Gender in Employment in Indonesia*

S. Happy Hardjo, Director of Peoples Welfare Statistics

* presented in

ADB-OECD Joint Workshop on Gender in Education, Employment, and Entrepreneurship in India, Indonesia, and the Peoples Republic of China,, 27-28 February 2012, ADB Manila

The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper do not imply any view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's terminology.

INDONESIAN PROFILE
Independence: August 17, 1945 Area: 2 millions km Terrain: more than 17 500 islands Population: 237.6 millions ( 2010 Census) Annual population growth rate: 1.49 % (2000-2010) GDP: $ 707 billion (2010), annual growth rate: 6.1 (2010) Inflation rate : 3.79 % (2011) Currency : rupiah , 1 US $ = 9037 rupiah (Feb 15, 2012)

Main Characteristics of the Work Force Indonesia (Indonesia Labor Force Survey, August 2011)
Male Female Total

Population aged 15 + (million)

Labor Force/Economically Active (million) Employment/Working (million) Unemployment (million) Not in Labor Force/Not Economically Active (million) Attending school (million)

85.71
72.25 67.99 4.26 13.46 6.62

86.05
45.12 41.68 3.44 40.93 6.49

171.76
117.37 109.67 7.70 54.39 13.11

House keeping (million)

Others (million) Labor Force Participation Rate (%) Unemployment Rate (%)

1.64
5.20 84.30 5.90

31.25
3.19 52.44 7.62

32.89
8.39 68.34 6.56

Figure 1. Distribution of Population 15 Years of Age and Over Who Worked During the Previous Week by Main Industry and Sex, August 2011
Agriculture, Forestry, Hunting and Fishery Mining and Quarrying
Total
34.68 1.3 5.8 4.6 2.4

35.9

13.3

21.3

15.2

Manufacturing Industry
18.61

14.61

28.77

Electricity, Gas and Water Construction Wholesale Trade, Retail Trade, Restaurant and Hotels Transportation, Storage and Communication

Female

0.32

0.46

0.73 1.73

Male 36.58 0% 20%

1.96 12.43 40%

9.04

7.02 2.81 16.78 13.07 80% 100%

Financing, Insurance
Community, Social and Personal Services

60%

Figure 2. Distribution of Population 15 Years of Age and Over Who Worked During the Previous Week by Main Employment Status and Sex, August 2011

18.8

Total

19.1

3.3

32.6

4.8 4.8

16.6

Own Account Workers Employer Assisted by Temporary Worker/ Unpaid Worker Employer Assisted by Permanent Worker

16.68 Female

11.85 1.73

32.13

4.25 2.18

31.19

Employee Casual Employee in Agriculture Casual Employee not in Agriculture

Male

18.33

21.66

4.41

35.86

5.45 6.96 7.33

Family Worker

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Trend Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment by Sex, 2002-2011

Figure 3. Population of Age 15 Years and Over Who Are Economically Active (Labor Force) by Sex, 2002-2011 (million)
140.00 120.00 100.00 80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 2002 2003 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 Feb Nop Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst
42.65 42.80 43.81 43.42 45.15 44.65 47.14 45.12 39.58 38.13 38.61 38.64 40.19 41.22 37.47 38.15 38.05 65.93 66.22 67.73 67.67 67.75 67.94 68.72 68.83 69.14 69.94 70.41 70.84 71.88 72.26 72.25 105.86 106.28 106.39 108.13 100.78 102.75 103.97 105.80 109.94 111.48 111.95 113.74 119.40117.37 113.83 116.00 116.53

63.31 64.60

Male

Female

Total

Sex ratio of labor force had decreased gradually from 2002, 2007, and 2011 were 169, 166, and 160 men in a row for 100 women

120.00

Figure 4. Population 15 Years of Age and Over Who are Working (Employment) by Sex, 2002-2011 111.28 (million) 108.21 104.49 104.87107.41
91.65 92.81 93.72 94.95 93.96 95.18 97.58 99.93 95.46 102.05102.55

109.67

100.00
80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00

58.58 59.50 60.58 60.74 61.44 61.86

61.98 62.15 63.15 63.36 63.90 64.54 65.12 65.97 67.46 36.78 35.43 38.65 38.69 39.95 39.75 41.44

67.62

67.99

33.06 33.31

33.14 34.21

32.52 33.31

33.48

40.75
43.66

41.68

2002 2003 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 Feb Nop Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst

Male

Female

Total

Sex ratio of employment had decreased gradually from 2002, 2007, and 2011 agst were 177, 172, and 163 men in a row for 100 women

Figure 5. Population of Age 15 Years and Over Who Are Not Economically Active by Sex, 2002-2011 (million)
60.00 50.00
47.95

48.66 49.95
39.24

49.75 38.57

52.63

52.98

54.42 41.73

54.22 54.18

54.09

54.69

54.52 55.49

55.02

55.54 51.26 41.60

54.39

40.00
30.00 20.00

37.27 37.86

40.63

40.79

40.97 40.82

40.57 41.00 40.82 41.73 40.85

38.36

40.93

10.68

10.80

10.71

11.18

12.01

12.19

12.69

13.25 13.36

13.52

13.70

13.70

13.77 14.17 13.94

12,9

13,46

10.00

0.00
2002 2003 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 Feb Nop Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst

Male

Female

Total

They were students, housekeepers, others (retire and disable persons). Number of women was three times number of men in 10 years

Figure 6. Not Economically Active with The Most School Activity by Sex, 2002-2011 (million)
16.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 11.24 11.48 11.58 6.74 6.96 5.90 5.97 5.34 5.51 6.03 5.54 7.32 7.13 7.73 7.13 6.54 6.80 6.64 6.75 6.97 7.05 6.69 7.29 7.09 7.00 6.92 6.94 12.92 13.58 13.98 14.32 13.78 14.20 14.01 13.94 13.23 13.67 13.81 13.10

13.53

13.28

6.62 6.49

6.00
4.00 2.00 0.00

6.18

6.62 6.66

6.40

6.59

6.43

6.76

6.91

2002 2003 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 Feb Nop Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Male Female Total

During period 2002 to 2007, it was slightly different gab of men and women, since, 2008 to 2011, the gab become smaller

Figure 7. Not Economically Active with The Most House Keeping Activity by Sex, 2002-2011 (million)
40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 2002 2003 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 Feb Nop Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst 28.72 29.73 30.88 30.81 31.98 31.25

29.25

30.62

31.13

31.99 32.12 30.72

32.77

32.58

33.35

32.42

32.97

32.89

30.01
31.25 28.63

30.05 30.22 30.23 28.24 29.07 28.77

30.37

31.81 31.18 31.42 31.00 30.92 30.48

0.48 0.66 0.64

0.48 0.57

0.58

0.73

0.76

1.27

1.64

1.59

1.58

1.54

1.50

1.55 1.37

1.64

Male

Female

Total

Culture has brought more women as housekeepers than men? From 2002 to 2011, women housekeepers growth was 3,01 millions, men growth was smaller, only 1.16 millions

Trend of Labor Force Participation Rate by Sex, 2002-2011

Figure 8. Labor Force Participation Rate by Sex, 2002-2011

100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 2002 2003 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 Feb Nop Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst Feb Agst
50.13 50.19
49.23 50.65 48.41 48.63 48.08 49.52 51.77 50.99 52.50 51.76 50.25 51.25 51.08 55.13 52.44 67.76 85.55 84.94 84.74 85.57 85.68 86.03 84.22 83.68 83.72 83.58 83.47 83.62

83.65 83.33

83.76 84.86 84.30

67.86 67.55 68.02 66.79

66.74 66.16

66.60 66.99 67.33 67.18 67.60 67.23 67.83 67.72

69.96 68.34

Male

Female

Total

No significant changes in the last 10 years for men and women LFPR?

Trend of Unemployment Rate by Sex, 2002-2011

Figure 9. Unemployment Rate by Sex, 2002-2011

16.00 14.00
11.75
13.57 12.68 12.89 14.71 13.72 13.35 11.83

12.00 10.00 8.00

7.89 9.67 9.06 9.86 10.26

11.24 10.45
10.28 9.75

10.77 9.11 9.29 8.46 9.69 8.81 8.39 8.14 7.87 7.94 7.59 7.72 7.51 8.47 8.23 8.74 7.38 7.14 6.15 6.80 6.42 7.62 6.56 5.90

9.29
8.11 8.28 7.47

8.58

8.52

8.53

8.11

7.41
6.88

6.00
4.00 2.00 0.00

2002 Male

2003

2004 Female

2005 Feb

2005 Nop Total

2006 Feb

2006 Agst

2007 Feb

2007 Agst

2008 Feb

2008 Agst

2009 Feb

2009 Agst

2010 Feb

2010 Agst

2011 Feb

2011 Agst

Price of oil was increased around 125 % in 2005, collapse of industries had hit women workers. The unemployment gap for women and men was greater than before. Then it decresed sharply since 2006

Figures
10. Distribution of Laborer by Educational Attainment, August 2011 11. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah) per Month of Laborer by Sex, 2007-2011 12. Average of Working Hours per Week of Laborer by Sex, 2007-2011 13. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income (Rupiah) per Month of Laborer by Main Occupation and Sex, August 2011 14. Average of Working Hours per Week of Laborer by Main Occupation and Sex, August 2011 15. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income (Rupiah) per Month of Laborer by Educational Attainment and Sex, August 2011

Figure 10. Distribution of Laborer by Educational Attainment, August 2011

Male
3% 8% 2% 10%

Female
14% 24% 10% 9%

4%
10% 19%

13%

20% 20%

18%

16%

Total
2% 5% 12% 10% 10% 22%

No Schooling Not Yet Completed Primary School Primary School Junior High School Senior High School (General)

20%

19%

Senior High School (Vocational)

Diploma I/II/III/ Academy University

Figure 11. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah) per Month of Laborer by Sex, 2007-2011
1,600,000 1,406,317 1,400,000 1,294,867 1,222,368 1,303,221 1,133,301 953,927 1,206,054 1,437,764

1,200,000
1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 958,971 982,450 1,031,348

1,165,697
1,055,123 1,071,886 908,834 747,277 949,370 773,979 976,923 814,142 873,103

1,191,059

1,342,594
1,148,216

1,103,234 927,745

1,099,322
1,024,991

883,693 715,414

2007 Feb 2007 Agst 2008 Feb 2008 Agst 2009 Feb 2009 Agst 2010 Feb 2010 Agst 2011 Feb 2011 Agst

Male

Female

Total

In 2007, wage ratio of women to men was around 74.6 %, and then it become 79.8 % in 2011

Figure 12. Average of Working Hours per Week of Laborer by Sex, 2007-2011
46 45 45 45 44 44 43 42 43 43 43 43

45
44 44 44 44 44 43 43 44 44

44

43

43

42
41 40 39 38 37 2007 Feb 2007 Agst 2008 Feb 2008 Agst Male 2009 Feb 2009 Agst 2010 Feb 2010 Agst 2011 Feb 2011 Agst 41 41 41 42 41 40 41 40 40

Female

Total

Working hours ratio of women to men was 93.3% in 2007, then it become 90,9 % in 2011. Women working hours become lower but their wage become higher. It was probably caused by the higher women education

Figure 13. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income (Rupiah) per Month of Laborer by Main Occupation and Sex, August 2011

4,500,000 4,000,000 3,500,000

4,206,742 4,000,060

3,025,574

3,099,759 3,061,193

3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000

2,651,618 2,381,119 2,195,534 2,128,403 1,999,635 1,466,592 1,320,396 1,160,885

1,820,313

1,820,500

1,500,000 1,000,000

1,071,397 759,377

1,162,675 1,092,135 677,007 476,161 813,755

929,321

500,000 0 0/1 2 3 Male 0/1. Professional, technical and related workers 2. Administrative and managerial workers 3. Clerical and related workers 4. Sales workers 5. Services workers 4 Female

678,723

5 Total

7/8/9

x/00

6. Agricultural, animal husbandry, forestry workers, fishermen and hunter 7/8/9. Production and related workers, transport equipment operators and laborers x/00. Others

The highest gap wage was in the administrative and managerial wokers

Figure 14. Average of Working Hours per Week of Laborer by Main Occupation and Sex, August 2011
50 45 40 37 34 32 29 42 38 41 43 42 42 49 50 50

50

48 49

47 43

46

48 42

48

37

35

35
30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0/1

7/8/9

x/00

Male
0/1. Professional, technical and related workers 2. Administrative and managerial workers 3. Clerical and related workers 4. Sales workers 5. Services workers

Female

Total

6. Agricultural, animal husbandry, forestry workers, fishermen and hunter 7/8/9. Production and related workers, transport equipment operators and laborers x/00. Others

No significant different working hours in occupation between women and men

Figure 15. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income (Rupiah) per Month of Laborer by Educational Attainment and Sex, August 2011
4,000,000
3,519,425

3,500,000
2,999,038

3,000,000
2,522,899

2,500,000
2,127,7712,382,487

2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 No Schooling Not Yet Completed Primary School Primary School Junior High Senior High Senior High School School School (General) (Vocational) Diploma I/II/III/ Academy University
1,550,974 1,589,280 1,829,015 1,446,064 1,445,895 1,185,189 1,119,503 953,760 902,295 1,114,750 812,677 804,818 701,104 690,923 546,826 397,474 478,504 548,345 1,187,325

Male

Female

Total

The higher education the higher gap wage of men to women

Trend
16.Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah) per Month of Employee by Sex, 2007-2011 17.Average of Working Hours per Week of Employee by Sex, 2007-2011

Figure 16. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah) per Month of Employee by Sex, 2007-2011
1,800,000 1,640,472 1,600,000 1,406,555 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 1,141,308 1,166,130 1,223,317 1,254,865 1,296,136 1,322,380 1,337,753 1,113,694 1,410,982 1,275,653 1,192,463 1,291,753 1,448,295 1,458,424 1,510,568 1,529,161 1,530,485

1,659,546

1,049,222 854,052

1,077,312

1,126,790 1,158,085 933,164 973,642

1,071,986 1,098,364

893,355

200,000
0 2007 Feb 2007 Agst 2008 Feb 2008 Agst 2009 Feb 2009 Agst 2010 Feb 2010 Agst 2011 Feb 2011 Agst Male Female Total

Minimum wage policy at province level was effective policy for employee who worked in formal sector

Figure 17. Average of Working Hours per Week of Employee by Sex, 2007-2011
48 47 47 46 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 2007 Feb 2007 Agst 2008 Feb 2008 Agst 2009 Feb 2009 Agst 2010 Feb 2010 Agst 2011 Feb 2011 Agst 43 46 45 45 46 45 44 44 46 45 45 45 46

45

45

45 45

45

45

44 44 43 43 42 42 44 44

Male

Female

Total

Two time increased oil price in 2008 caused increasing working hours of women in first quarter 2009

Trend
18. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah) per Month of Casual Employee Not in Agriculture by Sex, 20072011 19. Average of Working Hours per Week of Casual Employee Not in Agrilculture by Sex, 2007-2011

Figure 18. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah) per Month of Casual Employee Not in Agriculture by Sex, 2007-2011
1,000,000 900,000 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 2007 Feb 2007 Agst 2008 Feb 2008 Agst 2009 Feb 2009 Agst 2010 Feb 2010 Agst 2011 Feb 2011 Agst Male Female Total 377,956 336,825 319,328 355,136 363,851 396,115 592,755 583,215 631,873 632,638 620,993 651,094 655,291 675,475 677,917 715,344 723,965 731,506 789,487 826,847 863,531 762,517 808,856 884,047 936,146

735,393

482,149 405,028 414,474

485,380

The government has persued an aggressive minimum wage policy for formal sector but not for women who worked in informal sector

Figure 19. Average of Working Hours per Week of Casual Employee Not in Agrilculture by Sex, 2007-2011
50 45 45 40 35 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2007 Feb 2007 Agst 2008 Feb 2008 Agst 2009 Feb 2009 Agst 2010 Feb 2010 Agst 2011 Feb 2011 Agst Male Female Total 35 43 42 41 45 44 41 44 43 45 43 44 42 45 43 44 46 45 44 43 45

43

43

36

35

36

36

34

Working hours of women decreased in 2008, then almost stable in the period from 2009 to 2011

THANK YOU

Population

Working Age Population 15 years

Not Working Age Population

Labor Force

Not In Labor Force

Empoyment

Unemployment

Schooling, Housekeeping, Others

EMPLOYMENT STATUS :
Own account worker Employer Employee Casual empoyee in agriculture Casual employee not in agriculture Unpaid family worker

Employee

Casual employee in agriculture

Casual employee not in agriculture

Laborer

CONCEPT AND DEFINITIONS

Labor force: persons of 15 years old and over who, in the previous week, were working, temporarily absent from work but having jobs, and those who did not have work and were looking for work. Not in labor force: persons aged 15 years and over, but not classified in labor force, such as students, housekeepers, or others exclude personal activity.32

32

Working: an activity done by a person who worked for pay or assisted others in obtaining pay or profit for the duration at least one hour during the survey week. Include an unpaid worker who help an economically activity/business. Housekeepers: persons who were engaged in household duties in their own home, or persons who helped in managing household chores without payment, e.g. housewives and their children who are doing household work. However, an activity undertaken by a servant is considered as work.

33

Educational attainment: the highest educational level completed by a person, verified with the receipt of a diploma or a letter of completion/ certificate. Industry: refers to the activity of the place of work/company/office in which a person is employed, classified according to the Indonesian Standard Industrial Classification (KBLI) 2005.

34

Occupation: refer to the type of work carried out by a particular respondent, classified according to the KBJI 2002 which referred to ISCO 88. Net Wage/Salary, is a net wage/salary normally collected for a period of 1 month from a enterprise/company/employer. This net wage/salary is after deduction of compulsory contribution, income tax etc by enterprise/company/ employer.

35

Employment status is the status of a person at the place where he/she works. There are seven different categories:

Own-account worker, is a person who works at her/his own risk without assisted by paid per mount worker or unpaid worker include technical job or skill job. Employer assisted by temporary workers/unpaid worker, a person who works at her/his own risk and assisted by temporary worker/unpaid worker.

36

Employer assisted by permanent worker/paid workers, is a person who does his/her business at her/his own risk at least one assisted by paid permanent worker. Employee, is a person who work permanently for other people or institution/office/company and gains some money/cash or goods as w3age/salary. Labor who have no permanent employer is not categorized as a laborer/worker/employee but casual worker. A laborers, in general is considered to have a permanent employer if he has the same employer during the same employer during the past month, particularly for building construction sector is 3 month. If the employer is an institution, more than 1 (one) is allowed.

37

Casual employee in agriculture, is a person who does not work permanently for other people/employer/institution (more than 1 employer during the last 1 month) in agricultural sector either home industry or not home industry based on remuneration paid with money or goods, and based on daily or contact payment system. Agricultural industry covers food-based agricultural, plantation, forestry, livestock, fishery, hunting, including agricultural services. Employer is a person who gives a job with an agreement payment.

Casual employee not in agriculture, is a person who does not work permanently for other people/employer/institution (more than 1 employer during hen past 1 month) in non agricultural and gets money or goods as wage/salary either based on daily or contract payment system. Those sectors include non agricultural sector: mining, manufactures, electricity, gas and water, construction, trade, transportation, storage, and communication, financing, insurance, real estate, and business services community, social, and personal services.
38

Unpaid worker, is a person who works for other people without pay in cash or goods.

Those unpaid workers could be:

Family member who works for another person in their family i.e.: wife or child who help their husband of father work in field Not a family member who works for another person but still having family relations, such as those who help their family relatives to sell in a minimarket. Other persons outside of family members not family relatives who work for another person, such as a person who weaves hats for their neighbours home industry.

39