { void GetEmpdata (); void DisplayEmpdata ();
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} class clsManager : clsEmployee { int Bonus, Empid; string Ename; public override void GetEmpdata() { Console.WriteLine (Enter Employee id, Name and Bonus); Empid = Convert.Toint32 (Console.ReadLine( )); Ename = Console.ReadLine(); Bonus = Convert.Toint32 (Console.ReadLine( )); } public override DisplayEmpdata() { Console.WriteLine (Manager Id is + Empid); Console.WriteLine (Manager name is + Ename); Console.WriteLine (Manager Bonus is + Bonus); } } class clsInterfaceExample { static void Main () { clsManager obj = new clsManager ( ); obj.GetEmpdata (); obj.DisplayEmpdata (); Console.ReadLine (); } } } MULTIPLE INHERITANCES: clsEmployee (interface) void GetEmpdata (); void DisplayEmpdata (); clsEmployee (interface) void GetEmpdata (); void DisplayEmpdata ();
clsManager int Bonus, Empid; string Ename, Cname, Caddress; public override void GetCdata(); public override void DisplayCdata(); public override void GetEmpdata (); public override void DisplayEmpdata(); 56
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Namespace CAmulInterface { interface clsCompany { void GetCdata (); void DisplayCdata (); } interface clsEmployee { void GetEmpdata (); void DisplayEmpdata (); } class clsManager : clcCompany,clsEmployee { int Bonus, Empid; string Ename, Cname, Caddress; public override void GetCdata() { Console.WriteLine (Enter company Name and Address); Cname = Console.ReadLine(); Caddress = Console.ReadLine( ); } public override DisplayCdata() { Console.WriteLine (Company name is + Cname); Console.WriteLine (Manager Address is + Caddress); } public override void GetEmpdata() { Console.WriteLine (Enter Employee id, Name and Bonus); Empid = Convert.Toint32 (Console.ReadLine( )); Ename = Console.ReadLine(); Bonus = Convert.Toint32 (Console.ReadLine( )); } public override DisplayEmpdata() { Console.WriteLine (Manager Id is + Empid); Console.WriteLine (Manager name is + Ename); Console.WriteLine (Manager Bonus is + Bonus); } } class clsmulInheritance
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static void Main () { clsManager objM = new clsManager ( ); objM.GetCdata (); objM.GetEmpdata (); objM.DisplayCdata (); objM.DisplayEmpdata (); Console.ReadLine (); } } } NOTE: When we derive another class from the two base classes. We have to redeclare all the data fields and methods. This is the draw back of multiple inheritances in C#.net INHERITING CONSTRUCTORS:
clsEmployee int Empid, Eage; string Ename; string Eaddress; clsEmployee(); clsManager int Bonus; Public void Getdata (); Public void Displaydata (); Namespace CAinheritConstructor { class clsEmployee { protected int Empid, Eage; protected string Ename, Eaddress; public clsEmployee()
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Empid=101; Eage=25; Ename=Ram;Eaddress=Hyderabad; } } class clsManager : clsEmployee { int Bonus, Empid; string Ename; public clsManager() { Bonus=20000; } public void DisplayEmpdata() { Console.WriteLine (Manager Id is + Empid); Console.WriteLine (Manager name is + Ename); Console.WriteLine (Manager Address is + Eaddress); Console.WriteLine (Manager Age is + Eage); Console.WriteLine (Manager Bonus is + Bonus); } } class clsInherit_Constructor { static void Main () { clsManager obj = new clsManager ( ); obj.DisplayEmpdata (); Console.ReadLine (); } } } NOTE: When we create object from derived class, first base class constructor is executed. Then derived class constructor is executed Even when we work with parameterized constructors PROPERTIES: Properties are used to provide data abstraction to the data fields of the class A property never stores a value A property is used to transfer the required values from outside the class to data field and from data fields to outside the class
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A property can contain maximum two methods or accessory. They are set and get * SET ACCESSORY: Used to write or store the value in to data fields Set accessory will have a fixed and default variable known as value When we call a property to transfer a value in to data field, the supplied value will come and store in value variable automatically * GET ACCESSORY: Get accessory is used to read the value present with in the data field of the class TYPES OF PROPERTIES: * Read only property * Write only property * Read-Write property * READ ONLY: This property is used to read a value of the data field or this property returns the value of the data field Used read only property we cant store a value in data field Read only property will contain only one method i.e. get method SYNTAX: Access specifies data type property name { get { return data field Name/any value; } } * WRITE ONLY: This property is used to write or store a value in to data field of a class Used this property we cant read the value present in data field Write only property will contain only one method or accessory Access specifies data type property name { set 60
SYNTAX:
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data field Name = value; } } * READ WRITE: This property is used to read a value present in the data field and to write a value in to data field This property contains 2 accessories i.e. get and set accessories SYNTAX: Access specifies data type property name { get { return data field Name/any value; } set { data field Name = value; } } NOTE: value is default and fixed variable. We cant change it Example: clsEmployee int Empid, Eage; string Ename; string Eaddress; int Pempid; string Peaddress, Pename; ***No Methods*** Namespace CAproperties { class clsEmployee { int Empid; string Ename, Eaddress; public int Pempid { get { return Empid; } set { Empid = value; } }
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hanu.andru@yahoo.com public string Pename { get { return Ename; } set { Ename = value; } } public int Pempid { get { return Eaddress; } set { Eaddress = value; } }
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} class property1 { static void Main() { clsEmployee obj = new clsEmployee(); Consloe.WriteLine(Enter Employee details..); obj.Pempid = Convert. To int 32(Console.ReadLine()); obj.Pename = Console.ReadLine(); obj.Peaddress = Console.ReadLine(); Console.Clear(); Console.WriteLine (Manager Id is + obj.Pempid); Console.WriteLine (Manager name is + obj.Pename); Console.WriteLine (Manager Address is + obj.Peaddress); } } } Example: clsArthemetic int Num1, Num2; int Result; int Pnum1,Pnum2; int Presult; Public void Add() Public void Subtract() Namespace CAproperties { class clsArthemetic { int Num1, Num2, Result; public int Pnum1 { set { Num1 = value; }
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hanu.andru@yahoo.com } public int Pnum2 { set { Num2 = value; } } public int Presult { get { return Result; } } public void Add () { Result = Num1 + Num2; } public void Subtract () { Result = Num1 - Num2; }
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} class property2 { static void Main() { clsArthemetic obj = new clsArthemetic (); Consloe.WriteLine(Enter any 2 numbers..); obj.Pnum1 = Convert. To int 32(Console.ReadLine()); obj.Pnum2 = Convert. To int 32(Console.ReadLine()); obj.Add(); Console.WriteLine (Sum is + obj.Presult); obj.Subtract(); Console.WriteLine (Manager Address is + obj.Presult); Console.ReadLine(); } } } NOTE: A property never accepts arguments i.e. parameters Declaration of local variables with in the property is prohibited By default accessibility of the accessory is same as the accessibility of the property is public set accessory will be public and get accessory will be public SYMMETRIC ACCESSORIES: If accessibility of both the accessories i.e. set and get is same, then set and get are known as symmetric accessories
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Karthikeya Ex:
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public int Pempid { get { return Eaddress; } set { Eaddress = value; } // both are public.. } ASYMMETRIC ACCESSORIES: If accessibility of the accessories is different, then set and get are known as asymmetric accessories Ex: public int Pempid { protected get { return Eaddress; } //set is protected.. set { Eaddress = value; } // get is public.. } INDEXERS: Indexers are used to provide data abstraction to the arrays Indexers are similar to properties Properties are used to a single data field, where as indexers are used to provide data abstraction to multiple variables Indexers are members of class An indexer can contain maximum 2 accessories i.e. get and set SYNTAX: Access specifies data type this [ index variable ] Ex: public int this [ int i] { get { } set { } } An indexer accepts arguments i.e. index value of array Namespace CAindexer { 64
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class clsExample { int[] A = new int [10]; public int this [int i] { set { A[i] = value; } get { return A[i]; } } } class clsIndexers { static void Main() { clsSample obj = new clsSample(); obj [0] = 10; obj [1] = 20; obj [2] = 30; obj [3] = 50; obj [4] = 40; Console.WriteLine (Elements of Array are..); for ( int i=0; i<=4; i++) { Console.Write (obj [0]) + \t); } Console.ReadLine(); } } } DELEGATES: A delegate is similar to pointer of function in C++. A delegate is used to represent a function. Delegates will use pointers internally. A delegate can be used to represent a single function or multiple functions. A delegate is declared used delegate keyword. Delegates are the base for events. A delegate can be declared inside the class or outside the class.
HOW TO DECLARE A FUNCTION: Declare the delegate Access specifies delegate return type delegate name ([argument]); The signature of the delegate must be same as the signature of the function that we want to represent. To represent a function like 65
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hanu.andru@yahoo.com public void display () {
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} We declare a delegate keyword like public delegate void sampleDelegate (); Instantiate the delegate Delegate name object = new delegate name (function name); Ex: sampleDelegate objD = new sampleDelegate (display); Invoke the delegate Object name ([arguments]); // arguments are optional Ex: objD; Namespace CAdelegates { class clsDelegate1 { static void display () { Console.WriteLine (Welcome...); } public delegate void sampleDelegate (); static void Main () { sampleDelegate objD = new sampleDelegate (display); objD ( ); Console.ReadLine (); } } } Namespace CAdelegates { class clsSample { public void Add (int a, int b) { int c = a+b; Console.WriteLine (Sum is ...+ c); } public delegate void sampleDelegate2 (int x, int y); } class clsDelegate2 { static void Main () {
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clsSample obj = new clsSample (); sampleDelegate2 objD = new sampleDelegate2 (obj.Add); objD (40, 10); Console.ReadLine (); } } } NOTE: Though a delegate maintains a pointer to the function, it will not follow unsafe code. The code will be safe code only. MULTI CAST DELEGATES: Multicast delegates are used to represent more than one function which signature is same. That is same access specifies return type and same no of arguments and their data type. Namespace CAdelegates { class clsArthemetic { public void Add (int a, int b) { int c = a+b; Console.WriteLine (Sum is ...+ c); } public void Subtract (int a, int b) { int c = a-b; Console.WriteLine (Difference is ...+ c); } public void Multiply (int a, int b) { int c = a*b; Console.WriteLine (Product is ...+ c); } public void Divide (int a, int b) { int c = a/b; Console.WriteLine (Quotient is ...+ c); } public delegate void McDelegate (int x, int y); }
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class clsMcDelegate { static void Main () { clsArthematic obj = new clsArthematic (); McDelegate objD = new McDelegate (obj.Multiply); objD = objD + obj.Subtract (); objD = objD + obj.Divide (); objD = objD + obj.Add (); Console.ReadLine (); } } } NOTE: Multicast delegates can be used for functions with same signature only. To add more than one function for a delegate then use + = operator. objD += obj.Add; objD += obj.Subtract; To remove reference of any function from the delegate use - = operator. objD -= obj.Add; objD -= obj.Subtract; POINTERS: C#.NET supports pointers which are introduced from .NET frame work 2.0 version. The code written used pointers in .NET is known as unsafe code because CLR does not provide any security features and automatic memory management to the code. Pointers code must be enclosed with in unsafe block. The code written by pointers must be compiled used unsafe option. Declaration of a pointer variable in C#.net is known as shown below. int *x //Not allowed int* x x is a pointer variable which stores the address of integer variable string* s s is a pointer variable which stores the address of string variable float* f f is a pointer variable which stores the address of float variable int** a a is a pointer variable. It stores address of another pointer variable 10 AB101F int a = 10; int* x;
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x AB101F *x 10 Example: Namespace CApointers { class clsPointers1 { unsafe static void Main () { int a = 10; int* x; x = &a; Console.WriteLine (Address of a + (int) x); Console.WriteLine (Value of a is + *x); Console.ReadLine (); } } }
NOTE: - Unsafe block can be written also as below unsafe { int a = 10; int* x; x = &a; Console.WriteLine (Address of a + (int) x); Console.WriteLine (Value of a is + *x); Console.ReadLine (); } Simply include the above lines in our above example. It is same as used unsafe before Main () The code written by used pointer. It must be compiled used unsafe option. HOW TO COMPILE UNSAFE CODE: 1. 2. 3. 4. Go to visual studio command prompt change location to your file location type CSC filename.cs / unsafe then press enter retype filename.exe press enter
Example:
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Namespace CApointers { class clsPointers2 { unsafe static void cube (int *x) { int r = *x * *x * *x; Console.WriteLine (Cube Value is + r); } static void Main () { int a; Console.WriteLine (Enter any number); a = Convert. To int 32 (Console.ReadLine ()); unsafe { cube (&a); } Console.ReadLine (); } } }
NOTE: If most of the code contains pointers. We can use unsafe before class name Then the total class is considered as it containing unsafe code. SEALED CLASS: A sealed class is a class which can not be derive further To derive or declare a sealed class use sealed keyword A sealed class can not contain abstract methods A sealed class must be instantiated compulsory in order to consume it A function also can be declared as sealed which is called as sealed function A sealed function cant be overridden in any of the derived classes If you want to create sealed method then it should have abstract or virtual method in one of its Base class Example: clsEmployee int Empid; string Ename;
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clsManager (sealed) int Bonus; Void GetEmpdata (); Void DisplayEmpdata (); Namespace CAsealed { class clsEmployee { protected int Empid; protected string Ename; } sealed class clsManager : clsEmployee { int Bonus; public void GetEmpdata () { Console.WriteLine (Enter Manager id, name and Bonus); Empid = Convert.Toint32 (Console.ReadLine( )); Ename = Console.ReadLine(); Bonus = Convert.Toint32 (Console.ReadLine( )); } public void DisplayEmpdata() { Console.WriteLine (Manager Id is + Empid); Console.WriteLine (Manager name is + Ename); Console.WriteLine (Manager Bonus is + Bonus); } } class clsSealed { static void Main () { clsManager obj = new clsManager ( ); obj.GetEmpdata (); obj.DisplayEmpdata (); Console.ReadLine (); } } }
ENUMERATIONS: Enumerations are used to assign fixed values to some group of options like...
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Example 1: Weekdays
Example 2: Performance
Sunday = 0; Very poor = 0; Monday = 1; Poor = 1; Tuesday = 2; Average = 2; Wednesday = 3; Good = 3; Thursday = 4; Better = 4; Friday = 5; Best = 5; Saturday = 6; Excellent = 6; To create an Enumeration we use enum keyword To assign default values by incrementing 1, we declare our enumeration like... enum Weekdays { Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday } To start assigning values other than 0, we use enumeration like enum Weekdays { Sunday=45, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday } To assign different values for each option we create enumeration like below enum Weekdays { Sunday=25, Monday=46, Tuesday=78, Wednesday=57, Thursday=43, Friday=87 } NOTE: An enumeration type is a value type. Enumeration variables live on the stack Internally an enum associates an integer value with each element. By default the numbering starts at 0 for the first elements and goes up in steps of 1. ACCESSING ENUMERATION MEMBERS: SYNTAX: enumeration name. Member name Ex: Weekdays. Sunday = 10 Weekdays. Wednesday = 40 etc. Namespace CAenumeration { 72
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class clsEnumeration { enum performance { Verypoor, Poor, Average, Good, Better, Best, Excellent; } static void Main () { int v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7; v1 = Convert. To int32 (performance. Verypoor); v2 = Convert. To int32 (performance. Poor); v3 = Convert. To int32 (performance. Average); v4 = Convert. To int32 (performance. Good); v5 = Convert. To int32 (performance. Better); v6 = Convert. To int32 (performance. Best); v7 = Convert. To int32 (performance. Excellent); Console. WriteLine (Value of very poor is + v1); Console. WriteLine (Value of poor is + v2); Console. WriteLine (Value of Average is + v3); Console. WriteLine (Value of Good is + v4); Console. WriteLine (Value of Better is + v5); Console. WriteLine (Value of Best is + v6); Console. WriteLine (Value of Excellent is + v7); Console. ReadLine (); } } } GENERICS: Generics are referred as General data type Generic notation is represented used 2 values * Data type parameter * Place holder Generics can be implemented for classes, interfaces, delegates, structures
DATA TYPE PARAMETER: Any variable name can be used as data type parameter
PLACE HOLDER: Generic notation is represented by the data type parameter with in the place holder SYNTAX:
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hanu.andru@yahoo.com < DATA TYPE PARAMETER>
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Ex: - A function with out generics public void display (string s) { } display (Hello..); // it is allowed display (10); // it is not allowed Ex: - A generic function public void display <TP> <TP s> { } display <string> (Hello...); // it is allowed display <int> (10); // it is allowed display <float> (10.5) // it is allowed Example: Namespace CaGenerics { class clsGeneric { static void Display< DTP > (DTP s) { Console.WriteLine(s); } static void Main() { Display< string > (sri ram); Display< int > (4); Display< double > (10.5); Console.Read(); } } } Example: Namespace CaGenerics { class clsSample<DTP> {
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hanu.andru@yahoo.com public void swap (DTP a, DTP b) { Console.WriteLine(values before swaping..); Console.WriteLine(values are {0}{1}..,a,b); DTP c=a; a=b; b=c; Console.WriteLine(values after swaping..); Console.WriteLine(values are {0}{1}..,a,b); }
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} class clsGeneric { static void Main() { clsSample < string > objs =new clsSample(); objs.swap(hello,Good morning); clsSample < int > obji =new clsSample(); obji.swap(10,20); clsSample < double > objd =new clsSample(); objd.swap(10.5, 26.2); Console.Read(); } } } Exception Handling: Any programming language contains 3 categories of errors: 1. syntactical errors 2. compilation errors 3. logical errors SYNTACTICAL ERRORS: These errors occur when typing wrong syntax like missing terminator, typing wrong spelling or missing parentheses etc. In vs.net these errors are identified while writing the code because vs.net environment has line interpreter These errors are rectified by the programmer while writing the code COMPILATION ERRORS: These errors will occur when the programmer try to compile I. These errors are like Int a; a=welcome; i.e. assigning wrong values to the variables
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II. creating an object for abstract class III. including abstract functions in non abstract class IV. trying to inherit a sealed class These errors are identified by the compiler while compiling code or application LOGICAL / RUN TIME ERRORS: These errors occur while running of the application When any runtime error occurs program execution will be stopped and application will be terminated But this should not happen while running application Ex: 1. 2. 3. 4. divided by zero error index / argument out of range error format error (giving wrong input) access denied error
EXCEPTION: A runtime error is known as an exception (Or) The errors that occurs during the execution of the program is known as exception These are different methods available to handle the exception 1. logical implementation 2. on error go to method 3. try-catch implementation in the above program we get an error when user enters zero for b value this can be handled logically as shown below the code should be modified as above in example it is not possible to handle all types of errors used logical implementation when ever it is not possible to handle the error by logical implementation we use try catch method used try catch method any type of error can be handled SYNTAX: Try { statements .. .. } catch ( Exception ex) { statements .. ..
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All the statements in which there is possibility of error occurrence will be written with in the try block CATCH BLOCK: When ever any error occurs to handle that error required statements are written with in catch block FIALLY BLOCK: When error occurs or not if you want to execute some statements compulsorily those statements put in finally block Finally block is optional Catch block is compulsorily i.e. one or more catch blocks are mandatory Arguments of the catch block are optional A try block can be nested with in a try block or with in a catch block Ex: If you want to display relevant message to the user about the error occurred in your program then catch block is written as follow Catch (Exception ex) { Conloe.WriteLine (ex.Message); } to handle the exceptions in .net msoft designed various exception classes like DIVIDED BY ZERO EXCEPTION: This class will handle the exception that is occurred by dividing with zero only ARITHEMETIC EXCEPTION CLASS: This exception class will handle all the exceptions that will occur due to arithmetic operators FORMAT EXCEPTION CLASS: This class will handle the exception that occur by assigning wrong format values to the variables
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This class will handle all categories of exception When we write the exception used catch block always use the hierarchy of exceptions because first compiler will search in relevant exception class and then goes to next relevant Ex: PROPERTIES OF EXCEPTION OBJ: Message: This property stores descriptive reason about why error has been occurred Source: This property stores the name of the application from which error has been raised Help Link: This property is used to set or get the link to help file that you want to redirect the user when error occurs
WINDOWS APPLICATION
* Windows applications will provide GUI facilities * used this we can create desktop as well as client server applications * by default a from appears on the screen * a form is a container which holds the other controls like textbox, label, button etc * in .NET a form is a class which is inherited or derived from system.windows.forms.formclass * windows applications are created used IDE environment * IDE contains the following important components 1. Solution Explorer (ctrl+alt+L) 2. ToolBox (ctrl+alt+x) 3. Properties window (F4) 4. Server Explorer (ctrl+alt+s) SOLUTION EXPLORER: * this contains the application and related files of the application * used this we can add both new files and existing files * we can add new files/folders
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* we can add existing files/folders * we can rename files/folders * we can copy files/folders * we can move files/folders * we can delete files/folders * solution explorer can work similar to windows explorer TOOL BOX: * tool box contains various tool tabs * each tool tab contains different controls like textbox, button, label etc.. * used the tool box we can create any required control by double clicking on the control with out writing any code * vs.net environment will generate required code for the controls * in .net every control has a separate class ex: textbox system.windows.forms.textbox button system.windows.forms.button label system.windows.forms.label * whatever the controls we create used toolbox they are the objects of respective class PROPERTIES: * this window allow to set values to the properties and events of the required object SERVER EXPLORER: * This is used to connect to required data base and access the database objects like tables, views, stored procedures etc EVENTS: * events are members of a class used to perform some sort of action * every event will be raised when it is called * events may not occur always suppose the event eating will not occur always. Only when we are hungry then the event eating is invoked * similarly respective events in windows are also invoked in need LIST OF CONTROLS: TEXT BOX: This control is used to accept the data from the user and also to display data to the user Properties:
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Karthikeya 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
hanu.andru@yahoo.com Name back color (default is white) border style (none, fixed single, fixed 3d*) character casing (normal*, lower, upper) dock (top, left, bottom, right, fill, none*) enabled (true*, false) font location (x-left, y-right) fore color (default is black) located (true, false*) max length (32767*) multi line (true, false*) password char size (height, width) tab index text text align (left*, center, right) visible (true*, false)
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NAME: * is the programmatic reference of the control * this is an object name for the respective class BACK CLOLR: * used to set or get back ground color of text box BORDER STYLE: * used to set or get border of the text box * when set to none text box contains no border * when set to fixed single text box contains single border * when it set to fixed 3d text box will get 3 dimensional border CHARACTER CASING: * When it set to lower contents of text box will appear in lower case letters * when it set to upper contents of text box will appear in upper case letters * when it set to normal contents of text box will appear in the case how we typed DOCK: * used to set or get the text box at required location ENABLED: * when it set to true user can access the control at runtime * when it set to false user can not access the control at runtime FONT: * used to set or get font attributes like font name, font size, font style etc FORE COLOR: * used to set color of the text.. LOCATION: * used to arrange the text box at required position from the left and top borders of the form LOCKED:
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* when it set to true it is not possible to change the location of the control MAX LENGTH: * used to restrict the user to enter max number of characters * when max length is set to zero(0) you can store 2 gb for single line text box 4 gb for multi line text box MULTI LINE: * when it set to true contents of text box will appear in more than one line * when it set to false contents of text box will appear in single line PASSWORD CHAR: * used to set any character to appear in the place of original text * any single character or space can be set as pass word char * it is no possible to set more than one character * password char will work when multi line is set to false SIZE: * used to increase or decrease height and width of text box * when multi line is false height is scaled to font size i.e. we can not increase or decrease height of text box * when multi line is true we can increase or decrease the height of text box TAB INDEX: * Used to set the order of focus entry when user presses tab key at runtime * by default first created control tab index is zero * next created control tab index incremented by 1 TEXT: * used to set or get contents of text box control TEXT ALIGNS: * when it set to left contents of text box are display from left side * when it set to right contents of text box are display from right side * when it set to center contents of text box are display from center side VISIBLE: * when it set to false control appears at design time but does not appear at runtime Events: 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. text changed* leave enter click keypress
TEXT CHANGED: * this event is fired when contents of text box control are changed LEAVE: * this event is fired when focus leaves from the text box ENTER: * this event is raised when focus enters in to the text box
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CLICK: * this event is raised when user clicks on the text box with mouse KEYPRESS: * this event is raised when user press any key from the key board with in the text box BUGS / VALIDATIONS: 1. 2. value in txtnum1 3. 4. txtnum1 should accept only digits txtnum2 should accept only digitsBangaru.. user must enter any value in txtnum2 txtnum2 should not be zero for division user must enter any
KEY PRESS EVENT: * this event is invoked when user press any key from the key board. This event has 2 arguments 1. Object Sender 2. KeypressEventArgs e OBJECT SENDER: * sender is an object to object class it stores the type of object from which controls event has been raised KEYPRESS EVENT ARGS E: * e is an object to keypresseventargs class. It has two imp properties 1. key char 2. handled property KEY CHAR: * this property stores the value of the character that is pressed by the user with in the text box HANDLED PROPERTY: * this is a Boolean value property default value is false * if handled is false pressed character appears in the text box * if handled is true pressed character does not appear in the text box CHAR CLASS: * this class provides various methods to work with a character 1. is digit(); 2. is letter(); 3. is upper(); 4. is lower(); 5. is symbol(); 6. to lower(); 7. to upper(); IS DIGIT:
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* this method takes a character as an argument and returns true if the character is digit; other wise returns false ex: Is Digit (A) false Is Digit (9) true IS LETTER: * this method takes a character as an argument and returns true if the character is an alphabet other wise it returns false ex: Is Letter (A) true Is Letter (9) false IS UPPER: * this method takes a character as an argument and returns true if the character is in upper case; other wise it returns false ex: Is Upper (A) true Is Upper (9) false Is Upper (a) false IS LOWER: * this method takes a character as an argument and returns true if the character is in lower case; other wise it returns false ex: Is Lower (A) false Is Lower (9) false Is Lower (a) true IS SYMBOL: * this method takes a character as an argument and returns true if the character is a special symbol; other wise it returns false ex: Is Symbol (<) true Is Symbol (.) true Is Symbol (a) false TO LOWER: * this method takes a character as an argument and converts it into lower case ex: To Lower (A) a TO UPPER: * this method takes a character as an argument and converts it into upper case ex: To Upper (a) A CODE: If( char. Is Digit(e.key char)==false) { MessageBox.Show(Enter Digits only); e.Handled= true;
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} * Above is little bit costlier than normal logical Implementation * handling the error used try-catch is costlier in time as compared to logical implementation * So first try to handle the errors or validation used logical implementation * If it is not possible to handle with logical implementations then go for try-catch implementation
LABEL CONTROL: Label control is used to give description to the other controls or used to display static message HOT KEYS: File, Edit, View, Project here F, E, V and P are hot keys Used simply Alt+F we can go to file menu Assigning Hot keys to the controls: To assign the Hotkey to any control * select the control * go to the property * type & symbol before the character for which you want to assign Hot key... RADIO BUTTON: Radio button is used to provide selection of only one option from the group of options i.e. user can select only one radio button from the group of radio buttons Properties: 1. 2. 3. 4. Auto size: Auto size (True*, False) Check Align () Text Align () Checked (True, False*)
When set to true, width of the radio button is scaled to text property and height is scaled to font property. When set to false, we can increase or decrease the width and height of radio button. Text Align:
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This property is used to set the position of the text with in the radio button control. Check Align: This property is used to set the position of circle with in the radio button positions are shown in Fig1. Checked: This property stores True when radio button is selected and stores False when radio button is deselected. Default event of radio button is Checked Changed Event. This event is raised when checked property of a radio button changes from false to true. Grouping Controls: These controls are used to group the other controls together. Types of grouping controls: 1. Group Box Control 2. Panel Control 3. Tab Control 1. 2. 3. 4. Group Box Has text area Does not provide scrolling capabilities occupies more design space occupies less memory Check Box: This control is used to provide selection of more than one option from the given set of options Properties and events of check box control are similar to radio button control. Code: String s = txtName.Text + Hobbies are..; Foreach (control ctrl in this.controls) { if (control is checkbox) { check Box c1= (checkBox) ctrl; if (c1.checked == true) { Panel Has no text Area provides scrolling capabilities occupies less design space occupies more memory
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hanu.andru@yahoo.com s=s+c1.text; }
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} } lblDisplay.Text=s; LIST BOX: A list box control is used to display group of options to the user so that user can select one item or group of items randomly or range of items. Properties: 1. 2. 3. Items collection selection mode (single*, multi simple, multi extended, none) sorted (true, false*)
Properties at runtime only: 1. 2. 3. 4. selected index selected item selected indices selected items
properties with items collection: 1. count methods with items collection: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. add (object item) insert (int index, object item) remove (object name) remove at (int index) clear () Array Collection
1. Array size is fixed 2. Array supports only single data types 3. when a new element is inserted, existing element is over written 4. Array existing element can not be deleted directly 1. collection size is not fixed 2. collection supports multiple data types 3. when a new element is inserted, existing element will not be over written rather the elements will flush down
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4. when an existing element is deleted following element will flush up automatically Items: Items is the collection property with list box used to set or get the elements or items of list box Selection mode: When set to single, user can select only one item from the list box control When set to multi simple user can select group of items randomly When set to multi extended user can select range of items When set to none user can not select any item Sort: When set to true, items will be arranged in alphabetical order Selected index: Used to set or get the index value of the item selected by the user at runtime Ex: lstCourse.selectedIndex 1 lstCourse.selectedItem C++ selected item: used to set or get the item that is selected by user at runtime selected indices: used to set or get the index values of the selected items by the user at runtime selected indices are stored in the form of collection selected items: used to set or get the list of items that are selected by user at runtime count property: this property returns the count of items present in the list box items collection methods with items collection: Add (object item):
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This method is used to add a new item to the list box items collection By default the item will be added at the end of the collection provided sorted is false Ex: Insert (int index, object name): This method is used to add a new item at the required location in to the list box collection Item is added in the specified location when sorted is false If sorted is true item will be added in its alphabetical order location Remove (object name): This method is used to remove any item used its object value from the list box item collection RemoveAt (int index): This method is used to delete any item from the list box items collection used its index value Clear (): This method is used to delete all the items from the list box control default event of list box control is selected index changed event this event is fired when user selects any item with in the list box control
Validations for add button: 1. txtItem should not be empty 2. duplicate values should not be added validations for Insert button: 1. txtItem should not be empty 2. duplicate values should not be added 3. txtIndex shoul not be empty 4. Index value should be o to count only 5. txtIndex should be integer validations for remove button: 1. entered item in txtItem text box must be present in lstCourse validations for remove at : 1. txtIndex should not be empty 2. index value should be between 0 to count-1 COMBO BOX: Combo box is the combination of both text box and list box control In text box, it is not possible to display group of items, but user can type any text
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In list box control, we can display group of items but user can not type any text in the list box control In combo box, we can display group of items so that user can select any item and user can type any text in to the combo box at runtime. Properties: 1. drop down style (simple, dropdown*, dropdownlist) 2. items (collection) 3. maxdropdownitems (8*) 4. sorted (true, false*) DROP DOWN STYLE: Simple: Appearance of the combobox changes as combination of textbox and list box User can select any item and user can type any text Dropdown: Appears as combobox only, user can select any item and also user can type any text Dropdown list: Appears as combobox only, user can select any item but user cant type any text Note: Other properties like selected item, selected index etc.. are same as list box control. Default event of combo box is selected index changed event PICTURE BOX: This control is used to display any image to the user. Images can be displayed like jpeg, bmp, giff, ico Jpeg: joint pictures export group Giff: graphic image file format Bmp: bitmap file Ico: icon file Properties: 1. 2. 3. image: this property is used to attach any image to the picture box control generally we can attach the images that are available in local application only image image location size mode ( normal, stretch image, auto size, center image)
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when we attach any file which is not in local app. Then a copy of the image file will be made into local app. Image location: This property is used to attach any image to the picture box control from the disk location directly Size mode: Normal: when set to normal, image and picture boxes will have their own sizes. Picture boxes will have their own sizes. Image size will not increased or decreased when picture box size is increased or decreased Stretch image: Image size is scaled to picture box size when picture box size is increased, image size is increased and when picture box size is decreased, image size is decreased. Auto size: Picture box size is scaled to image size. We cant increase or decrease picture box size Center image: Image is displayed with in the center location of picture box. Code: Private void cmdLoad_click() { picturebox1.Image = Image.fromFile (E:\\as.bmp); } Private void cmdLoad_click() { picturebox1.Imagelocation = E:\\as.bmp; } Timer: This control is used to execute the required code repeatedly after every set internal period of time This is only control in complete .net which doesnt require any user intervention to execute the code Properties:
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1. 2.
enabled (true, false*) internal (100*)
Enabled: When set to true, timer starts functioning when set to false timer stops functioning Interval: Used to set the required time period after which we would like to execute the code repeatedly Tick event: This is the only event, timer control has. This event is raised repeatedly after set interval period of time Component tray: The controls that appear at design time but dont appear at runtime are placed with in the component tray Code: Timer (enabled=true, internal=500) Static int i=0; Private void timer1_tick () { if ( i==0) { lblSample1.Text = hello; lblSample1.BackColor = Color.green; i=1; } else { lblSample1.Text = Hyderabad; lblSample1.BackColor = Color.Red; i=0; } } Image List: This control is used to store group of images with in it and the stored images can be attached to any other controls like: Picture box Tool bar
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Karthikeya Menus etc
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Properties: 1. color depth (depth 4 bit, 8 bit*, 16 bit, 24 bit, 32 bit) 2. images (collection) 3. image size (16, 16*)(256, 256) Color depth: This property is used to set intensity of colors The more the intensity of colors, the more will be the clarity of picture Images: This is a collection property which stores all the list of images Each image is identified used its index value Image size: This property is used to set or get the size of image that we want to store with in the image list control Code: Static int i=0; Private void timer1_tick () { pictureBox1.Image=Imagelist1.Images[i]; if ( i==Imagelist1.Images.count) { i=0; // timer1.enable==false; } } Dialog controls: Dialog controls are used to perform some common actions like 1. opening a file 2. saving a file 3. applying font attributes and colors 4. performing page settings 5. printing a document etc TYPES OF COMMON DIALOG CONTROLS: 1. open file dialog control 2. save file dialog control 3. font dialog control 4. color dialog control 5. page setup dialog control 6. print dialog control Open file dialog control:
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This control is used to display open file dialog box to the user so that user can select any file to open a. file name b. filter File name: This property is used to set or get name of the file selected by user at runtime Filter: This property is used to filter the category of files to display to the user like word files, XL files, notepad files etc Save file dialog control: This control is used to display save as dialog box to the user so that user can enter any file name to save a. file name b. filter Filename: This property is used to set or get the filename selected by the user in Save File Dialog Control. Filter: This property is used to FILTER the files for saving like Wordfiles,XL files,Text files,ALL files etc. FontDialogControl: This property is used to display Font Dialog Box to the user so that the user can select the required Font attributes to apply for the required Text. Poperties: i>Font ii>MaxSize iii>MinSize iv>ShowEffect (true*, false) Font: This property is used to set or get font attributes with in the font dialog box at run time Maxsize: This property is used to set or get max font size with in the font dialog box so that to display to the user Minsize: This property is used to set or get minimum font size that is required to be displayed to the user with in the font dialog box
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Show effects: When set to true, user can access show effects option in font dialog control When set to false, user cant access that option with in font dialog control COLOR DIALOG CONTROL: This control is used to display color dialog box to the user so that user can select required color to apply for required settings Properties: 1. color 2. allow full open (true*, false) 3. full open (true, false*) Color: This property is used to set or get the color value that is selected by the user in color dialog control Allow full open: When set to true, user can access define custom colors button with in the color dialog control. Other wise user cant access Define custom color button in color dialog control Full open: When set to true, the color dialog box will be opened in full mode. Other wise color dialog box will be opened in partial mode PAGE SETUP DIALOG CONTROL: This control is used to display page setup dialog box to the user so that user can set the required page settings for the document Property: 1. Document Document: This property is used to set the print document for which user would like to print PRINT DIALOG CONTROL: This control is used to display print dialog box so that user can print the required file Property: 1. Document Document:
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This property is used to set the print document for which user would like to print METHOD: Show dialog: This method is used to display any dialog control to the user Used filter property: openFileDialog1.Filter=Filter Expression; separate both parts used | (pipe) symbol ex: openFileDilog1.File=TextFiles|*.txt|word documents|*.doc|All files| *.* Code: Private void cmdFont_Click () { FontDialog1.ShowDiolog(); txtName.Font=FontDialog1.Font; } Private void cmdColor_Click () { ColorDialog1.ShowDiolog(); txtName.ForeColor=FontDialog1.Color; } Creating Menus: Any windows based application will have 2 types of menus 1. main menu 2. context or short cut menu to create main menu use menu strip control to crate context menu, use context menu strip control
CONTEXT MENU: A context menu is also known as short cut menu Creating short cut menu is similar to main menu Attaching context menu to required control:
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Select the text box Go to context menu strip property Select context menu strip1 (from the list of options available) CREATING MDI APPLICATIONS: PROGRESS BAR CONTROL: This control is used to display progress of any application Properties: 1. 2. 3. 4. maximum (100*) minimum (0*) step (10*) value
Maximum: This property is used to set the end value where progress bar control should stop its execution Minimum: This property is used to represent from where the progress bar should start its execution Step: This property value represents how much we want to increment the progress bar value at each time Value: This property indicates or stores the current position of two progress bar control Code: Private void Timer_Click () { progressBar1.value = progressBar1.value + ProgressBar1.step; if (ProgressBar1.value >= ProgressBar1.Maximum) { Timer1.Enabled = false; } if (i==0) { lblDisplay.Text= Please wait; } else
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Karthikeya {
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lblDisplay.Text = ; i=0; } } SPINNER / NUMERIC UP DOWN CONTROL: This control is used to provide increment or decrement of values Properties: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Maximum (100*) Minimum (0*) value increment (1*) up down align (left, right*)
Maximum: This property is used to set maximum value where spinner control should stop its increment Minimum: This property indicates a value where spinner control should stop its decrement Value: This property stores the current value present in the spinner control Increment: This property indicates how much value is to be incremented or decrement when user clicks on up arrow or down arrow of the numeric up down control Up down align: This property indicates the alignment of up down button with in the spinner control Default event of spinner control is value changed event DATE TIME PICKER CONTROL: This control is used to display calendar to the user so that user can select required date from the control Properties: 1. 2. mindate (01/01/1753*) maxdate (31/12/9998*)
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Karthikeya 3. 4. 5.
hanu.andru@yahoo.com value format (time, long*, short, custom) custom format
9052044478
Mindate: This property is used to set minimum date that user can select with in the date time picker control Maxdate: This property is used to set the maximum date that user can select with in the date time picker control Value: This property stores the current date value selected by the user with in the date time picker control Format: This property is used to set the required format for the date time picker control Custom format: This property is used to set user defined format value for date time picker control when format property is set to custom Default event of date time picker control is value changed event TOOL TIP CONTROL: This control is used to display some tip information when user places mouse pointer on any control A single tool tip can be attached to any no of controls NOTIFY ICON CONTROL: This control is used to display any icon symbol with in the system tray when application starts running TREE VIEW CONTROL: This control is used to display group of options in hierarchical manner Used in real time applications Institutions Peers .net Java Oracle Ajax Satya
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Karthikeya Properties:
9052044478
1. Nodes (collection) 2. Show plus minus (true*, false) 3. show Lines (true*, false) 4. selected node (available at runtime) Default event of tree view control is after select Nodes: Nodes is the collection property of tree view control which is used to get or set the required nodes with in the tree view control Identifications: tvSample.Nodes Peers Satya Naresh tvSample.Nodes[0] Peers tvSample.Nodes[0].Nodes
.Net Java Ajax tvSample.Nodes[0].Nodes[0] .Net Adding Nodes at runtime: tvSample.Nodes.Add(Peers); tvSample.Nodes.Add(Satya); tvSample.Nodes.Add(Naresh); tvSample.Nodes[0].Nodes.Add(.Net); RICH TEXT BOX: This control is used to display the dynamic data to the user and accepts input from the user As compared to text box, rich text box will provide additional properties and methods and it accepts additional data i.e. more no of characters as compared to text box Methods: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Clear () Copy () Cut () Find (search string) Load file (file path, Rich Text Box stream type) Paste () Save File (file path, Rich Text Box Stream type) Select All ()
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Karthikeya 9. Properties: 1. 2. 3. Methods: Clear: Undo ()
9052044478
Selected Text Text Length Word wrap (true*, false)
This method is used to delete the complete contents of rich text box control Copy: This method is used to copy the selected contents from rich text box and place in clip board Cut: This method is used to delete the selected content from rich text box and place in clip board Clip board: We can see this clip board VS2005ImageLibrary/bitmaps/misc Find: This method is used to find existence of a string with in the rich text box text. If search string is found this method will return positive value either it is equal to zero or more than zero If search string is not found this method will return a value that is negative Load file: This method is used to load the contents of a selected file in to rich text box control Paste: This method is used to paste the contents of the clip board in to the rich text box control Save file: This method is used to save contents of rich text box in to local system Select All: This method is used to select all the content of rich text box control Undo: This method is used to cancel the previous action that has been made with rich text box control
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Selected text: This property will return the value of selected contents by the user at runtime Text Length: This property will return the no of characters present in rich text box control Word wrap: When it set to true, the text in the control appears in more than one line. Otherwise the text will appear in single line Note: Expect password char property all other properties in text box are available in rich text box control. String. Last Index Of: To display just file name in the place of untitled note pad when you open any file. Private void smnu_Click(---) { rtbNotepad.Clear(); This.Text = Untitled NotePad; } Private void smnuOpen_Click(---) { OpenFileDialog1.Filter = ; OpenFileDialog1.ShowDialog (); rtbNotepad.Load file (OpenFileDialog1.FileName, richTextBoxStreamType.PlainText); this.Text = OpenFileDialog1.FileName; } Private void smnuSaveAs_Click(---) { SaveFileDialog1.Filter = ; SaveFileDialog1.ShowDialog (); rtbNotepad.Savefile (SaveFileDialog1.FileName, richTextBoxStreamType.PlainText); this.Text = OpenFileDialog1.FileName; } private void smnuSave_Click(---) {
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if (this.Text == Untitled-NotePad) { smnuSaveAs_Click (sender, e); } else { rtbNotepad.SaveFile (This.Text, RichTextBoxStreamType.PlainText); } } Private void smnuWordWrap_Click(---) { if (smnuWordWrap.Checked==true) { smnuWordWrap.Checked = false; rtbNotePad.WordWrap = false; } else { smnuWordWrap.Checked = true; rtbNotePad.WordWrap = true; } } Note: Color changes and font changes are not applied permanently Micro Soft Visual Basic: Is a name space which contains all properties and methods of visual basic and can be used by c# To accept any value from the user there is a function available in visual basic (vb.net) known as Input Box: namespace of this function is Microsoft.Visual Basic Class of this function is Interaction Syntax of this function is String s = Interaction.InputBox (Prompt, Title, Default value, X position, Y position) Steps: In clued the namespace used microsoft.Visul Basic Private void smnuFind_Click(---) {
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string s = Interaction.InputBox (Enter Search Value, Find, Hello, 100, 100); int I = rtbNotePad.Find (s); if (i>=0) { MessageBox.Show (string Found); } else { MessageBox.Show (string is not found); } } Page Set up: Page set up Dialog Box and print dialog box both accepts print document like Page set up Dialpg1.Document = print document Print document is a separate class which is available with in the name space system.Drawing.Printing To display page set up Dialog box use the following steps: 1. include or import the name space system.Drawing.Printing used System.Drawing.Printing 2. create an object to print document class print document p= new print document () 3. set the document name for which you want to set page settings to print document object p.document name = give path here; 4. set the print document to page set Dialog box pageSetupDialog1.Document = p; 5. Display the page Setup Dialog Box pageSetupDialog1.ShowDialog (); Program code: Page setup Used system.Drawing.Printing; Private void smnuPageSetup_click(---) { printDocument p = new printDocument (); p. Document Name = This.Text; Page Set up Dialog1.Document = p; Page SetupDialog1.ShowDialog(); }
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private void smnuPrint_Click(----) { printDocument p = new PrintDocument (); p.Document Name = this.Text; page set up Dialog1.Document = p; PrintDialog1.ShowDialog(); } validations: cut, copy, paste should be disable when user has not selected any text private void smnuEdit_Click(---) { if (rtbNotepad.SelectedText == ) { smnuCut.Enabled = false; smnuCopy.Enabled = false; smnuDelete. Enabled = false; } else { smnuCut.Enabled = true; smnuCopy.Enabled = true; smnuDelete. Enabled = true; } }
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TPYES OF ARRAYS: Types Arrays Based on physical size Based on memory size Special type Based on size nature
1. 2. Static Dynamic
1. Single Dimensional Array 1. Normal Array Array Jogged Array 2. Multi Dimensional Array 2. Huge Array Array

Types of Networks and Network Computing in .NET

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Karthikeya TYPES OF NETWORK:

Karthikeya DIS ADVANTAGES:

Karthikeya FIRST PROGRAM:

PATH OF C# .NET COMPILER: C:\windows\microsoft.net\framework\version folder CONSOLE CLASS:

hanu.andru@yahoo.com hra=0.2*Basic; } else { da=0.3*Basic; hra=0.1*Basic;

these will work as or (||) operator

hanu.andru@yahoo.com } Console.ReadLine (); } }

Karthikeya * Array. Copy ():

Array. Reverse (A, 2, 3): 0 1 2 20 50 60 * Array. Sort ():

Array. Sort (A, 2, 3): 0 1 20 10 * Example

9052044478 Un boxing takes 4 times more time as compared to normal initialization

Karthikeya DATA ABSTRACTION:

TYPES OF INHERITANCE: * Single Inheritance * Multiple Inheritance * Multiple Inheritance

hanu.andru@yahoo.com * Hybrid Inheritance

Class B MULTIPLE INHERITANCE:

35 Public void GetEdata (); Public void EDisplay ();

Karthikeya } ACCESS SPECIFIERS:

Karthikeya private protected internal protected internal public CONSTRUCTOR:

hanu.andru@yahoo.com obj3.Display (); obj4.Display (); Console.ReadLine (); } }

clsManager CLASS DIAGRAM:

hanu.andru@yahoo.com Console.ReadLine (); } }

hanu.andru@yahoo.com Console.ReadLine (); } }

clsEmployee (interface) void GetEmpdata (); void DisplayEmpdata ();

hanu.andru@yahoo.com public void display () {

hanu.andru@yahoo.com < DATA TYPE PARAMETER>

Karthikeya } finally { statements .. .. } TRY BLOCK:

enabled (true, false*) internal (100*)

Karthikeya Menus etc

hanu.andru@yahoo.com value format (time, long*, short, custom) custom format

Karthikeya 9. Properties: 1. 2. 3. Methods: Clear: Undo ()

Selected Text Text Length Word wrap (true*, false)

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hanu.andru@yahoo.com hra=0.2Basic; } else { da=0.3Basic; hra=0.1*Basic;

enabled (true, false) internal (100)