A Project Report on

ADAPTIVE LIGHTING SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILES

As a Mini Project In Electronics & Communication Engineering ASHISH GUSAIN ASHISH RATURI DHRUV PANDEY ECE Departrment

GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY DEHRADUN-248001

Abstract
This is the ADAPTIVE LIGHTING SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILES ,

aiming at the need of no manual operation for switching ON and OFF headlight/downlight when there is vehicle coming from front at night. It detects itself whether there is light from front coming vehicle or not. When there is light from front coming vehicle it automatically switches to the downlight and when the vehicle passes it automatically switch back to head light. The sensitiveness of the Adaptive lightning system for Automobiles can be adjusted. In our project, we have used four L.E.D for indication of headlight / downlight but for high power lamp switching one can connect Relay (electromagnetic switch) at the output of pin1 of I.C LM358. Then it will be possible to turn ON/OFF high power headlight/downlight of the vehicle. The goal of our project is to design a Adaptive lightning system for automobiles that will provide us with the automatic switching of the of the headlight/downlight of the automobiles in the real time environment. The

adaptive lightning system is easy to design, portable and affordable. Thus it would be able to equip each and every automobile with the ability of automatic switching of the lights and be helpful for the drivers to drive with precission.

Chapter 1. Introduction
Principle:
This circuit uses a popular timer I.C LM 358. I.C LM358 is connected as comparator with pin-6 connected with positive rail, the output goes high(1) when the trigger pin 3 is at lower then voltage level at pin no 2. Conversely the output goes low (0) when it is above pin no 2 level. So small change in the voltage of pin-2 is enough to change the level of output (pin-1) from 1 to 0 and 0 to 1. The output has only two states high and low and can not remain in any intermediate stage. It is powered by a 12V power supply. The circuit is economic in power consumption. Pin 4 is ground and pin 8 is connected to the positive supply and pin 1 is grounded. To detect the present of an object we have used LDR and a source of light. LDR is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the light, which is falling on it. It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum. We have made a potential divider circuit with LDR and 10K variable resistance connected in series. We know that voltage is directly proportional to conductance so low voltage we will get from this divider when LDR is getting light and high voltage in darkness. This divided voltage is given to pin 2 of IC LM358. Variable resistance is so adjusted that it crosses potential of 1/2 in darkness and fall below 1/2 in light. Sensitiveness can be adjusted by this variable resistance. As soon as LDR gets light the voltage of pin 2 drops of the supply voltage and pin 3 gets high and LED or buzzer that is connected to the output gets activated.

Circuit Diagram

Components used
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Voltage Regulator 7812 12 V transformer Diode IN4007 LM358 Relay Switch General Purpose PCB LEDs Variable Resistance Resistor , capacitors etc

COMPONENTS
a) Power Supply: For 12v power supply we can use 12 v step down transformer, bridge rectifier, 12 v regulator. b) Switch: Any general-purpose switch can be used. Switch is used as circuit breaker. c) L.D.R: (Light Depending Resistance) it is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of light, which is falling on it. It has resistance of about 1mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum. d) L.E.D: A diode is a component that only allows electricity to flow one way. It can be thought as a sort of one way street for electrons. Because of this characteristic, dioded are used to transform or rectify AC voltage into a DC voltage. Diodes have two connections, an anode and a cathode. The cathode is the end on the schematic with the point of the triangle pointing towards a line. In other words, the triangle points toward that cathode. The anode is, of course, the opposite end. Current flows from the anode to the cathode. Light emitting diodes, or LEDs, differ from regular diodes in that when a voltage is applied, they emit light. This light can be red (most common), green, yellow, orange, blue (not very common), or infa red. LEDs are used as indicators, transmitters, etc. Most likely, a LED will never burn out like a regular lamp will and requires many times less current. Because LEDs act like regular diodes and will form a short if connected between + and -, a current limiting resistor is used to prevent that very thing. LEDs may or may not be drawn with the circle surrounding them. e) Variable resistance: (Potentiometer) Resistors are one of the most common electronic components. A resistor is a device that limits, or resists current. The current limiting ability or resistance is measured in ohms, represented by the Greek symbol Omega. Variable resistors (also called potentiometers or just "pots") are resistors that have a variable resistance. You adjust the resistance by turning a shaft. This shaft moves a wiper across the actual resistor element. By changing the amounts of resistor between the wiper connection and the connection (s) to the resistor element, you can change the resistance. You will often see the resistance of resistors written with K (kilohms) after the number

value. This means that there are that many thousands of ohms. For example, 1K is 1000 ohm, 2K is 2000 ohm, 3.3K is 3300 ohm, etc. You may also see the suffix M (mega ohms). This simply means million. Resistors are also rated by their power handling capability. This is the amount of heat the resistor can take before it is destroyed. The power capability is measured in W (watts). Common wattages for variable resistors are 1/8W, 1/4W, 1/2W and 1W. Anything of a higher wattage is referred to as a rheostat. f) P.C.B: (Printed Circuit Board) with the help of P.C.B it is easy to assemble circuit with neat and clean end products. P.C.B is made of bakelite with surface pasted with copper track-layout. For each components leg, hole is made. Connection pin is passed through the hole and is soldered.

Description Of Components:
POWER SUPPLY
Circuit diagram of power supply

12V DC supply can be given using AC source, Rectifiers ,filtering unit and then the voltage regulator 7812 is used in order to give the constant 12v DC Supply to our circuit.

Voltage Comparator LM 358

The LM358 series consists of two independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all the conventional op amp circuits, which now can be more easily implemented in single power supply systems. For example, the LM358 series can be directly operated off of the standard +5V power supply voltage, which is used in digital systems and will easily provide the required interface electronics without requiring the additional 15V power supplies. The LM358 and LM2904 are available in a chip sized pack-age (8-Bump micro SMD) using Nationals micro SMD pack-age technology. Unique Characteristics In the linear mode the input common-mode voltage range includes ground and the output voltage can also swing to ground, even though operated from only a single power supply voltage. The unity gain cross frequency is temperature compensated. The input bias current is also temperature compensated Advantages n Two internally compensated op amps n Eliminates need for dual supplies n Allows direct sensing near GND and VOUT also goes to GND n Compatible with all forms of logic n Power drain suitable for battery operation

Features n Available in 8-Bump micro SMD chip sized package, (See AN-1112) n Internally frequency compensated for unity gain

n Large dc voltage gain: 100 dB n Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz (temperature compensated) Wide power supply range: Single supply: 3V to 32V or dual supplies: 1.5V to 16V Very low supply current drain (500 A)essentially independent of supply voltage Low input offset voltage: 2 mV Input common-mode voltage range includes ground Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage Large output voltage swing

RELAY
The relay takes advantage of the fact that when electricity flows through a coil, it becomes an electromagnet. The electromagnetic coil attracts a steel plate, which is attached to a switch. So the switch's motion (ON and OFF) is controlled by the current flowing to the coil, or not, respectively. A very useful feature of a relay is that it can be used to electrically isolate different parts of a circuit. It will allow a low voltage circuit (e.g. 5VDC) to switch the power in a high voltage circuit (e.g. 100 VAC or more).

The relay operates mechanically, so it can not operate at high speed.

Fig. 2.24 Internal circuit of Relay

Fig. 2.25 Relays There are many kind of relays. You can select one according to your needs. The various things to consider when selecting a relay are its size, voltage and current capacity of the contact points, drive voltage, impedance, number of contacts, resistance of the contacts, etc. The resistance voltage of the contacts is the maximum voltage that can be conducted at the point of contact in the switch. When the maximum is exceeded, the contacts will spark and melt, sometimes fusing together. The relay will fail. The value is printed on the relay.

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

Fig. LEDs

Light emitting diodes must be choosen according to how they will be used, because there are various kinds. The diodes are available in several colors. The most common colors are red and green, but there are even blue ones. The device on the far right in the photograph combines a red LED and green LED in one package. The component lead in the middle is common to both LEDs. As for the remaing two leads, one side is for the green, the other for the red LED. When both are turned on simultaneously, it becomes orange. When an LED is new out of the package, the polarity of the device can be determined by looking at the leads. The longer lead is the Anode side , and the short one is the Cathode side. The polarity of an LED can also be determined using a resistance meter, or even a 1.5 V battery. When using a test meter to determine polarity, set the meter to a low resistance measurement range. Connect the probes of the meter to the LED. If the polarity is correct, the LED will glow. If the LED does not glow, switch the meter probes to the opposite leads on the LED. In either case, the side of the diode which is connected to the black meter probe when the LED glows, is the Anode side. Positive voltage flows out of the black probe when the meter is set to measure resistance.

It is possible to use an LED to obtain a fixed voltage. The voltage drop (forward voltage or VF) of an LED is comparatively stable at just about 2V.

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTORS

LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1000 000 ohms, but when they are illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically.

Fig. Light Dependent Resistor

DIFFERENT PRECAUTIONS
Components precaution:
a) LDR used should be sensitive. Before using in the circuit it should be tested with multimeter. b) I.C should not be heated much while soldering, too much heat can destroy the I.C. For safety and easy to replace, use of I.C base is suggested. While placing the I.C pin no 1 shouldbe made sure at right hole.

c) Opposite polarity of battery can destroy I.C so please check the polarity before switching ON the circuit. One should use diode in series with switch for safety since diode allows flowing current in one direction only. d) L.E.D glows in forward bias only so incorrect polarity of L.E.D will not glow. Output voltage of our project is 7.3 volt therefore 3 LED in series can be easily used without resistance. e) Each component should be soldered neat and clean. We should check for any dry soldered. f) LDR should be so adjusted that it should not get light from streetlight itself.

DURING SOLDERING:
The bit of soldering iron should be kept clean with the help of file at time to time. The solder wire should be of smaller thickness. We should not use extra solder because it may be a cause of short circuit in the conductive path. The components should not be overheated. The leads of the components should be clean before soldering, by the sand paper. The bit of a new soldering iron should be clean properly before soldering. The joint should be heated up to required temperature by which, the solder melts and comes around the joint. The joint should not be disturbed before setting the solder. The good joint looks pointed spot.

b.) DURING USING POWER SUPPLY:

Switches and fuses should be used in a project circuit. Earthing is essential in wiring. We should use insulated wires. Power supply should be switched off, when it is not required.

 If there is a fault in the circuit, then firstly we should repair it. After repairing it connect again the power supply.

c.) DURING TESTING OF PROJECT:

Each component should be checked before checking the project. Potentiometer should be adjusted at proper range. Battery of the testing equipment should be properly checked otherwise it will not measure the actual reading. The components, which are not doing function properly, should be changed as soon as possible; otherwise, other components may also be damaged by it. Testing equipment should be in proper range when output measured at any point of the circuit, or component. Otherwise testing equipment may be showed the wrong reading.