Administration

m-BP-

zl-Vh-Gbm-zz--V
TIBETAN TERMINOLOGY PROJECT

m-BP-zl-Vh
ADMINISTRATIVE TERMS

-G--OG-m-q
PUBLICATION CELL / DOE

Administration

m-BP-

abandonment

1 tP-z-
2 Mz-B-x-fm

abate

GTG-V-h-q ZP-h-GbP- -hP-GP-G-G-IP-z-hP.

z -z
h-G-P-G-W-VP-h-GbP-z

abbreviation

1 zk-G z+P-G 1 G-G-G-G-fP-h-zbP2 G-G-zBP-q

z-n-q
2 V---G-hP-z-xb-fP-h-GbP-z

abdication

G-Gm-h-z

G-fm-H-hGP--hP. hzPV-h-z--GbP-

abditory

~- Z-G-h-

m-fP-Tm-H-T-hP-G-~-WGG-GT-Z-h-

abduction

zm-Fh

B-z-GP-G-zm-q-hzP-h-zP-Z-h-q-hP. Fh-q-FG--GG

abetment

PG-G-zMh-+
Pm-+

PG-G-+-P-h-

abettor

zMh-+-h-q
Pm-+-h-q

Gm--zMh-+---Gt-z-G-h-Dm

abeyance

Gm-+z-PP-fm

h-K-GP-G-Gm-+z-P-

1 -hP-GP-G-tP-z--GG
2 -Gm-m--q-h-zm-hG---Mz-B-x-fmh-q

Administration

m-BP-

-WG
h-K-GP-G-t-Oz-fz-qP-zm

ability

Wm-fP.

abinitio

fG--Zh-m G-eh-m fG--G-G-h-m

abnormal

u-zbP-m-q

u-zbP-P-u---V-n-q-f-hh-q

abolition

1 -Gb oz-q
2 -GG--G-oz

1 h---m-G-ze-hG-q-z-z--GG
2 -GG----Gb

aboriginal

-B-l-B- Ghh- fG--Zh-m--D-h-P-hGm-q

Above cited

GP-

---hq-hz--V--S--m-q

above mentioned

GP-G GP-Dh

h-G-mP-Sm-m-zXh-m-q

abridge

1 zk-q
2 P-zk-z-z

1 zXh-hm-GP-G-G-G-GZP-y-h-q
2 P-hm--zG-q-zk-GbP-z

abridgement

P-q-zk-

h-zk-z-fP-h-GbP-z-GG

Administration

m-BP-

abrogation

-h-z-

m-q-hP. V-WG--e z-h-q-z

absconder

Gz--z

m-zP-P-F-GbG-G-fz-h-Dm-H-mG-Tm-q

absence

1 h-q
2 G-Vh P-Vh

1 Gm-h-h-q-Gm-z+ -P-zm
2 -P-hP--P-zT--fz-q

absentee

1 G-Vh-q
2 kh-Gm--h-qGP-G

1 P-G--;-h---zq-GP-G
2 P-G-kh-Gm--h-q-B-z

absenteeism

- -G

Mm-Gbm-m--zT--h-q-PG

absolute

1 e-h V-P-z
2 h-h

1 e-h--Eh-V--P-zP--G-q
2 z-h-h-q

absolve

1 h;-hm-h-q
2 Gm--I-z

1 mG-Z--Z-Bm-h-qzTh-F-OG-q
2 -Gm--G-P-GbP-z

absorption

1 -q f-q
2 -WG

1 V--e z-mP-h--q--GGG-zMh-
2 hG-q---GTG-b-Gm-q--Gm-+z

Administration

m-BP-

abstract

1 P-hm
2 u-m

1 Gmh-hm-G-GP-V-zn-zk-q-zXh-q
2 P-m-H-kG--e hP-GP-P-P-z-dGzbG--H-P-z-hP-EhV

abstractor

P-hm-kh-q

Gmh-hm-GT-zb-h-qP-zk-Gh-Dm

absurd

1 M-m-hP--fm-q 1 G-q-M-m-P-hGDP-P-h-q
hP--fm-q
2 n-hrh--hzm-q 2 n-hrh-h-zP-q-V-h
z-hP-P--hzm-q

abundance

z-q z-G-G

hG-P--G-q-IP-z-D-vh

abuse

1 G-q-uh-q
2 h-zz-q

1 hzP-V-e-z--fm-mq-G-q-uh-q
2 h-zz--fP-VPG-G-Pm-zXh-q

academic

-m-H GG-G-G

z-I- hP. f-z GG-Gz-DP----m-m-h-hGhP--z

academician

1 GG-G-z--q 1 GG-G-z-DP-G--mk 2 GG-G-z-hqm

-o

Administration

m-BP-

2 f-z-z-GG-G-z-GZDP-h--m--z-t-Dm
academics

GG-G-z-m

f-z-z-GG-G-z-DP-G-zm-hP-z-P.

academy

GG-G-z-DP.

G-Gm--G-q-GTG-G-h--zP-h--z-GZ-DP.

accede

1 hh-me -h-q
2 Gm-Gm-m-q
3 -fm-h-q

1 Gm-H-hh-q-z--P-P-h-q
2 -;-Gm-D-P -q
3 -fm-Mz-B-h-q

acceleration

1 -h-w-V
2 -h-om-Pe

1 W-HG-W-HG-- I-z-V
2 -h-t-z--GG

accept

1 D-m-q
2 hP-h-m-q
3 -fm-h-q

1 P-m-h-q
2 m-q-hP-q-GP-G-hGq-PP-m-q
3 -fm-h-q

acceptability

D-m--q-P-zm

hh--DP-q-P-m-h-Pz-Eh-V

acceptable

D-m-P-z

P-m---q

accession

1 -fm
2 G--Dh-q

1 -z-GP-G---fm-h-q
2 G-Gm-hP.fz-fP-G-q-

Administration

m-BP-

3 hz-Gh

fz-fz
3 hq-h--e z--hz-mP-hzGh-h-q

accessory

1 -Pm-fm-IG
2 -om-V-G

1 -hm-h-hP--ZG-h-P- -Gm-G-F-G-H--z-zM-G-h-Dm
2 y-V-G--GbG-V-

accident

1 Am-VG
2 e-hzP.

1 -Bm-m-V-Am-PG-VG-K
2 M-Am-D-G--mk -mPP-zm-ez-G-P-z

accidental

e-hzP-G

-hm-hP-;m-P-h-q-Pz

accommodate

1 G-P-h-q
2 hG-D--z
3 kh-DP-vh-q

1 hG-hm-G-q-G--mq-H-z-GbP-z
2 hG-D-e -D-hm-h-q
3 Gm-DP-m-q

accommodation

1 G-P.
2 kh-DP.
3 h-q

1 -P--q-z-z
2 P-G--fm-Am-h-h-z-Gm-DP.
3 z---fm-q-nIG-WG-h-q

Administration

m-BP-

accompanist

(--)-hG-q

---B-h-Dm-H-GP-G

accomplished

1 P-Vz-q
2 hr-xm-q

1 -hm-GP-G--P-w-h-P-z
2 -hm-GP-G-G-qzOz-q-WG-B--q

accord

1 -D-fm-q
2 VP-G-WG-Pe
3 VP-G

1 z--fm-q
2 G-fm-H-K-m-I-fmWG-
3 P-hzP-GP--zhG-q-MDz-wm-m -I-fm-G -V

accordance

1 fm-q
2 GmP-
3 -I-z-q-GTGfm

1 h-hP-zem-b
2 GmP-z-vh-q--GG
3 B-z-wm-m-hz-H-z-GTG-b-fm-q

accordingly

h-hP-zem -b G-zP-e -hm -GP-G -Gm-hP--K zem --b

account

1 M-m-I-zXh
2 -F

1 -uh-h-hm-Am--G-qhG-hm-I-zXh
2 hP-w-vh--m-hP.
P-P-G--f

account book

-hz

GbP-P--F-hz

account for

1 h-M-m h-G- 1 G-GP-P-P-z-M-m-mzh

G-zh
2 M-m-im-q
2 M-m-Gh-q

Administration

m-BP-

accountability

-fG Gm-F

B-z--hm-GP-G--zzq-Gm-D

accountable

1 Gm-F-h-q
2 I-P.z

1 M-m-G-zh--GmD-h-q
2 -hm-GP-G-Vh-Gzh--P-z

accountancy

-q--G

-q--;-e -F-ZWG-hP-z-WG-G--hm

accountant

-q

-F-Z-WG--hm-H-Vh-q

accoutrements

(hG--)-V-h- Hm-q-hP-G-m--Gm-qhG---V

accretion

w-Bh

D-om-m-M-zBh--zdm-m-Pz-M-hP-w-Bh

accrual

1 GG-
2 w-Bh

1 GG-WG-G--GG-GzMh-
2 M-hP--e z-w-Bh-hGG-WG-h-q

accrue

1 P-zm-H-P-z
2 P-zm-H-w-z

1 P-P-fm-Bh-h--z--e
z-P-z
2 P-zm-w-z--e z -P-z

accumulation

1 GG-WG

1 tP-GG-h-

Administration

m-BP-

10

tP-GG
2 w-

2 IP-z-W-V-w-z-zMh

accuracy

1 F-
2 bG-bG

1 Bm-hP-m-F-h-q-P-zm
2 h-bG-bG-G-W--W-zm-mq-P-zm

accurate

1 bG-bG
2 xG-h

1 hP-Gm-hP-P--fm-q
2 Bm-hP-m-F-h-q

accurately

-xG-q

V-xG-q-h-q

accusation

1 mG-Z-Bm-G
2 Bm-G

1 GP-G-TG--mG-Z-h-qzXh-q-G-fm-H-BmG
2 B-z-GP-G-F-G-mG-Tm-m-q-zXh-

accuse

1 mG-Z-G-q
2 Bm-G-q

1 mG-Z -h -q-Bm -G-h -q

2 Gm--DG-h=-h-q

accused

mG-Z-G-

F-G-mG-G-h--GPG-GTG-G-h-

achieve

m-q fz-q

zh-zm-H-fz-q

achievement

Iz-

-hm-GP-G-G-q-m-q-z

achiever

-X-Tm h-q-Tm

Iz--G-q-fz-q-GP-G

Administration

11

m-BP-

acknowledge

1 D-m-q
1 h-q-hP-q-Gm2 -m-vh-q
G--zhm-q-m-q-D3 fG-X-G-G-- z
m-h-q
2 -G--e z-GP-G-G-m-vh-q
3 z;-im-z---fGX-G-G-zXh-q

acknowledgement

1 D-m
1 -hm-GP-P-zOz-q-2 -m m-G
m-m-m-hz
3 fG-X-G-G 2 z;-im-z---X--P-G-fG-X-GG--z-n-q
3 -hm-G-zOz-q-z;im-V--m-q--m

acquaintance

1 P-
2 M-P

1 P-G-P--q-
2 B-z-hP-q-GP-G-+H--dG

acquire

1 Oz-q
2 P-z-Iz-q

1 P-G-zh-zm--mfz-q
2 Z-P-G--m-P-z

acquisition

1 fz-
2 fz-q

1 fz-q-h-q--GG
2 fz-q-P-z-hP-q

acquit

1 Bm-G--O-z 1 Z-Bm-zG-q--O-z
2 -Gm--O-z 2 -Gm-m-z-z
3 Z-h-zTh-F-OG-q 3 F-G-mG-Z-Tm-m-

Administration

m-BP-

12

q-zTh-F-OG-q
acquittal

1 Z-h-zTh-F
2 Z-I

1 mG-Z-G--h-ZG--q-e-H-Z-q-hq-fG-GTh
2 B-z-GP-G-mG-Tm-m-q-yh-P-

act

zT-F

I-G--Gbm--wz-q-F

acting

-z

y--P-Gm-H--z-h-q

action

(F-GTh)G-ze

OG-F--m-H-Z-G-Gze-h-

actionable

(F-GTh)G-ze-q

F-GTh--M-G--h-q

active

O-q -q

-;--zm-hP-IP--hh-q

actively

-q-K-m O-q-K- -zm-hP-IP--hh-q-K-m

m

activity

-GG h-K

h-K--G-q-GP-P-P-z

actual

hP hm-hP

m-q-km-q-h-q--m-q-he-+z-hP--h-q

actuary

Gm-P--WG--q

Zm-P--WG-G--Zm-hP--hvh-zz--MG-h-Dm

Administration

m-BP-

13

ad hoc

Vh-G

Gmh-hm--G-q-GTG-hP-z-h-h-h

ad infinitum

f--q

-hP-GP-G-f-h-q-f-h-q

ad interim

z-zL

z--h-m-Vh-h

ad valorem

m-fP--z+-z

F-zMz-m-q-hP-G-Gh-hqG-m-fP-hP-h-Z-q

adaptable

yh-i-fz-q

G-i-fz-q-m-q-hP-kmq

addendum

D-om D-+P.

q-I--q-hq-hz-G-D-om-G-V

addressee

GbP-

hP-q-GP-G-GbP--

addressograph

D-P-y-D

D-P-P-G-q-hz-hq-y-D-G

adequate

hP-P

hG-D-+P-fz-P--hPP

adherence

zT-m-Mz-B zT-m- h-hm-G-q -hm-m

V-G-e-z-D--GZ-hX-P.
-Mz-B

adhesive

hP-q-wm-m-Z-h--h-

Administration

m-BP-

14

--zG-Tm-H-
adjacent

1 Z-F
2 f--H

adjoin

1 -z
1 G-GP-G-hP-Z-z--z
2 hz--h-Gm-q 2 G-Gm-G-hP-Z-z-Gm-q

adjourn

1 -WG-h-q
2 z-GP-WG-q
3 x-z-h-q

adjournment

1 G-h--WG 1 G-h-z--WG-q
2 h-h-Gm-G -z-x -HP
2 x-z

adjudge

1 F-fG-GTh-q
2 Z-Vh-GbP-z

1 F-G--fG-m-fG-GThh-q
2 F-fG-m-Z-Vh-GbP-z

adjudicate

Zm-z

D-V-GbG-z-+z-F-hqm-HP-z-zG-b-Gmh-hm-hrh-zh-q

adjudicator

zTh-F-GbP-Dm
-U-z

h-G-hP-D-V-e-z-Gmh-hm-Zmz--fG-GTh-h-Dm-H-GP-G

1 G-GP-G-hP-Z-G-h--fGq
2 --f--fm-PTm

1 G-fP--WG-h-q
2 h---G-h-z-WG-q
3 G-h---h-hGm-G-z-w-HP-h-q

Administration

15

m-BP-

adjust

1 -OG-h-q
2 i-G-h-q

1 -hP-GP-G-h-G-bGbG-G-m-q-P-Vh-ePm-h-q
2 P-Zh-Gm-Pe -Gq--i-z-G--iG-h-q

adjustment

1 -OG
2 zT-OG

1 -hP-GP-G-m-z---VG-
2 Hm-V--V-h-e-z-zNzT-zbP-e--i-z-z

adjustor

-OG-q

Zm-P--WG-G-Gm-Gz-fzV-fG-GTh-Gmh-m-P-Vhz-WG-hP-V-z-h-

adjutant

hG-hqm-H-m-BP-G

hG-hqm-G--m-BP-hm-fh-xG-G-GmP-Dm-H-h-q-G

administer

m-BP-h-q

m-BP-z;h-OG-G--GmOz-q

administration

m-BP.

1 m-BP-z;h-OG-G--GG
2 GP-G--h--PG---hm-z;h-h-eP

administrative

m-BP-G

m-BP-hP--z-m-BP-

Administration

m-BP-

16

G--Gm-h-q
admissibility

P-m-fz-q-P-zm

D-m-h-P-z-M-m-H-Pm-fz-q-P-zm

admissible

1 D-m--q
2 -G-P-z

1 D-m--P-z
2 -G--Eh-V-P-z

admission

G-hh

z-I-e-z-G---G--MVh-vh-hG-q-m

admit

1 D-m-q
2 G--WG-q
3 k-I-h-WG-q

1 hP-h-Gm---zhm-qP-m-h-q
2 mP-h--G--M-GmP-zvh-q
3 k-m-m-G-I-GP-P-hG-M-G-+z-vh-q

admittance

G-f

B-z-GP-G---hm-GP-P-mP-G-h-h-WG-q--GG

admonish

1 P-h--em-q
2 D-b-+-GU -h-q

1 B-z-GP-G-G-;m-uh-E-fh--z-em-GmP-z
2 OG-G-h---e z-GP-GTG--iG-mm-V-z-Zm-zlGbP-z

admonition

D-b-+-UG

P-Z-z-Zm-z-GP-G-hG-m-h-hG-q-zz--Zmzl-z-em

charge

Administration

17

m-BP-

adolescent

1 h---zz-q
2 Gm-m
3 P--h-z+ -

1 m-h--P-q-Gm+z
2 m-Gm-(-13m-19z)
3 P--h-zm-q-m-m-mz-H--P-P-zmq-Gm-+z

adopt

1 z-z-Z-z
2 -h-h-q

1 F-fm-H-K-m-Gm-Hy-G-P-Zh--mP--Z-bG-BP-h-q
2 D-m--M--wm-q

adopter

z-z-Z-Dm

Gm-H-y-G-z-z-b-Z-b-GBP-h-Dm-H-GP-G

adult

1 Lm-h-P-q
m-m-q
2 h-

1 F-fm-H--h-Pq-m-h-m-q-B-z
2 -zT-zMh-h-Z-GTG--e
z--IP-P-Tm--hq-B-w-

adulterant

t-;-m-q-hP--Gm-Dom-zH-b-Bm-Tm-z-z-zBm-GbP-h

adultration

z-h

hP-q-t-;-G-q-e-z-G-t-;-m-q-hP--Gmz-z

advance

1 S-hm-vh-q

1 Z-D-hP-hP-T-G-

Administration

m-BP-

18

2 S-hm

S-o-H-hm-GbP-h-q
2 hP-hP-T-G-Sm-h-mvh-q--GG

advantage

D-wm hG-m

-hP---GG-GP-G-m-Pz-wm-

adverse

1 -fm-q
2 G-
kG-xG-

1 D-Gbh-h-q
2 B-z-GP-G-G-wm-zh-D-wmhP-G--P-z

adverse party

xG-G-G-q

e-z--fm-q-h-hm-G-q-e-zD-Gbh-G-DG

advertise

Ez-zOG-h-q

P-m-q-P-z-hP. P-G-G-Ehn-z-fm-h-P-G--izOG-h-q

advertiser

Ez-zOG-h-Dm

P-hm-i-zOG-h-Dm-H-GPG

advice

zz- D-b

-em-H-D-b-z-G

advise

zz--MG-q

B-z-GP-G--D-b-z-G-h-q

advisory

z-em--

z-em-G-VP-e-z--hm-GPP-P-z-Vh--em--M-hzPh-Tm

advisory board

z-em-m-M

-em--zP--M-Gm-hzP-Tm-

Administration

m-BP-

19

H-h-G
advisory committee

z-em-G-VP.

-em-H-D-b-z-G-h-DmH-G-VP.

advisory council

z-em-m-G

-em-H-D-b-z-G-h-DmH-m-G

advocacy

-GbG GbG-z

Gm-hm-GP-G-G-Vh-h-hm-m--GbG-h-

advocate

-h-q

F-DP-mP-D-V--GbG-hDm-H-F-h-q

aerial

Gm-+h

GG-fP-zm-ym-m-Pym-H-GG-zm-hP-O-zlGbP-m--M-y-D-H-G-UG-+h-e-z-eP-h-IP-MG

aerodrome

Gm-fP-VP-z

Gm-I-zz--hP.w--eGm-VP-I

aeronautical

Gm-I-z-GbP-G

Gm-I-GbP--hP. z-G-q-h-hP--z

aeroplane

Gm-I

m-D-w-Bh-h-q--V

affect

G-Am

-hP-GP-G--G-m-fzP---z-iG-q

Administration

20

m-BP-

affidavit

z-G

G-fG-z;h-q-Gmh-hm-GP-GhP-zhm-m-q-D-m-h-zT

affiliate

-DP

G-q-V-z-G-G-DP-GbG-G-q-B-z-OG-G

affiliation

1 -DP-P-m
2 -DP--G-q

1 h-hm-G-q-OG-GV-DG-b-m-G---
2 G-q-GP-G-mP-G-fmH----G-Gh-

affinity

1 GZm-OG--z
2 P-V

1 GZm-OG--zdm-m-P-z-
2 hP-q-B-z-wm-m-hz-Hm-B--i-z-Eh-V

affirmation

1 m-q-Oz-q
1 Gmh-hm-GP-G-Gbm--zz2 zhm--G-zOG
q--GG-G-Gbm-zz-
2 GP-G-zhm-q-m-G-G-zOG

affirmative

1 m-q-Oz-q
2 Mz-B-H
-fm-H

1 Gbm--zz-q--fmh-q
2 z--E-Pe -h--GP-G--Mz-Bh-q

affirmative

m-q--GG

zh-h-h-IP-ZP-G-k-DG-G-

action

Administration

m-BP-

21

DP--GbG-q-n--zP-hP--;-G-+z-S-G-M-GbP-M-zh-zm-mmq
affix

Z- m-

hP-q-GP-G-wm-m-OG-q-hPfh-q P-m-h-eP-D-omMG-q

afford

1 I-Im-GbP-fz-q
2 -GbP-fz-q

1 -z-GP-G--M-hP-qGP-G-Z-Vh-h-hq-fm-Am-h-q
2 -GbP-wh-q

afforestation

mG--hz-G

-eP-P-P--P-mG-zN-z

affranchise

1 P-hzP-m-q
1 -GG-G-m-GG-2 -h-fz-fP-vh-q
G--e z- m-P-hzP-m -q
2 -G -wP-M - fz -fP-vh -q

aforesaid

S--q

Sm-h-zXh-m-q-Gmh-hm-GPP-P-z

afresh

-P.

G-h P-zB zB-h

afternoon

xh- Zm-Mz

Zm-hGP-V-h-zT-GZ-z-X-

afterward

x- X-

h-GP-G-G-X-

Administration

m-BP-

22

against

kG-xG-

D-Gbh--xG-

ageism

m-h-h-h

-m-Lm-DG-hP. h--h-zz--e-

agenda

I-G

G-h-e-z-I-zk-Vh-EM-hm-Gmh-DG

agent

1 P-z
2 GP-z--h

1 B-z-GP-G-G-f--P-zm-q-h-q
2 h-GP-G-GP-z--hm-H-I

aggrandizement

P-fP-GP-w

fz-G--m-m M-m-GGP-t-h-GbP-z--GG

aggravation

1 z-uh
2 W-kG-b-GbP-

1 Gm--zm-Po -hP-F-z-P-zh-q--fh-q-;m-uh
2 h;-P-W-V--mh-G-WkG-b-GbP-z--GG

aggregate

1 wP-q-h-z
2 Em-zk

1 hP-q-P-q-GP-z-xG-qh-q
2 IP-z-f-Th-GTG-bzkz-q-Em-z

aggregation

wP-GG Z-kz

-hP-GP-G-Z-h-kz-q-GG

aggrieved

1 -w h-Vh

1 P-Zh--iP-zhm---P-

Administration

23

m-BP-

2 GhP-z-mm-q

-q--z
2 iP-zhm--m-q-FG-H--GG-G-Amq-h-wG-P-z--zh

agitation

1 P-P.
2 +-P.

1 G-P-P-z--GG-GG-P-G-Gm-eP
2 h-G-H-z-u-G-Vz-h--Gmh-hm-fhP-G--+-P-hfz

agitator

P-P-h-q
P-P-Dm

u-G-mP-h-hm-H-G-i-e-zz-Dm-H-GP-G

agrarian

-m-P--

-m-P---IP-Gz-Gmh-hm-hP--z

agreement

I-fm fm-I

M-Dz-z-GP-G-wm-m-Gmhhm-GP-P-fG-GZ--zG-q-Gm-M

agriculture

P-

-P-hz----;

aid

1 G-B-h-q
2 G-B

1 Gm--G-q-hP-Mz-Bh-q
2 G--hP-Mz-B

air base

Gm-hG-e-Gm

Gm-hG-G-Gm-I-zz-fPhP. hG-K --

Administration

m-BP-

24

air force

Gm-hG D-hG

Gm-I--zdm-m-hG-fz-hq-hqP-k

air hostess

Gm-I--b-

Gm-I-mP-I-q-Im-zhG-Gz-z-z-bG-Oz-Dm-zh-h

air mail

Gm-G

Gm-fG-GbP-M-G-G

aircraft

Gm-I

m-D-w-Bh-fz-q-I

alarm

1 iG-G
2 Zm-zl-GbP-z

1 Zm-z-h-q--dG-P-AmH-J-z-h-P-z-WG-oP.
2 Zm-D-P-G-h-q-zl-GbP-z

alcohol

VP-G

z-D-Tm-H-zbP-z-VP-hP--G-GG

alderman

Lm-q

IP-k-m-G-GP--G-- G

alertness

1 zG-m
2 O-q

1 h-Po -Gz-mm--fh-vh-q-
2 Gz-mm-H-K-m-h-Po -vh-q

alias

P-Gm

B-z-GP-G-G-P-G-hP-P-Gz-b-zh-uh-q-P-Gm-G

alien

1 -kh-x-
2 x-M-H

1 P-Zh-Gm-kh---h-G---m-q-B-z
2 -P-Gm-H

Administration

25

m-BP-

alienable

zhG-hzP-w-m-P-z

zhG-hzP-Gm--w-m--q

alienation

1 G---m-q
x-z
2 D-H-z

1 -V-z-e-z---m-q-Gm-+z
2 IG-i--h-q-G-h-z--GG

alignment

1 xG-O
2 -OG

1 k-DG-G-O--G-OG-eP
2 -G-G-fh-;-OGeP

allegation

1 Z-G
2 m-G

1 B-z-GP-G--zG-qG-fm-Bm-G
2 zhm-q-hG-B--M-IOG-h-q-Gmh-hm-GD-m-q--m-qzXh-q

alleged

1 zOG-q
2 hG-G-Tm

1 m-q-D-V-P-DPB--vh--fz-q
2 Gmh-hm-hG-G-Tm

allegiance

-m

zP---n---M-Dz--zTP-q-hG-mhP--M

alliance

1 xG-O
2 m-

1 wm-m-fm-x-zO-qxG-zO-z-Gm-eP

Administration

26

m-BP-

2 hG---G-q-G-zOzVh--k-M-Dz-wm-mhz-Z-fm--M-zG-qG-fm-H-fm-I
allied

1 fm-xG-
1 fm-G--G-q-xG2 I-fm-H--z
GbG---z
2 VP-G-G-fm-I--z

allocation

1 -zTh
1 hG-hm--G-q-G-G-Vh-h2 zG-z zG-I
hG-b- -WG--q-fz-V
2 V-zG--zG-I--GG

allottee

zG-

-hP-GP-G-zG-I--qV--fz-Dm-H-GP-G

allow

1 h-h-WG-q
2 GmP-z-vh-q

1 -GG-GP-G--G-GG-k--h-q
2 z;-F-GmP-z

allowable

VG-q

P-m-h--q-VG-Vm-vhP-

alteration

1 H-kG
2 z-zT
3 zT-zN

1 -hP-GP-G-G-Gm-z+ GTG-m-Gm-h-w-z-+z-P-z
2 Hm-V--V-h--e z-zN-zTGbP-z--GG

Administration

27

m-BP-

3 zB-zT--zN-zTGbP-
altercation

D-P. D-FG

wm-m-Gb-Pm-h---hJP.

alternate

1 --h-q
2 ---P-z
3 zX-m-h-q

1 -z-GP-G -zX-- -h-q

2 zX-m-H-K-m-P-z
3 -hm-GP-G-hm-G-P-zOz-h-Gm-+z-P-B-zGTG-G-G--Gm---WG-q

alternative

1 --
2 Gh-;

1 Gh-;-hP---
2 hP-q-GZ--h--Fh-Gh-;

alternatively

---b t-

GTG-G-G--GTG-WG-qh-z-b

amalgamate

1 hP-V-hP---h-q 1 UG-G-Gm-hP-hP-VZ-z-h-q
2 Z-h--z
2 GP-z-V-P-z-GTG-Iz-qVh-h--O-z

amalgamation

-G-Z-i

G--wm-m-i-

amateur

hP-m-q

1 N--hP. m- hG-G--hG-m-HWG-q-GP-G

Administration

28

m-BP-

2 h-h-h-h-h-z-P-Ph-G -G--WG-q-B-z
ambiguous

1 G-hm-P-z
2 G-D-h-q

1 G-hm-GZ--GZ--P-zh-h-q
2 zXh-hm-D-G-h-q

amend

1 G-zT-h-q
2 zB-zT-h-q

1 -M--W-G--H-zGbP-z
2 F-z-Gmh-hm--e z-omy-t-GTG-zH-b-zNzT-GbP-z

amenity

1 h-h-P-z-P-zm 1 --fh-q-Po -z-I-z2 fm-Am

Eh-V
2 x-hP-q-zh-z-IG-hq-V-Am

amicable

-fm-H

fm--hP-IG-i--Eh-Vkm-q

ammunition

1 -h
2 m-V

1 -h-hP--NG--wmM-h
2 -z-Vm-q-kz-Gh-h-qm-V-e-z-zh-uh-GbP-Ml-ym-hP. -H BhP-y---G

amnesty

1 Z-P-h-m
2 Z-Vh-VG-P.

1 F-G-z-n--Z-VhVG-P-GbP-z-h-h

Administration

29

m-BP-

2 B-z-GP-G-G-fm-HK-m-Z-q-G-P-GbP-z-GG
amount

Em-z z

IP-P-ZP -P-Em-V-VP -G- h

amplifier

t-h

JG-G--zdm-q-zl-m-Hm-G-t-h--JG-G--h

amplitude

1 z-G-G
2 z-q

1 z-q-Gm-Pe --Pzm
2 hG-D--P-z-z

amputation

m-G-GTh-G

hG-z-GG-zT--zdmm---@P-G-P-G-V--GTh-G-h-

analogous

1 V--i-z
2 h---i-z

1 Gmh-hm-G--i-Pm-q
2 P-DP-hP-O-G-P-P-h--P-q

analyse

1 h-z-h-q
hrh-z-h-q
2 V---h-q

1 -dG-z-y-P-h -zWG-G-hrh-z-h-q
2 Iz-V---G-V-V---h-z

ancestor

1 -q
2 w-

1 w-G--e z-GP-m-m-GP-G
2 P-Zh--G-Mh-DP-

Administration

m-BP-

30

hh-h--GP-G
anchorage

1 zdh-
2 dh-J

1 M--f-I-GP-hG-Gm
2 I-GP-dh-Gm--zbGq-J-zz

ancillary

1 G-GG
2 G-G

1 -;-G-h-Dm
2 Gm--G-

animal

K-xG-G-BP.

d-G--G-q-K-xG-Tm-n-B-t-h-q

animosity

1 Dm-
2 kP-

1 kP-G-iG-q-P-G-
2 kP----z--uh

animus

1 Dm-m
2 kP-m

1 Dm-q--
2 -Pk -iG-q-

annexe

GG-DP. z-DP.

-DP-G-M-Bh-GbP-z-Vh-h-Mzq-DP-q

annihilation

1 -Gb
2 -eP

1 -h-GbP--H-zMh---GG
2 GP-G--Gb-zbP-z-Km-zT-q

anniversary

-D-h-im

-GG-GP-G---D-z-h

husbandry

Administration

31

m-BP-

annotation

Vm-I

I-zh-hP- -Vm-Gh-

announcement

G-zOG

Gm-hm-G--dG-Vh-tz-zl-Ez

announcer

1 G-zOG-q
2 --P-vh-q

1 Gm-hm-GP-G-Ez-zOGh-Dm
2 P-ym-hP. G-hG--h-K-P-vh-h-

annoyance

m-G

B-z-GP-G--m-q-G-iz-z--GG

annual account

-D--F

-GTG-G-P-P--F

annual

-D-m-BP-m-f

m-BP--hm-hP--z-GTG-G-m-f

administrative
report
annual financial
statement

-D-hP----G --hP--Gm-eP--G

annual report

-D-m-f

h-m--GTG-G--hm-GPP-P-z-m-f

annual review

-D-zB-z

-GTG-G--hm-GP-P-hP-z-zB-z

annuity

1 -zz
2 --G-zz

1 -GTG-G-xG-zkwG--P-zz

Administration

m-BP-

32

2 -G-GP-G--P-zBh-;-f-z---hP-zz
annul

m-h-z-z

anomaly

1 u-hP---q
1 u---h-G-hP-G2 ;m-hP--i-z-GP-G z-V
2 u-zbP-hP--i-z-GP-G

anonymous

1 P-h-q
2 P--h-q

1 P-h-q
2 -m-P--h-q-GP-GG-m

answer book

m-hz

i-m---hz

answer sheet

m-G

i-m---G-z

answerability

1 Gm-D
1 -hm-H-Gm-hzP-h-q2 m-Gm-h-q-GmPP-
eP
2 m-hz--Gm-F-h-qGm-eP

answering

m-hz-y-V

D-q-zMh-m-O-wz-hP-zl-m-vhh--y-V

antagonist

D-Gbh-q

Gm-hP-Im-k--D-Gbh-hDm-H-GP-G

antecedent

S-Gm-

-hP-GP-P-P-z-Sm-h-Pz-I-z

machine

F-fG-m--h-z-z

Administration

33

m-BP-

antedated

--S-Gh--q

hP--P-M--IP-S-z-z;h-q

antedated cheque

--S-Gh--q-TGm

-IP-S-Gh--q-TGm

anticipated

Sm-hqG-I-Im

z--h-hqG-G-I-P.

anticipated income

Sm-hqG-P-zz

z--h-hqG-G-P-K

anticipated profit

Sm-hqG-D-zz

z--h-hqG-G-D-zP.

anticipated saving

Sm-hqG-GG-WG

z--h-hqG-G-GG-WG

anticipation

1 -hm
2 Sm-hqG

1 -z-zMz-q-h-hqG-q-PP-
2 M-m-G--zdm-qSm-h--h-hqG

antique

Gm-z Gm-z-

Gm-z-h-m-P-z-h-hP-z

antiquity

1 S-z
2 P-Z

1 Gm-h-b hG-zh-h-z-z--S--hP-z
2 Gm-z-P-q-Eh-V

apartheid

-G-h;-mG-h-h(-h-W)

-w--;-mP-G-ze-q--G-h;-mG-h-h--

expenditure

Administration

m-BP-

34

h-W
apathy

v-oP-m-q

Gmh-hm-GP-G--h-oP-hP--h-q

apex

1 P-
2 f-fG

1 -hP-GP-G-G-Gm-f-
2 Gb-zXh-e-z-f-z--

apology

zh-G hGP-

wG-fG-G-m-F-P-G-Hh---hGP-hG-fGzhm--

apparatus

-h D-V

h-K-P-Tm-G-zOz-h-h-z;M-Vh-z-q-hP-V

apparent

1 n-q-G-z
2 Pm--H

1 h-hP-hzP-q-G-q-V-z
2 zhm-q-Pm--h-Po -z

appeal

1 -zh-h-q
2 GP--h-q

1 B-z-GP-G--G-B-Vh-iG-zh-+-h-q
2 F-DP-G--G-m-fGzTh-m-q-D-V-G-F-GP--zB-h--GbG-h-q

appearance

1 x-
2 oP-

1 hP-q-B-z-GP-G-GxoP-
2 hP-q-GP-G-G-Po --V-

Administration

35

m-BP-

appeasement

1 P-P.
2 -fz-P-P.

1 hh--+P-fz---GG
2 wm-m--fm-P-WGGm-fz--hI-z-zmh-Tm-H-Pm-hh-+Pfz--h-

append

D-om-MG-q om-q

GP-G-D-om-H--h--zfh-q

appendix

1 m-fz
2 M-G

1 hz--WG-b-z;h-q-D-omH--OG-M-V
2 M--hP-P-G-GZ--m-G--m-z-+--M-z-M--y-fP-z-G

appliance

-h

-hm--G-Oz-Vh--yV---V

applicability

-P-z-P-zm

-P-z-WG-q-P-zm

applicable

-P-z WG-q
G-ze-P-z

G-ze-Vh-uh-fz-q

applicant

m--z-

-;-hP G-Gm G--M-G--Vh-h-m-z-Dm-H-GP-G

application

m-

GP--hP--Gm-G-Vh-h-z-M--G

Administration
application

36

m-BP-

m--GP-G

m--z-M-Gmh-hm-Gh-G-

appointee

z+-q-

-o-G-Gm-GP-G-b-z+q-GP-G

appointment

1 z+-GG
2 h-

1 -o-e-z-z+-G
2 B-z-GP-G-hP-Z-h-GmGP-h-fG-yh--M-h-z;Gz-z

appointment

z+-GG--G

-o-e-z-z+-G---G

apportionment

zG-z

+-z-h-z-zG-I-h-

appraisal

1 m-fP-Gbm-zz
2 dG-z

1 hP-q-GP-G-G-GP-h-hm-fP-Gbm-zz
2 G-Z--e z- h-h-- hrh-q

appraise

1 m-fP-Gbm-zz-h-q 1 m-fP-fG-GTh-h-Gbm-zz2 h-hqG-h-q

h-q
2 M-hP-GP-G-G-m-fP-Pt-; P-m-Em-z-hhqG-h-q

appraiser

m-fP-Gbm-zz-h-q -DP-P-mP-im-hP-G Dm-fP-Gbm-zz-h-Dm hzP-e-z-T-hP--m-fP-Gbmzz-h-M-hzP-h-Tm-H-B-z

form

letter

Administration

37

m-BP-

apprehend

1 m-zP-h-q
2 G-hm-dG-q

1 F-fG-m-m-zP-h-q
2 Gmh-hm-GP-G-G-G-hm-q

apprehension

1 m-zP.
2 G-dG

1 Z-Tm--G-q-m-zPh-
2 G-dG-m-q-B-z-GP-GG--m-eP

approach

1 Z-z-zT-z
2 fz- WG-K

1 I-h-W-Z-W-Z-z-
2 GP-G -hP-Z--WG-q--K
hP. fz- G-z+ zT

appropriate

1 -q -P-- 1 h-z+ --Gm-Pe -q

G-q-G-Vh-h-m-q2 -WG-h-q
IG-q
2 -hm--G-q-G -G- Vh-h-
zh-uh--M - -WG-h-q

approval

1 z;-F
2 VG-Vm F-V

1 GP--H-GmP-z-vh-
2 VG-Vm -fm
z;-F

approximate

1 w-V
2 Z-z-z-q
3 h-hqG-q

1 --bG-bG
2 GP-G-G-Z-G-h--fGb-z-q
3 t-h-h-z---fGGTh-q

Administration

38

m-BP-

approximately

- w-V

TP-h--GbG-xG-P-m-iz-fm-q-e-z

appurtenance

V-G-w-

m-h-GP-w-GbP-h--D-Gz-V-G

aptitude

1 B-
1 -ez-V-z-e-z-B-ez-2 WG-q--q -n-z
-h-q-m-q
3 m-q Wm-fP.
2 G-q-Gm-GP-G--P-zhP. G-dG--z-P-zm
3 -z-GP-G-h-fz-q-mG--m-bm

aptitude test

B--h-e

B-z-G--;-hP. -m G-G--G-W-i-G--hz-h-m-m-zdG-fz--h-e

arbitrary

P-oP-GP-im-H

F-h-G-h--q-e PZh--hh-hm-hP-z--hm-q-D-m-G-zT-z

arbitrate

1 z-h-h-q
2 z-h-q-vh-q

1 xG-wm-m-hz-H--fm-qn-h-q-h-q
2 fG-GTh--M-Vh-h-z-hq--vh-q

arbitrator

z-h-q

h-hm-fG-GTh--M-Gm-hzPh-q-GP-G

architecture

1 DP-z-G-q

1 DP-q-z-z;h--G-q-

Administration

39

m-BP-

2 DP-q-z-z;h

N-
2 DP-q-W-e -z-z-I-z;h-q

back out

D-hm-G---Gm-q

D-m-h-zT---Gm-q

back payments

vh-kh-w-zz

--G--S--m-J-wGw-z-M-m-H-fz-qhP-zz

backdated

1 h--z;h-q
2 h---G-G

1 G-V--e z-h-q-IP-P---S-z-IP-z;h-q
2 h--Sm--G-m-m-H-t-V--M
(hG-z-J- wG--e z)

background

Mz-YP

1 q-hP---G--Mz--YP--z;h-q
2 GP-G-TG-G--;-Pzl-hP. -m ZP- G---M

background paper

1 Mz-YP-G-zOG 1 GP-z-q-G-G-G2 Mz-YP-G-ym

Gh-q-GP-G-h-- -hm-G-G-Mz-YPz-y-G-zh-h-G-Gh-m-G-zT-i
2 GP-G-h---h-K-

(backgrounder)

Administration

m-BP-

40

Mz-YP-+-z-y-G-zhh-q-GP--G-ymm-G-G
backhander

z-l

+G-Qm-H-w-+h

backlog

1 Mz-P. ih-P.
2 -y
3 Vh-Z

1 -ih--f-z-Vh-fz--MzG--WG-M-P-h-Vm-qG
2 ---z-wP-GG-fzq--;
3 h-K-hG-z-G-G-P-q-Vh-h-Z-G-q-hP-q

backup

Mz-dm

1 G-z-b-Z-z-GP-G-GhP-q
2 ;-q--mP-G-G-V-GP-PG-G-i-z-;-q--h-G--Z-G--q-iz

backward class

X--I-

u-P-e--M-I--fz-q-k

backward tribe

X---q

X--fz-q--q

bad conduct

uh-Pm

uh---G-q

bad debt

zm-mG

x-vh--fz-q-hh-DP-h-

Administration

m-BP-

41

q-z-m
badge

1 hqP-dG
2 dG-

1 G-q-G-G-G-G-Gm-m-Vh--eP-hGhG-M-m-dG
2 GP-G-G--GP-zehh-V-zeh--h-h-w-zm-dG

baggage

+-V h-V

I-zBh-+z-E-M-T-G

bail

1 Gb-hP
2 DG-EG
3 Gb-hP-H-- z

1 Z-G--q-B-z-GPG-F-DP-h-GbG-z+z-P-zT----GmDG-m--F-DP-hz-M-D-P-q-hPzz
2 Gm-m-Gb-hP-zM-D-m-h-q
3 Gb-hP-zG-e-Jhz=-GbP-z-Gb-hPH--z

bailiff

F--h-h-q

F-DP-G-Gm-P--h

bailment

1 Gb-hP-z-WG
2 zT-WG

1 Z-G--q-B-z-GG-Vh-h-Gb-hP-z
2 T-hP--D-hzP-- Gm-zT-WG--fz

Administration

42

m-BP-

balance

1 P. M- Z-G
2 ; P-P-D-fz
D P-P-z-Eh
3 G-y

1 Yh-h-W-h---V
2 ; -F-P-P-GZ--hZ-k-z
D -F-P -P-hz-H- -zG
3 -h--q-G-

balance sheet

-F-D-G f-k-G

P----DP-G-G-h-P-Tm-H-D-hzP-hP. -
z-m-G-D-G-z;h-q--F

balance to trade

P--z-Eh

M-Dz-TG-G-h-m-P-Tm-PM-mP-fm-Bh-x-P--q-h-hPx-M-H-P-G-mP-im--qGZ--m-fP-z-Eh

balanced budget

h-Z-Sm-

h-m-P-Tm-G-G-I-Im-hPP-zz-V-Z-q-Sm-

ballot

1 -G
2 (GP-z)-zk

1 -G-b-GP-z--G-wm+z---zk-G-
2 -G-b-GP-z--G-zkm-h-eP

ballot box

-K

-zk-+z--G-kG-K

ban

1 z;G-M
2 z;G-k
3 Gm-hP-

1 -GG-GP-G-GG-k-hq-z;-M
2 Z-Vh--e z-P-G-Gm-m-fG-P-h-zh-q

(trade balance)

Administration

43

m-BP-

3 G-q-Bh-kG--e z-mx-zh-h-q
band

1 VP-fG k-fG
2 -V--DG

banishment

MP-zh (-)uG ---m-x-zh-qMP-zh-GbP-z

bank

1 hP-DP.
2 PG V-I
3 z;-WG

1 hP-H-P-hm--DPG-e-GP-h-hP--zTWG-hP. -hP-Gq zm-G-GbP-z hP-zX-m--

2 -hP---GP-qD-I-H--Mh-PG
3 Gm---iG-G--Pq-hG-D-Vh-GGWG--q-Gm-h

bank account

hP-DP--F

-G-G-P-G-hG-D-ehP-hm-WG-h-VG-qhP-DP-G--G

bank balance

hP-DP-G-zkh

h-P-Tm-G--hP-DP-F-mP-h-zm-q-hP-z

bank book

hP-DP-G-hz

hP-DP-m-hP-zT-Dm--

1 T-hP--e z-P-q-Z-hk-h--OG-fG-z-
2 -V-Z-GbP-h-DmH-k-DG

Administration

44

m-BP-

-hz-VP-G-G-mP----hPP-P-G--F-Gh--hz-VP.
bank credit

hP-DP-z-m

hP-DP-G-G-mP-Gb--zG-XhP-DP-h-m-G-m-VG-qhP-z-P-Tm-G

bank draft

hP-DP-^z-m

hP-DP-GTG-m-GTG-zMh-fhm--M-hP-m-G

bank guarantee

hP-DP-Gm-m

z-m-zbP-z-G--x--vh-W-fz--hP-DP--W-vh-hM-Gm-m-H-Gm-M

bank holiday

hP-DP-GP-P.

hP-DP-G-GP-hm-GP-P-G-Zm

bank rate

hP-DP-Bh-fP.

M-Dz-TG-G-hP-DP-hz-M-mP-G-M-P-hP-DP-DG-hP-zm-G-z-Bh-;-zz-h

bank statement

hP-DP-G--zXh

hP-DP-G-m-hP-DP-h-mPhP-zT-Dm---P--h+z---z-z-P-P-zkhG-H--F

banker

hP-DP-h-h-q
hP-DP-zhG-q

hP-DP-G-G-zhG-q-Gm-hq--o

banking

1 hP-DP--hm

1 hP-DP-G-D--hP--

Administration

m-BP-

45

2 hP-DP-G--;

z--G
2 hP-DP-zhG-q-Gmm-H--;

banking company

hP-DP-P-k

hP-zT-WG-hP-zm-GbP-hq-D--OG-G-G

banking facilities

hP-DP-G-fm-Am

hP-DP-hP--z--G-V-Am

banking service

hP-DP-z-

hP--G---

bankrupt

--lz-q

F-fG-m-z-m-GP-Wh--fz-q-P-m

bankruptcy

--lz-q-Gm-eP

D----K-q-GP-G-Gz-m-GP-W--fz-q-GmeP

banner

1 yh-h
2 G-zXh-Vm-

1 -z;h-h-Ez-zOG--G-m-
2 G-q-H- G-zXh-V-P P-z

banquet

G-em-M-q

1 I-M-P--G--o
-Tm-H-em-
2 GP-G--G-q-G--VfP-P-h-G-G-GVh-h-z-q-em-

Administration

m-BP-

46

bar

1
2
3
4

bar code

GP-fG

P-G-G-m-zz-D-IP-GTG-mhG-z-m-h--fG--y-~-oG-Z-zz--z;h-q-GPdG

bargain

1 P-OG-q
2 Z-Dm-H-D-wm

1 hP--Z-P-P-zX-P-z+ m-GP-Gb-q-OG-q
2 hP--Z-Dm-G--fz-qD-wm

bargaining

m-GP-Gb-q

Z-P-+z--m-q-t-GTG-G-Gzk

barrack

hG--kh-DP.

hG-hqP-zT-hk -h--DP-q

barrage

1 zTh-G
2 m-G

1 GP-q-G-m-P-V-im-qhP. JG-D-hm-h-q
;-z-w--I-zBh-zh-zG--Vh-h-yh-zTh-hzMz-q-G
2 hI-xG--hm-VP-h+z--L-GG-fz--NG-e-z-m--

VP-DP.
z;G-GG
F-h-q
F-

1
2
3
4

VP-G-fP--DP-q
z;G-k-H--GG
F-h -q-Eh-V -P-z-- k
F-DP-G-G-mP-Zm-z+z-F-hqm-hP. Fh-q-zT--kh---z

Administration

47

m-BP-

WG-h-q-wm-q-Lfz-G
barren

z-Vh

z-yG-e-z-P-G-Mh-x--B-t-fz-q

barren land

-Lh

wm-fG-km-q--P--B-z-V-f-Lh

barrier

1 GG
2 zTh-

1 -+-e-z--hP-hh-I-w--I-P-GG-h
2 -V-G--h-

barter

zX-P.

hP-zh-uh--zbP-z-P-GG-z---G-wm-mzX---P-

base

-K

OG-G-hP. h-K fmAm-D-vh-G--e-Gm

baseless

G-h

M-m-hP-hP-h-Gm-H-G--h-q

basement

G-DP.

DP-q-G-G--P--V---q-h-z-DP-q

basic

P-G G-

1 h-h--P-q-P-GIz-V-P-z
2 basic training -e

Administration

m-BP-

48

basic training

P-G-P-zl

hG--G-G-q-vh-M-G-H-P-zl

basis

G-

-hm-m-M-m-e-z-GP-G-G-ePh--hP-V-G--GP-P-P-GhP-

batch

1 kz-z
2 ; D-z
D fm-z
3 k h-z

1 h-GTG-b-Z-z--qzG-z--IP-z
2 ; -fP-GTG--hG-qz
D -fP-GTG-G-fm-z
3 -hP-q-G-DG

batten

1 z-P.
2 qP-GT

1 K-hP-HP-G-G--qP-zhz-H-z-D-Gz-M-Pz-z-q-m--G
2 DP-q--z-hP-M-qP-zm-

beauty spot

e-m-kG-q-Gm

-P -h -h- P-z-m-q--V

bedding

1 -V
2 hh-I-G-me

1 eP-h-Hm-M-Z-V
2 WG--e-z-hh-I-Z-hP-M-hP-G

bee keeping

P--G-BP.

P--fm-Bh-- Vh-h- P--G-z

before hand

S--m

h--hG-D--S-z

Administration

m-BP-

49

behaviour

uh-

I-hG-uh--G-H-GG

belief

h-V

f--h-q-zhm-q-m-q

bellhop / boy

G-h

Im-DP-G-m-+-Im-H-hV--im-e-z-xG-G-Dm-h-J-q--

below par

h-G--m-q

Mm-km-m-hG-P--h-G-h-z

bench

1 F-hqm-m-G
2 -F
3 F-P-m-

1 F-G-Pe -m-hDm-H-h-G
2 P-z-y--q-zeG
3 -GZ--h--P-zkh--@z-eG-P-

benchmark

h-G

-hP-G--h-W-zhrh-q-GbP-+z-zh-uh-qW-G

beneficial

D-wm-Tm

wm-fG-h-q

beneficiary

D-wm-fz-Dm

D-V-hP. Zm-P--e z-m-Mm-G--D-wm-fz-Dm

benefit

1 D-wm

1 wm-fG--fm-q-Am-h-

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50

m-BP-

2 hG-hP-h-Gh

H-z--hP
2 -K-G-G--hm-G-hG-q-hq--h-Gh-Vh-GZ--G

benefit of doubt

hG-G-D-wm

F-fG-GTh-+z-F-G-Hzhm-hqP-V--P-z-hzP-G-Zh-h--z

benevolence

1 wm-
2 Gm-wm

1 -Gm--zh-Bh-Cm-hh-z-q
2 Gm--wm-q-Oz-q--z

benevolent fund

Gm-wm-fz-

Gm--wm-IG--Vh-h-hGq-fz-

bequeath

1 -m-D-V-WG-q 1 -m-zhG-fz--D-VWG-q
2 zMh-vh-h-q
2 -hP-GP-G-GTG-G-GmG--vh-q

bequest

- -zG

-m-zhG-fz--D-V-zGq-M-m

bereaved

-Pm-H-mm-q

P-G-hG-Z-IP-q--Pm

betray

1 mP-Gb-x-B
2 -z

1 --hP-G-G-+-H-PxG--Gm--hI-z-Dvh-h-q
2 P--h-V--G-h-

Administration

51

m-BP-

-h-G--M--P-zm-q-G-b-WG-q
betterment

-M-GP-w

-M-- xG-- Bh-q-H-z

beverage

zbP-z +

V--m-q-zbP-z-G

bias

xG-P. xG-

h-G-fG-GTh--Gmh-hm-hP-z-iP-zhm--m-q-e

bibliography

hq-f

-q-q-G-G-z-V--PG-D-G-z;h-q-f-q-q-G-G-z-V-GP-G-+z-h-mP-P-im-q-hq-V-P-G-D-Gz;h-q-f-GP.

bicameral

I-G-P-km

I-G-GP-G-GZ-km-HF-z-m-G

bid

m-GP-MG-q

-hP-GP-G--Gb-q-mGP-

biennial

-GZ-

-GZ--mP-fP---Pz-P-z

biennial report

-GZ--m-f

-GZ--mP-fP---Pz-m-f

Administration

52

m-BP-

bifurcate

GZ--h-z

h-z-GZ--zG-z-m-GGZ--H-q

bigamy

z-G-mG-Z

B-z-GP-G-G-P-G-z--Gm-h-zm-h-F-fG-m-D-H-q--z-Gm-G-z-m-GZmOG--q-mG-Z

bilateral

xG-GZ-

xG-GZ---q-xGGZ-hP--z--GG

bilingual

+h-GZ-()

+h-GZ-hP--z P-m-h+ GZ-m-

bill

1 fz-m
2 F-V
3 -G zl-G

1 T-hP--m-zz-z--hm-Hn-IP-G-z;h-q-mG
2 F-z-m-DP-G--Gbmzz-Vh-V-z--qF-G-m-
3 h-K-GP-P-P-z-+-GzOG---G

bill of entry

P-F-f-GP.

-F--DP--x-P-P Pm-mP-im-Vh--z-hP-G-fGP.

bill of exchange

vh-m-Gm-G

u-M-u-P--+z-G-qGTG-G-Gm-G--hP-zP-Tm-G-Bh-;-h-q-Sm-h-

Administration

53

m-BP-

m-fG-zTh-q----vh-Mz;-G
bill of lading

h-m

h-G-hz-im-q-zhG-q-vhq-hP-G-G- n-IP-hP.
hz-im-V-Am-G-z-G -V

bimonthly report

1 -xh-m -f
2 -GZ-m -f

--fP-GZ---z-GZ---m-f

binder

1 hz-z-Dm
2 m-Dz

1 hq-hz--OG-hP. Mz-MG-Dm
2 G-z-G--Z-h-mq--V-Tm-H-Mz-G

binding

1 (hz--)Mz-
2 G-fz-h-q

1 hq-hz--Mz-hm-x-Dz
2 G-h--P-z-D-mm--Gm

bio data

---M-P-zk

GP-G-K-H-B--hP. h-Z-P-G---M-Pzk

bipartite

G-DG-GZ-

V---xG-DG-GZ-h-q

bipartite

G-DG-GZ--I-fm

xG-DG-GZ--fm-P-hzG-q-I-fm

B--G-E

B--B--hP. B-
w--P-zT-z;h-q-GP-

agreement
birth certificate

Administration

m-BP-

54

-G-V
birth control

B-GG

hG-z-B-GG-G-fz-zh-uh-h-P-hh-zm-z-yG-Bw-h-m-h-fz

birth date

B-

B-h---IP

birth day

B-+

B-q-Zm--h--D-H-Zm

birth mark

-m -dG

B-h-m--qG--eP-h-h-q-z-hP--m

birth place

B-

P-Zh-GP-h-B--Gm

birth rate

B-w-IP-h

-D-G-G--z--GG-qy-G-W-B--IP-h

biweekly

1 zhm-yG-GZ--fP--P1 zhm-GZ-
z
2 zhm--fP-GZ-
2 zhm-yG-GTG-G-mP-fPGZ--P-z

black economy

G-q-hq-
hq--mG-q

GP-G--dG-h-q-+G-b-KDG-G-hP-w-vh--m-h-hq--H-m-q

black market

mG-P-F-

F-G-H-hP-G-Z-Ph-

Administration

55

m-BP-

blackleg

F-q-@P-mG
w-G-h;-q

--Gm-n---P-L-h-+z-ZG---q--fh--;h-

blacklist

f-GP-mG-q

hzP-m-q-GTG-G-h--Dm-hP. h-dm--P-z-q-GP-G-G-M-Dz-G-f-GP.

blackmail

P-hm-kG-+

Gm-H-GP-z-Gm--mG-Z-x-zOG--M-kG+--b-hP-hP--yGh-q-P-G--hm-Oz-bWG-q

blacksmith

G-z UG-z-z

UG-G-zlP-m--h-zDm-H-G--z--q

blame

DG-h= Bm-G
DG-h=-z Bm-G-q

Z-Gm-GG-q-h-hGq

blank

1 eP-q
2 -eP. >h-eP.

1 hP-q-GP-G-G-eP--GhP. GG-zm dGe-z-GP-P-h-q

2 z--V-Po -Hhzm-q-

blank cheque

TG-m-eP-q

h-zhG-G-P-dG-z;h-PhP-H-IP-z--z;h-q-

Administration

m-BP-

56

TG-m-G
blank

P-h-VG-Vm

TG-m-G-hP-DP-G-hPm-eP-vh--P-G--Dhq-vh-m-h---G-b-h-q-h-vh-f--VG-Vm

blast

z-G

--z--e-z-G-iGV-z-z-f

blending

z-

D-hG-e-z-Z-h-z-z-kz-q

blind school

P-z-z-I

G-G-hzP-q-Bm-Tm-H-z-I

block

1 IP-JP .
2 DP-k

1 IP-E-mP-G-DP-q-h--hP.
-GP-Tm-H--Em-I-z-m-G
2 G-M-V-z-DP-q-G-V-zGzbP-z-m-q

block letter

G-Vm

EG-G--m-q-G-GG

blockade

z;G-GG

M-Dz-hP. -D IP-E
-D-G-GP-P-P-z-hI-zhqP-G--P--hP-II-H-I-P-z;G-k

blocked

z;G-M-Tm-H--F

Gb--G-WG---q--@Pw--Z--fz-q-Gm-eP

endorsement

account

Administration

57

m-BP-

blocked currency

z;-M-Tm-H-hP

M-mP-h-I-MG---xzX-P-F--I-MG-VP-zhP h--zX-N--fz-qhP-P-

blood bank

FG-h

u-m-DP-G-G-h-e-DP-G-km-G-e GP-h-FG-m-q-FG-G---x-e--Pq-mh-q--hG-D-Vh-hGG-WG-hP-zhG-Z-h-

blood donation

FG-m

mh-q---iG-G-hG-DVh-h-P-G--q-FG-m-q

blood relations

-Z

FG-G-Mh-q-GTG-q-m-qGZm-

blotting paper

B-G Wz-G

oG-z-Wz-h--G-z

blue collar job

GP-z-Sm-q--;

z-I-mP--DP---;-m-q-P--H--G

blueprint

1 S-
2 V-

1 DP-q-y-V--e z-zV-H-z;h-q-Mz-YPSm-q-eP-fG--h;-qPm-q-hq-
2 -hP-GP-G--W-e Oz-q-em-q-V-G

bluff

G-z-h-q

-m-zem-q-G-+-GbP-

Administration

m-BP-

58

z
board

m-M

eP-m--M-hzP-h-km-qG-VP.

board of

P-em-m-M

D---OG-G-V-DG-G-hm-m-BP-Vh-zh-q--GG

boarder

1 Gm-J -kh-Dm
2 Gbm-kh-z-yG

1 DP-J- hP-e-m-vh-m-khDm-m-e-m-vh-m---Dm
2 Gbm-WG-z-I -mP-khDm-H-z-yG

bodyguard

+-P-z

hqm-G-e-z-GP-G-TG--ZmP-h-q

bogey/bogie

--DP-G

D-h-GTG-hP-D--GZ-D-h-GZ-hP-D-z-eP-Gm-q--D-H-DPO

bold letter

-G-z-mG

G-D-Vm-q-hP-oG--G-q--qe-z-G-GG

bombardment

z-h-L-lP.

z--GG-m-w-L-h-

bonafide

1 -q-n-hG-G
2 P-

1 -q-n-hG-G-G-h-hq-K-m-Oz-q

directors

Administration

59

m-BP-

2 DP-mk -hP-zT-h-h-q
bonafides

zhm-hqP-Mz-GZ

-q-n-hG-G-zT-h-hq-DP-B P--m-qzhm-dG

bond

1 Gm-M
2 Gm-m

1 xG-GZ--h--G--h-q-D-Pq-I-fm
2 GP-P-D--G-GhP-zm-WG-Dm--Gbmzz-h--G---BhIP-P-vh-M--G

bonded labour

P--Gb-GG

J-z-WG-Dm-G-G-P-GJ-z--Bh-;-f-z-z-mG-X z-m-m-Dm-H-zz--Mh-----q-J-VP-P-P---b-z-mvh-W-H-F-G-H-G-G

bonus

zz-om

-;-Iz--zP-q-P-zhG-b-vh-M-J-wG-w

bonus system

zz-om-vh-

h-h-P-Tm-G-G-mP-J-zzw--vh-q--

book

-hz

P-hm-Z-P-G--Vh-hP-

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m-BP-

60

zz-vh-m-Gh-hz
book of

-F-hz

P--H--F-Gh---hz

book post

hz-G

G-DP-zMh-m-hz--G-GbPeP

book value

hz-z;h--Gm

F--mP-hP-q-G--hP-m-fP-T--DG-m---e-q-uI--h-z;h-q-m-fP.

booking

Sm-PG zG-;P.

-G-DP-hP. I-Bh-G-Vh-Sm-h-m-m-G-PG-Zh-q

booking office

zG-;P--DP

eh--hP. I-D-G-G-m-Z-

book-keeper

hz-GZ-z

Z-P-hP. vh-m--F-f-Ghh-q

book-keeping

hz-GZ--G

Z-P-hP- vh-m-H--F-VhZ-H--;

booklet

hz-VP.

G-z-Mz--Tm-H-hq-hz-VP-P.

booth

u-z (-zTh-)DP-z hG-q-hG-z-h-h-G-zTh-q-DP-VP.

accounts

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61

m-BP-

booth capturing

u-z-zm-zP.

-G-wm--u-z-hqPG---m-eP-m-hq

border line

-fG

h--m-h--fG

borrow

B-z G-z

Gm-G-m-hP-hP-z-m-hm-q

borrower

B-Dm G-Dm

hP-hP-G-Gm-m-z-mm-Dm

borrowing power

G-B-m-q

D--G-G-hP-z-wm-VG-m--M-m-q

boss

hqm

OG-G-DG-G-Gm-D-hq

bottleneck

1
2
3
4

GG-hG-
GG-Am
h-z-+
GG-Am-z-z

1 GP---~-G--e z-y-hG-
2 -M--fm-Bh--z-hGTh-q-Am
3 -h-G--+-y-
4 -hP-G-Oz-q-G-Amh-q-z-Vh-GbP-z

bottom line

1 z-fG
2 Gmh-GG-V-

1 hP----G-fG-Pzz-z-HP-Gm-Gh-fG
2 G-Gmh-G-z-Gmh-

Administration

m-BP-

62

GG-V-
boundary

h---f-

boundary mark

-dG

h--m-q-dG

boycott

-fG-GTh-q
x-kG

P-L-m-h-h-hP--Z-Puh-G-hP. h-K-Z-G-h-q

bracket

h-GG

G-D-hm-M-G-zXh-GWG--GG-dG

bracketing

h-GG-mP-WG-q

G-zXh-G-GG-dG--mP-hWG-q

brain drain

>h-q-x- D-q-x- D-q-hP. y--G--TmH--o-M-Dz-z--Gm-GTG-mfm-Am-zP---Gm-Gm-hGm-t--q-Am-H--mG--hP-z-Gm--H-z

brake

GG

o-D-e-z-D-GG-q-h-hGbP-h--h-m--G

branch office

m-G--DP

-DP-e-z-GTG-G--H-H-DP

brand

P-dG -dG

F--mP-D--;-q-m-e-z--fm--hP. Gm-H-fm--

Administration

63

m-BP-

h-h-G-q-P-fz-dG-hP-P-G
breach

Gh-zG G-

OG-F--F-hm-H-GmD-hP. D-m--e z--hlG--GbP-z

breach of contract

Vh-Gm-G-

Vh-Gm-H--hm---Gm-qG-

breach of peace

-zh-Gh-zG

P-G---zh-P-WG-Gmh-G-OG-G-H-uh-

breach of promise

D-hm-G---Gm-q

D-P-q-h-zT---Gmq-e G-q-h-GZm-OG--Mh-zT-hP-G-z

breach of trust

h-V-G-

--zTP-q-h-V--Gm--h-GbP-z

break down

1 V-G-GbP-z
2 m-h-h-H-q

1 Iz-V-V----h-z
2 y-V-e-z-h-GG-q-m-h-h-H-q

break point

Vh- H- -hP-GP-G-h--Vh-qhP. H-z-GG-GG-

breakage

VG-Bm-D-Gz

P-P-VG-Bm-m-z-zG-z-Gm-Gz-h-

Administration

m-BP-

64

break-up

1 D-f-z
-z-f-z
2 -fG-Vh-q

1 M-Dz-z-G-k--e z-D-fh-xm-q
2 z-P-P-IG-q--e-z-Vh-q

breed

Mh-q

-zhG-b-zP-z-G-GTG-qhh-I-mP-G--Mh-q--G-qG

breeder

Mh-t-h-q

G-VG-hP--P-B-w-hDm-H-GP-G

breeding

Mh-t

G-VG-hP--P-G-fm-q-fm-q-wm-m--kz--Mht-h-q

brevity

kh-q-P-zm

zXh-q-fP-P-uh-

brewery

VP-G-z-I

VP-G-z-I

bribe

+G-Qm

P-hm-Oz-Vh-h-+G-b-vh-qM-hP-q

bribery

+G-Qm-vh-m

+G-Qm-vh-m-H--uh

brief

1 Gmh-zk
2 M-em-h-q

1 hm-G--G -ZP -z-zXh-q

2 z;h- --me -m-mS -h -h-
Gm--M-em-h-q

briefing

M-em

-G--z;h---em-m-Sm-

Administration

m-BP-

65

h-h-M-em-h-
brigade

hG-k

hqP-k-hP. h-G-G-IPP-Tm-h-q-hG-k-m-q

brilliant

G--Tm

Eh-h-wG-q--z-P-z

broadcast

MP-P-h-q

zm-ym-m-P-ym-H--P-G--Vh-M-Ez-bzP-q

broadsheet

zOG-G-Vm-

G--Vm-q-eP-q-z;h-q-Ez-zOG

brochure

P-vh-hz-VP.

OG-G--fm--G-G+-q--Tm-H-P-vh-h-zmhz-VP-P-G-G

broker

z-P-q z-D-z

P-q-wm-m-hz-P-z--e-ZP--q-VP-m-m-

brokerage

1 z-D-z-P-
2 z-D

1 z-P-h-q--hm
2 z-P-h-q-vh-M-J-V

budget

Sm-

-hm--G-q-G-G-Vh-hGbP-M-hP-zz

budget allocation

Sm--zG-I

-hm-V-G--Vh-V-hPzG-I-M-zTh

Administration

66

m-BP-

buffer

z-Gm

M-Dz-e-z-wm-m--fm-q-GZ-z-h-Gm-q-GP-z-wP-G-q

building

DP-q

-hG-Gm--hP--WG-G-hP--P.

bulk

1 wm-Vm
2 I-h
I-GP--h-DP.

1 zP-h-h-Em-z-Vm-q
2 I-GP--h-G-G-h-hGWG--Gm

bulletin

(GP-)G-ym h--fG-b-q-Cm-m-MP-zP-M-GP--G-Gm-GzOG

bumper

1 zlz-m -q
2 V-z-q

1 o-D-G--Mz-hm-hzK-z-zlz-G-m-h-HG-G-UG-G-m-
2 Mm-mk --G-q-z-q

bumper crop

-G

Mm-km-hP--i-z-em-G-q

bungling

1 -Wm-h-q
2 -G-h-q

1 --Wm-fP-hzm-q
2 G-q-G-z--q- -q-
G-Bh-- -G-h-q

burden

1 D-U
2 I-EG-h

1 --z-D--fz-q--GP-P -G- lG-F--U

2 I-GP-G-G-EG-h-h-G

Administration

67

m-BP-

bureau

1 GP--DP.
1 GP-G-G--DP-hm-GTh-DP.
-DP-G-G-mP-G2 Gm--zk-vh-m-q
DP
2 Gm--zk-m-m-Dvh-h-Dm-H-D--OG-G-G

bureaucracy

hqm-hzP-h-GP-PG

GP-G-G-m-BP-e GPh-hqm-G-P--hP-DP-P--u-P.

burst

J-z-z-G

J-z-h-P-z-G-f-z-G

business

P-

1 P-G--dm-H--;-G-z
2 P-- z-
Vh--zT--Z-P-hm

business agent

P-hm-P-z-q

-Gm-G-G-Vh-h-P-hmGZ-Dm-H-P-z

businessman

P-q

P---z---G-h-q

buy-back

-Z

h-S-zP-m-q-zhG-qhP-q-GP-G--P-Z-z

buyer

Z-Dm

T-hP-e-z-m-zz-vh-h-ZDm

Administration

m-BP-

68

by hand

G---zdm-q
G-fG

G-q--z--zdm-q

by post

G-fG

-G-G-G-DP-zMh-m-GbP-z

bye election/by

D-+P--zk

I-G-f--e-z-G--h-GP-GP---h-q
hGP---q-@P-z-Gh-M-zk

bye law/by law

mP-F

OG-G-G-G-P-Zh--mBP-eP-m-Vh-h-z-q-hz-H-F-hP-OG-G

cabin

;-zm

1 I-I-GP-mP-G--Z-DP-VP.
2 P-mG--Fh-h-z-q-PDP-VP-VP.
3 Gm-I-hP-D-I-mP-Iq-kh-

cabinet

z;-G

M-Dz--hz-m-H-GP-G-mBP--DP- m-DP-DG-GG-Fh-h Gm-D-h-q-z+q-z;-m-m-G

cablegram

-G-b-ym

-G-UG-+h-zMh-m-x-M-hGbP-z-b-ym

cadre

1 @P-m--h

1 OG-G-V-z-G-G-z;h-OG-

election

Administration

69

m-BP-

OG-I--h
-P-q-D-z-P-zl+-I--h
Tm-H--V
2 ; (G-zX-) 2 ; G-zX-G-q-G-zm-hqP-k
G-D-wm-H-h-h--TD (G-zX-)
P-Oz-fz-q--zm-q
zm--o-k-DG
D h--e z--zm-hqPDG-G-G--G
calamity

Am-Pm-z-V

Gh-VG-Vm-q-hP-kG-zS-iGq-P-G-hm-Am

calculating

-MG-y-D

--hm-q-z;-zy-V-VP-I-G

calculation

-MG

P---Gbm-G-G-qfz--zdm-m--z+-zfG-GTh-h-fz

calculator

1 -MG-y-D
2 -Dm

1 calculating machine e
2 ---MG-y-Dz;-uh--D-q

calendar

-f -f

-GTG-G--h--IP-Gz;h-q--f-G-AP--G-ZP--Tm

calendar month

x-

-GTG--z-zT-GZ--zGq-V-GTG

machine

Administration

70

m-BP-

calendar year

x-

x--1-1m-x--12-31z-Hh-m

calling

-fz--G

---P-zl-hP-z-P-fz-q-G

camp

hG- G-q I-q--e

z-y--kh-Gm--Vh-h-GhP. u-z--e z-G-I-zOGq--V

campaign

1 hG-G
2 -G

1 hG--Vm-q-G-Iz-h-q-zMz-q-hG-fz
2 hG--V-G--G-G-hh-----h-t-z-hm

campus

1 D-G
2 z-GZ-H--

1 f-z-z-z-I- G--DP-qhP. h-f-+-H--VP-G

2 f-z-----m-Hh-D

cancel

1 h-q-z-z
2 z;-dG-MG-q
3 m-h-z-z

1 I-OG --m -q--GG-TG --

hG-q-fG-GTh-h-q
2 G-dG--e z-zh-uh--mq-dG-zMz-e-P-zB-zhuh-h-q-z-z
3 F-fG-G-Gm-G-m-hz-z-h-q-z-z

Administration

71

m-BP-

cancellation

1 h-q-z-z
2 z;-dG
3 m-h-z-z

1 S-I-OG--m-q
fG-zTh-q--hm-G-X--hG-q-fG-GTh
2 G-dG--e z-zB-h-zhuh-h-q-z-M-dG
3 F-hm-H-Gm-F--e zG-ze--hG-q WG--hG-q-z-z-GG

candidate

-G -

1 -Gm---h-q-G-Gm-fz-fz-Im-k-mP-G-
2 G-Gm-hP. -hG Vzeh-G--h-h---q-B-z

candidature

-G-Gm-zz

-G-DP--GbG-qGm-eP

cantonment

hG-K

hG--Gm-kh-h--K

canvassing

-G-+-P.

-G-wm-Dm-n--+P-h-fz

capability

Wm-fP.

-hm-G-q-h-fz-q-m-qkm-q-P-zm

capable

Wm-fP-Tm

-hm-G-q-h-fz-q-m-qhP-km-q

Administration

72

m-BP-

capacity

1 P-h
2 ; Wm-fP.
D (fm-Bh--)
P-f-h
3 Gm
4 hzP-V

1 DP-q-hP. oh--e z-mP-W-P-z-h

2 ; -;-h-q-fm-Bm-hfz-q-m-q
D fm-Bh-P-f-h
3 -G-G--;-Gm
4 F-fG-G--zz--hzPh

capital

1 - -G
2 ; M-
D e-Gm
3 GP-zhG-D-hzP.

1 D-hzP-M-Bh--Vh-h-G--M-hG-dm
2 ; GP-G-e-Gm
D -G-V-G-z---ze-Gm
3 P--G-G-M-hP-Gm--vh-K-W-h-y-mq-G-

capital account

1 -G--F
2 -Gm--F

1 M-Dz-TG-G-mP-M-u-uK--P-G---zG-qhP- M-Dz-h-m-x-MDz-h---zG-q-GZ--zEh
2 P--G-G-h--PTm-G-G--Gm--G

capital
expenditure

--I-Im
-G-I-Im

h-P-D-hzP-zhG-fz-Vh-h-IIm-zbP-z--hP

capital

-G

-DP-hP. y-V-G--Vh-

investment

Administration

m-BP-

73

--GbP-z
capital punishment

G-fG-Z-Vh

Z-Tm-q-G--F-fG-zThq-G-fG-G-Z-Vh

capitulation

G-zbG--z

V-Am-m-Gm-eP-P-Tm-GD-m--q-G-z

capture

1 ;
D
2 ;
D

1 ; iG-G--G-fz-zdm-m-zm-zPz;G-Z-h-q
D h---e z-GG-q
2 ; iG-G--fz-zdm-m-m-q-hP.
E-z fz-q--uh
D zP-z-fz-q-hP-q

carbon copy

1 oG-G-i-z
2 q-z

1 oG-G-zh-uh-zbP-mz-q--G-e-z-iz
2 Gm-G-hP-m-b-i-z-hP-q

card index

G-P-h;-VG

G--V-G--eP-zOG-qG-P-h;-VG

care

1 e-BP.
2 Gz-mm
3 -D-h-q

1 -hP-q-P-Bz-hP--e
BP.
2 z-y-Gm-Pe -G--

W-zP-h-q
h-GG-q
W-zP.
zP-z-hP-q

Administration

74

m-BP-

Gz-mm-V-z-h-oP.
3 -hP-G-G-Vm-h-z-b-h-h-D-h-q P-m--wq
career

1 --I
2 hm-

1 u-zbP----GG-G-zMh
2 --B-Pe -b -fz--

caretaker

e-dG-h-GP.

h-GP-GTG-WG-O-z-hP.
h-GP-Gm-G--z-z-Hh-m-fP-P-P-GP-G--hme-dG-h-q-GP.

cargo

h-G

I-GP-hP-Gm-I h-B-oD-G--mP-hz-im-h-zmq-hP-G

carriage

1
2
3
4

1 d-fm-M-D--z-Tm-HP-d
2 -D-H-I-q-kh--DPO
3 hP-G-B-im-H-I-Im
4 -G--P-q-hP. I-z
kh-q-zT--Gm-+z-GG-q-E-z

carrier

-im-q

government

P-d-D-
-D-DP-G
h-J
--n-H

hP-G-G-I-q--V-GTG-mGm-G-b-B-im-h-q-D--

Administration

m-BP-

75

G
carry forward

hm-E

-F-e-z-G--Sm--kz-X--E-z-e-z

carry out

1 G-m-ze-z
2 D-Vh-G-ze-h-q

1 G-OG-hP-V-G-hGq--;-G-h-q
2 P-G--M-D-P -qGm-H-PG-q--hmOz-q

carry over

1 x-HP-h-q
2 m-q-Mm-Gm-q

1 -hP-GP-G-V-Ge-h--fz-q-zh-uhh--fz-q-HP-q
2 Gm-Pe -H-m-P-fh-h-Gm-q-G-Amh-q

cartage

1 P-d-B-im
2 P-d-J

1 P-d-B-im-m-hzim-H--GG
2 P-d-B-im-H-I-Im

Administration

76

m-BP-

Medicine & Astrology

77

m-hP-

zl-Vh-Gbm-zz--V
TIBETAN TERMINOLOGY PROJECT

m-hP---zl-Vh
MEDICAL & ASTROLOGICAL TERMS

zh-GP-m--DP.
MEN-TSE-KHANG / TMAI

Medicine & Astrology

78

m-hP-

abacterial

y-m-h-q

abortion

P-hP. P-Gm-hP- -q-z-h--m-GPz

P-m-x-hP-z-Bz

abscess

nG-Cm nG-z

m-hP---G-zoh----wP-Iz--z-zdm-m-Gm-GTG-b-nGGG-q

acedia

h--q h--hG-z

-z-GP-P--hh-h-qZz-oP-B-z--mh

acidity

V-B

zh-;m-mh-G-Am-q-w-zmP-B--w-z

acidosis

B-hG

FG-G-mP-B--h-zL-z-Bm

acne

m-f zh-f

P--h-+z-GhP-hP-PDG-G--P-z-f-q-nGG-Tm

acroarthritis

-G-I-z

@P-G-G-z--GG-GZm-D-zMz-q-mh

acrobphobia

f-WG

-TP-f--I--m-qhPP-CG

m-b-y-z-B-km-B-w-m-q-h-q

m-hP-

79

Medicine & Astrology

acromegaly

-zP-G-q

zh-;m-m-z-Bh-q-+--h--P-z-Bm-HGG-q--P-h-zL-z

acropathy

m-G-G-mh

@P-G-G--mh

actinomycosis

xG--GZm-mh

mh-z-y--G-G-Am-qxG-mh--P-G-h-q-G

adenalgia

m-z-m-G

o--Dh-hP-Vm-DP-m-zG---m-z-m-G-Pz

adenitis

m-z-GZm-h

m-z-GZm-D-M-q

adenofibroma

-Cm

P-hP-m--G--P-h-Pz--M-hP-m-z-Cm-lG-TmH-GP-z

adenoma

m-Cm

m-z-M--Iz-q-Cm-lG

aerocele

P-Cm P-E

M-P-G-P-P-eP-V-mPP-GP-z-i-m-~-MPh-q-mh

aging

L-z

-m-L-q-zMh-

agitation

-q-z-q

P-mh-h--D--zh-zhzP-G---h-h--Gm-

Medicine & Astrology

m-hP-

80

q
aglecemia

FG-;-h-q

FG-mP-G-;---h-q-Bm

aglutation

h-h;-z

D--h-H-GbP-h;-z-mh

agony

m-G-iG-q -m-G

m-G-m-b-Vm-q

ague

h-h

h-h-G--z-mh--zl-P.

AIDS

GZm-mh-G-hG

--P-h-q-GZm-mh(HIV) -P-z-GZm--mz-FG-q-mh h---mhG-Sm-GG-G-m-q-Z-qh-q-G--Zm-z-V

akalamathesia

Jm-q

G-ez-m-q-Jm-q-G

alastrim

-q-h;-q --B- zh-;m-H-z--z-mh-G--P-z-I-G

aldebran

o-

M-+-Z-zhm-H-+-E-zq(P-G-M-+-Z-zhm-H-hPq-f-+--P-m-q-G--e)

algesia

G-G-V-VP.

m-G-G--z-iG-m

algophobia

G-WG-iG-q

m-G--CG-hPP-iG-q

Medicine & Astrology

m-hP-

81

alkalosis

-z->--P-Bm

FG-Mm-mP-m-G-f-z-P-iGq-Bm

allergy

-yh-q

D--hP- m f-l-G-yh-q-Am-H-qG-q-hCP-VG-q -yG-P-z hq-MG-q-G--Bm-q-Bm

almanac

-f -f

-GTG-G-mP-G-+-H-zIh-q-GG-b-w-H-hP-zh-kG-GGm--T-P-G-z-hz-VP-

alopecia/

C-

C-m-G-G-Am--P-z-C-z-mh

altair

I-zm

M-+-Z-zhm-mP-G-+-E-ZGZ-q

altitude

-hG

M--P-m-w--zMh-eP-zLz-f--P-z-Am-hzG-hP-q-hP-G-m-z-e-z-P-mh

---mh

hzP--m-ez--m-im-Z-q-Bm

amaurosis

P-z-PP-

G-G--fP-z-Bm

amebiasis

M-Lm-H-mh

~z-GTG-h-B-y-m-H-Am-qM--GZm-D-zMz-m-FG-hP-zoz-z-z

acomia

sickness

Alzhemer
disease

Medicine & Astrology

amebic

m-hP-

82

M-G

~z-GTG-h-B--mh-z-G-G-AmH-M--GZm-D-M-m-FG-hP-zoz-z-z

-m-k-q

-m-h-fG--zz-q-GGq--mh

P-FG-M-z-Z-q

P-G--Gmh--m-q-Z-Bm-HP--GG-q--iG-G-mh-zVm

amnesia

im-q--G-z

>h-q-hzP--Bm-GP-P-G-im-Z-m-m-m-H-Gm-im-G--fz-q-Bm

amplyopia/

G-Iz z-z

G-G-hzP-q-Bm-h-q-e-oPP-fP-G-m-q-Bm

amulet

P-D P-P.

mh-Ghm-G--fm-q--z-P-P. -zh-G-fmq-Am-Iz-Vh-Mm-h---zTPM-m-

amyotrophic

z-mh x-mh

MP-z-Z-q--zdm-m-P-z-h;-H-mh-TG

anadipsia

+-hh-V-z

+-q-m-b-V-z-mh

anandria

w-V--km-q

w-P-hP-D-t-G-w--Eh-V--

dysentry

amenia/
amenorrhea
AMI heart
attack (acute
myocardial
infraction)

anopsia

leteral sclerosis

Medicine & Astrology

m-hP-

83

km-q
anaphia

G--Z-q

G---z-hP--z

anaphrodisia

--Z-q

FG-uh--hm-q-Z-q-Bm

anaplasia

Cm-H-P-z

Cm-H-P-zm

anasmia

i--Z-q

o--i--m-q-Z-q

andomia

o--Z-q

o--i---z-Bm

anemia

B-z

F-q-hP-zN-H-h-Z-Am-P-FG-G-~G-ym-hq-h-B-q--IP-zT-z-hP-zhh--zT-GZ--V-ZP-z-Bm

anepia

PG-+G-q

PG-G--zXh--fz-q

aneuria

P-h

hzP--m-G--hP-z-Bm

anginal pain

P-G-P-G

P-G-m-Gm-eP-m-G-Gm-P-Gmm-z-H-M-z-P-G

angitis

-GZm

FG--GZm-D

animal sign

-dG

---m-h--G-VG-(-zm-wG-z-zT-GZ-q-GP-P.)

ankylosing

P-P

G-G-GZm-D-zMz-m--

spondylitis

Medicine & Astrology

m-hP-

84

G-G-h;-z
annular eclipse

Ghz-m

-Eh-km-q-Z-m Z--hD-P--zOz-P-f--EhK--fP-z-Z-m--G

anopsia

G-GP.

G-G-GG-G-q--fPz-Bm

anorchism

--Z-q D-P

U---z---z-Bm

anorexia

-G-V-q

-mh-h-P-mh--Am-q-D--hP-G-GG-q

antares

pm

M-+-Z-zhm-mP-G-+-E-zTzMh-q

anthracosis

mG--J-mh

mG---f-l-mP-h-Qz-q-AmH-J-z-GZm-D-M-q

anthrax

xG-mh-GZm-

-Gm-G-VG--FG-Mm-mP-mhm-h-G-GG-Tm-G-q-Am-P-z-GZm--z-Vm-G

antidote

1 zG-
2 GZm-q

anxiety/

-z

1 Pm--zG-fz--GZm-qz---zT-fz
2 --mP-hG-G--Gmh-qm-q-zG-fz-q--GP-PP-z
-F-P-z-Am-H--mP-

nervosa

Medicine & Astrology

m-hP-

85

psychoanalysis

Zm-D-hP-WG-Po - --zh-zG--hPP-z-P-z-Pmh

aortitis

P-G-w--GZm-h

P-G-w--G-z-GZm-D-M-q

aphagia

h-h;-z

D--h-h;-z-mh

aphephobia

G-WG

Gm-H-G-q-hG-q-WGoP.

aphthous

GTm

D-mP-hP-V-b-V-KP-i-z-CPz-P-P-fm-mh

apoplexy

G-Iz Iz-Bm

>h-q-G--FG---l-P-AmJ-z-h-hzP--Iz-m--zzM-z-mh

appendicitis

M-G-GZm-h

M-G-Q--GZm-D-M-q-Am-Hz-V-z-mh

apsithyria

hPP-+G

hPP-z-iG-q-PG-+G-b-zXh--fz-q

apsychia

zM-z zG-q

P-mh-iG-q-im-q-Z-q

aquari

m-I

aquarius

z-q

M-+-Z-zhm-mP-G-+-E-Zz-q
h--zT-GTG-q-e Z--E-

stomatitis
(canker sores)

Medicine & Astrology

m-hP-

86

Mh--G-zT-M--zT-GTG-qz-q-E-h-m
arcturus

M-+-Z-zhm-mP-G-+-E-zT-Sq

aries

h--hP-q-e Z--G-GzT-M--hP-q-G-G-E

arietic

f-+

M-+-Z-zhm-mP-G-+-E-hP-q

artery

w-

P-D-m--P---PxG-q-P-FG-B-im-h-qFG-

arthralgia

G-G

q--G--GZm-D-h-q-GG-m-G

arthritis

I-z c

G-G-GZm-D-M-m-CP-qhP-I-zBh-h;-z-mh

arthrosclerosis

G-HP.

hG-z--m-L-+z-Pz--M-hP-FG--FG-HH-G-zBh-h;-z-mh

Ascendant

V-E

--B-q- h---hP-q

ascending node

O-GTm

O-Tm-GhP-P--

of moon

Medicine & Astrology

87

m-hP-

asthma

hzG--zh-z

J-mh-hzG--zh-z-eh-h-Pz-mh

astrologer

+--q

G-+--hrh-h-B-z-zh-kG-z-P-h-em-Dm

astrology

+-

G-+-H-Gm-eP--GG-bI-z-zh-kG-zdG-q-G-q

astronomer

Gm-G-+-hrh-q

Z--G-+-G--zdG-hrhh-z-P-h-Dm

astronomy

Gm-G-+-hrh
G-+-hrh-G

Z--G-+-G--zdG-q-Gq

atactitia

G--Z-q

G-q--z-Z-q-Bm

atherosclerosis

w--HP-q

FG--FG-q-H-q-mh

audiogenic

O-zM

P-mh-Tm-H-O-G-Vm-q-f-q-zdm-m-P-z-zM-zG

auspicious

z=--q hG-z

G-+ -G-hG-z dG-dm-zP-q

autism

P-GP

u-hP--fm-q--V-mP-hxG-P. x----WG-qmP-G-hG-q---Gbh-

Autum equinox

em-Zm-m-Z-q

em-h-Zm-m-GZ-P-fP-Z-

seizure

Medicine & Astrology

m-hP-

88

q-h x--9-23
avitaminosis

ez-Bh-h-mh

azoospermia

-zm-Z-q --Z-q w-D-z-mP--zm-h-q

baby blues

--B-oP.

--Gm-+z--+z--Pz--P--B-oP.

bacillary

hG-GG-y-m-H

m-b-y-z-hG-GG-y-m-hP-z

bacillemia

hG-GG-FG-m

FG-G-mP-m-b-y-z-hG-GGy-m-G-q-Bm

bacilluria

hG-GG-GTm-m

GTm-q-mP-m-b-y-z-hGGG-y--G-q-Bm

backache

-Mz-G

-eh-hP-Mz-GP-G-G-G

bacteremia

FG-m

FG-mP-G-mh-m-y-

bacteria

y-m

m-b-y-z-B-km

bacterial

P-B-GZm-h

mh-z-y--Am-q-P-G-mP-m-GZm-D-M-q-mh

GTm-m

GTm-H-mh-m-y-

endocarditis
bacteriuria

ez-Bh---zTh--hP-z-P-z-mh

Medicine & Astrology

m-hP-

89

bag of water

G-V

P-Gm-y-G-Pk --G-

bagassosis

J-mh

J-z-mh

balantitis

m-bG-GZm-D

w-m-hP----GZm-D-M-q

balbuties

hG-q

P-zz-b--zXh--fz-q-m-B-PG-Bm

baldness

u-f

G-z--C-h-q-P-zm

ballistocardiogram

P-G--

P-G-w-kP--zdm-q--G-G-H--

ballooning

KP-q hGP-q

---hP-M--G-oh-DG-ePG-KP-wG-e-z;P-z

barium

z--

hG--V-z-UG-G-D-G

barren

z-Vh

z-yG-B-w-H-m-q-h-q

betelgeuse

M-+-Z-zhm-mP-G-+-E-iG-q

billistophobia

NG-WG

-G-w-h-m-b-WGhPP

birth chart

-z--

z-h----G-h-hP-G+-G--z+-q-

Medicine & Astrology

birth

90

m-hP-

B-+

GP-G-TG-B-Zm-H--+ -ePh-hG---z--m-q-+G

bone marrow

@P.

-q-eP-V-mP-h-h-q-Zm--FG-G-y-wP-z-hm-m-qG

breath

hzG-m

B-z-mh-h-GTG-G-hzG-mQz-fP-GTG-G-m-hP-V-h-+V-z-Z h-zh--+ -G-q-h-h-z-fz--G-Pm

bright half of

-z--P- h;-xG

-z-h;-V-w-z-h zh- 1 m- 15 z

cadent

-q-

h--Gm--G iG hGhP-zT-GZ--

calender

-f -f G-G-f

-GTG-G--z-hP--IP-V-PDh-q--f-G-AP--G-zG-h-q G-V-G-qhG-M--f--TP-zk-q-G

cancer

;@

h--z-q-e Z--G-GzT-M--z-q-;@-E

capricon

V-m

h--zT-q-e Z--E-Mh-G-zT-M--zT-q-V-m-H-

constellation

the moon

Medicine & Astrology

m-hP-

91

E
cardinal signs

G-z-E

Gm--zT-GZ--mP-m-GhP- ;@ P. V-m-b-Gz-E-z

cardinals

;-z-z

E-zT-GZ--hP-q-G-hP. zq-;@ zhm-q-P. zT-q-V-mzT-xG-z-E-z

cardiologist

P-G-m-q

P-mh-G-q-Vh--q-G-e
P-G-mh-G-hP. Iz-V h-zT--D-q-Vh--m-q

carpal

G-G--q
sm---q

G-G-FG-G---q-VPP-zMh

cartilage

F-

n-z-hP--o -G- --
G--G-G--h-q-q-V--k-V-Tm

castor

M-+-Z-zhm-mP-G-+-E-zMhq

celestial bodies

z-oP-G-wP-q

m-D--Gm-q-Z--G-+G

cervide

WP-

G-D-zhm--Iz-q-KG---o-e WP-G--q

vertebra

Medicine & Astrology

92

m-hP-

chronology

zem-

P-dG--zem-q-m-q-B-Vmh-q-n-h-m-h--m-q-hPhm-Vm-P-h---h-S-x-G-zem-q-h -

clavicle

OG-

G---hm-P-G-Gm-hyG-q-m-+-eP-z-yh-h-Gmq--q-m-

clockwise

mP-+

+-z-G-xG--D-z

coccyx

GG-VP.

K-G---o--q--GhP-z-h

comet

+--h-z-WG-P.

h-dG-q-P-uh-Z--hPP-P-I--q--q-Z-hm-hP. -m--Z-Mz-b-fP-z-H

compatibility

zG- fm-

w--GZ--B----GzP-wm-m-fm--zdG-q-

constellation

M-+ +-E

E-zT-GZ--G--P-GV--Z---zhm-h-zG-q-V--m-M-+---m-hP-M-+---h-iG-T-f-q-h

constellation

M-+ -@P-q @P-q

M-+ --@P-q-z--hP. E-@P-q-hG-h-q M-+ -Zzhm--Em-zk-@P-q-zM-hP-

chart

feet

Medicine & Astrology

m-hP-

93

zMh E-G 360 h

coronal suture

G--h-

dark half of the

-z-h-xG -P. -z-h-V-w-z-h zh- 16 m- 30 z

moon

G-z-G---q-z-fh-

day

1 Zm-G
2 Zm-

1 h- 24 zhG-Zh--h-m
2 m-P-m-Z---mz-z-Hh-h

delphinus

hz

M-+-Z-zhm-mP-G-+-E-zTGZ-q

denebola

m-I

M-+-Z-zhm-mP-G-+-E-ZG-q

descending

;-b

O-GTm-WG--;-b

direction

xG D-xG

Gm-q-M-z-xG

directional

xG--ez

xG-P-Tm-H-ez-b Z-Ph-q---tm -G-w-z-q-zm -m-hzP-mk -f-fGq z;h-q-P-xG-ez-mk H

M--zT-GZ- P-

w-z-GG-hP-M--eh-GZ-z-

node of moon

strength

duodenum

Medicine & Astrology

94

m-hP-

G--G-G

H-----b h-+-G-z--q-n-x-GbPP-h-m-P-z-h-h

earth

-G P-z-

P-TG-Gm-q--G-Vm-q-hP.
P-z-z-S--H-

eclipse

G-m

Z--G-m-b Z-m-hP-m

element

P-z D

u-P-z-Vm-q--V--P-zhP. P--G--P--UG-V-S-hP. +--G--V--P-m-D-hP-S.

elemental

P- mG-

P-z-P---UG-V-S-D-zdm-m---G-h-hP.
G--hzP-fP->P-d-G-zz---G

equator

-G--h-fG @hfG

-G---P-G-V-GZ--x-zhz--dG-zdG--fG

equinox

Zm-m-Z-h

hrh-hP-em-Zm-m-Z-q-h

esophagus

h-q

h-q-m-w-z-fh-q--+-Mz-h-q-

even signs

Z-E

V-IP--E-e -E JP.
;@ z kG V-m Z

astrology

Medicine & Astrology

external

m-hP-

95

n--x--K

x-P-m-O-WG--n-z-x--z-G

fate

z+-fP.

--z+-fP.

fathom

w-h

w-F-iG-G-h

femur

z-@P--q

hr-G-m-q-G-z-H-@P.

fibula

X-P--q-VP-z

@P-q-P-GhP-G-x-P---q

fixed signs

zdm-E

JP. P. kG z-zT-H-zdm-q-E-z

foe

hI hI-

P-zhG-G--hI

foramen

eG--DP-z

MP-q-M--H-z-G

friend

IG

P-zhG-G--IG

frontal bone

hs-

G-m-Vh-hP-C--m-Vh-hs-z--q

full moon

-z-Z-GP. Z-M--z

-z-V-P--D-GP-z-e--zTS--z

galaxy

hG-G-B-

+-G---P-q-h-q-mD-yh--h-B---oP-z-G

acoustic meatus

magnum

Medicine & Astrology

96

m-hP-

gemini

FG-q

h--G-q-e Z--E-Mh-G-zT-M--G-q

gregorian

---f

x-- 1582 -m-zP-mz-xG--f--

hemisphere

xh-G-

-G--h-fG-m--P-Gh-z-GZ--zG-q-V-Em

hour

V-h

--V-P-iG-T--V-h-GTG-e
Zm-G-GTG--h- 60 hP-GD-+ -V- 60 -h- 1 eZm-G 1 -h- 24 z-Pe

house of

-hG-m-b-mz-q-E

G-zP-xG--m-ez-m-qh-b-w-z-e-z-hq-m-m PG-ez-km-E-;@-fh-ze-E-V-m-mP-Gm-q-

exaltation

hG-P-ez-hP-km-qE

G-zP-xG--m-q-V-M-qh-b hq-m w-z-;@-EmP-Gm-q-e-z

humerus

hqP-@P.

G-q-hP-hqP----mI-G-z-H-hqP-P-H--q

hydrae

+G

M-+-Z-zhm-mP-G-+-E-hG-q

Jupiter

G-w-z

Z--E-Mh--G-+-V-
-G-G-hG-mP-G-S-q

calender

debilitation

house of

Medicine & Astrology

m-hP-

97

G-S -iG-G-G-H-mP-mGTG
kalachakra

h--D-

hq-h--D-
Mh-hP-zk-Mh

kaus-australis

V-eh

M-+-Z-zhm-H-+-E-Z--q

lamdoid suture

eG-q-M-z

G-z-u-z--q-hP-eG-q-q-hz-H-z--fh-

latitude

yh-fG

fG-h-m--P-GP-P-G-yh-MP-fG

leap year

-z

x-G--z--b -z--x--GZ-q-mP-Zm-IPZ-zMh-z-b-Z-hG-P-z-

left channel

AP-

Gm-AP--e--z-P-M-z-

length

P-h

Zm-m-P-fP-G-h Zm-h
m-h

leo

P-G

h--S-q-e Z--E-Mh-G-zT-M--S-q-P-G-E

libra

P.

h--zhm-q-e Z--E-Mh-G-zT-M--zhm-q-P-GE

h-D--

Medicine & Astrology

98

m-hP-

local time

-Gm--h

P-Zh-Gm--Gbm-G-h--Gm--h-m-h

longitude

GP-fG

-G--P-fG-m--hP-mzb-z-z-MP-Hh

lord

zhG-G

E--G-+---zhG-q-e
G-hP-kG-q-zhG-q-G-hm-q-e-z

lumber

@h-G

Mz-P-K-GP-m-hP-P-m-H-D-G-S-h-q-KG--V-

lunar month

-z-w-Iz--G-zT-z-GTG-m-Gm-GP-z-H-hm G-q-G-Z-hG-hP-xh

mandible

-G--q

I-q--q-eP-h-GZ--G

Mars

G-h

Z--E-Mh--G-G-q-hP-
-G-G-S-+z-iG-GG-H-mP-m-GTG

mastoid

n-eG--z

n-z-Mz-P--h-q--q-m-hz-e-z

-G--q

I-q-eP-h-GZ--eP-

vertebra

process
maxilla

Medicine & Astrology

m-hP-

99

mental foramen

-G-DP-z

---q-eP-G-z-G

Mercury

G-q

Z--E-Mh--G-hG-zhm-qhP. -G-G-S -z+ -G-GZ-m-GTG

metacarpal

G-f--q

G-q-FG-G-hP---q-fh----q-m--S

@P-f--q

@P-q-z-G-hP---q-fh----q-S

Monday

G--z

--V-z-G-zhm-mP-GGZ-q

month

-z

-GTG-G-h-m-V-zT-GZ-zG-q-V-GTG h-Zm-G-G-z-hP- - E--zT-Gh-h

moon sign

-E

z-h---z-GP-m-Gm-q-EzT-GZ-GP-P.

motion

G-zIh-q

G-zIh-q--h h-h-GZ-hP-P-I-zT-Gh

Mount Meru

-M-m-q -z

Pm-q-h-m-zh-q-e -m JPz-hP. JP-ym-zMh M--Vmq-z Z--G-+ -hP-zT-qWG-dm-H-hz--Gm-q--M-

bones
metatarsal
bones

(Su-meru)

Medicine & Astrology

m-hP-

100

m-q
moveable signs

G-E

G-hP. ;@ P. V-mzT-G-z-E-z

muscle

-Gmh

---m-Bh-q-h-q-wPIz

nasal bone

o-

o-zG-G-Gm-H-G-dm--q

occipital bone

eG-

G-z-eG-Mz---q-z-q

orbit

G-z--q

G--Gm--H--O-;P;P-

palatine bone

@m-

D--mP-P--@m-H--q

pancreas

G- -Gm

w-z-Mz-P--Gm-q-W-Zm~z-hz-Tm-H-hzP-dm-m-TiG--km-q-G

parietal bone

fh-

G-z-u-GG-hP-h-G-GmH--q

patella

-P.

q-G-eP-Dz-GTh-e-Gmq--q-K-z

pelvis

hr- P-

hr-G--q-hP-P-
GG-VP-G--u-P.

Medicine & Astrology

101

m-hP-

phalanges

tm-P.

@P-G-G-fz-zP-hP-z--H-q-n--P.

pharynx

-q

o-m--U-VP-fh-h-G-q-z-G

radius

G-P--q-V-z

G-P-H-x-P---q-fP-z-hP.

ribs

z-

P-hP-J-z-P-Bz-h-q-P-DGG--q-z--m-GG-V-zT-GZTm

sacrum

P- (P-)

h-G-hP-GG-VP-z-h-Gmq-G-D-S-Tm-H-K-G

sagittal suture

u-z-M-z

G-z-u-z--q-z-fh-

scapula

G- G-q

hqP-G---Mz-xG--Gmq-hz--G-Tm-H--q

spinal cord

MP-q G--h;-q

>h-q-m-GG-VP-z-H-K-G-~z--VG-q-K-nG

sternum

P-

+-WP--m-Vm-i-hh;--z-G--z-Gm-qP-DG-G-hm-P---q-m-z

suture

M-z

G-z-u-z-hP-G--eG-q-zT--q-JP-wm-m-fh--

Medicine & Astrology

m-hP-

102

-z
tarsal bones
temporal bone

z-G--q
n-m--q

@P-q-z-G---q-DG-zhm
n-z-G-Gm-H-KP-fh-h-Gmq--GP-G--q

tibia

X-P--q-V-z

@P-q-mP-P--Gm-q-P-GhPG--q

ulna

G-P--q-VP-z

G-P-H-mP-P---q-y--P-zh-P.

zygomatic bone

D---q

GhP-G-D--G-Gm-GZ-z-V--q

Physics

103

hP-D-G-q

zl-Vh-Gbm-zz--V
TIBETAN TERMINOLOGY PROJECT

hP-D-G-q-zl-Vh
PHYSICS TERMS

j--zh--hq-h-DP.

LIBRARY OF TIBETAN WORKS & ARCHIEVES

(LTWA)

Physics

104

hP-D-G-q

aberration

oP-zm-z-z

hP--e-z-x--fP-h-Bm-h-q-hzP-G-oP-zm-G-z

abrasion

zl-h

l-h--Am-q-h-q-H-zP-zm

absolute humidity

e-h-m-G

D-P-G-P-h-P-Tm-G-GmP-V-P-q-W-h--h-G-G- h-m-D-P--GG---V-P-G-;--W-h-V-m-h-W-z-m

acceleration

-h-w-V

wP-GG-G-G--h-h-hP-Tm--W---h-I-z-h

activation energy

zIP-h-m-q

--n-H-G-P-z-hGP--ZP-f-m-q

adiabatic process

-ih--Gm-zMh- -ih-w-VG-GP-P-h-q-Pz-zMh--GP-P-G

adsorption

GG-

P-hP-G-GG--h--GPG--GG--hP--Gm-GG-eP-h-zk-z-zMh-

allotropy

-GTG-n-P.

D--G-n-q--i-z-GZ-h--Gm-q-PP-

alloy

z-UG

UG-G--i-z-GZ-

Physics

105

hP-D-G-q

P-m-GZ--P-z-Z-z-q P-m-GU -G-hPUG-G--m-q--Gm-hPz-m-Iz-q---hP-q

amorphous

z-hz-P-h

hz-GG-P-Tm-h-q-GG

ampere

JG-Mm-G-h

JG-G-z;G-V-GTG-Tm-H-JGfG-mP-M-z-JG-G-V-h-GTGTm-H-JG-G--h-G

angle of incidence

zlz-y--DG

h-hP-O-e-z-z-hP-q-GPP-P-z-P-G--zlz-q-
zlz-Gm-h-hP-iP-xP-G-fGGZ--P-z--DG

angle of reflection

kG-y--DG

h-hP-O-e-z-z-P-G-G-ePm-kG-q- kG-Gm-h-hP-iPxP-G-fG-GZ--z-q-DG

angstrom (A.U)

P--c-(-G)

-G-b-Hh-y-z-P-hW-z-h-G-G-e m---GTG---zM-zG-q-VGTG

angular

-I---h-w- wP-GG-G-G--I--hV
h-h-P-Tm--W---h-Iz-h

acceleration

Physics
angular

106

hP-D-G-q

-DG-G-w-Bh

M--K--G-G-eP-hPGG-G-Bh-q-MP-fG

-DG-G-G-h

D-h--G-q-G-G-eP-wPGG--D-MG-GG-G-hP-h-w-V-GZ--zN-fz

angular velocity

-DG-G-I-h

hP-GG-G-hP--z-DG-GTG-G-H-z--h

anisotropy

xG--e-q-P-zm h-W-z-xG--i-z-hzPG-Eh-V--i-z-Tm

antimatter

kG-

ZP-l--hP-JG-l-w--Iz-qhP-q

archimedes

-D--h-Gbm-

G-GG-mP-e-q-wP-q-xG-h-hP- -W--wh-qG-GG--Yh-h-eP-A-hPZ-q-P-

artificial satellite

zT--D-+

-G- P-m-G-+ -GmG--D-Bh-h-q-zbP-zy-V

asteroid

+-ym

G-G-h-hP-w-z-D-H-z-h-M-z-G-l-i-z-hP-qG h-P-h-;----GTGm-hG-zM-G-h

displacement
angular
momentum

principle

Physics

107

hP-D-G-q

astronomical unit

G-+--G

Z--hP--G--hz-H-u-z-fG--G-zT-z-Z--EMh--G-+-wm-m-hz-H-MPh--G

astronomy

G-+-hrh-G
Gm-G-+-hrh

WG-dm-H-D-hP-h-mP-h-q+--hP. G +-vm-hP-+ G-G--hP-q--dG-z-hq-m-G

atmosphere

P-G-h-D
P-D

fm-G--P--zP-z-G--hP. G-+ -Gm-H-fD-h-Gm-q-P-G-G-

atom

l-ym

P-G-Gm-fz-q-D--Oz--V-VP-

atomic mass

l-ym-Gh-h
l-ym-zP-h

m-G-zP-z-l-ym-mh--G-G-Gb-V-VP-G-h

atomic mass unit

l-ym-zP-h--G
^-m

;-zm-12l-ym-H-V-GTG-hPZ-q-zP-h---G

atomic

l-ym-P-IP

l-ym-H-e-z-w-l-W-h-IP-b z-Gm-l-ym-G-G-wl-H-IP-h-JG-l-H-IP-hPP-q-m m-dG Z

l-H-W-hP

l-ym-h-P-G-mP-h-JG-l-wH-xm-q-Am--P-z-Hh-

number(proton
number)

atomic spectrum

Physics

hP-D-G-q

108

y-W-hP
atomic weight

l-ym-Yh-h

;-zm-12-G-zT-z-D-G-G-l-ym-H-V--zP-h

avogadros

--G-i-Gbm-

ih-h-hP-Gmm-G-m-h-GTGq-P-GG-P-h-Z-q-GZ-mP-Iz---IP-GTG-b-P-q

barometer

P-Gmm-W-V

P-D--Gmm-G-W-V

baryons

--m

;G-y-l-G- P-m-kGq-;G-y-l-G-Tm-H-Z-z-lym-H-E-P-GP-P-P-z-G

Bernoulli effect

-m--m-q

m-P-G-z-hP-q-G-MG-q-h-w-z-hP-h-P-hmP-G-Gmm-G-VG-q-oP-

Bernoulli law

-m--P-

m-P-G-z-hP-q-G-G-GmmG-hP. eG-h -h-zT-z--z-em-q-P-

beta-decay

--h-Lh

ZP-l-H-m-G-m-q-Am-Hl-ym-H-m-q-Lh-VG-I-+zJG-l- P-m-w-l-H-G-D-q---y-eP-h-

big bang

zP-Vm G-f-Vm- fG--G-f--zdm-m-M-BhI-zm-q-WG-dm-D-P-z-

principle

Physics

hP-D-G-q

109

hh-
binding energy

VP-m

l-H--G-TG-G-Oz--G-n-Z-h-k-h--m-q

black body

wP-mG

JG-G-Dz-m-H-Hh-yD-fP-f-hG-y-zk-h-fzq-hh-q-hP-q-mG-AP.

black body

wP-mG-Hh-y

ih-h-P-Tm-G-G-+z--hPGG-mG-AP-GTG--y-zJG-G-Dz-m-H-Hh-y

black hole

z-G-mG-q

P-G-fm-G--TP-h-V-zh-Z-D-m-h-P-f--fz-qeG-h-G-q-V-z-m-DhP-GG-G

Bohr theory

-n-GG

l-ym-H-z;h-hz-+-H-Iq-S--G-e JG-l-n-ZPl-H-f-D-h-;m--V-Am-zdm-m-P-q-xG-P-h-D--fG-D-Bh-h-q-hh

boiling point

D-Gm

G-GG-G-P-q-PGG--P-z-H-z-ih-h

Brownian motion

-m-G-Bh

G-GG--P-GG--mPh-kP-q-l-H-G--n-hP.

radiation

Physics

110

hP-D-G-q

kP--H-G-GG--PGG-GP-P-G-Iz--n-wmm-GhP-fG-zMz-q-Am-H-xGP-h-h-G-z
buoyant force

x-G

m-G-mP-mz-q-oz-q-hP-qG-G-eP-h-zz-q-Gmm-G

calorie

D--

m-q--G-e V-J--GTG-Gih-h----^G--GTG-t-VhhG-q--ih

center of gravity

fm-G-e-Gm

hP-GG-G-G-Yh--V-Gm-Pe - P-m-hP-q-GG-eP-h-fm-G-GP-h-zz-qoP-z-Gm--G-q

center of mass

Gh-h-e-Gm

hP-GG-G-G-V--zP-h-Gm-Pe - P-m-hP-qG-G-Gh-h-V-P-h-b-Gmq-V-m-h-P-z-Gm--G-q

centrifugal force

e-z-D-kG-q-G

D-zm-q-hP-GG-G-G-PG--hzP-G-wP-GG-h-Dh--x-fm-q-e-xG-G-hP-Z-q-m-G-G

centripetal force

e-z-D-xG-q-G K-fG-eP-G-Bh-h-q-hPGG-G-G-e-z D-hxG--fm-q-G

Physics

111

hP-D-G-q

charge

1 hP-GG--z-G-Hq-V-y-z-l-G---zEh-V-G-hP. h-hzP-Gfm-G-hP-kG-G-GZP-z-m h--D-hG-G-PhP-JG-G-P-GZ-h

2 hP---m-D-Em-GmP-JG-P-W-h--z

charge density

JG-P-eG-h

wP-GG-G-G-m-D-M-EmH--G-- P-h---G--JG-G-P-W-h--z

Charles law

T--P-

P--G-G-zP-h-V-G--GG-P-h-h-Gmm-G-Mm-GbmG-b-h-h-ih-h-hP-fh-;-b-H-z-m

chemical reaction

--n-H

l-ym-H-Gm--zB-OG--q-zdm-m-Iz--GTG-Iz--Gmh-H-

chromatic

m-hG-z-z

hP--H-h--D-hG-i-mn-h-Gm-GTG-b-h--fzq-hzP-G-oP-zm-H-D-hGFG-q-Bm

GhP-fG

l-ym-e-z-l-GZ--h-G-Z-z--b-J-z-h-GG-H-z P-m-m-q-zX-

aberration

collision

Physics

112

hP-D-G-q

-h-q-P--Mm-fP--HBm-q-G
compound

h-

D--GZ--h--V-h-PTm-h-kz-q--P-z--wPG-q

concave lens

;P-

hP--GP-G-G-P-GTG-GG--~G-P-e-;P-;P-Tm

condensation

G-wz

P-GG--P-GG--hPq-G-G-GG--H-zzMh-

conductance

zMh-Fh-m-h

hP--GP-G-G-JG-Mm-imm--h

conduction

zMh-Fh

hP--GP-G-zMh-h-ih-hP-JGP-e-z-Gm-GTG-m-Gm-hw-

conductor

zMh-Fh-hP-

ih-hP. JG-hP. h-hP-O-GzMh-Fh-h-q-hP-q

conservation of

JG-P-Z-G

-G-TG-G-mP-Em-zk-JGP-w-VG-h-q-Gm-qGbm-

m-q-Z-G

m-q-m-G-h-zCm--fz--hq-P-z--fz-q--h h-n-

charge

conservation of
energy

Physics

113

hP-D-G-q

q-GTG-m-Gm-h-w-H-I-z--m-q-Em-zk--h-H-z-Gbm-m-h-q-P-zm
conservation of

y-D-H-m-q-zhGP.

y-D-W-i-G-m-P-hD-vh--q-m-q-h--G-qm-G-x-hm-h--fz-q-Pzm

convection

-ih-w-M

m-G-P-Zh--G-Bh-zdm-m-m-G-H-hP-q-VGTG-m-GTG-b--ih-w-

converging lens

kh-

P-Zh-zMh-m-h--n-w-H-Gm-GTG-b-zk-q-hP-

convex lens

z-

hP--GP-G-G-P-GTG-x-P-z-z

coolant

IP-z-GbP-h

y-D---zMh-h-D-MGh-q P-m-y-D-H-V-G-G-fG-b-zz-e -ihGTG-h--G--G-

coulomb

D-

-q--GTG-km-H-JG-Mm-G+-V-GTG-G-mP-zMh-Fh-hP-G-G-mP-M-z-JG-P--hG

coulombs law

D--P-

-Gm-JG-Mm-hrh-G-G-G-

energy for
machines

Physics

114

hP-D-G-q

-P-hm-G-e JG-P-Tm-Hl-GZ-z-H-G-h-m hGZ--JG-P-h--zN-fzhP-fh-;-h-Z-m--y-lP-N-hP-G-kG-h-Z-m

critical mass

Z-D-zP-h Z- l-ym-H--G-zMh--H-kGD-Gh-h
TG-Mm-zP-z-D-z-z-GP-z-ZP-f-M-V

critical

Z-D-ih-h

ih-h-h-hP-zL-m-Gmm-G-W-G-vh-P-G-GG-H--fz-q-ih-h

curie

Hh-y-h-G-G-e Hhy-m-q-Tm-H--G-+-V-G-f-I-fP- 3.7 x 10-10

G-IP-z-hP-P-q-m

current

JG-Mm

zMh-Fh-hP--G-zMh-h-M-zJG-P

cyclotron

l-ym-+-h

Gbm-h-Gm-q-Dz-m-Ez--uhh y-l-n-hP-E-h-whh---h-t-z--V

dalton

^-m

atomic mass unit

diamagnetic

Dz-m-H-kG-q

Dz-m-H-w-z-hP-G-

temperature

-e

Physics

115

hP-D-G-q

-h-hP--z-hP-
dielectric

JG-M-m-

JG-G-P-m-zMh-Fh--m-q-TP-m-q-hP--b -hPh;--e-z

dielectric

JG-M-m---Gm

hP--G-G-mP-h-JG-G-Ez-GG-m--h-G

diffraction

EG-y

GG-Am-G-hP-fG-q P-mz-h-z-fG-hP-Z-q-z-GzMh-m-fm-X--z--D-xGhP-G-h--H-kG

diffusion

f-y

P-z--G-G-eP-m-x-kGq-WG-y-h-D-f-h-I

dipole

o-P.

z-fG-y--Vh-q-G-hZ-P-wm-m--fm-q-JGm--Dz-m-H-o-GZ

dispersion

I-q

fP-fz-q-h-TG-EG-yGG-y-hzP-G-D-hG--h-

displacement

Gm-t

doppler effect

^z--m-q

wP-GG-G-Gm-GTG-m-GmGm-G-b-t-q-z-fG-G-Vh
h-hP-O-e-z-z--P-fP-

constant

Physics

116

hP-D-G-q

h-P-Gm-hP--e Dm-m ZmDm-wm-m-e-zT--G-Bhh- MP-fG-W-P-h-I-z+ VG-q P-m-W-Z-z-z+ w-z-oP-

efficiency

-Vh

y-V-G-G-eP-h---q--wm-fG-Tm-H---hzN-z-zM-V

elastic collision

-Vh-GhP-fG

GhP-fG-zMz-q-hP-q-h-hG-Ghz--Z-q--ih--zBhq-zB-kG-h-

elasticity

m-k

hP--G-G-eP-z-hz-Zh--G-G-G-Gmm- hhz-GG-H-z-hP. mG-G-h-x-fm---S-Hhz-GG-P--Vh-q-EhV

electric circuit

JG-

1 JG-Mm-MG-q-MG-h-qfh--Tm-H-M--G
2 JG--H--z-y-V-G

electric field

JG-m-Ez-

JG-P--zCm-q-m-q-Gh-q-n-q-Tm-H--D

electric potential

JG-G-m-h

JG-m-Ez--GP-G-G-JG-P-

Physics

117

hP-D-G-q

G-G-h-q-D-z--H-h
electricity

JG

Gbm-G--G-G-Tm-HJG-P-h-q-m-q

electromagnetism

JG-G-Dz-m-H-PG

JG-hP. Dz-m-H-P-zm-hP.
--H-VP-M-hP. h-zm-hf-z-JG-G-Dz-m-H-Hhy-n-q-f-hG-G-JG-P-hPJG-hP-Dz-m-H-Ez--uh-hP--GbG---zT--oP-o-G-q

electron

JG-l -l

z-m-E-P-h-GbG-q-Gh--Gh-h-J-- 9.107 x
10-28 hP-z--e -m-JGP-D-- -1.602 x 10-19
Tm-H-zdm-q-P-G-y-l

electroplating

JG-

JG-l-GG-WG-G-fz--zdmm-UG-G-GTG-G-eP-hUG-G-Gm-G-G--GbPfz

electrostatics

-Gm-JG-Mm-G-q

G-MG-h-q-JG-G-P-hrh-q-hP-D-G-q

energy

m-G

-z-h-fz-q-m-G-b
hq-m m-G-uh-h-zP-h-

Physics

118

hP-D-G-q

Tm-H-hP-q-G-G-z-e-z
escape speed

-h

-G-w-h-G-z-oP-x-GbP-M-hP-q-G--G-e-z-GP-z-G-G-fm-G-I-z-hG-P---h

exclusion

Gm--Gbm-

-l-hP-w-l z-l-GP-PP-z-GTG-G-G-l-GZ-;m-Gm-G-GTG-G-mP-hZ-h-Gm--fz-q-PP-

fluorescence

x-l-h--y-G

JG-G-Dz-m-H-Hh-yGT-Gbh-h-+z--h-m-qhP--G hq-m fP-fzq-h-h P-m- x- y-h--e

z-h-xP-z-G-uh

Focal length

h-Gm-P-h

-P-P-hP--H-P-m-hh--h--z-H-MP-fG

focus

h-Gm

hP---G-G-h---Hhy-h-Gm-GTG-b-h-z
kG-y-h--D-H-q-oP-zGm-G

force

free fall

P-P.

wP-GG-G-G-HG-h-h
D-xG- P-m-z-hz-N z-h-q-Am-GP-P-P-z
G--fm-G-D-m-Am-q-

principle

Physics

hP-D-G-q

119

G-Bh
friction

zl-G

hP-q-GZ--P-wm-m-yh-qhzP-G-hP-q-GTG-G-hP-qGm-G-G-G-Bh-GG-q-mG

fringes

h-wm-m-fz-q-EG-yhzP--P-z-h;-V-mG-V-h

gravitational field

fm-G-Ez-

zP-h--TP-V-z-wP-GG-GP-G-Z-D-H-zP-h-V-z-wPGG-Gm-G-G-eP-h-w-qG-Am-Ez- h-W-hm ;----m-m-W-h-zhG

gravity

fm-G

zP-h-Tm-H-hP-q-P--wmm-fm--h-q-P-G-mG

Hookes law

G-G-P-

m-k-Tm-H-hP--fm-qz-z-h-hP. h-eP-zz-qG-hP-fh-;-h-Z-q-hh

humidity

z-m

D-P-mP-h-V-P-q-P-ZP-W-h-q-z-h h--ezT-hP-e-h--z-m-GZ-

Physics

hP-D-G-q

120

h
hydrosphere

V--h-D VD

-G--eP-G-z-G-h-hq-V-n-q-f-Th---b
h-mP--eP-G-V-hP. M--hP.
-hP. MG-V-hP. -G-G-VhP. h-zm-GP-hP. EG-qhP-P-D-mP-G-V-zT-hh

Image

oP-zm

hP--hP--P-G-Eh-V-zdm-m-P-z-hP-GG-G-GGG-zm-m-h-P-z-GG

impulse

P-G

hP-q-TG-G-eP-h-m-G-Gzz-q-G-h-hP. h-h-mGZ-wm-m-zN-z-zN-fz

inelastic collision

--Vh-q-GhP-fG

GhP-fG-zMz-q-hP-q-h-hG-Gz-hz-Z-q-hP-ih-B-z hhP-wm-m--h-q-GhP-fGTG

inertia

GG-G-P-G

hP--GP-G-G-P-G-GBh--P-zm--w-H-P-zGG-fz-h-q-oP-

infrared rays

h-x-h-

G-G-fP-fz-q-h--hP--Dh--P-fP-Tm-H-JG-

Physics

121

hP-D-G-q

G-Dz-m-H-z-Mm-h-m-Hhy-ih-hP-Z-q-m
instantaneous

+z-fG-HG-h

Gm-+z-GP-P-G-G-HGh

insulator

zMh-Fh--h-q-

ih-hP. JG-hP. h-hP-O-zTh--zMh-GbP--h-q-hP-G

Interference

f-G f-

P-fP-P-q P-m-P-q-z-G-G-m-hh-+z-P-z-z--kDh--H-z

isotope

Gm-Z-D-

e-z-w-l-H-IP-P-P-zl-H-IP--P-q-D-GTG-G-l-ym-GZ--h--GTG

Keplers first law

;z--P--hP-q

G-+-n-Z--e-z-zP-zP-P-G-WP-hz-D--hD-z-hh-

;z--P--GZ-q

Z--hP-G-+-GP-P-P-z-Gz-H-fG-G-h--GTGP-mP-m-D-M-Em-GTGP-zBh-q-hh-

;z--P--G-q

-z Zm-IP--z-

speed

of planetary
motion
Keplers second
law of planetary
motion

Keplers third

Physics

122

law of planetary

hP-D-G-q

q-G-+-D-Bh--h-m-HP-N -h-hP. G-+ -h-hP-Z-hz-H-V--MP-fG-h-kzG-N--q-hP-GTG-Pm-q-hh-

motion

kinetic energy

G-ez-m-q

G-Bh--hzP-G-hP-GG -G-TG--h-q-m-q

Laser

k-Dh--TP-f--P-fPP--f-hh-q-GTG-h-Hh-y-h-y-z-h-q-V-GP-P-G

Law of universal
gravitation

P-Ez-fm-G-P

WG-dm-D--wP-GG-fTh--wm-m-GTG-G-GTG-fm-h-q-m-q-h-q-hP- fmG-h-wP-GG-GZ--Ghh--H-fz-hP-fh-;-V-Zm--wP-GG-GZ-hz-H-MPfG-G-P-N-hP-G-kG-hZ-m-

lense

hP-

x-G-mP-G-H--V-h-mzMh-q-h-h-Gm-GTG-b-hz-D-H-q-K-m-oP-zmV-m-q-G

light year

h-

G-+-hrh-G-G-mP-zh-uh-qMP-fG-G--G-e h--eP-

Physics

123

hP-D-G-q

P-G-G-mP--GTG-P-zIh-qMP-fG
magnet

Dz-m

Dz-m-H-Ez--Cm-q-h-qhP--G

magnetic field

Dz-m-Ez-

JG-P-G-G-H-hzP-GH-kG-I-zm-q-JG-m-Ez-hP--z-m-G-Ez-Em

magnetic pole

Dz-m-H-o

-hP-P-G-f-h--z-UG-Dzm-H-m-q-V--h--o-GZ-GP-P-G

magnetic reversal

Dz-m-G-kG

-G--Dz-m-H-Ez--HkG-TG-e -G---o-Dzm-H-P-o-hP. -G--P-ohP-Dz-m-H--o-hP-D-xGIG-

magnetism

Dz-m-H-P-G

1 Dz-m-H-Ez--Eh-V-hPG-Am
2 Dz-m-H-Ez--zCm-q-mG

magnetometer

Dz-m-W-V

Ez--G-h-hP-D-xG-Wz--V

Physics

124

hP-D-G-q

mass

zP-h Gh-h

hP-GG-G-q-G-G-zOz-- P-m-hP-GGh-mP-G---z-h

mechanics

fz-G-G-q

hP-GG-hP-h-eP-zz-zmq-m-G-GZ-wm-m-fz-m-hrh-q-G-q

medium

zMh-

G-hP-m-q-e-z-w-zMh-h-hP-

melting point

z-Gm

-ih-hP-P--z---GG-hP--G-G-GG-H-z-ih-h

microwave

y-z

P-fP--hP-x-GTG-m-fz-Vm-q-G-z-H-JG-GDz-m-H-z-G

mixture

i-

hP--GZ--h--P-z-Gwm-m--H-H-kz---mq-z-q----h-h-fzfz-h-q-G

molecules

Iz- h-l

l-ym-GZ--h--P-z-GJG-l-fm-P-h-uh-q-K-m--H-VP-M-G-G-mP-Z-h-z--

momentum

G-h

xG-h-GZ-mk -H-h-G wP-

Physics

125

hP-D-G-q

GG-hP. z-hP. Ez-G-x-hP---G-G--hhP-h-m-q-hz-H--z-emh

neap tide

-z-h-

-z--P-xh-hP. -P-xh-hP-z--z

neutron

-mP-l z-l

w-JG-hP--JG-G-V-Zh-T-P-km-P---m-E-P-h-GbGq-Z-z-l-ym-H-G- hGh-h--J-- 1.674 x

10-24 m-q-JG-l--kz1838 P-z-hP-w-l--TP-hV-z-h

Newtons law of
cooling

m-m-H-IP-G-P

wP-GG-G-G--ih-Z--h
wP-GG-h-hP-h-D-G-z-Hih-h--Eh-q-hP-V-Z-q-m

Newtons first

m-m-H-P--hP-q

wP-GG-G--W-h-m-GG--yh-q-h-h-h-G-G-hm-P--G-h-h-Gm-q-hP.
G-b-G-G-h-q-G-m-m
-h-w-VG-h-q--fhG-zm-h-Gm-hG

law

Newtons second
law

m-m-H-P--GZ-q wP-GG-G-G-eP-h-zz-qG-m-wP-GG-h--h-wV-hP-Gh-h--zN-fz-h-m

Physics
Newtons third

126

hP-D-G-q

law

m-m-H-P--G-q h--W-i-G-m-P. h-hZ-kG--h--h-hG

nuclear fission

ZP-l-z-G

l-ym-GP-G-G-e-z-V-h-h-hPh-z-GZ--h--H-

nuclear fusion

ZP-l--kz

l-ym-H-ZP-l-kz-q--b
-G-b-P-P-G-ZP-l-
P-z-ZP-l-Gm-zkz-q----H-ZP-l-e-z-U-z-ZPl-G-Iz-

nuclear reaction

ZP-l-H-n-H

h-z-H-q-hP. ZP-l-kzq P-m-Hh-y-hzP-Gh-Lh-I-z-e-z-zMh--HAm-q-m-q P-m-zP-hxP-z P-m-D-f-z-hzP-Gm-q-xP-e-l-ym-H-ZP-l-HO-G--H-z-I-

nucleus

e-ZP. e-hz

l-ym-H-w-l-GTG-G-h-P-z-hP P-P --Gm-ql-ym-P- -mP-l-GTG-Gh--P-z-GP-h-h--l-ym-HGh-h-w--V-G-q-hz-V

optical fiber

h--fG-m

HG----Iz-q-k-Px-mP-G-z-ZG--GP-G-zMhh h-mP-G-GTG-X-GZ-fh-

Physics

127

hP-D-G-q

-kG-y--h-w-zMh-fz-q
optics

h-oP-G-q

h--hP-GG--Eh-G-zdG-q-hP-D-m-G-G-mG

orbit

D-

1 fm-G--Am-q-mD-G-+ -hP. zT-M-+-e-z-G-wP-GG-GmG--D-z-M-

2 ZP-l-H-f-+-h-zBh-qJG-l- P-m-l-GGm-H-zdm-q-;m--Gmzz-TG

parabola

q--z- GG-

G--fm-G-D-m-G-wmGG-G-G-I--GG-

partial pressure

V--Gmm-G

G-b-ih-h-GTG-q-G---q-P-GG-n--PGG-GTG-P-G-i--h-PhP-Z-q-P-h--G--zP-m
h-m-h-q-Gmm-G

periodic table

h-D--G

D--n-P-G-l-ym-PIP-hP. h-hG-G-JG-l-Hz;h-OG-e -zOG-b Eh-Vi-P--D--n-;-fGGTG-b-O-z--G

Physics
photoelectric
effect

128

hP-D-G-q

h--JG-l-zh-q- Pm-fz-q-h--WG-y-JGm-q
G-Dz-m-H-Hh-y-G-GhP--G-m-JG-l-n-xzh-

planet

+-ym--V-P-+---VPz-z-oP-G-wP-GG-V-I-Ge h-hG---h-zCm--fzP- P-Zh-GP--D-z-+ -h--G-z-h-h

plasma

q-- G-

hP---Gm-z+ -z-q-e GG-hP. P-GG-hP-GGG--n-q-G--Gm-ql--P-z P-G-Gm-qJG-l-Tm-H-hP-GG

potential energy

Gm-ez--m-q

wP-GG-GP-G--P-G-GmeP--hzP-G-h-q-m-q

pressure

Gmm-G

-G-M-Em-GTG-G-eP-Mm-kmh-zz-q-G- P-m-GhP--Em-GZ--k-fP-h-m

prism

W--(hz)

lG-GG-G-G-P-G-P-mh-f-n-wm-m-z-hzhP-V-VP-i-P-m-q--h
h-P-JP-n---zm-fh-GzI-z--hz--P-q-zhz

Physics

129

hP-D-G-q

projectile

NG-hP

G--fm-G--G-Am-GP-D--z-oP-h-M-z-hPGG-G

proton

w-l

--m-E-P-h-GbG-q-zdmGm-y-l-G h-Gh-h-J- 1.672 x 10-21 m h-JG-P-w-D-- 1.602 x

10-19 -h

quantum

;m-

m-G-hP- -DG G-he-z-V--zG--fz-q-Pm-qG--P--f-hh-q-hP-qEh-V

quantum theory

;m--n-GG

;m--G-hrh-G-q-fz-zdm-m-hP-q-G-G-G-I-zXh-h-q-n-GG

radiation

Hh-y

P-Gm-G-m-h---z-n-q-Hh-q-m-q hq-m
-ih-hP. h O--e z

real image

oP-zm-P-

h--h-Gm-P---P-z-oPzm

reflection

kG-y

h-hP-O-e-z-z-G-hP-qGm-hP-yh-q-Am-H-yh-D-xG-Gm-h-H-

Physics

130

hP-D-G-q

refraction

EG-y

h-hP-O-z-e-z-G-eG-h-i-z-zMh--GTG-m-Gm-hBh-+z-z-h-D-xG-EG

resistance

GG-G

1 zl-G--e z-m-q-G-GhP-q-G-Bh--kGxG--mm-b-hP-q-hG-Bh-GG-q-h-hGbP-eP
2 hP--G-G-JG-Mm-w-z-GG-Am-W-h-z-z-h
h-h-G--H-W-zm

rotational speed

D-h

h---G-P-Tm-G-G-mP-+-zW--D-z-D-IP +z-w-V-+-V-+----DfP-W-m-H-W-z-m

satellite

D-+

wP-q-V-z-G-G-f-D-h-D-P-Tm-fG-M-z-wP-q-VP-zG

scalar quantity

G-P-z-h

V-h-G-h-h-P-D-xG-zPh-h-q-z-V-G hq-m-Ghh-hP- P-h-hP- HG-he-z

Physics
specific heat

131

hP-D-G-q

ih-GP-m-q

hP--GP-G-G-zP-h--G---ih-h-W--w-z-hP.
hP-q-h-ih--m-q-W---qGZ--wm-m-zk-z-V

speed

HG-h

h-h---G-G-G-mP-W-Bh-q-MP-fG

spring tide

hrh-z

Z--hP- -G-hP--z-n-iPfG-GTG-b-Gm-q-hzP-G-hz-f-z-n-V---f-zhP. h-z -h-z-n-V--h-z-oP-

tide

h-z

G-z--z-fm-G--hzP-G-G-eP-G-M--hP. -hP-DG-n--V-D-w-IzI-eP

ultra sound

1 f-h-zL-O
2 zL-O-JG-q

1 -n-z-f-h--zL-qP-fP-Tm-H-O(z--m--Z-F-)
2 -f-h--zL-z-Oz---mP-zbP-z-x-kGP-z--zbz-q-GG-zmm-fz-G

ultraviolet light

G-x-h

h-z--h--fP-P-h-H-z--P-z-G--mPG-Hh-y-h-

capacity

Physics

132

hP-D-G-q

universe

WG-dm-H-D

z-GG-hP. m-q m-DW-h-f-Th-h-q-u-P.

vector

xG-km-h-dG

xG-km-z-h-m-h-h-z;hq-h-G-P-q-h-dG

vector quantity

xG-km-z-h

V-h-hP-D-xG-GZ-;-Tm-Hz-V hq-m G-h-hP.

-h-hP. -h-w-V-ez

velocity

-h

G-Bh--D-xG-P-q-hPq-HG-h

virtual image

oP-zm-e-oP.

GG-zm-GP--kG-qEG-q-h--h-hG-D-H-qoP- hq-m P-z--TmH--P-G-G-mP-GG-zmfP--e-z

volt

JG-G-G-h JG--H-Gm-GP-G-b-JGG--h-W-z--G

wave

G-FG-TG-zMh--G-zMhh-I-+z-h-m-G-zMh-GP-G-G-y-l-GTG-m-GTG-bw-MG-h-P. zMh--hGbm-WG--H-z--P-z

wave length

z--P-h

h-hP- ih-G-m-q-z --

Physics

133

hP-D-G-q

---G-GZ-hz-H-MP-fG
weight

Yh

hP-q-G--G--z-oP-Gfm-G--wP-GG-Gm-GG-e-z-xG---GG-qG

weightlessness

Yh-h-P-zm

P-P-G-+z--hP-q-G-hG-B-H-G-Gm-T-P-hq-Gm-eP-G

work

-z

hP-q-G-G-eP-h-zz-q-mG-hP- h-MP-fG-W--Gz-GZ--hP-q-h-N-fz

work-energy

-m-n-GG

hP-q-G-G-eP-h--q--zh-hP-q-h-fz-q-m-q-hPP-q-hh-

theorem

Physics

134

hP-D-G-q

Chemistry

135

--G-q

zl-Vh-Gbm-zz--V
TIBETAN TERMINOLOGY PROJECT

--G-q-zl-Vh
CHEMISTRY TERMS

zh-GP-m--DP.hP. -G--OG-m-q
MEN-TSE-KHANG & PUBLICATION CELL / DOE

136

Chemistry

--G-q

D--h -D- - G ( Periodic Table of Elements)

l-IP

D-

m-dG

Hydrogen

Helium

He

Lithium

Li

Beryllium

Be

Boron

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Fluorine

10

Neon

Ne

11

Sodium

Na

12

Magnesium

Mg

13

Aluminium

Al

14

Silicon

Si

15

Phosphorus

16

Sulphur

17

Chlorine

Cl

18

Argon

Ar

19

Potassium

20

Calcium

Ca

21

Scandium

Sc

22

Titanium

Ti

23

Vanadium

24

Chromium

Cr

25

Manganese

Mn

zh-zl
P-P.
--
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z---
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mG- ;-zm
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G-m-P. -P.
w--m
m-P.
z-
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hG--h;-q
h;- TP-
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P-UG

--G-q

137

Chemistry
26

Iron

Fe

27

Cobalt

Co

28

Nickel

Ni

29

Copper

Cu

30

Zinc

Zn

31

Gallium

Ga

32

Germanium

Ge

33

Arsenic

As

34

Selenium

Se

35

Bromine

Br

36

Krypton

Kr

37

Rubidium

Rb

38

Strontium

Sr

39

Yttrium

40

Zirconium

Zr

41

Niobium

Nb

42

Molybdenum

Mo

43

Technetium

Te

44

Ruthenium

Ru

45

Rhodium

Rh

46

Palladium

Pd

47

Silver

Ag

48

Cadmium

Cd

49

Indium

In

50

Tin

Sn

51

Antimony

Sb

52

Tellurium

Te

53

Iodine

UG
;-z
G- G-h;
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b-
J--
W--m-
z-
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z-m
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G-a--
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fP-UG
(UG-)=m
G-m
---
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138

Chemistry
54

Xenon

Xe

55

Cesium

Cs

56

Barium

Ba

57

Lanthanum

La

58

Cerium

Ce

59

Praseodymium

Pr

60

Neodymium

Nd

61

Promethium

Pm

62

Samarium

Sm

63

Europium

Eu

64

Gadolinium

Gd

65

Terbium

Tb

66

Dysprosium

Dy

67

Holmium

Ho

68

Erbium

Er

69

Thulium

Tm

70

Ytterbium

Yb

71

Lutetium

Lu

72

Hafnium

Hf

73

Tantalum

Ta

74

Tungsten

75

Rhenium

Re

76

Osmium

Os

77

Iridium

Ir

78

Platinum

Pt

79

Gold

Au

80

Mercury

Hg

81

Thallium

Tl

--G-q
m-P.
--
z--
m-f-m
-- --GP-
q---^--
m-^--
q--f-
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Gh-h--m-
b-z-
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bm-b-
P--m
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--G-q

139

Chemistry
82

Lead

Pb

83

Bismuth

Bi

84

Polonium

Po

85

Astatine

At

86

Radon

Rn

87

Francium

Fr

88

Radium

Ra

89

Actinium

Ac

90

Thorium

Th

91

Protactinium

Pa

92

Uranium

93

Neptunium

Np

94

Plutonium

Pu

95

Americium

Am

96

Curium

Cm

97

Berkelium

Bk

98

Californium

Cf

99

Einsteinium

Es

100

Fermium

Fm

101

Mendelevium

Md

102

Nobelium

No

103

Lawrencium

104

Rutherfordium

Rf

105

Dubnium

Db

106

Seaborgium

Sg

107

Bohrium

Bh

108

Hassium

Hs

109

Meitnerium

Mt

Lw / Lr

-Z
z---f
q--m-
--m
Pz-P.
w-m--
-^-
G--m-
f--
q--G--m-
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m-^---
m-z--
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^z-m-
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z--
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h-m--

--G-q

140

Chemistry
110

Darmstadtium

Ds

111

Roentgenium

Rg

112

Ununbium

Uub

113

Ununtrium

Uut

114

Ununquadium

Uuq

115

Ununpentium

Uup

116

Ununhexium

Uuh

h--bh--
m-G-m-
D-- 112 q
D-- 113 q
D-- 114 q
D-- 115 q
D-- 116 q

141

Chemistry

--G-q

alkali

-z->- m-G-f-z m-Sm-q-h---zG-m-G-bm-q-f-z-h-D-VG-q-z-i-z-h-m

alloy

z-UG

UG-G--i-z-GZ--GZ-P-z-Z-z--q
P-m-UG-G-hP-UG-G-m-q--Gm-hP-z-m-Izq---hP-q

aluminium

-P.

hP-H-hG-i--P-z zT-GbP-- z z-hP-G-iGGG-m-km-q-UG-G-G

m-dG- Al l-IP- 13

anhydrous

V-hzm-q

-GP-G--V-l-G-h-m-q

anion

-l

-JG-Tm-H-l-ym-m JG-kmkz---P-

argon

-Gm GZG-P .

i-hP-hG--P- IP---mk q-P-GG-D--G-e

P-D-hP---P-q-m-Pz JG-G--bG-G-Vh-G-hh-z;-VG m-dG- Ar
l-IP- 18

arsenic

z-

hP-hG-e -h;- VG-- z

hG--V-z-D--G h-

142

Chemistry

--G-q

kz--n-z-hG-hP.
m Z-z-Mh--G-z-z-zhuh-h m-dG- As lIP- 33
beeswax

zP-z-v-

P-z-P-G-M-V-v- D-hG-q-G-mG-P-h

borax

--h;-q

UG-G--m-q-Gb--Ge V--P-P-G-G-h
zG--z-P-D--~-z-h;-q-z--e -w-z-zP. zP--w-z-P. -z-z-Pm
h--hP. F- m-G--h--Iz-V-G-z-m

brass

P-hP-b--GZ-z---mIz-q-UG-G--q-G

bronze

G-z-P-hP-=m-GZ--Iz-qz-UG-G

carbohydrate

-V-P-q

;--hP--G--P-zTh-Gf-z-B-km-kz---G-q-G
G-VG----z--zThG-z-G

carbon

;-zm--P-AP-km

i-hP-D-hG--P. hG--V-z-P mG--zG-q-V-Pz-z--fz-q--P-z-G

monoxide

--G-q

143

Chemistry
carnauba wax

b--v-

z----H-b--P-G---P-z-v---z-G h-hP. V- mG-G-G--MV-z;-VG

cation

w-l

w-JG-km-q-l-ym

compound

h-

D--GZ--h--V-h-PTm-h-zkz-q-

copper

D-hG-h--G -q-hP. ZmP-lP-om-P-z-UG-G-Ge G-iG-GG-m-mk -

ih-hP-JG-M--z-hP--zP-qG-m m-dG- Cu lIP- 29

diamond

l-X-w-

mG--h-h--P-GG uD-hG-h--P-P-G-Gb-
-FG--h-f--h-m

ductile

GZh--o zP-z

o-P--Zm-q-hP- fm-m-Vz UG-G--fm-AP-hP-zlPz-h-fz-q-Eh-V

element

D-

--H--fz-h--D-GbP--fz-q---Iz-V-VP

ethane

-fm

D-hG-hP-i-Ph--P-P-P-P-G-

144

Chemistry

--G-q

Iz-V-G-e zh--hP.
EG--G--zh-uh-h
ethanol

-VP. hP-G

---D-hG--P-z-mV-z--G--zG--hP-;-G--wz---q--Pz-VP.zTh h-F--hP.
z-D -h--zbP-z-G-zh-uh-h

fission

G-f

l--D-G-b-f-

formaldehyde

-f-P-H

i-Ph--P- -h-P-GG-fz-hP. GZmW -t-hP--Gz-M-zh-uh-h

fructose

P--P-V

P--P--hP-P--mPh-q-P-V

fusion

z-kz

-i-m-n--z-zz-e-Z-h-kh-q

glucose

P-

P--hP-P- G-VG-FG-zT--mP-P-zm-h-hq-P-V

gold

UG-G--D---qYh-V- H--Bm-q
Zm-HP--P-lP-om-P-

--G-q

145

Chemistry

z-G m-dG79

Au

l-IP-

helium

--

P-GG-D--i-hP--P.
z-m-m-q-P-P-P-G-GmH-mP-h-P-z-G h-Gm-I-hP.
KP-z z- EG--hP-z-Z-z-G--uh
m-dG- He l-IP- 2

hydracid

-P--z-B

-P-G-l-ym-h-q-B-

hydrocarbon

P-P-mG-

P-P-hP-mG--GZ-D-m--Izq-B-mk -h- hq-m zmm-hP. -fm--e z

hydrogen

P-P.

D-hG-hP-i-Ph--P-z-m-km h-z--dG-h-q-hP-f-hG--P-z-P-GGD--G m-dG- H

l-IP- 1

hydrogen bond

P-P-fh-D

P-P-G-y-l-H--z-l-ymi-+z----H-fh-D-zdm-q-G

hydrogen ion

P-P-G-ZP-l-w

P-P-G-JG-l-hzm-q-ZP-lw m-dG- H+

iron

UG

D-hG-h;-P-o-P--Zm-q-

146

Chemistry

--G-q

UG-G-D--G l-z-q-P.P-zm-hP--P-yh-mz-VG- -P-hP-G-VG-h-h--P-z-m Dz-m-Hm-q-WG- m-dG- Fe

l-IP- 26
isomer

-P-h-

--H-V-G-GTG--hz-GTG-q-h--b h-mP-IzV-D--hP. h-hG-G-Yh-hZ-P-Iz---VG-O--iz-hzP-G-hP-G-hP-H-H-Eh-V--i-z-m

isotope

Gm-fm-D-

l-IP-GTG-G---Eh-VP-P. l-ym-H-Yh-h-GTG-q-D---G

lanolin

z-H-

G-G-z--P-z-o- m-hP---G--G-zz-zh-uh-V

lead

-Z

UG-G-D--Yh-V-PZm-q-hP. lP-om-P--D-hG-SB h-JG--hP-z-GU --o

G-hP. h--i-m-zM-uh-K-P. m-dG- Pb
l-IP- 82

lithium

-f-

UG-G-D--Zm--hP-

147

Chemistry

--G-q

hG-e -h;-z P-P. JG-hP--Gm-z-zCm-Vh-zhuh-h m-dG- Li lIP- 3

mercury

hP-V

UG-G-D--Yh-V--DhG-hP-e-h;-z-G-GGUG-G-G-m +z--P-Az-P-z-h-P. w-V-z--hP-Z-i--P. mdG- Hg l-IP- 80

methane

m-P . -fm

i-hP-D-hG--P-z-m-km-P-P-P-G-Iz-V-P-I-G-m
zh---zh-uh-q-hP- P-P hP-B-km-h--i-m-P-qP-DP-G-z-G-m

methanol

P-G

D-hG--P. z-m-mk --hG-V-z-P--P-z-VP.zThTG h-zh--hP. z-h

EG-GG-G--zh-uh-h

neon

G-P.

m-b-h;m- D-hG--P-IP--km-q-P-GG-D--G

oxyacid

-P-km-q-B

G-m-P-G-l-ym-hP-i-mIz-q-B

oxygen

G-m-P .

-P . D-hG-i---P-G--z-hP.

148

Chemistry

--G-q

-z-z-h-h--P-z-PGG-D--G h-ZhP-D-mP-P-A-P--hS-V-GTG-m-H-h mdG- O l-IP- 8

paraffin wax

l-o-v-

hG-h;-q-hG--z
l-o--P-z-P-P-hPmG--GZ-i-q--Izq-v--i-z--G h-G W-o P- -VG-z-zCm-Vh-zh-uh-h

petrolatum

l-o-wG-wG

l-o--P-z-G--wGwG-i-z-+-m-m-m-H-PP-hP-mG--GZ-i-q-Iz-q-G h-G-m -hP-;-zo-G-hm-q--zh-uh-h

propane

q-qm

l-o--P-z-D-hG--PYh-V-z--G h-PGG-hP- zh-

EG--G--zh-uh-h

silver

hP

D-hG-h;- -TP-GZh--o
zP-z lP-om-P-z ih-hPJG-G-M--zP--m-qUG-G-D--G
m-dG- Ag l-IP47

149

Chemistry

--G-q

soluble

zP. z-z

z-h--G--GP-P-P-zmP-z-P-z

solute

z-

z-h--G--mP-z-z-

solution

-GTG-G P-m-h---GmG-G-mP-z-m--h-l--G-f-h-H-

solvent

z-h

P-G-mP-h--Gm-z-z-h-qhP-q

spermaceti

Z-Vm-v-

v--Tm-H-Z-Vm--hP. Z->-n-P-G-G-z-o--P-z-h;-q-v--i-z-G h-G-hP. -m P--G-zzCm-Vh-zh-uh-h

sulphur

-G-m-fm-q-Gb- D-hG-B-Tm-H-UG-G--m-qD--G h--G-h;-YP-mG-z-h m-dG- S

l-IP- 16

sulphur dioxide

---P-P-km

U-P-D-hG--z hzG-z-qP. G-h-H-- z h;hP-hm-q-hP. hG- P-GG--G--zh-uh-h

150

Chemistry

--G-q

sulphuric acid

--B

o-G---D-hG--P-G--m-q-V-z-G--G h-hP. m- h z-G-z-M-zh-uh-V

sulphurous acid

--B-

--hP-P-P-GZ--Iz-qB--G

xenon

m-P.

U--D-hG--z -Gm-hPzkz-m-n-q--H-z-PGG--D- D-P -mP-ZP--h-q-G m-dG- Xe

l-IP- 54

Botany

151

-P-G-q

zl-Vh-Gbm-zz--V
TIBETAN TERMINOLOGY PROJECT

-P-G-q-zl-Vh
BOTANICAL TERMS

zh-GP-m--DP.
MEN-TSE-KHANG / TMAI

16

20

-P-G-q

152

Botany

10

17

21

11

18

22

12

13

14

15

24

25

26

27 28

19

23

--hz
1 WP-hz 2 hP-hz 3 P-hz 4 KP-hz 5 KP-GG-kG-
6 D-GG 7 E-z-hz-Tm 8 --hz 9 h--hz-Tm
10 wz-hz 11 G-hz 12 hP--hz-Tm 13 -P. 14 -l
15 ~-hz 16 --P-P. 17 --G-ZG 18 WG-i-V-km 19 -nm
20 G G -n m -y- 21 - ZG 22 P -G G -k G - 23 -h z -Tm
24 U-hz 25 hP-GG-kG- 26 WP-m 27 O-hz 28 Dz-hz

Botany

153

-P-G-q

acicular

Dz-hz

Dz-e-y--n-z---hz
hq-m fP-P-G---hP-+ -B-P-e-z

acuminate

-P.

e-z-TP-h-z- --xG-W-y-I-z---hz

acute

-nm

e-z-TP-h-;P-z---n--fP-z--hz

algae

V-z Z-zU

-z-hP. kP-q ----hM-h-TP-V-mP-h-B-z--P-G

angiosperms

m-+G-Tm

-bG-hP. m-+G-Tm-H--zmkm-q--P-G-u-P-

annual

-D--P. -D- B-w-h-m--GTG-mP--bG-P.

hP--z-VG-m-+-q--PG

apiculate

--P-Zm

--y-P-n--fP-P-Zm-q--hz

aristate

--P-P.

--wG--i--P-z--hz

ascendent

iP-B

Hm-h-iP-q-B-z--P.

biennial

-GZ--P.

h-m--GZ-mP--bG-hP.
-z-VG-q-X--+-q--

-P-G-q

154

Botany

P-G
biosphere

B-km--Gm

G-VG-hP--P-G-Bw-H-V-Am--q-DM

branch

-G

-P-G-kP-q--H-q-mG

bryophyte

IG-P-G-G

--hP-S-iG-e-z-V-im~-G-h-q--P-

bud

-bG-hP-- -G kP-qe-z-GP--fm-q--m-qV-z-hz-+G--mP-h-Gmq-V-

caudate

WG-i-V-km

Q--i-z-V--Tm

chloroplast

YP--y-wP.

P---P-YP-D-G-Zh--zem-q-n--h-q-Bf-H--G h---kz-D-V-z-m--YP-D-Tm-h-q-y-wP.

circinate

-E

k-q---H---e-z--m-f-h-E-z-hz

cirrhous

G-E

----y---G-eE-z

Botany

155

-P-G-q

climber

F-P.

Gm--F-m-B-w-h-q-P.

cordate

P-hz

---z-K----n-z-Phz-i-z

cotyledon

m-hz

m-+G-h-q--P-G--zm-H-fG--hz-

creeper

-m-kP-q

-Z-m-B-w-h-fz-q-P.

decumbent

-Z-kP-z

kP-q--Z-m-B-w-h-P--Hm-P-h-B-z--P.

deltoid

G-hz

-G-i-z---hz

dicotyledon

m-hz-GZ-km

-bG-hP. m-+G-Tm-H--zmkm-q--P-G-mP-G-m-hzGZ-km-H--P-k-m

elliptic

WP-hz

---z-hP. --GZ-y-h-~-q-K-P-i-z-hz

emarginate

--G-ZG

--ZG-TP-h-Tm-H--

environment

D-G

GP-G-G-B-hP-GP-G-G-Gm-H-x-V-Am-H-M-Em-PG

156

Botany

-P-G-q

ephemeral

m-P-B-z

-Gm-Mm-D-fP-z-m-GTG-G-mP-B-fP-P-q-h-fzq--P-G-G

epiphyte

P-P.

-G-b--z-h-q--P-Gm-zdm-m--eP-h--Gmfz-q--P.

evergreen

Mm-YP.

-P--q----+-q-P-Gm-q--P.

flower

-bG

-P-G--z-hP--zm-VGh--hzP-q-e-z-m-P-hzhP-D-hG--i-z-o-G-h

frond

---

----hP-b----hhG-hP-i-z-V-

fungi / fungus

-t

G-z-ih-G--zdm-m-Bkm-Gm-H-eP-VG-q-S-YP-D

fusiform root

wP-hz

-P-G--z-G-WG-y--h~-q-hz

grass

G-z-K-xG-d-m-G---P-z--P-G--G--hP. GP-d-y--Zm-q-B-S-G

Botany

157

-P-G-q

growth

-P B-w

B-km-H-hP-q-G-W-V-IeP

gymnosperms

m-+G-h-q--P.

m-+G-h-q--zm-Tm-H--PG-u-P-

halophyte

-fz--P.

z--h-h-f-z--V-ihzP-G-B-w-fz-q--PG

hastate

hP--hz-Tm

hz-hP--i-P---h-TPy--yh-fh-h-B-z--

hydrophyte

m-B--P.

V-mP-hP-h-G-m-G-V-Gm---Gm-fz-q--P.

lanceolate

hP-hz

--y--e-z-P-TP-h-V-z z-xG---z---hz

leaf

-P-G-V--hz-i-m-oG-q-G-e w-V-z--G-hPZP-G-G-eP-h-B--h-h-G-z--P--D-z-h--kz-hP-m-G-x-zh--M-zT-m

leaf base

--z-

-P-G---@P--h--Gmb h--z-hz--o G-h

leaf shape

--hz

-P-G---z-e-P-Tm-hhP. hP. P-G--hz-

-P-G-q

158

Botany

Tm-e-z
liana(liane)

F-P.

kP-GG-h-q-F-P-G-G P-kP-Gm--Eh-m-eP-m-P-kP-G---z-Iz-G

ligulate

U-hz

----z-G--P-zU-hz-i-z--G

linear

O-hz

h-P--D-P-VP-z--

lyrate

--hz

--hz---TP-V-P-hy-z----V-i-z-G

mesophyte

-Gm--P.

-zTh--IP-e-z-D-G--q-G--G-ih--fz-q--P.

midrib

---Vm

--z--m---z-MGq---hz-

moist

z-m-Tm

m-G-TP-h-Tm

mould

1 -t
2 S-z

1 -P--H-q--thP-G-t-GP-P-P-z
2 t-ZG-y--e-z-eP-h-lf-VG-q-e-Pm-q-t-G

Botany

-P-G-q

159

mucro

GG-nm

J-z-h-z-z-----n-q

mucronate

GG-nm-Tm

J-z-h-n--fP-z-Dz-e-z--

mucronulate

GG-nm-y-

J-z-h-n----y-z-G

obcordate

P-GG-kG-

P-hz-G-kG-q-hz-Tm

oblanceolate

hP-GG-kG-

----TP-y--h-P-V-z
-z-xG---zm-W-y-Iz---hz

oblong

WP-m

D-P--h-TP-P-z-I-z-m-hz-i-z

obovate

KP-GG-kG-

----P-V-P--z-xG-yz

obtuse

-l

----l-l--K-K-Tm

odour

i-Pm

i--Pm-q

orbicular

-hz-Tm

--hz--q-K-z
hq-m qj----e z

ovate

KP-hz

--hz-K-P-i-P-h-hPh-xG-P-D-V-z

palmate

~-hz

--K--V-P-G-G-hz-

(orbiculate)

-P-G-q

160

Botany

i-z
fh-Gz--

---z-m---xG-Z-Gz-b-MG-q--

parasite

Gm-zdm--P.

-Gm-Gm-zdm-H--P-uG

peltate

wz-hz

--hz-K-P-GhGi-z P-z---h-hVG-q

perennial

-P--P.

-P-B-w-hP--Gm-hq--P-G

petiolate

z--P-

--z--P-z-hP--z-P.

petiole

P-z

--h-V-GP----@P

phloem

B-im-wP-Iz

;--hP-zTh--Gm-GTG-mGm-h-t-z-h--Tm-H-wPIz

photosynthesis

h---kz

-P-G---YP-M-h-m-q--zdm-m-V-hP-mG-P-zT---zTh-zk-mh-q--H

parallelodromous
(parallel venation)

Botany

161

-P-G-q

procumbent

-Z

kP-q-hP-G-h-q--G-Z-m-B-w-h-q-P.

reniform

D-GG

--hz-D--i-z

repent

GP-d--Z

GP-d---Z-m-B-w-h-q-P.

reticulodromous

i-z--

----i-z-e--z

retuse

-ZG

--d--ZG-D-TP-h-Tm

rhododendron

eG-

Mm-h-S-z-P-ym-G-m Pm-mG-B-yh--G-h UG-YP-B-GZ--Tm --PY -PfG -bG-h-B---PY -Dm

rhombate or
rhomboidal

I-z-D-EG-hz-Tm -DG-iP-q-Tm--m-q-ZzMG-f-z--hz-i-z

root

-z

-hP-P-G---G-b-h-qV--b -P-h--H-z-eP-h-zdm-q-Gm-q-hP. -Gm-m-G-hP-B-h--zTh-G-im-q-h--Tm-m

sagittate

h--hz-Tm

--h--hP-i-P-h-V-h-

(reticulate venation)

-P-G-q

162

Botany

G-i-z--
saprophyte

z---P.

x-W-h--G--zdm-m-Bkm-H---mP--zGm-q--P-G

scandent

fh-Eh

F-fG-h-P--P-Gm-F-b-B-z--P.

seed

-zm m

-P-G--G-GG-G-qGP-m-z-q-m

shoot

V-z

-zm-hP--P-G-G-m--GhP- - -G-G-Gh-z-q-V

soboliferous

-G-V-z

-G-m-V-z--z-b-kPq-eG-q-P-m-B-w-hq--P.

spatulate

E-z-hz-Tm

----P-V-P-z--y-P-z

m-km--P.

im-~G-hP.-zm-km-q-km-H--P-e h--mP-Gh-m
1 -zm-m-+G-Tm-hP
2 -zm-m-+G-h-q-GZh

(spathulate)
spermatophyte

Botany

163

-P-G-q

sprout

-G-z-q

-zm-m--G-G-h-fm-q

stem

kP-q GP-d

-P-G-@P--G-z-e GP--G-hP.- -bG-G-zdmq-G

stipule

-yG

---z-hP.GP-d---B-z-+G-m-m---e-zV-

stoloniferous

m-H-V-z

-P-G-V-z--zm--G-b-b--z-G-m---P-P-Az-G-B-w-h-q-G

suffrutescent

k-z

GP-P-TP-h---FG-PhGm--+-q--P-

sweet smell

i-zP.

-P-hP--bG-G--i---q

thorn

B- h- S--G-P-fG-m-B-q-Dz-e-z-hPq

transplant

-t-MG-q

-Bh-h-zm-q-S--z-hPzT-q-z;G-e--Gm-Gm-hG-q

truncate

G-l

--G----hP-z--Gq-e-oP-z-G

164

Botany

-P-G-q

tuber

-z-lG-q

-z-kP-q--wG-e-z--Gb-M-q-G

vegetable

S- S-h

---uh-P-z--P-P-P-G-V-

venation

---

--mP----ym-e-Ezq-~G-ym-H-z;h-q

xerophyte

+-B--P.

-TP-+--B-w-fz-q-P.

165

--hP-q
PRINCIPLES FOR EVOLUTION OF TERMINOLOGY APPROVED
BY THE COMMISSION FOR SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY
MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

(Department of Education)
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

1. International terms should be adopted in their current English forms, as far as

possible, and transliterated in Hindi and other Indian Languages according to
their genius. The following should be taken as examples of international terms:
(a) Names of elements and compounds, e.g. Hydrogen, Carbon dioxide etc.;
(b) Units of weights, measures and physical quantities e.g. dyne, calorie, ampere
etc.,
(c) Terms based on proper names e.g. marxism (Karl Marx), braille (Braille),
boycott (Capt. Boycott), guillotine (Dr. Guillotin), gerrymander (Mr.
Gerry), ampere (Mr. Ampere), fahrenheit scale (Mr. Fahrenheit), etc.;
(d)Binomial nomenclature in such sciences as Botany, Zoology, Geology, etc.;
(e) Constants, e.g.; , g, etc.;
(f) Words like Radio, Petrol, Radar, Electron, Proton, Neutron, etc., which
have gained practically world-wide usage;
(g) Numerals, symbols, signs and formulae used in mathematics and other
sciences e.g., sin, cos, tan, log etc. (Letters used in mathematical opera
tions should be in Roman or Greek alphabets).
2. The symbols will remain in international form written in Roman script, but
abbreviations may be written in Nagari and standardised form, specially for
common weights and measures, e.g. the symbol cm for centimeter will be
used as such in Hindi, but the abbreviation in Nagari may be ls-eh- This will
apply to books for children and other popular works only, but in standard
works of science and technology, the international symbols only, like cm.,
should be used.
3. Letters of Indian scripts may be used in geometrical figures e.g., d] [k] x or v]
c] l but only letters of Roman and Greek alphabets should be used in
trignometrical relations e.g., sin A, cos B etc.
4. Conceptual terms should generally be translated.
5. In the selection of Hindi equivalents simplicity, precision of meaning and easy
intelligibility should be born in mind. Obscurantism and purism may be avoided.

166
6. The aim should be to achieve maximum possible identity in all Indian lan
guages by selecting terms:
(a) Common to as many of the regional languages as possible, and
(b) based on Sanskrit roots.
7. Indigenous terms, which have come into vogue in our languages for certain
technical words of common use, as rkj for telegraph/telegram, egk}hi for
continent, Mkd for post etc., should be retained.
8. Such loan words from English, Portuguese, French etc., as have gained wide
currency in Indian languages should be retained e.g., ticket, signal, pension,
police, bureau, restaurant, deluxe etc.
9. Transliteration of International terms into Devanagari Script: The trans
literation of English terms should not be made so complex as to necessitate
the introduction of new signs and symbols in the present Devanagari charac
ters. The Devanagari rendering of English terms should aim at maximum ap
proximation to the standard English pronunciation with such modifications as
prevalent amongst the educated circle in India.
10. Gender: The International terms adopted in Hindi should be used in the
masculine gender, unless there are compelling reasons to the contrary.
11. Hybrid formation: Hybrid forms in technical terminologies e.g., xjafVr for
guaranteedDykfldh for classical, dksM+dkj for codifier, etc., are normal
and natural linguistic phenomena and such forms may be adopted in practice
keeping in view the requirements for technical terminology, viz., simplicity,
utility and precision.
12. Sandhi and Samasa in technical terms: Complex forms of Sandhi may
be avoided and in cases of compound words, hyphen may be placed in be
tween the two terms, because this would enable the users to have an easier
and quicker grasp of the word structure of new terms. As regards vkfnOk`f} in
Sanskrit-based words, it would be desirable to use vkfnOk`f} in prevalent San
skrit tatsama words e.g., O;kOkgkfjd] yk{kf.kd etc. but may be avoided in newly
coined words.
13. Halanta: Newly adopted terms should be correctly rendered with the use
of hal wherever necessary.
14. Use of Pancham Varna: The use of vuqLOkkj may be preferred in place of
iape Ok.kZ] but in words like lens, patent etc., the transliteration should be
ysUl]isVsUVandnot ysal]isVsaV]orisVs.V.

167

M-G-hz-GP-G- m-G -hP-y--- zl-Vh-u- Ez-DP-G- m-G -hPy--f-h -Gbm-zz-- -m-DG (zh-zN-G-zk )
1 M-u - P -G -GP--q-n-P-Ez-hm-G -P--WG-M- hP-m -h P-m M-G-H- h+ -G -Gm--- P-G-e -H- O-N -G-G-e --M
; D--hP-h--- P . hq-m Hydrogen, Carbon dioxide e-z-
hP.
D h-W-z-P -G dyne, calorie, ampere (km, kg) G
G GP-G-hP- -P -G-- hP-P -hP--z-P -G marxism, braille,
boycott, guillotine, gerry-mander, ampere, fahrenheit scale.

P P- -GZ-zkz-q-f-h Botany, Zoology, Geology.

T H-h -m-dG , g, e-z
V -JP -u- P--Ez-V-z-G Radio, Petrol, Radar, Electron, Proton,
Neutron.

W -hP-m-G -DG-G- IP-hP. m-dG dG V-G-G-hq-m

sin, cos, tan, log G-hP-(h-P-
-G -b-zh -uh -q--G-n- Roman
hP- Greek GP-P -m -hG)
2 h-W-z-M-u - m-dG cm e-z- hm-G -b- -hG-P. zk G-n-Gbm-zz- -m-G---G - ls-eh- e-z--VG m-P-h-hG- q-hP-P-G-- z;-uh-Vh---m-G -hP-y-G -G-- h-mk --mP-M-u - m-dG-b cm D-m--hG

168

3 fG- --z;h-q-M-G-H-G -G -m- d] [k] x - v] c] l e-z--VG TP. -G- -G -b- hq-m sin A, cos B e-z- -m-- G-D-m--uh-hhG
4 V-Po -G- f-h -n-u -zbP-hm-N -h-hG
5 m-h- h+ -hh-Gh--z+ -ze -zh-z hm-- F-z G-dG-- z-zT-h-Po -hG- P -m-FG-zP-G- h--tP-hG
6 M-G-H- h+ -G -DG-G- f-h -GTG-fm-P-z-hG-b
; M-G-H- h+ -G -GP-P-mP-xG-fm-h- zh-uh-h-q-hP.
D G--H- P --G-zT-GP-fz -h-hG
7 u-zbP-z;-Ez-V- z-P-h+ -- zl-Vh-hq-m telegraph/gram - rkj hPcontinent - egk}hi post - Mkd e-z-n
-P- -WG-M
8 hm-W- hP. q-T- G w-m-T- G-h+ -G -Gm-m-G-z-O-P-zG-q-G -z;-Ez-V- z-hq-m ticket, signal, pension, police, bureau, res
taurant, deluxe e-z- n-P--WG-M
9 M-u - zl-Vh-P--zG-q-n-hz-m-G-- - G-O-zN-h-z+ h-mk H-O-GP-Z-hP-M-G-H- -m-Tm-H- - w--V-IG-V-z-hP-zem -b-ze -GPzh-h-q- O-dG-G-z-P-q-om-- hG-q--M
10 hG-G-hG-z-Tm--GbG-M-u - zl-Vh-P--zG-q-n-w-G D-m--M
11 xh-xh --H-f -h -hq-m xjafVr = guaranteed, Dykfldh = classical,
dksM+dkj = codifier G-h+ --P-I-hP-fm-q-m -q ez-zh-z-hP.

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zh-uh-V-z G-G-VP -z-zT---m-H -zl-Vh-- hG-D-e -WGM

12 zl-Vh-G-z- z+ -hG-h-G-G-V-z-G -zkh -hP-zk -G -G-hG-q Z-h- zk -M - G -G- V---S x - hz--dG- (-) z;h-m-dG-- z-wm-P
13 P--zG-q-G -G-q-n--O-zm-q-x -G-h-- dG-GP--T- MG-hG
14 X-- P--zh-uP--M- Gh-D-zP-P- Lens hP- Patent G--z+ ysal] isVsaV] isVs.V m-q- ysUl] isVsUV e-z- h- G

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--GZ-q
GUIDELINES FOR CREATING TECHNICAL TERMS

1. A term should have only one technical meaning, preferably - precision of

meaning.
2. A concept should have only one term to refer to it.
3. Related concepts should have related/similar terms
4. Similar concepts should have similar terms
5. A term should preferably have similar forms in related (major) languages especially Indian languages
6. A term should be flexible to develop further terms out of it
7. Terms have greater derivational potentialities should be preferred
8. Terms should be simple and enphonious - easy to understand and use.
9. A term should be transparent (self explanatory) to the extent possible
10. There should be consistency in terms of a given branch of knowledge
11. A term should be short ( precise) and incorporate the salient features of
meaning - long compounds should be avoided
12. Colloquial and regional language sources may be explored and given due
weight for coining terms
13. Classical sources may be exploited for coining terms
14. Existing words of the language must be tested
15. Before being finally accepted, a term should be tested with the issues
16. International terms may be borrowed with necessary modifications to suit
the phonalogical and morphological structure of the language.