Phy BK Ans 4

4 El ect r i ci t y and Magnet i sm Chapt er 1 El ect r ost at i cs
New Senior Secondary Physics at Work 1 Oxford Universit y Press 2010

1 Electrostatics

Practice 1.1 (p. 18)
1 D
2 D
3 D
4 (a) False
(b) True
(c) True
(d) True
5 (a) By Coulombs Law,
F =
2
0
2 1
4 r
Q Q

=
2 12
8 8
05 . 0 10 85 . 8 4
10 2 10 5

= 3.60 10
3
N
(b) By Coulombs Law,
r =
F
Q Q
0
2 1
4

=
8 12
2 8
10 5 . 5 10 85 . 8 4
) 10 5 (

= 20.2 m
6 When rubbed, the plastic comb is charged by
friction. Suppose the comb carries a positive
charge. When the comb is put close to hairs, a
negative charge is induced on hairs, on the side
close to the comb; a positive charge is induced
on hairs, on the side away from the comb.
Since the negative induced charge on hairs is
closer to the comb, the attraction between hairs
and the comb is larger than the repulsion.
Therefore, the comb attracts hairs. The case is
similar when the comb is negatively charged.
7 This is because as soon as the charges appear
on the metal rod after rubbing, they are
conducted away to the earth via the human
body.
A metal rod can be charged by rubbing when it
is insulated from the human body and the
surroundings.
8 (a) The two spheres repel each other.
(b) Sphere B is earthed due to the metal thread.
A negative charge is induced on sphere B
on the side facing sphere A, sphere B is
attracted towards sphere A.
If the attractive force is strong enough, the
two spheres will touch each other. Both
spheres will be earthed and become neutral.
Then they will swing back to their original
positions.
9

(a) Consider the vertical direction.
T cos 10 = mg = 0.0210 = 0.2 N
T =
10 cos
2 . 0
= 0.203 N
(b) F
e
= T sin 10 = 0.203 sin 10 = 0.0353 N
(c) By F
e
=
2
0
4 r
Q Q
B A
,
Q
B
=
2
Q
F r
e 0
4

=
( )
8
2 12
10 5
0353 . 0 1 . 0 10 85 . 8 4

= 7.85 10
7
C
electrostatic force F
e
tension T
weight mg

A


1 D
2 C
3 (a) Electric field strength
=
2
13 0
3
2
12 0
2
4 4 r
Q
r
Q
+
=
2
0
8
2
0
8
) 1 . 0 2 . 0 ( 4
10 4
1 . 0 4
10 3
+

+

= 2.30 10
4
N C
1
(towards left)

(b) Electric field strength
=
2
13 0
3
2
12 0
2
4 4 r
Q
r
Q
+
=
2
0
8
2
0
8
2 . 0 4
10 4
1 . 0 4
10 3

= 3.60 10
4
N C
1
(towards left)
= 3.60 10
4
N C
1
(towards right)
(c)

Electric field strength E
1

=
2
3
2
2
E E +
=
2
2
13 0
3
2
2
12 0
2
4 4
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
r
Q
r
Q

=
2
2
0
8
2
2
0
8
9 . 0 4
10 4
3 . 0 4
10 3
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
|
|
.
|
\
|

= 3.03 10
3
N C
1
tan u =
2
3
E
E
=
2
2
3 . 0
3
9 . 0
4

u = 8.43


4 (a) E =
0
c
o
=
A
Q
0
c

=
2 12
8
05 . 0 10 85 . 8
10 4

= 1.81 10
6
N C
1
(b) The field strength will increase to four
times of its original value.
(c) The field strength remains unchanged.
5 (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

6 There will be an electric force acting on the
small positive charge along the direction of
electric field line. If the charge is replaced with
a small negative charge, the electric force acting
on it will be opposite to the direction of electric
field line.

1 C
2 C
Since V = Ex,
potential difference
= EAx
= 1.8 10
5
(0.04 0.02)
= 3600 V
The potential difference between the points at
x = 2 cm and x = 4 cm is 3600 V.
3 (a) By V =
r
Q
0
4
,
r =
V
Q
0
4
=
3
0
8
10 1 4
10 3

= 0.270 m
(b) Potential energy = q V
= 2 10
8
1 10
3
= 2 10
5
J
4 (a) Electric potential at X
=
3
r
Q
r
Q
r
Q
0
3
2 0
2
1 0
1
4 4 4
+ +
=
1 . 0 4
10 4
1 . 0 4
10 3
2 . 0 4
10 2
0
8
0
8
0
8

= 0
(b) Distance between Q
1
and X
=
2 2
9 . 0 3 . 0 + = 0.9487 m
Electric potential at X
=
3
r
Q
r
Q
r
Q
0
3
2 0
2
1 0
1
4 4 4
+ +
=
3 . 0 4
10 4
9 . 0 4
10 3
9487 . 0 4
10 2
0
8
0
8
0
8

= 710 V


5 Work done = potential energy difference
= Q
B
(V
X
V
B
)
= Q
B

|
|
.
|
\
|
B 0 X 0
4 4 r
Q
r
Q
A A

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
B X 0
1 1
4 r r
Q Q
B A

=
( )
|
.
|
\
|

5 . 0
1
2 . 0
1
4
10 5
0
2
8

= 6.74 10
5
J
6 (a) Potential difference between A and B
= V
A
V
B

=
B A
r
Q
r
Q
0 0
4 4

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
B A
r r
Q 1 1
4
0

= |
.
|
\
|

01 . 0
1
02 . 0
1
4
10 2
0
8

= 8.99 10
3
V
(b) Electric field strength between two plates
=
0
o
=
12
7
10 85 . 8
10 2 . 1
= 1.356 10
4
N C
1

Since V = Ex,
potential difference between A and B
= Er
AB
= 1.356 10
4
0.03
= 407 V
The potential difference between A and B
is 407 V.
(c) Potential difference between A and B
= V
A
V
B

=
|
|
.
|
\
|

06 . 0 4
10 8
02 . 0 4
10 3
0
8
0
8

|
|
.
|
\
|

02 . 0 4
10 8
02 . 0 4
10 3
0
8
0
8

= 2.40 10
4
V
The potential difference between A and B
is 2.40 10
4
V.
Revision exercise 1
Multiple-choice (p. 41)
1 B
2 B
3 C
4 A
5 C
6 C
7 D
8 B
9 C
10 D
As the potential at X is 0, P and Q must have
charge in different signs.
Let d be the distance PX.
Let q be the charge of Q.

( ) d
q
d
q

+
6 . 0 4 4
3
0 0
= 0
|
.
|
\
|
d d
q
6 . 0
1 3
4
0
= 0

d d
+
6 . 0
1 3
= 0
d = 0.45 m
= 45 cm
11 A
Electrostatic force acting on charge Q
= QE =
d
V
Q =
d
VQ

12 D
13 (HKCEE 2003 Paper II Q44)
14 (HKALE 2003 Paper II Q23)
17 C
When the charge is moved from P to Q, it is
moved along the equipotential line which is
perpendicular to the electric field lines.


Therefore, the change in PE from P to Q is
zero.
Change in PE when the charge is moved from
Q to R
= PE
R
PE
Q

= qEd
= 4 10
6
10 3
= 120 10
6
J
= 120 J
Total change in PE from P to R
= 0 + 120 = 120 J

Conventional (p. 43)
1 (a) Sphere A carries a negative charge. (1A)
Since like charges repel, the repulsion
between spheres A and B implies that
sphere A carries the same type of charge as
sphere B, i.e. a negative charge. (1A)
(b)

(Correct weight.) (1A)
(Correct tension.) (1A)
(Correct electrostatic force: repulsion.)
(1A)
(The forces should balance each other.)
(c) The net charge on sphere C can be either
positive or neutral. (1A)
The student is incorrect. (1A)
2 (a) A is negatively charged. (1A)
C is positively charged. (1A)
(b)

(Correct free-body diagram for A.) (1A)

(Correct free-body diagram for B.) (1A)

(Correct free-body diagram for C.) (1A)
(c) (i) If B is removed, A and C attract each
other. (1A)
(ii) If A and B are interchanged, B will
deflect to the right and (1A)
C will deflect to the left. (1A)
The deflection of A depends on its
distance from B and C. (1A)
3 (a) Charge is accumulated. (1A)
When the car runs on a road, its tyres and
body are charged by friction with the road
and the air respectively. (1A)
(b) When the driver steps on the ground with
his hand touching a car door, the car is
earthed through the drivers body. (1A)
force due to A
tension
weight
C
force due to B +
tension
weight
B
force due to C
force due to A
+
tension
weight
force due to C
force due to B A



Electrons flow through the driver from/to
the car to/from the earth (depending on the
type of charge of the car). (1A)
The flow of electrons through the driver
causes an electric shock. (1A)
(c) This can be prevented by earthing, e.g.
connecting the car and the earth with a
metal chain at the back of the car. (1A)
4 (a) & (c)

For (a):
(Correct axes and labels.) (1A)
(Straight line passing through the origin.)
(1A)
(Correct slope.) (1A)
For (c):
(Straight line passing through the origin.)
(1A)
(New slope = half the slope of line in (a).)
(1A)
(b) Potential difference between the two plates
= Ed
= (2.8 10
5
) 0.06
= 1.68 10
4
V (1A)
5 (a) Sum of energy
= KE + electric PE
= V q mv
1
2
2
1
+
=
r
q q
mv
0
2 1 2
4 2
1
+ (1M)
=
3 . 0 10 .85 8 4
10 3 10 2
1 10 1
2
1
12
8 8
2 3

+

= 5.18 10
4
J (1A)
(b) At the position P stops moving towards Q,
the KE of P is zero. By conservation of
energy, the electric PE of P is equal to
5.18 10
4
J. (1M)
Let d be the distance of P from Q at that
moment.

d
q q
0
2 1
4
= 5.18 10
4
(1M)
d =
4
0
2 1
10 18 . 5 4

q q

=
4 12
8 8
10 18 . 5 10 85 . 8 4
10 3 10 2

= 0.01042 m
~ 1.04 cm (1A)
(c) Magnitude of electrostatic force
=
2
0
2 1
4 d
q q
(1M)
=
d d
q q 1
4
0
2 1

= 5.18 10
4

01042 . 0
1

= 4.97 10
2
N (1A)
6 (a) When lightning hit the lightning rod, the
metal ball would hit bell A first. (1A)
When lightning hit the lightning rod, bell A
would be negatively charged. Positive
induced charges would appear on the
surface of the metal ball facing bell A,
while negative induced charges would
appear on the other side. (1A)


Since unlike charges attract and like
charges repel (1A)
and induced positive charges would be
closer to the bell A, the metal ball would be
attracted towards bell A and hit bell A first.
(1A)
(b) (i) Sparks are produced as charges jump
from bell A to the ball. (1A)
(ii)

(Correct shape of electric field lines.)
(1A)
(Correct direction of electric field
lines.) (1A)
7 (a) (i) Electron is transferred from one
material to the other. (1A)
(ii) When the charge built up is large
enough, sparks can be formed. (1A)
If sparks ignite petrol vapour,
explosion results. (1A)
Therefore, it is very dangerous.
(iii) A metal chain can be used to connect
the pipe and the earth to prevent the
build-up of charge. (1A)
(b) The granules gain the same type of charge
when they pass the funnel. (1A)
Since like charges repel, the granules repel
each other. Therefore, some of them are
pushed out sideways and miss the
container. (1A)
8 (HKALE 2002 Paper I Q3)
9 (a) (i) It must have units so that dimensions
on each side of any equation
involving c
0
balance. (1A)
(ii)

(Curve of correct shape.) (1A)
(Not touching either axis.) (1A)
(b) (i)

(Correct direction at X.) (1A)
(Correct direction at Y.) (1A)
(ii) Electric field strength at X
=
2
2 0
2
2
1 0
1
4 4 d
Q
d
Q
+ (1M)
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
2
2
2
1
1
0
4
1
d
Q
d
Q

=
(
(

+

2
6
2
6
0
075 . 0
10 15
025 . 0
10 15
4
1
(1M)
= 1.92 10
8
N C
1

The magnitude of the electric field
strength at X is 1.92 10
8
N C
1
.(1A)
A B

+
+
+
+



(c) (i)

(Correct polarity.) (1A)
(ii)

(Finite start point.) (1A)
(Upward curve, correct shape.) (1A)
10 (a) (i) & (ii)

For (i):
(Correct curve shape.) (1A)
(Asymptotic both axes.) (1A)
For (ii):
(Correct similar curve shape, always
above graph 1.) (1A)
(b) (i)

(Three arrows are all horizontal and
all from right to left.) (3 1A)
(ii) At Y. (1A)
(c) (i)

(Straight line through the origin.)(1A)
(ii)

(Correct polarity.) (1A)


(iii) Potential difference between the
plates
= Ed (1M)
= 7.0 10
3
0.012 (1M)
= 84 V (1A)

Physics in articles (p. 47)
1 (a) (i) When a positively-charged rod is put
near the electroscope, a negative
charge is induced on the metal plate.
(1A)
A positive charge is induced in the
metal support and the gold leaf so that
the positive charge is further from the
positively-charged rod. (1A)
Because of the repulsion between like
charges, the gold leaf will rise. (1A)
(ii) The gold leaf will drop. (1A)
(b) (i) The gold leaf will rise. (1A)
(ii) The gold leaf will drop. (1A)
2 (a) The droplets of spray with the same charge
repel each other. Therefore tiny droplets
will not accumulate as a large droplet of
spray. (1A)
The skin is originally neutral. Charge is
induced on the skin, which is opposite to
the charge of the droplets. (1A)
Droplets are attracted to the skin and stick
on it because of the induced charge. (1A)
(b) Only a little amount (about 20 millilitres)
of new spray is wasted in each spray.(1A)
(c) If the droplets and the skin have the same
charge, the droplets and the skin will repel
each other. (1A)
The droplets will not stick to the skin.
(1A)
4 El ect r i ci t y and Magnet i sm Chapt er 2 El ect r i c Ci r cui t


2 Electric Circuit

1 (a) The connection of the ammeter is not
proper. The ammeter is not connected in a
chain with the bulb and the battery.
(b) The connection of the ammeter is not
proper. The negative terminal of the
ammeter is wrongly connected to the
positive terminal of the battery, and the
positive terminal of the ammeter is
wrongly connected to the negative
terminal of the battery.
2 D
3 (a) The current is doubled.
(b) The current is halved.
4 Q = It = (1800 10
3
) 60 60 = 6480 C
6480 C of charge can be driven to flow
through the battery.
5 (a) The reading is 0.49 A. The full-scale
reading is 1 A.
(b) The reading is 67 mA. The full-scale
reading is 100 mA.
6 (a) & (b)

(c)

7 Current =
t
Q
=
60 60
720
= 0.2 A
8 Q = It = 20 10
3
0.1 = 2 10
3
C
2 10
3
C of charge passes through the cow.
Since 1 C of charge is equal to 6 10
18

electrons,
number of electrons passing through the cow
= 2 10
3
6 10
18
= 1.2 10
16

1 B
2 A
3 C
4 Potential difference =
Q
E
=
360
36
= 0.1 V
5 In 1 minute, by V =
Q
E
,
Q =
V
E
=
3
360
= 120 C
The amount of charge flows through the 3-V
battery in 1 minute is 120 C.
6 The sentence is not correct. It should be
corrected as: The e.m.f. of a cell is 2 V
means that 2 J of energy is provided to every
1 C of charge.


7 By V =
Q
E
,
Q =
V
E
=
8
9
10
10
= 10 C
Current =
t
Q
=
1 . 0
10
= 100 A
8 Q = It = 0.5 4 60 60 = 7200 C
E = QV = 7200 5 = 36 000 J
The amount of energy transferred to the
battery is 36 000 J.
9 In Fig c, since the cells are connected in series,
total voltage = 1.5 3 = 4.5 V
In Fig d, since the cells are connected in
parallel, total voltage = 1.5 V
Therefore, arrangement in Fig c gives a higher
total e.m.f.

1 A
2 A
3 C
4 By V = IR,
I =
R
V
=
20
5
= 0.25 A
The current through the resistor is 0.25 A.
5 R =
I
V
=
3
220
= 73.3 O
The overall resistance of the computer is
73.3 O.
6 V = IR = 0.35 17 = 5.95 V
The MP3 player requires 5.95 V to operate.
Therefore it needs 4
5 . 1
95 . 5
~ AA dry cells.
7 V = IR = 10 10
3
1 10
3
= 10 V
The voltage across the resistor is 10 V.
8 (a) The current is halved.
(b) The current is halved.
9 (a) & (b)

Ohms law is not applicable beyond the
point -.
This is because the voltage across the wire
is no longer directly proportional to the
current passing through it.
(c) (i) R =
I
V
=
2 . 0
1
= 5 O
The resistance of the wire is 5 O.
(ii) R =
I
V
=
0 . 1
6
= 6 O
The resistance of the wire is 6 O.
10 (a) The minimum voltage is 0.8 V.
(b) No, it does not obey Ohms law.
11 (a) =
l
RA
=
3
6
10 10
) 10 2 )( 5 (
= 0.001 O m
The resistivity of the wire is 0.001 O m.
(b) Since R l, we have
1
2
R
R
=
1
2
l
l
.
R
2
=
1
1
2
R
l
l
= 2 5 = 10 O
The new resistance is 10 O.

1 A


When the switch is open, current passes
through Y, so the equivalent resistance of the
two bulbs increases. Hence the current
through the circuit decreases.
2 C
By V = IR,
voltage across 3-O resistor V
3-O
= 0.5 3
= 1.5 V
voltage across 1-O resistor V
1-O
= 0.5 1
= 0.5 V
Voltage across 2-O resistor = 2 V
Current passing 2-O resistor =
R
V
=
2
2
= 1 A
Total current in the circuit = 1.5 A
Voltage across R = 6 2 = 4 V
R =
I
V
=
5 1
4
.
= 2.67 O
3 C
4 I
3
= I
8
=
1
6
= 6 A
I
4
= I
5
= I
6
= I
7
=
2
6
= 3 A
I
1
= I
2
= I
9
= I
10
= 6 + 3 = 9 A
5 (a)
1
1
1
1 1
+ =
R

R = 0.5 O
The equivalent resistance is 0.5 O.
(b)
R
1
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ +
R = 0.33 O
(c) R =
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ +
+ = 1.33 O
(d) R =
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
+
+
+ = 1.67 O
(e) R = 1
1
1
1
1
1
1 +
+
+ = 2.5 O
6 Since the bulbs are connected in series, the
current passing them is the same. Besides, by
V = IR, their voltage ratio is R
X
: R
Y
: R
Z
.
(a) (i) Current ratio = 1 : 1 : 1
(ii) Voltage ratio = 1 : 2 : 3
(b) (i) Current ratio = 1 : 1 : 1
(c) (i) Current ratio = 1 : 1 : 1
(ii) Voltage ratio = R
X
: R
Y
: R
Z
7 Since the bulbs are connected in parallel, the
voltage across them is the same. Besides,
by
R
V
I = , the ratio of the current passing them
is
Z Y X
R R R
1
:
1
:
1
.
(a) (i) Current ratio = 6 : 3 : 2
(b) (i) Current ratio = 4 : 3 : 1
(c) (i) Current ratio =
Z Y X
R R R
1
:
1
:
1

8 (a) Total resistance in the circuit
= 2 + 10 = 12 O
I =
R
V
=
12
6
= 0.5 A
Current of 0.5 A passes the 2-O light bulb.
(b) Since there is a short circuit,
total resistance in the circuit = 2 O
I =
R
V
=
2
6
= 3 A
Current of 3 A passes the 2-O light bulb.
9 (a) R = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 O
The equivalent resistance is 6 O.


(b)
2
1
6
1 1
+ =
R

R = 1.5 O
(c) R = 3 +
1
2 2 2
1
6
1

|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ + 3 = 9 O
The equivalent resistance is 9 O.
10 (a) Current flowing through 5-O resistor
= 0.6 A
Voltage across PQ
= voltage across 5-O resistor
= I
5-O
R
5-O
= 0.6 5 = 3 V
(b) Current flowing through 10-O resistor
=
- 10
R
V
PQ
=
10
3
= 0.3 A
The reading of ammeter A
2
is 0.3 A.
(c) Current flowing through 2-O resistor
= 0.6 + 0.3 = 0.9 A
Voltage across 2-O resistor
= I
2-O
R
2-O
= 0.9 2 = 1.8 V
Voltage of the battery
= V
PQ
+ V
2-O
= 3 + 1.8 = 4.8 V
11 (a) Equivalent resistance of the circuit
= 3 +
1
12
1
4
1

|
.
|
\
|
+ = 6 O
Current through 3-O resistor
= current drawn from the battery
=
R
V
=
6
6
= 1 A
I
3-O
R
3-O
= 1 3 = 3 V
Voltage across 4-O / 12-O resistor
= 6 3 = 3 V
=
O
O
4
4
R
V
=
4
3
= 0.75 A
=
O
O
12
12
R
V
=
12
3
= 0.25 A
(b) As shown in the calculation in (a), the
voltage across each resistor is 3 V.
(c) Equivalent resistance of 4-O and 12-O
resistors =
1
12
1
4
1

|
.
|
\
|
+ = 3 O
Voltage across all resistors are the
same.
= voltage across 3-O resistor
= 0.4 3 = 1.2 V
Reading of ammeter A
2
=
12
2 . 1
= 0.1 A
12 (a) (i) The reading of the voltmeter remains
unchanged.
(ii) The reading of the ammeter A
1

increases.
(iii) The reading of the ammeter A
2

remains unchanged.
(b) The voltage across PQ remains
unchanged.
13 (a) The statement is incorrect. The current
through all three bulbs connected in series
is the same.
(b) The statement is correct. The voltage
across each bulb connected in series is in
the same ratio as their resistance.
(c) The statement is incorrect. If the
equivalent resistance of three identical
bulbs connected in series is 3 O, the
resistance of each bulb is 1 O (1 + 1 + 1 =
3 O).
14 (a) The statement is incorrect. The voltage
across every bulb connected in parallel is
the same.


(b) The statement is correct. The current
through each bulb connected in parallel is
in the same ratio as the reciprocal of their
resistance.
(c) The statement is incorrect. If the
equivalent resistance of three identical
bulbs connected in parallel is 3 O, the
resistance of each bulb is 9 O:
O = |
.
|
\
|
+ +

3
9
1
9
1
9
1
1

1 D
As the ammeter which the resistance is zero is
connected to the two resistors in parallel, the
equivalent resistance across the two resistors
and the ammeter is zero. The total resistance in
the circuit is 1 O.
Therefore, the total current =
R
V
=
1
3
= 3 A
The reading of the ammeter is 3 A.
Reading of the voltmeter
= voltage across the 1-O resistor
= IR = 3 1 = 3 V
2 D
3 (a) No. They should be equal as they are in
series.
(b) Yes. V
0
is the total voltage across R and
the ammeter.
(c) No. As V
0
is greater than the voltage
across R, and I
0
is equal to the current
through R, the ratio
0
0
I
V
is greater than the
actual resistance of R.
(d) The arrangement is suitable for measuring
high resistance as the undesired effect of
the resistance of the ammeter is much
smaller.
4 (a) Voltage across the internal resistance
= 9 8.4 = 0.6 V
Internal resistance of the battery
=
2 . 3
6 . 0
= 0.188 O
(b) Voltage across R = 4.0 2.0 = 8.0 V
Voltage across the internal resistance
= 9 8.0 = 1.0 V
=
0 . 4
0 . 1
= 0.25 O
(c) Current through R
=
0 . 3
6 . 5
= 1.87 A
Voltage across the internal resistance
= 6 5.6 = 0.4 V
=
87 . 1
4 . 0
= 0.214 O
5 (a)
A B
3.998 10
4
A 2.394 10
3
A
Equal to Larger than
0% 500%
2 V 1.995 V
Larger than Equal to
0.04% 0%
5002 O 833 O
Larger than Smaller than
0.04% 500%
For circuit A:
(i) Measured current
=
2 5000
2
+
= 3.998 10
4
A
(ii) Measured current is exact since the
ammeter and resistor are connected
in series.
(iii) Percentage error of current = 0


(iv) Measured voltage
= e.m.f of the battery = 2 V
(v) The voltmeter measures the total
voltage across the ammeter and the
resistor, so the measured voltage is
larger than the true value.
(vi) Actual voltage
= 2
2 5000
5000
+

= 1.9992 V
Percentage error of voltage
= % 100
9992 . 1
9992 . 1 2
= 0.04%
(vii) Calculated resistance
= 5000 + 2 = 5002 O
(viii) The calculated value is larger than
the true value (5000 O).
(ix) Percentage error of resistance
=
5000
5000 5002
100% = 0.04%
For circuit B:
(i) Equivalent resistance of the circuit
= 2 +
1
5000
1
1000
1

|
.
|
\
|
+ = 835.3 O
Measured current
=
3 . 835
2
= 2.394 10
3
A
(ii) The ammeter measures the total
current through the resistor and the
voltmeter, so the measured current is
larger than the true value.
(iii) Measured voltage across the resistor
= |
.
|
\
|
3 . 835
3 . 833
2 = 1.995 V
Actual current across the resistor
=
5000
995 . 1
= 3.990 10
4
A
Percentage error of current
= % 100
10 990 . 3
10 990 . 3 10 394 . 2
4
4 3

= 500%
(iv) Measured voltage = 1.995 V (see part
(iii))
(v) The measured voltage across the
resistor is exact since the voltmeter is
connected in parallel with the
resistor.
(vi) Percentage error of voltage = 0
(vii) Calculated resistance
=
1
1000
1
5000
1

|
.
|
\
|
+ = 833 O
(viii)The calculated value is smaller than
the true value (5000 O).
(ix) Percentage error of resistance
= % 100
833
833 5000
= 500%
(b) By comparing the percentage error of the
resistance in circuit A and circuit B, it is
found that circuit A is a better way to
measure large resistance.

Revision exercise 2
1 B
2 C
3 B
4 C
5 B
6 C


1 (a) Resistivity is the strength of an ohmic
conductor to oppose the flow of electric
current at a certain temperature. (1A)
(b) Resistance of the copper wire
=
A
l
(1M)
=
2 3
8
) 10 2 . 0 (
15 . 0 10 7 . 1

= 0.0203 O (1A)
2 (a) (i) The resistance of the eureka wire
remains unchanged. (1A)
(ii) The resistance of the eureka wire
increases. (1A)
(b) The resistance increases and proportional
relation is not obeyed when the current
through the wire is high enough to heat up
the wire sufficiently. (1A)
3 (a) More charge passes the wire every second.
(1A)
By V = IR, when the voltage increases, the
current flowing through the wire, i.e. the
amount of charge passing through the wire
per unit time, increases. (1A)
(b) Less charge passes the wire every second.
(1A)
Since the resistance of the wire increases
with its length, (1A)
if the length of the wire increases, the
per unit time, decreases (V = IR).
(c) Less charge passes the wire every second.
(1A)
Since the resistance of the wire increases
with decreasing diameter, (1A)
if the diameter of the wire decreases, the
per unit time, decreases (V = IR).
4 (a) Resistor Y has a lower resistance. (1A)
(b) If X and Y are connected in series, the
equivalent resistance will be higher than
the resistance of X or that of Y alone. (1A)
The VI graph of the combined resistor
will lie in region K. (1A)
(c) If X and Y are connected in parallel, the
equivalent resistance will be lower than
the resistance of X or that of Y alone. (1A)
The VI graph of the combined resistor
will lie in region M. (1A)
5 (a)

(1A)

(b)

(1A)
(c)

(1A)
(d)

(1A)
6 (a) Equivalent resistance between AB
=
1
8
1
1 4 3
1

|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
(1M)
= 4 O (1A)


(b) Equivalent resistance of the whole resistor
network
= 5 + 4 + 16 (1M)
= 25 O (1A)
(c) Voltage across parallel branches is the
same.
Voltage across the 8-O resistor between
AB
=
network the of resistance equivalent
between resistance equivalent AB

e.m.f. of the battery (1M)
= 5 . 12
25
4

= 2 V (1A)
(d) I =
R
V
(1M)
=
8
2
= 0.25 A (1A)
The current passing through 8-O resistor
between AB is 0.25 A.
7 When S is open, current of 1 A passes the 4-O
resistor and R
2
. The voltage across R
2
is 8 V.
R
2
=
I
V
(1M)
=
1
8
= 8 O (1A)
When S is closed, total current drawn from the
battery is 1.5 A. The voltage across R
2
is 6 V.
Equivalent resistance of R
1
and R
2

=
I
V
=
5 1
6
.
= 4 O (1M)
Consider the equivalent resistance of R
1
and
R
2

1
2 1
1 1

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
R R
= 4 O

1
1
8
1 1

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
R
= 4 O
R
1
= 8 O (1A)
8 (a) If a metallic balloon is in touch with a live
cable and an earthed object, a short circuit
is formed. (1A)
The voltage at the power cable is very
high, so a very large current would flow
from the cable to the object through the
metallic balloon. (1A)
This overheats the cable and causes
electricity failure. (1A)
(b) Plastic is an insulating material. (1A)
The plastic shoes prevent current from
flowing through the electricians to the
earth even if they touch high-voltage
power cables accidentally. (1A)
9 (a) A bird standing on a power transmission
cable will not get an electric shock. (1A)
This is because the potential difference
between the points where the bird stands
is small. (1A)
By V = IR, the current passing the body of
the bird is very small and the bird will not
get an electric shock. (1A)
(b) When a kite is entangled with a
high-voltage power transmission cable,
the potential difference between the cable
and the earth, where the person stands, is
huge. (1A)
By V = IR, the current passing the body of
the person is very large and may kill that
person. (1A)
If the wire of the kite touches two power
transmission cables at the same time, it
can cause short-circuit and result in
disastrous effects. (1A)


10 (a)

(Correct connection of ammeter.) (1A)
(Correct connection of voltmeter.) (1A)
Measure the current I through the wire by
the ammeter, (1A)
when a known voltage V is applied across
the wire. (1A)
The resistance is calculated using the
formula R = V/I. (1A)
(b) The resistance of a wire of uniform
cross-sectional area and its length are in
direct proportion. (1A)
(c) (i) Wire P has higher resistance. (1A)
(ii) Wire Q is thicker. (1A)
For a wire, its resistance R
A
l
,
where l is its length and A is its
cross-sectional area. (1A)
Since Q always has a smaller
resistance than P of the same length,
Q is thicker. (1A)
11 (a) By R =
I
V
, (1M)
circuit (i): R =
3
10 24
12
= 500 O (1A)
circuit (ii): R =
3
10 12
12
= 1000 O (1A)
(b) Circuit (ii) gives a more accurate result.
(1A)
The voltage measured in circuit (i) is
correct but the current measured is
incorrect, since it measures the current
through both the resistor and the voltmeter.
(1A)
The resistance of the resistor and the
internal resistance of the voltmeter are
comparable, so the measured current is
much larger than the actual one, leading to
a low accuracy for the value of R. (1A)
The current measured in circuit (ii) is
correct but the voltage measured is
incorrect, since it measures the voltage
across both the resistor and the ammeter.
(1A)
The resistance of the resistor is much
larger than the internal resistance of the
ammeter, so the measured voltage is only
slightly larger than the actual one, leading
to a high accuracy for the value of R.(1A)
(c) Circuit (i) should be used. (1A)
This is because the resistance of the
unknown resistor is much smaller than
that of the voltmeter and only negligible
amount of current would pass the
voltmeter. (1A)
Then the readings of the ammeter in
circuit (i) would be close to the actual
current passing the unknown resistor.(1A)
If circuit (ii) is used instead, since the
resistance of the unknown resistor is
comparable to that of the ammeter, the
voltage across them would also be
comparable and the voltage measured
would be much larger than the actual
voltage across the unknown resistor. (1A)


12 (a) An ammeter is connected in series with a
circuit component. (1A)
The total resistance of the circuit is the
sum of the resistance of the ammeter and
the equivalent resistance of other circuit
components. (1A)
If the ammeter has high resistance, the
total resistance of the circuit will be
significantly increased and the current
flowing in the circuit will be significantly
reduced. (1A)
This greatly affects the circuit.
(b) A voltmeter is connected in parallel with a
circuit component. (1A)
The equivalent resistance of the
component and the voltmeter is smaller
than that of any of them alone. (1A)
If the voltmeter has low resistance, the
equivalent resistance will be much smaller
than the resistance of the circuit
component and the voltage across the
component will be significantly reduced.
(1A)
This greatly affects the circuit.
13 Let x be the number of bulbs; R
b
be the
resistance of each bulb.
The equivalent resistance of the circuit when
the bulbs are connected in series = xR
b
(1A)
The equivalent resistance of the circuit whenf
the bulbs are connected in parallel =
x
R
b
(1A)
By V = IR,
for the connection in series:
10 = 0.01 xR
b

R
b
=
x
1000
(1)
for the connection in parallel:
10 = 1
x
R
b

R
b
= 10x (2)
(1M)
Substituting (1) into (2), we have:

x
1000
= 10x
x = 10
The number of bulbs is 10. (1A)
14 (a)

(Correct connection of ammeter: + and
terminals.) (2A)
(Correct connection of voltmeter: + and
terminals.) (2A)
(Correct connection with 5 wires.) (1A)
(b) R =
I
V
, where R, V and I are resistance of
the resistor, voltmeter reading and
ammeter reading respectively. (1A)
(c) The resistance of an ammeter should be
very small while that of a voltmeter
should be very large. (1A)


(d) The experimental value will be lower than
the actual value. (1A)
If the resistance of X is comparable to that
of the voltmeter, the current measured by
the ammeter is much larger than the actual
current passing X as a large fraction of the
current measured passes the voltmeter.
(1A)
Besides, the voltage measured is equal to
the voltage across X. (1A)
By R =
I
V
, (1A)
the experimental value is lower than the
actual resistance of X.
(e)

(Correct connection of ammeter.) (1A)
(Correct connection of voltmeter.) (1A)
15 (a) (i) Since the lamps are connected in
series, the circuit will be broken if
one of the lamps breaks. (1A)
(ii) The light dims. (1A)
(iii) When more lamps are connected, the
total resistance of the circuit
increases and the voltage across each
lamp decreases. (1A)
This makes the lamps dimmer.
(b) (i) If a filament breaks, the current can
pass through the resistor connected in
parallel to the filament and the circuit
is still complete. (1A)
(ii) The other lamps will be much
dimmer. (1A)
Since the lamps are connected in
series and the resistance of R is much
larger than that of a filament, the
voltage across each filament is much
smaller than that across the resistor
of the broken lamp. Therefore, the
lamps will be very dim. (1A)
17 (HKCEE 2005 Paper I Q9)
18 (HKALE 2005 Paper II Essay Q3)

(a) He is incorrect. (1A)
Even if a piece of metal is not connected to a
battery, free electrons inside the metal move
rapidly. (1A)
Since free electrons collide with positive ions
inside the metal, they change their moving
directions and their overall displacement, not
distance travelled, is zero. (1A)
(b) They are opposite. (1A)
(c) When a current passes through a piece of
metal, electrons are accelerated by the electric
field and gain kinetic energy. (1A)
Then electrons transfer the kinetic energy
gained to ions in collisions. This increases the
internal energy of the metal and produces the
heating effect. (1A)
4 El ect r i ci t y and Magnet i sm Chapt er 3 Domest i c El ect r i ci t y


3 Domestic Electricity

1 C
W is a unit of power while the others are units
of energy.
2 B
1 unit refers to 1 kW h.
Cost = 9 . 0 5 . 3
1000
100
2 = $0.63
3 (a) By P =
R
V
2
,
R =
P
V
2
=
2000
220
2
= 24.2 O
The resistance of the heating element is
24.2 O.
(b) (i) P =
R
V
2
=
2 . 24
200
2
= 1650 W
(ii) I =
R
V
=
2 . 24
200
= 8.26 A
4 (a) P =
t
E
=
1
500
= 500 W
(b) By P = VI,
I =
V
P
=
240
500
= 2.08 A
(c) By P =
R
V
2
,
R =
P
V
2
=
500
240
2
= 115.2 O
5 Since the bulbs are connected in series, current
passing them is the same. And, by P = I
2
R,
their power ratio is R
X
: R
Y
: R
Z
.
(a) Power ratio = 1 : 2 : 3
(b) Power ratio = 3 : 4 : 12
(c) Power ratio = R
X
: R
Y
: R
Z

6 Since the bulbs are connected in parallel, the
voltage across them is the same. By
P =
R
V
2
, their power ratio is
Z Y X
R R R
1
:
1
:
1
.
(a) Power ratio = 6 : 3 : 2
(b) Power ratio = 4 : 3 : 1
(c) Power ratio =
Z Y X
R R R
1
:
1
:
1

7 By P = I
2
R,
power of 3-O resistor = 0.5
2
3 = 0.75 W
2
1 = 0.25 W
= total voltage across 3-O and 1-O resistors
= 0.5 (3 + 1) = 2 V
Voltage across R = 6 2 = 4 V
Current through R = 0.5 +
2
2
= 1.5 A
By P =
R
V
2
,
power of 2-O resistor =
2
2
2
= 2 W
By P = VI,
power of R = 1.5 4 = 6 W
8 When the switch is open, the two bulbs are in
series. Therefore the current passing through
the bulbs is the same.
By P = I
2
R, for the same I, a larger resistance
gives a larger power. Therefore, the 10-O light
bulb dissipates a larger power, and so it is
brighter.
9 From the calculations in Practice 2.4 Q10:
Current flowing through 10-O resistor = 0.3 A

By P = I
2
R,
power dissipated by 10-O resistor = 0.3
2
10
= 0.9 W
2
5
= 1.8 W
2
2
= 1.62 W
The 5-O resistor dissipates the most power.
10 From the calculations in Practice 2.4 Q11,
current passing 3-O, 4-O and 12-O resistors
are 1 A, 0.75 A and 0.25 A respectively.
By P = I
2
R,
power of 3-O resistor = 1
2
3 = 3 W
2
4 = 2.25 W
2
12 = 0.75 W
11 By P =
R
V
2
,
resistance of hairdryer X =
800
110
2
= 15.1 O
resistance of hairdryer Y =
1200
110
2
= 10.1 O
When connected in series to 220-V mains,
current drawn =
1 . 10 1 . 15
220
+
= 8.73 A
power of hairdryer X
= I
2
R = 8.73
2
15.1 = 1150 W
power of hairdryer Y
= I
2
R = 8.73
2
10.1 = 770 W
Therefore, they will not work at their rated
values when they are connected in series to a
220-V mains supply.
12 By P =
R
V
2
, the power P dissipated is halved
if the resistance R is doubled.
13 Let R
bulb
be the resistance of one bulb, and V
be the voltage of the battery.
When the bulbs are in series, the equivalent
resistance is 2R
bulb
.
By P =
R
V
2
,
10 =
bulb
2
2R
V

bulb
2
R
V
= 20
When they are in parallel, the equivalent
resistance =
2
bulb
R
.
New power =
R
V
2

=
2
bulb
2
R
V

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
bulb
2
2
R
V

= 2 20
= 40 W
14 (a) Let R
X
be the resistance of X,
R
Y
be the resistance of Y,
and V be the voltage of the battery.
When the resistors are in series,
voltage across Y = V
R R
R
Y X
Y
+

power of Y =
Y
Y X
Y
R
V
R R
R
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

=
( )
2
2
Y X
Y
R R
R V
+

If resistance of X is doubled, the power of
Y becomes
( )
2
2
2
Y X
Y
R R
R V
+
.
Therefore the power dissipated by Y will
be smaller.

(b) When the resistors are in parallel,
voltage across Y = voltage across X = V
Power of Y =
Y
R
V
2

If resistance of X is doubled, the power
dissipated by Y remains unchanged.

1 B
2 B
If the 10-A fuse can properly protect a rice
cooker, the current passing the rice cooker
should be slightly smaller than 10 A.
By P = VI,
I < 10
P = VI = 220I < 2200 W
The power of the rice cooker is slightly less
than 2200 W and the closest value is 2000 W.
3 A
4

5 By P = VI,
I
1
=
V
P
=
220
1200
= 5.45 A
In a ring main, current flows by two paths.
I
2
=
2
1
I
=
2
45 . 5
= 2.73 A
6 (a) (i) I =
R
V
=
1000 500
220
= 4.4 10
4
A
(ii) I =
R
V
=
1000 1 . 0
220
= 2.2 A
(b) Do not touch any electrical appliances
with wet hands.
7 This is because water vapour in the bathroom
may short-circuit the mains socket and people
will get an electric shock when they touch the
socket.
8 By P = VI,
current passing the cooker
=
V
P
=
220
500
= 2.27 A
Since the current limit of the fuse for the
cooker should be slightly higher than the
current flowing in the cooker, a 3-A fuse
should be used.
9 The fuse is a short length of thin wire which
overheats and melts when too much current
flows through it. If an appliance overloads, the
fuse blows and breaks the circuit before the
cable overheats and causes a fire.
10 The socket is still live when the bulb is taken
away. One will get an electric shock if he/she
touches the metal part of the socket.
Correct wiring:

11 (a)


(b) In a ring main circuit, the current in a
cable is half of the total current of the
circuit. Therefore, thinner and cheaper
cables can be used. Also, all sockets in the
circuit are connected in parallel, so that
appliances connected to the socket can
operate at 220 V and work independently.
12 (a)

(b) The hairdryer has an insulating plastic
case. Even if a fault develops, the case is
safe to touch since a current does not flow
in it.
13 (a) If the live wire touches the metal case of
the appliance, a large current flows to the
earth and blows the fuse in the live wire.
The neutral wire is earthed. If it touches
the metal case of the appliance, you would
not get an electric shock in case that you
accidentally touch the metal case.
(b) The earth wire connects the metal case of
an electrical appliance to the earth. If a
fault develops and the metal body of the
appliance becomes live, a large current
flows to the earth and blows the fuse in the
live wire. This breaks the circuit and
prevents people from getting an electric
shock.
Revision exercise 3
1 D
2 B
3 D
4 A
By P =
R
V
2
,
resistance of each bulb
=
P
V
2
=
12
6
2
= 3 O = resistance of the resistor R
Equivalent resistance of the circuit
= ( ) ( ) | |
1
1 1
3 3 3 3

+ + + = 3 O
Total power dissipated by the circuit
=
R
V
2
=
3
6
2
= 12 W
5 A
6 D
The current passing an appliance can be found
by I =
V
P
.
Microwave oven: I =
V
P
=
220
980
= 4.45 A
< 15 A
Washer-dryer: I =
V
P
=
220
1600
= 7.27 A < 15 A
Lamp: I =
V
P
=
220
100 4
= 1.82 A < 15 A
None of them would overload the circuit.
7 D
8 D
9 A
Connection in A:
Equivalent resistance
= ( )
1
1 1 1
100 100 100

+ + = 33.3 O
Connection in B:
=100 + ( )
1
1 1
100 100

+ = 150 O

Connection in C:
= 100 + 100 + 100 = 300 O
Connection in D:
= 50 + 50 + 50 = 150 O
Connection A has the lowest resistance. By P
=
R
V
2
, A should give the largest power and
boil water fastest.

1 By P = VI, (1M)
Current through bulb X =
V
P
=
9
27
= 3 A (1A)
Current through bulb Y
= current in the main circuit
current through bulb X
= 5 3 = 2 A (1A)
Power dissipated by bulb Y
= VI = 9 2 = 18 W (1A)
2 (a)
Appliance
Power
rating /
kW
Time
switched
on / h
Energy
consumed /
kW h
Air conditioner 1.5 1.0 1.5
Plasma TV 0.3 1.0 0.3
Kettle 2.0 0.1 0.2
Water heater 3.5 0.2 0.7
Lights 0.5 1.0 0.5
(4 0.5A)
(b) Air conditioner has cost the most. (1A)
(c) Energy consumed between 7 pm and 8 pm
= 1.5 + 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.7 + 0.5
= 3.2 kW h (1A)
New meter reading at 8pm
= 14 212 + 3.2
= 14 215.2 kW h (1A)
3 (a)

(Complete circuit.) (1A)
(Correct connection of the two-way
switches.) (1A)
(Correct labels.) (1A)
(b) Apply P =
R
V
2
. (1M)
For the bulb rated at 240 V, 500 W:
R =
P
V
2
=
500
240
2
= 115.2 O (1A)
For the bulb rated at 120 V, 75 W:
R =
P
V
2
=
75
120
2
= 192 O (1A)
The filament in the bulb rated at 240 V,
500 W has a lower resistance than that in
the bulb rated at 120 V, 75 W. (1A)
4 (a) By I =
V
P
, (1M)
current through the kettle I
1

=
220
2000
= 9.09 A,
current through the iron I
2

=
220
1000
= 4.55 A,
current through the TV set I
3

=
220
150
= 0.682 A (1A)
Total current = I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
= 14.3 A < 15 A
(1A)

Therefore, it is safe to operate these
appliances at the same time from the
socket. (1A)
(b) The circuit breaker cuts off the current if it
exceeds a certain value. (1A)
This prevents the circuit from overheating,
which may result in a fire. (1A)
5 (a) Average energy consumption per month
=
12
1106
(1M)
= 92.2 kW h
= 92.2 3.6 10
6
J
= 3.32 10
8
J (1A)
(b) Bills for using the air conditioner
= 0.9 92.2 (1M)
= $83.0 (1A)
(c) RC-XC98J is the most efficient. (1A)
6 (a) By P =
R
V
2
, (1M)
resistance of the coils
=
P
V
2
=
1800
220
2
= 26.9 O (1A)
(b) By P = VI,
current through the wire
=
V
P
=
220
1800
= 8.18 A (1A)
Since the correct fuse has a fuse value
slightly larger than the normal current,
(1A)
it is suitable to use a 10-A fuse. (1A)
7 (a) Since the bulbs are connected in series,
there is no alternative pathway for the
charge to flow through when the circuit is
open at that broken bulb. (1A)
(b) As the new bulb has a lower resistance
than the original one, the equivalent
resistance in the circuit decreases. (1A)
By I =
R
V
, a larger current flows in the
circuit. (1A)
By P = I
2
R, the power of each working
bulb increases with the current, and is
larger than that it should be. (1A)
8 Energy required to boil away the water
= 0.5 4200 (100 20) + 0.5 2.26 10
6
(1M)
= 1 298 000 J (1M)
Time required =
P
E
=
2000
000 298 1
= 649 s (1A)
Cost =
1000 60 60
000 298 1
9 . 0

= $0.3245 (1A)
9 (a) (i) The circuit is called ring main. (1A)
This circuit is so called because each
of the live, the neutral and the earth
wires in this circuit branches into two
paths (1A)
and forms a large ring which loops
around the room. (1A)
(ii) Live: brown (1A)
Neutral: blue (1A)
Earth: yellow/green (1A)
(iii) The circuit breaker should be
connected to the live wire. (1A)
This ensures that no part of the
hairdryer and cable is live when the
circuit breaker breaks the circuit.
(1A)

(b) The earth pin is longer than other pins.
(1A)
It is designed to open shutters on the live
and the neutral holes on the socket (1A)
and to ensure that the earth wire is
connected before the live wire. (1A)
(c) Method 1:
Change the metal case to a plastic case.
(1A)
Plastic is an insulator. Even if the live wire
touches the case and the cable has no earth
wire installed, users will not get an electric
shock. (1A)
Method 2:
Change the two-pin plug to a three-pin
plug and, in the cable of the hairdryer, add
an earth wire connecting the case of the
hairdryer to the earth. (1A)
When the earth wire is used, even if the
live wire touches the case, current will
flow to the earth through the earth wire.
This prevents users from getting an
electric shock. (1A)
(d) Total energy consumed by the hairdryer
= Pt (1M)
= 1
60
15
30 = 7.5 kW h (1M)
Cost = 7.5 0.9 = $6.75 (1A)
13 (a) (i) All the bulbs light up. (1A)
(ii) Two-way switching. (1A)
(iii) To switch on from one place in the
home, move switch 1 to B. (1A)
Then move switch 2 to C to switch
off from a different place. (1A)
(b) (i) L stands for live. (1A)
N stands for neutral. (1A)
(ii) & (iv)

(Fuse F on the live side.) (1A)
(Switch S on the live side.) (1A)
(iii) If the fuse blows, the appliance is not
live to touch. (1A)
(v) When switch is at the off position,
the element is not live. (1A)
(vi)

(New element in parallel with the
original one.) (1A)
(Switch allowing independent
operation.) (1A)
(vii) Left: d.c. (1A)
Middle: d.c. (1A)
Right: a.c. (1A)

14 (a) D (1A)
(b) (i) Total resistance
=
1
8
1
4
1
4
1

|
.
|
\
|
+ + (1M)
= 1.6 O (1A)
(ii) By V = IR, (1M)
I =
R
V
=
6 . 1
12
= 7.5 A (1A)
(c) Brighter lamps mean that the power
dissipated by each lamp is larger. (1A)
By P =
R
V
2
, the resistance of each lamp is
smaller, so the resistance of the circuit is
smaller. (1A)

(a) The resistance R of the cable is inversely
proportional to its cross-sectional area A and
directly proportional to its length l, i.e.
A
l
R . (1A)
If the resistance R of the cables is larger, the
voltage drop across the wire is larger and the
power output is smaller. (1A)
(b) Copper cables are used because the resistance
of copper is very small (1A)
and copper cables are cheap. (1A)
(c) This is because gold is not easily oxidized and
oxidized wire has a poor contact with other
metal parts. (1A)
4 El ect r i ci t y and Magnet i sm Chapt er 4 El ect r omagnet i sm


4 Electromagnetism

1 C
2 C
3 B
4

5 (a) This statement is correct.
(b) This statement is incorrect. P is a north
pole while R is a south pole.
(c) This statement is correct.
6

7 (a) It could be a bar magnet or an iron bar
such that it could be magnetized.
(b) Flip one of the magnets so that two like
poles are facing the object. If the object
keeps aligned with the magnets, it is an
iron bar; otherwise, it is a bar magnet.
(Or other reasonable answers.)
8

9

10 (a)

(b)

(c)

weight
N

S
attractive force
normal reaction
by the balance


(d)

11 (a) X is the south pole and Y is the north pole.
(b) The compass needle points to the left.

1 A
2 D
3

4

5

6

7 (a)

(b)

(c)



8 (a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

S S

9 (a) The magnetic field increases.
(b) The magnetic field increases.
(c) The magnetic field increases.
(d) The magnetic field remains unchanged.
10 B =
l
NI
0
=
2
7
10 5 . 1
10 10 10 4

= 8.38 10
3
T
11 (a) By B =
r
I
2
0
,
I =
0
2
rB
=
7
6
10 4
10 5 0.02 2

= 0.5 A
(b) Since B I, if the current flow is doubled,
the magnitude of the magnetic field is also
doubled, i.e. 10 T.
12 At point P, the magnetic field produced by one
of the wires is cancelled by that of the other
one. Therefore, there is no magnetic field at
point P.
Similarly, there is no magnetic field at point S.
The magnetic field produced by each wire at Q
has the same direction (pointing into paper)
and magnitude.
Magnetic field at Q
= 2
2
0
r
I
=
r
I
(pointing into paper)

The magnetic field produced by each wire at R
has the same direction (pointing out of paper)
and magnitude.
Magnetic field at R
= 2
2
0
r
I
=
r
I
(pointing out of paper)

13

Let I be the current in coil Y.
B-field produced by X = B-field produced by Y

04 . 0 2
0 . 2 20
0

=
06 . 0 2
25
0
I

I = 2.4 A
The current in coil Y is 2.4 A.
14 (a) Component A should be made of soft-iron.
(b) X is a south pole and Y is a north pole.
(c) If component A is made of flexible
material, it may deform because of the
attraction between its two ends X and Y,
which are unlike poles.
15 The current flows from B to A.
N S
N
N
N S
S N
N
S


1 D
The magnetic field produced by Y at O is
parallel to the current in X. Therefore, the
magnetic force acting on X at O is zero.
2 A
3 C
4 A
5 B
6 (a)

(b) By Newtons third law, the magnetic force
acting on the magnet by the wire is equal
in magnitude but opposite in direction to
the force acting on the wire. Therefore, the
magnetic force is acting downwards.
F = BIl = 0.4 3 0.05 = 0.06 N
Mass of the magnet
= reading extra mass induced by the
magnetic force
= 120
10
06 . 0
1000 = 114 g
(c) (i) The direction of magnetic force
reverses (downwards) and the
magnitude of the magnetic force is
unchanged.
(ii) The direction of magnetic force
reverses (downwards) and the
magnitude of the magnetic force is
unchanged.
(iii) Both the direction and the magnitude
of the magnetic force are unchanged.
7 The ampere is a constant current, which,
flowing in two infinitely long thin straight
parallel wires, placed 1 m apart in a vacuum,
would produce a force between them of
2 10
7
newton per metre of the wire.
8 (a)

F = BIl = 1.5 15 0.2 = 4.5 N
(b)

F = BIl = 1.5 15 0.2 = 4.5 N
(c)

The direction of the magnetic field is
parallel to the direction of current, so there
is no magnetic force.


(d)

F = BIl = 1.5 15 0.2 = 4.5 N
(e)

F = BIl sin u
= 1.5 15 0.2 sin 45
= 3.18 N
(f)

F = BIl sin u
= 1.5 15 0.2 sin 45
= 3.18 N
9 (a) By F =
r
l I I
2
2 1 0
,
magnitude of magnetic force by P
=
1 2
1 2 2
0
2
0

magnitude of magnetic force by Q
=
2 2
1 2 2
0
2
0

magnitude of magnetic force by R
=
1 2
1 2 2
0
2
0

magnitude of magnetic force by T
=
2
2
2
1 2 2
0
2 2
0

Resultant force F ' by P and R
=
2
2
0
2 2
0

Magnitude of the resultant force
= F ' + force by Q + force by T
=
2 2
0
2
0
2 2
0
2 5
0
10 4 2 5
7

= 2.83 10
6
N
The direction of the resultant force is as
follow:

(b) The resultant force acting on T is zero.
10 (a)



(b) (i)

The perpendicular distance of the
magnetic forces from the rotating
axis is the greatest, so the forces
provide the largest moment.
(ii)

The perpendicular distance of the
magnetic forces from the rotating
axis is zero, so the forces provide
zero moment.
(c) Any three of the following:
Increase the current flowing in the coil.
Increase the number of turns in the coil.
Increase the area of the coil (within the
magnetic field).
Wind the coil on a soft-iron core.
Use a stronger magnet.
11 Yes, the magnetic force does work on the rider.
This is because the rider moves along the
direction of force.
12 (a) Since a full ring is connected to the carbon
brushes, the coil is short-circuited and the
motor does not work.
(b) Change the full ring to a commutator (with
split rings).
13 An electromagnet can run on alternating
current. As the current flows backwards and
forwards through the coil, the magnetic field
also changes direction to match it. Therefore
the motor carries on rotating in the same
direction.
14 A practical motor has several coils set at
different angles on a soft-iron core called
armature, each with their own commutator. A
simple motor has coils on one plane with one
commutator only.
A practical motor uses curved magnets so that
the coils can stay longer at right angles to the
magnetic field. A simple motor uses flat
magnets.
Some practical motors use electromagnetic
while simple motor uses permanent magnets.
15 (a) On increasing the current, by P = I
2
R, the
power loss by the resistance of the coil
increases and the heat generated may
damage the wiring of the motor.
(b) If the number of turns in the coil increases,
the mass of the coil increases and this may
reduce the turning effect.
(Or since the resistance of the coil
increases with the number of turns, the
current flowing through the coil decreases
and this may reduce the turning effect on
the coil.)
(c) On increasing the area of the coil inside
the magnetic field, more wire could be
used and this could increase the mass of
the coil and reduce the turning effect on
the coil.


(Or since the resistance of the coil
increases with the area of the coil, the
current flowing through the coil decreases
and this may reduce the turning effect on
the coil.)

1 B
2 D
3 The free electrons moving in random speeds
collide with the positive ions and change
directions so that their displacements are
greatly reduced. Therefore, the magnitude of
the drift velocity is much smaller.
4 (a)

F = BQv
(b)

F = BQv sin 30
= BQv
2
1

(c) There is no magnetic force acting on the
charge.
(d) There is no magnetic force acting on the
charge.
5 By V
H
=
nQt
BI
,
B =
I
nQtV
H

=
3
6 19 26
10 105
) 10 4 . 6 )( 001 . 0 )( 10 6 . 1 )( 10 4 . 2 (

= 2.34 T
6 (a) The force acting on the electron points
downwards.
F = BQv
= 2 10
3
(1.6 10
19
) 8.0 10
6

= 2.56 10
15
N
The magnitude of the force is
2.56 10
15
N.
(b) The centripetal force is provided by the
magnetic force acting on the electron.

r
mv
2
= BQv
r =
BQ
mv

=
19 3
6 31
10 6 . 1 10 2
10 0 . 8 10 1 . 9

= 0.022 75 m
(Only the magnitude of Q is considered)
(c)

(d) Time =
speed
distance

=
v
r 2
2
1

=
6
10 0 . 8
75 0.022

= 8.93 10
9
s


Revision exercise 4
1 B
2 D
3 D
4 D
5 D
6 A
7 D
8 D

1 (a) By V = IR,
I =
R
V
=
4
9
= 2.25 A (1M)
By I = nAvQ, (1M)
v =
nAQ
I

=
) 10 6 . 1 ( 10 0 . 1 10 0 . 1
25 . 2
19 6 28

= 1.41 10
3
m s
1
(1A)
The average drift velocity of conduction
electrons is 1.41 10
3
m s
1
(opposite to
the direction of current).
(b) Hall voltage V
H

=
nQt
BI
(1M)
=
3 19 28
10 0 . 1 10 6 . 1 10 0 . 1
25 . 2 8 . 0

= 1.125 10
6
V (1A)
2

The balance reading decreases. (1A)
Consider the coils P and Q of the spring in the
above figure. The current flows in the same
direction along these coils.
The magnetic field acting on Y due to the
current flowing along Q is towards the right.
(1A)
By Flemings left-hand rule, there is a force
pulling P towards Q. (1A)
Similarly, there is a force pulling Q towards P.
(1A)
If a large current flows along the spring, the
attractive force would pull the coils upwards.
(1A)
Therefore, the spring is less stretched and the
reading decreases.
3 (a) When a current flows through the coil, the
coil attracts the soft-iron block and the coil
moves to the right. (1A)
The larger the current through the coil, the
more the coil moves. (1A)
The pointer attached on the coil can show
the size of the current after calibration.
(1A)


(b) (i) The ammeter does not work anymore.
(1A)
This is because the copper block is
not attracted by a current-carrying
coil. (1A)
(ii) The ammeter does not work well /
The ammeter does not work anymore.
(1A)
The steel block cannot be
demagnetized easily. This makes the
ammeter inaccurate. (1A)
(c) Increase the number of turns of the coil.
(1A)
Insert a soft-iron core inside the coil. (1A)
(Accept other reasonable answers.)
(d) Replace the soft-iron block with a magnet.
(1A)
One of the poles of the magnet should
point to the left and the other to the right.
(1A)
When the current through the coil flows in
one direction, the coil is attracted to the
right; when the current reverses, the coil is
attracted to the left. (1A)
4 (a) Use a metal strip with constant thickness t
and a constant density of charge carriers n.
(1A)
Then provides a steady current I to pass
through it. (1A)
Measure the Hall voltage V
H
. (1A)
From V
H
=
nQt
BI
, the magnetic field B can
be calculated. (1A)
(b) Provides a steady current I to pass through
the conductor in magnetic field B. (1A)
Measure the thickness t of the conductor
and the Hall voltage V
H
. (1A)
From V
H
=
nQt
BI
, the charge carrier density
n can be calculated. (1A)
5 (a) (i) Since the electromagnet is connected
a battery, a constant current always
flows through the coil of the
electromagnet. (1A)
Therefore, the magnitude of the
attractive force between the
electromagnet and the iron at the
door is always the same and the door
is always locked. (1A)
(ii)

Add a resistor in series with the
battery. And the resistance of R
2
<<
R
1
<< R
3
< the coil of electromagnet.
(1A)
When the switch is not pressed, the
contact is open and current flows
through R
1
, R
3
and the electromagnet.
The attraction between the
electromagnet and the iron at the
door keeps the door closed. (1A)


When the switch is pressed, the
contact is closed and the equivalent
resistance of R
2
, R
3
and
electromagnet is much smaller than
that of R
1
. The voltage across R
3
and
electromagnet becomes much smaller.
Therefore, little current flows
through the electromagnet. The
attraction is much reduced and the
door can be opened. (1A)
(b) Any one of the following: (1A)
Increase the number of turns of the coil of
the electromagnet.
Use more cells.
This is because the above method can
increase the magnetic field of the
electromagnet. A stronger attractive force
results. (1A)
6 (a) The rod moves towards A. (1A)
(b) The rod moves towards B. (1A)
(c) The rod moves towards A. (1A)
(d) The rod moves towards A, but the motion
is slower. (1A)
(e) The rod moves towards A, but the motion
is faster. (1A)
7 (a) Core: iron core (1A)
Wire: thick wire of 0.4 m long (1A)
Cell: 9 V (1A)
(b)

(Solenoid wound on a core and connected
to a cell.) (1A)
(c) The magnetic field of a solenoid increases
with the current in the solenoid. To obtain
the largest current, by V = IR, the voltage
of the cell should be the largest and the
resistance of the wire should be the
smallest. (1A)
Therefore, a 9-V cell should be used.
Since the resistance of the wire decreases
with increasing diameter, and a 0.4-m wire
can form a solenoid of more turns, (1A)
a thick wire of 0.4 m long should be used.
An iron core is used because iron can
enhance the magnetic field of a solenoid
and its magnetism can be switched on and
off easily. (1A)
8 (a) By B =
r
I
2
0
, we have AB
1
=
r
I
2
1 0
A
.(1M)
r =
1
1 0
2 B
I
A
A

=
7
7
10 0 . 5 2
1 . 0 10 4

(1M)
= 0.04 m (1A)
(b) I
2
has the same direction as I
1
. (1A)
(c) Since the magnetic field at point P is zero,
the magnetic field produced by I
1
at P is
equal in magnitude to the magnetic field
produced by I
2
at P, but in opposite
direction, (1M)
i.e. B =
1
1 0
2 r
I
=
2
2 0
2 r
I
(1M)

2
1
I
I
=
2
1
r
r
=
r
r
2 . 0
=
04 . 0 2 . 0
04 . 0
=
4
1
(1A)
9 (a) When the coil is vertical, the ends of the
coil do not touch the wires connecting the
battery. (1A)
Therefore, no current flows along the coil
and the coil does not rotate. (1A)


To set the coil to rotate, give a push to the
coil. (1A)
(b)

As shown in the above figure, R and T are
carbon brushes while S and U form a
commutator. At the moment shown, S
touches R and U touches T. S and U are
moving in clockwise direction. (1A)
When the coil is vertical, the carbon
brushes do not touch the commutator and
the coil continues to move due to its
inertia. (1A)
Then U touches R and S touches T, as
shown in the following figure. The current
flowing in the coil changes direction. By
Fleming's left-hand rule, the coil continues
to rotate in clockwise direction. (1A)

Therefore the motor can rotate
continuously with commutator and
brushes.
(c) Any one of the following: (1A)
A practical motor has coils consisting of a
large number of turns.
The coils of a practical motor are wound
on a soft-iron core.
Practical motor has coil sets at different
directions.
The poles of the magnet of a practical
motor are curved.
(d) Replace the permanent magnet with an
electromagnet. (1A)
In addition, the current flowing in the
electromagnet and the coil should come
from the same source. (1A)
This is because when the current changes
direction, the poles of the electromagnet
and the direction of the current in the coil
reverse at the same time. The coil can then
rotate smoothly. (1A)
10 (a) The coil initially rotates in a clockwise
direction. (1A)
It rotates to and fro the vertical position
and finally stops in the vertical position.
(1A)
(b) Force acts on a current-carrying wire in a
magnetic field. (1A)
The coil turns and shoots through the
vertical position by inertia. (1A)
The turning force reverses direction when
turning through the vertical position. (1A)
The coil rotates to and fro and finally stops
in the vertical position where the turning
force is zero. (1A)
(c) (i) The coil rotates in clockwise
direction. (1A)
(ii) The coil rotates in anticlockwise
direction. (1A)


(iii) The coil rotates in clockwise
direction. (1A)
(d) He can add a commutator and a pair of
carbon brushes to make the rotation
continuous. (1A)
11 (a) When the switch is closed, a current flows
through the circuit. (1A)
The electromagnet becomes magnetized
and pulls the hammer across to hit the
gong. (1A)
The circuit is thus open and no current
flows through the electromagnet. Its
magnetic force disappears and the hammer
springs back to the original position. (1A)
The process is repeated while the switch is
pressed. (1A)
(b) The statement is incorrect. (1A)
The frequency of the sound produced
depends on the properties of the gong and
the hammer, not the frequency of the
power supply. (1A)
12 (a) There is no work done by the magnetic
force acting on the electron. (1A)
By Flemings left-hand rule, the magnetic
force is always perpendicular to the
velocity of electron (which is opposite to
the direction of I), and so would not do
work on the electron. (1A)
(b) There is no change in kinetic energy.(1A)
(c) The electron undergoes circular motion.
(1A)
Constant magnetic force acting on the
electron in the magnetic field and the force
is always perpendicular to its moving
direction. (1A)
It provides the centripetal force for the
electron. (1A)

(a) Powerful electromagnets are devices that can
generate a large magnetic field from a current.
(1A)
(b) For a normal coil, voltage has to be applied
across the coil to produce a magnetic field and
this consumes energy. (1A)
Since a current can continue to flow inside a
superconductor without applying voltage,
energy can be saved if superconducting wire is
used in an electromagnet. (1A)
(c) Superconductivity of metals appears only at an
extremely low temperature and practical
electromagnets are usually used in places
where such a low temperature is hard to
maintain. (1A)
4 El ect r i ci t y and Magnet i sm Chapt er 5 El ect r omagnet i c I nduct i on

5 Electromagnetic Induction

1 A
2 D
3 (a)

(b) (i) The induced current will increase.
(ii) The direction of the induced current
will reverse.
(iii) The induced current will beome zero.
4 (a) There is e.m.f. induced across AB. This is
because the metal rod cuts through
magnetic field lines.
Magnitude of induced e.m.f. c
= |Bvl| = 1.8 0.03 0.1 = 5.4 10
3
V
However, no current is induced because the
circuit is not complete.
(b) (i) The current will flow through around
the loop ACDB.
The direction can be determined by
Flemings right-hand rule.
(ii) Power dissipated by the bulb
=
R
2

=
( )
2
10 4 . 5
2
3

= 1.458 10
5
W
(iii) Yes. The current induced generates an
opposite magnetic force against the
motion of the metal rod.
I =
R
=
2
10 5.4
3
= 2.7 10
3
A
F = BIl
= 1.8 2.7 10
3
0.1
= 4.86 10
4
N
(iv) The brightness of the bulb can be
increased by moving the metal rod
faster and by increasing the magnetic
field.
5 (a) At t = 0,
u = BA = 1.2 0.05
2
= 3 10
3
Wb
At t = 5 s,
u = BA = 2.4 0.05
2
= 6 10
3
Wb
(b) Induced e.m.f. in the coil
=
t A
Au

=
0 5
10 3 10 6
3 3

= 6 10
4
V
The induced e.m.f. in the coil is 6 10
4
V.
(c) I =
R

=
5 . 0
10 6
4

= 1.2 10
3
A (anticlockwise)

1 C
2 C
3 D
4 D
5 (a) When a piece of metal moves in a magnetic
field, or when it is placed in a changing
magnetic field, an induced e.m.f. will be
produced. This will give rise to induced
current circulating within the body of the
metal. This induced current is called eddy
current.


(b) An induction cooker uses coils of wire with
high frequency a.c. to set up a fast
changing magnetic field. The changing
magnetic field then induces large currents
in the metal cooking pot placed above. The
pot gets hot due to the heating effect of the
current and cooks the food.
6 (a) A bicycle dynamo has a simpler structure,
as carbon brushes and slip rings are not
required. Besides, current does not have to
flow through moving contacts.
(b) This is because some of the kinetic energy
required to drive the bicycle is converted
into electrical energy by the dynamo.
7 (a)

(b)

(c)

Revision exercise 5
1 A
2 D
3 B
4 D
5 D
6 A

1 (a)

(Correct shape and direction of the field
lines.) (1A)
(Correct separation between field lines.)
(1A)
(b) If an a.c. flows along the wire, the direction
of the magnetic field changes alternatively
(1A)
while the shape of the field lines remains
the same. (1A)
(c) Since the coil intercepts a changing
magnetic field produced by the wire
connected to an a.c. power supply, (1A)
a current is induced in the coil by Lenzs
law and (1A)
the light bulb gives out light. (1A)
(d) Any one of the following: (1A)
To determine whether current is a.c. or d.c.
To compare the size of the a.c. flowing in
different wires.


2 (a) When the bar magnet spins, the magnetic
field surrounding the magnet changes
alternatively. (1A)
By Lenzs law, current is induced in the
coil to oppose the motion of the magnet
and the light bulb gives out light. (1A)
(b)

(Correct labelled axes.) (1A)
(Correct curve showing alternating positive
and negative voltage.) (1A)
(Correct positions of the magnet, the poles
can be interchanged.) (1A)
(c) Any two of the following: (2 1A)
Use a solenoid with more turns.
Use thicker wire for the solenoid.
Spin the magnet at a faster speed.
(d) I do not agree. (1A)
When the magnet spins, a current is
induced in the solenoid to oppose the
motion of the magnet, i.e. a force acts on
the magnet by the solenoid. (1A)
Therefore, Newtons first law is not valid
in this case and the magnet will slow down
and stop. (1A)
(Or
I do not agree. (1A)
By the conservation of energy, the elastic
potential energy of elastic threads changes
into the kinetic energy of the spinning
magnet, and in turn the kinetic energy of
the magnet is converted into the light
energy of the light bulb. (1A)
The magnet will stop spinning when all
elastic potential energy of the elastic thread
is converted into light energy. (1A))
3 (a) The coil rotates in clockwise direction.
(1A)
(b)

(Correct curve showing alternating positive
and negative voltage.) (1A)
(Correct horizontal and vertical positions
of the coil.) (2A)
(c) Any two of the following: (2 1A)
Increase the area of the coil in the magnetic
field.
Wind the coil on a soft-iron core.
Rotate the coil at a higher speed.


current / A
time / s
4 (a) The magnet is momentarily at rest at 0,
0.02 s, 0.04 s, 0.06 s, etc. (1A)
(b) Any two of the following: (2 1A)
Move the magnet with a larger amplitude.
Use a solenoid with more turns.
Use a thicker wire for the solenoid.
(c) As the magnet oscillates, an e.m.f. is
induced across the solenoid. (1A)
When a wire is connected across the
solenoid, the induced e.m.f. drives a
current in the circuit. (1A)
The induced current produces an effect that
opposes the motion of the magnet. (1A)
The magnet experiences a force and stops
quickly. (1A)
(d) I do not agree. (1A)
The solenoid still experiences a varying
magnetic field. (1A)
Therefore, voltage is still induced across
the solenoid.
5 (a) The force on the electron is Bev. (1A)
(b) As the rod moves, the electrons in the rod
are carried along and experience a
magnetic force perpendicular to the
magnetic field and to the direction of
motion of the rod. (1A)
By Flemings left-hand rule, the magnetic
force pushes the electrons towards the end
X and the electrons accumulate there.(1A)
(c) Since the electric force balances the
magnetic force, we have:
Ee = Bev (1M)
E = Bv
The electric field is given by
l
V
, so:

l
V
= Bv V = Bvl (1A)
(Note that the p.d. due to the accumulation
of electrons is opposite to the induced
e.m.f., see Example 5 on p.225.)
6 (a) When the coil rotates, it cuts the magnetic
field lines at different angles. (1A)
Therefore, different sizes of current are
induced in the coil.
(b) Every time the coil passes through the
vertical, the commutator reverses the
connections of the coil with the outside
circuit. (1A)
Therefore, the current in the outside circuit
always flows in the same direction. (1A)
(c) (i)

(Correct shape and current in one
direction.) (1A)
(Period equal to 0.5 s.) (1A)
(ii) The waveform repeats twice every
second. (1M)
Therefore the frequency of the current
in the coil is 2 Hz. (1A)
(d) (i) The period is unchanged. (1A)
The magnitude increases. (1A)
(ii) The period decreases. (1A)
The magnitude increases. (1A)
7 (a) c
0
= 2tf magnetic flux linkage
= 2tf NBA (1M)
B =
fNA 2

0

=
4
10 5000 50 2
6 . 0

(1M)
= 3.82 10
3
T (1A)


(b) By c
0
= 2tf NBA,
sensitivity =
B
0

= 2tfNA (1M)
= 2t 50 5000 10
4

= 157 V T
1
(1A)
8 (a) When he speaks in front of the microphone,
the sound waves set the diaphragm into
vibration. (1A)
The coil will then be set into vibration by
the diaphragm (1A)
inside a magnetic field. (1A)
The vibration will induce a current in the
coil (1A)
which carries the sound signal. The signal
is then amplified and played through a
loudspeaker.
(b) Any two of the following: (2 1A)
Increase the area of the coil in the magnetic
field.
Use a diaphragm of a smaller mass.
(c) When there is a current which carries
sound signal in the coil inside the magnetic
field, (1A)
the coil vibrates as it experiences magnetic
force. (1A)
This sets the (paper cone) diaphragm into
vibration. This compresses and expands the
surrounding air, and produces a
longitudinal sound wave. (1A)
9 (a)

(Correct maximum/minimum points.)(1A)
(Correct zero points.) (1A)
(Correct shape.) (1A)
(b)

(Correct shape.) (1A)

(a) There is a current induced in the coil. (1A)
This phenomenon is related to Lenzs law /
Faradays law of electromagnetic induction.
(1A)


(b) The student is wrong. (1A)
Increasing the number of turns in the coil
increases only the magnitude of the induced
e.m.f. (1A)
but not the frequency. (1A)
(c) There will be no signal produced. (1A)
4 El ect r i ci t y and Magnet i sm Chapt er 6 Tr ansmi ssi on of El ect r i ci t y

6 Transmission of Electricity

1 D
2 D
A square wave can have constant magnitude.
3 (a) This is an a.c.
Let T be the period.
Required steady current
=
2
I =
T
T T 5 . 0 2 5 . 0 2
2 2
+
= 2 A
Alternative solution: Since the value of I
2

is always the same (= 2
2
), the required
steady current =
2
2 = 2A.
(b) This is an a.c.
=
2
0
I
=
2
4
= 2.83 A
(c) This is a d.c.
Let T be the period.
=
2
I =
T
T T 5 . 0 2 5 . 0 4
2 2
+
= 3.16 A
4 Billy is wrong. The rated value means that the
light bulb is working at an r.m.s. voltage of 220
V to give an average power of 60 W.
5 (a) The current shown in Figure a is an a.c.
while the current shown in Figure b is a
d.c.
(b) Since the average power dissipated is the
same for both currents, by P = I
rms
2
R, the
r.m.s. value of the currents are the same.
Let I
0
' be the peak value of the sinusoidal
current.
For the square current,
I
rms
=
2
I =
T
T 5 . 0 5
2
= 5 . 12
For the sinusoidal current,
I
rms
=
2
0
'
I

Therefore,

2
0
'
I
= 5 . 12
I
0
' = 5 A
The peak value of the sinusoidal current is
5 A.
(c) (i) For sinusoidal current:

For square current:

(ii) No. For the case of sinusoidal current,
the current through the resistor
becomes zero in some periods of time,
and so the average power dissipated
decreases. Therefore, the average
power dissipated is now smaller than
that in the case of square current.

1 C


2 D
3 A
4 B
5 C
6 (a) I =
V
P
=
250
1000 50
= 200 A
Power lost in the cable
= I
2
R = 200
2
0.15 = 6000 W
(b) Voltage across cables
= IR = 200 0.15 = 30 V
Supply voltage at the hospital
= 250 30 = 220 V
Therefore, 220 V a.c. equipment rated can
be used properly.
7 I =
V
P
=
220
1000
= 4.545 A
Voltage across cables
= IR = 4.545 5 = 22.7 V
Voltage available for the appliance
= 220 22.7 = 197 V
8 (a) By R =
A
l
,
length of the copper cable
=
RA
=
9
6
10 8 . 16
10 3 5 . 0

= 89.3 m
(b) Voltage across cables
= IR = 12 0.5 = 6 V
Supply voltage to house = 220 6 = 214 V
(c) Power supplied from the power pole
= VI = 220 12 = 2640 W
(d) Power loss in cables
= I
2
R = 12
2
0.5 = 72 W
Power loss percentage
= % 100
2640
72
= 2.73%
9 (a) Steam is needed in power station to drive
the steam turbine which in turn drives the
alternator in the power station.
(b) This is because power station needs a huge
amount of water for cooling down steam in
the condenser.
(c) The power loss in transmission cable will
be reduced if voltage is stepped up before
transmission.
(d) This is because a.c. can be stepped up and
stepped down easily for transmission.
10 (a) Turns ratio =
s
p
N
N
=
s
p
V
V
=
10
220
= 22 : 1
(b) Power taken by the bulb
= VI = 10 0.5 = 5 W
(c) The efficiency of the transformer is 100%,
i.e. no power loss. Hence,
power taken from the mains
= power taken by the bulb = 5 W
(d) Current drawn from the mains
=
V
P
=
220
5
= 0.0227 A
11 At the transmission cable,
voltage = V
2
, power = 0.9P
By P = VI,
current flowing through the cable =
2
9 0
V
P .

By P = I
2
R,
power loss in the cable =
2
2
9 . 0
|
|
.
|
\
|
V
P
R
=
2
2
2
81 . 0
V
R P

12 By P =
R
V
2
,
resistance of each bulb =
2
6
2
=18 O
(a) By conservation of energy,
12I
p
=
2 18
12
2
+
18
6
2

I
p
= 0.5 A


(b) By conservation of energy,
12I
p
=
18
6
2
3
I
p
= 0.5 A
(c) By conservation of energy,
12I
p
=
18
6
2
2 +
18
6
2

I
p
= 0.5 A
13 (a) V
p
= 1 5 = 5 V
V
s
= 3.5 5 = 17.5 V
Voltage ratio =
s
p
V
V
=
5 . 17
5
= 0.286 : 1
(b) By
s
p
N
N
=
s
p
V
V
,
N
s
= N
p

p
s
V
V
= 100
5
5 . 17
= 350
The number of turns in the secondary coil
is 350.
(c) When one of the C-cores is removed, just a
small fraction of the magnetic field lines
coming out of the primary coil would cut
through the secondary coil. This reduces
the induced voltage across the secondary
coil.
Therefore, the voltage ratio,
s
p
V
V
, would be
much larger than the turns ratio,
s
p
N
N
.

Revision exercise 6
1 B
2 A
3 B
1
Switch S
is open
Switch S is closed
case (i) case(ii)
Power of bulb X P P 4P
Voltmeter reading V V V
Ammeter reading I 2I 2I
(6 1A)
2 (a) By P = VI, (1M)
current passing through the bulb
=
V
P
=
12
24
= 2 A (1A)
(b) By P = VI,
current in the cables
=
V
P
=
20 12
24
= 0.1 A (1M)
Power loss in the cables
= I
2
R = 0.1
2
10 = 0.1 W (1A)
(c) By P = VI, (1M)
current in the 12-V a.c. supply
=
V
P

=
12
1 . 0 24 +
= 2.01 A (1A)
3 (a) (i) By P = VI, (1M)
current in the cables
=
V
P
=
220
000 220
= 1000 A (1A)
(ii) Power lost in the cables
= I
2
R (1M)
= 1000
2
0.1
= 100 000 W = 100 kW (1A)
(iii) By P = VI,
voltage available at the village
=
I
P

=
1000
000 100 000 220

= 120 V (1A)


(Or
By V = IR,
voltage available at the village
= 220 IR
= 220 1000 0.1
= 120 V (1A))
(b) (i) A step-down transformer (1A)
with turns ratio 300 : 1 (1A)
should be connected to the
transmission cable.

(Correct circuit diagram.) (1A)
(ii) I =
V
P
=
000 66
000 220
= 3.33 A (1M)
Power loss in cables
= I
2
R (1M)
= 3.33
2
0.1
= 1.11 W (1A)
The power loss in cables is much
reduced, so power should be
transmitted at 66 kV. (1A)
(c) Any one of the following: (1A)
Shorten the length of transmission cables.
Reduce the resistance of cables.
(a) An alternating current varies periodically with
time in direction (1A)
while a direct current always travels in one
direction, (1A)
as shown in the following figures.

(Correct example of a.c.) (1A)
(Correct example of d.c.) (1A)
(b) Transformers can step up/down voltages.(1A)
(c) The power loss in transmission can be reduced
if electricity is transmitted at a high voltage.
(1A)
The voltage of a.c. can be stepped up and down
easily by transformers while the voltage of d.c.
cannot. (1A)
Since the power loss in d.c. transmission is
large, a lot of generating units are needed along
the path of transmission. (1A)

Phy BK Ans 4

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4 El ect r i ci t y and Magnet i sm Chapt er 1 El ect r ost at i cs

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work 1 Oxford Universit y Press 2010

4 El ect r i ci t y and Magnet i sm Chapt er 1 El ect r ost at i cs

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