LUBRICANTS

LUBRICANTS

Introductions : Even very polished surfaces have small ups and downs. The peaks of the ups are known as asperities and the downs are known as valleys. When two solids rub against each other a real contact between the asperities take place. Even under moderate conditions two solids rub against each other and cause destruction. This process known as friction. Friction is the resistance offered by two moving surfaces.
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LUBRICANTS

During this process following effects are observed ; Interlocking of the asperities Ploughing or destruction of the soft material by the hard material. Surface energy : It is resulted from the molecular forces exerted on the surface layer of the material. Surface attraction : It is found that surface forces are effective over only very small distances. This is highin polished metal surfaces, due to their very close contact.
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LUBRICANTS

Lubricant : A substance introduced between two sliding (moving) surfaces to reduce friction between surfaces is lubricant. Lubrication : Process of reducing friction between two sliding surfaces by introducing a lubricant between them is lubrication.

DR. E. LAXMINARAYANA elxnkits@yahoo.co.in

LUBRICANTS

Lubricant functions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Reduces wear & tear Reduces heat generated between sliding surfaces. Reduces loss of energy and increases machine efficiency. Makes the movement between parts smooth. Reduces maintenance cost of m/c Acts as a seal between cylinder and piston of I.C. engine. Acts as coolant.

DR. E. LAXMINARAYANA elxnkits@yahoo.co.in

LUBRICANTS

DR. E. LAXMINARAYANA elxnkits@yahoo.co.in

LUBRICANTS

Mechanism of lubrication : Fluid film or thick film or hydrodynamic lubrication : a thick film of lubricant is maintained between two contact surfaces. Metal surface to metal surface contact is avoided. Friction coefficient is 0.001-0.03 Lubricant with minimum viscosity is used. Lubricant should stay between surfaces. Used for moderate speeds and loads. Appli : Sweing m/c s, Journal bearing, watches, clocks, guns, scientific instruments.

DR. E. LAXMINARAYANA elxnkits@yahoo.co.in

LUBRICANTS

Boundary lubrication (thin film lubrication) : Lubricant film thickness is low. Film is not maintained continuously. The lubricant layer is adsorbed on one or on both the metal surfaces, hence load is carried by adsorbed lubricant layer. Coefficient of friction is 0.05 to 0.15 Vegetable and animal oils and their soaps are used as lubricants Graphite and molybdenum disulphide is also used. For boundary lubrication the lubricants should have high viscosity index, resistance to heat and oxidation, good oiliness.

DR. E. LAXMINARAYANA elxnkits@yahoo.co.in

LUBRICANTS

Extreme Pressure lubrication : Used at high speeds under heavy loads Special additives (extreme pressure additives) are added React with metals and form metallic chlorides, sulphides etc. are formed. To withstand high loads and temperature.

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LUBRICANTS

Properties of Lubricants : Viscosity : It is the property of fluid, which resist its own flow. F = nv/d F = force per unit area n = viscosity coefficient v= velocity d= distance between two layers. Viscocity decreases with increase in temp.
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LUBRICANTS

Viscosity Index : The rate at which viscosity decreases with temperature is expressed by V.I. If the viscosity is affected slowly by increase in temperature then V.I. is high. It is calculated by taking two std oils Viscosity is measured by using Red wood viscometer and saybolt viscometers. Red wood I is used for less viscous or thin lubricanting oils and redcoal II for high viscous substances. Redwood I has a jet of bove diameter 1.62 mm and length 10 mm. Redwood II 3.8 MM ; 15 MM Description : Working :

DR. E. LAXMINARAYANA elxnkits@yahoo.co.in

LUBRICANTS

DR. E. LAXMINARAYANA elxnkits@yahoo.co.in

LUBRICANTS

DR. E. LAXMINARAYANA elxnkits@yahoo.co.in

LUBRICANTS

3. Could and pour points : When an oil is cooled slowly, the temp. at which it becomes cloudy or hazy in appearance is called cloud-point, while the temperature at which the oil cease to flow or pour is called pour point. Determination : Apparatus consists of flat bottomed test tube in which test sample is taken. This is enclosed with an air jacket. Air jacked is surrounded by freezing mix. Tube is half filled with oil. A thermometer is introduced into it. As cooling proceeds temperature falls. For every degree the tube is withdrawn and tested, and cloud point is recorded. To get pour point, oil is cooled continuously and examined for each 30C.
DR. E. LAXMINARAYANA elxnkits@yahoo.co.in

LUBRICANTS

DR. E. LAXMINARAYANA elxnkits@yahoo.co.in