2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters http://www.scribd.com/doc/84318765/Biological-Filters-Are-an-Important-Part-of-the-Biosphere http://www.scribd.com/doc/56828623/; Biological filters are an important part of the biosphere: http://b23.ru/nl78; http://sites.google.

com/site/ostroumovsa/ostroumov-sa-biological-filters-are-an-important-part-of-thebiosphere--science-in-russia-2009--2-p-30-36; The reference to the publication: Ostroumov S.A. Biological filters are an important part of the biosphere // Science in Russia. 2009. No. 2, p. 30-36. English abstract with the site of the full text of the English edition of the journal with this paper that reviews the multi-year research of aquatic organisms that are filter-feeders by Dr. Sergei Ostroumov in U.K., Russia, Ukraine, and other countries. ** Ostroumov S.A. Biological filters are an important part of the biosphere // Science in Russia. 2009. No. 2. P. 30-36. [The journal 'Science in Russia' is published by The Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences, both in English and in Russian; Nauka Publishers, Moscow; ISSN 0869-7078. www.ras.ru, Russian Academy of Sciences Presidium; Editor-in-Chief: Professor Academician Rem Petrov; among the members of the Editorial Board: President of the Russian Academy of Sciences; ex-President of the Academy; ex-President of Moscow State University; Vice-Presidents of the Academy.] BIOLOGICAL FILTERS ARE AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE BIOSPHERE S.A. Ostroumov Abstract: Studies of ecology of living organisms lead to a more profound understanding of the intricate processes of the Earths biosphere functioning. The mankind is still far from establishing harmonious relations with it. However, permanently progressing destruction of natural complexes by the technogenic civilization necessitates some new revolutionary approaches to their preservation. That is why it is so important to study the relationships and interactions between living organisms. One of the most important roles in this orchestra is played by numerous invertebrates which filter the water and improve water quality. To what degree chemical pollutants modify and endanger their capacity to do this vital ecosystems service? KEY WORDS: filter-feeders, suspension feeders, bivalves, Mercenaria mercenaria, synthetic surfactants, substances that inhibit the filtration activity, mussels, Mytilus edulis, Peter Donkin, grant proposal, European Environmental Research Organization, algae, Isochrysis galbana, mussels Mytilus edulis , anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, cationic surfactant, TDTMA, turbidostat; culture, rotifers, Brachionus calyciflorus , feeding on algae, Nannochloropsis limnetica, ecotoxicological, hydrobiological, management considerations, water quality, biosphere, global change, V.I.Vernadsky, pelagic, benthic, systems, ecosystem's biomachinery, water quality, self-purification, aquatic, systems, suspended matter, faeces, pseudofaeces, nutrient cycling, water column, benthic habitats, Suspension-feeders, natural, remediation, negative, anthropogenic, impacts, new, effects, pollutants, filtration rates, Solyaris, Tarkovsky, Stanislav Lem, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Black Sea, Crimea, Sevastopol, Santa Fe, ASLO, SIL, Berlin, Plymouth 1

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters Marine Laboratory, Coulter counter, zebra mussels, Dreissena, heavy metals, carbon biogeochemistry, phytoremediation, combating pollution, synecology, theoretical, ecology, biology, sustainable development, stability, regulation, limnology, biological oceanography, environmental safety, mariculture, oysters, how much water do the mollusks that inhabit 1 m2 of the bottom area filter during one day (24 h)?, ecological chemoregulators, ecological chemomediators, toxins, pheromones, antifeedants, decreasing, trophic activity, animals, phytoecdisones, carbon transfer, atmospheric CO2 , dissolved CO2 , photosynthesis, ecotechnologies, reducing, hazards, chemical pollution, University of Georgia, US Environment Protection Agency, phytotechnology, polluted water, macrophytes, higher plants http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsa/ostroumov-sa-biological-filters-are-an-important-part-of-thebiosphere--science-in-russia-2009--2-p-30-36 see also: http://scipeople.ru/users/2943391/ The text of the paper: Let us recollect the well-known film Solyaris by the Russian film director Andrei Tarkovsky (19321986), based on a novel of the same name by Stanislav Lem, a Polish writer (1921-2006). One of the main participants in the dramatic events at the orbital station is a mysterious thinking ocean, covering the surface of a distant planet. The entire life on this planet is represented by this unique huge creature. The book and film are so convincing that make one believe in the existence of a huge all-embracing living organism, desolate because of its uniqueness. The involuntary question suddenly arises: is not there some unknown basic similarity between our planets biosphere and its breaking into numerous creatures and the hypothetical Solyaris? And this question seems no longer naive, when one learns how numerous and close the relationships between various organisms on the Earth are.

Stanislav Lem Andrei Tarkovsky PLYMOUTH: MUSSELS In the 1990s I wrote a series of letters to foreign scientists, forming new scientific contacts. Among those who responded was Dr. Peter Donkin from the Marine Biological Laboratory in the city of Plymouth in the south of England, who suggested preparing a joint research project.

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters

Fig. Bivalve mollusk, mussels with Latin name Mytilus edulis Together with his colleagues they had mastered a method for measuring the filtration activity of marine mollusks, mussels Mytilus edulis, bivalve mollusks, prevalent in the moderate waters of Northern and Southern hemispheres, by using the Coulters counter. This device evaluates the concentration of unicellular algae in water, which depends on the filtration capacity of mollusks placed at the bottom of experimental vessels. By that time I accumulated certain experience in biotesting chemicals, especially synthetic surfactants. They include a vast class of organic compounds (synthetic detergents, etc.) that reduce the surface tension of water, which stimulates its washing characteristics. Their molecules, when reacting with cells, choose biological membranes for targets. Getting into aqueous medium, part of these substances undergo biological and chemical degradation, but some of them, highly stable, pass through standard biological water treatment devices. By the way, synthetic surfactants are produced all over the world in enormous volumes: up to 1 mln metric tons annually only in Russia. I have tested these substances many times with bacteria, algae, higher plants, leeches, and the larvae of the bivalve Mercenaria mercenaria. All of them reacted to surfactants, and all reacted negatively. From these results I hypothesized that these substances will inhibit the filtration activity of the marine mollusks, mussels Mytilus edulis. This hypothesis was used by me and Peter Donkin when we wrote a grant proposal in order to verify this hypothesis working together. The project won a grant from the European Environmental Research Organization , and in 1995 the work was in full swing. Yellowish one-cell algae Isochrysis galbana were grown in huge glass balls; these algae were then added into the beakers with the mussels Mytilus edulis (Peter and I brought the druses of mussels into the laboratory after removing them from sea rocks). Reduction of the cell concentration with time provided information about the water filtration rate. The rate of the process was impressive. For example, one small mussel just several centimeters in size filters at least 2 l of water within 1 hour. According to the estimates of some authors, mollusks that inhabit 1 m2 of the bottom area, pass through themselves (and clean!) from 1 to 10 m3 water during 24 h. It is clear that they are among the most active participants in some of important processes in the biosphere. And there are reasons to respect these organisms and agree with the Russian poet Afanasy Fet (1820-1892), who admired them, writing Decorated shells are gleaming In the play of wonderful colors. Experiments confirmed our hypothesis that had predicted the capacity of synthetic surfactants to inhibit (suppress) the filtering activity of bivalve mollusks. 3

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters SEVASTOPOL: MUSSELS AND OYSTERS A new idea was to verify the same hypothesis on another species of marine mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, which inhabits the Black Sea. The possibility to experiment on these organisms at the Institute of Biology of Southern Seas was granted to me by colleagues from Sevastopol: Georgi Shulman, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Galina Finenko and Alexander Soldatov, Drs. Sc. (Biol.). Another species of algae, Monochrysis lutheri was used in the tests, and the concentrations of their cells were evaluated by a spectrophotometer. Similarly as in the experiments carried out in the United Kingdom, we observed some inhibition of the filtration activity of the mussels under the effect of surfactants. In addition, I verified the effects on the mollusks of several mixed preparations (synthetic detergents), which include synthetic surfactants as part of their formula. They all suppressed the filtration activity of the Black Sea mussels and also of the Crassostrea gigas oysters.

Bivalve mollusk, oyster It is noteworthy that both species are important as objects of mariculture (cultivation of organisms in sea water). Mariculture is rapidly developing all over the world and it is important to know what types of environmental pollution are particularly dangerous to cultivated organisms. In 1999-2006 these studies were carried out due to fruitful collaboration with Sevastopol scientists. FROM BERLIN TO SANTA FE: ROTIFERS Professor Norbert Walz from the Institute of Freshwater Ecology in Berlin, where I was invited to in 1998 to read a lecture, told me about a method for cultivation of Brachionus calyciflorus rotifers (representatives of zoological plankton, another group of invertebrate filter-feeders) under conditions of a turbidistat (this device maintains a stable level of the concentration of one-cell algae placed there).

A microscopic aquatic organism, Rotifer with Latin name Brachionus calyciflorus

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters Due to this, the food (green algae) consumption by rotifers is rather precisely registered. By that time together with my colleague from the Moscow State University, Nataliya Kartashova, Cand. Sc. (Biol.), we worked at the Biological Faculty of the University with another species of rotifers (Brachionus angularis). Surfactant concentration at the level of 0.5 mg/l exerted a negative, though not clear-cut, effect on them: reduced the consumption of the Chlorella sp. algae by the rotifers . Bearing this in mind, I suggested to Professor N. Walz to carry out a new experiment on rotifers in the turbidistat. Our joint studies were to verify whether the hypothesis on the probable suppression of the filter activity by cationic* surfactants could be extrapolated to rotifers, in addition to mollusks. In 2000 due to a grant for research from the Open Society Foundation, I carried out an experiment at the Walz laboratory. Brachionus calyciflorus rotifers were cultivated in the turbidistat with a suspension of unicellular algae. When eating, the rotifers removed from water the unicellular algae (1.5-6 m in size) Nannochloropsis limnetica (this species has been described recently, though the algae, belonging to the family Eustigmatophyceae, are rather prevalent). The same cationic surfactant, which we had studied previously with Dr. Kartashova, suppressed the activity of rotifers. Thus, our experiments confirmed the hypothesis on the role of surfactants as inhibitors of water filtration. We published the results in the Doklady Akademii nauk (Reports of Academy of Sciences) journal in 2003. In a word, it has become clear that the mechanism of biological structure of ecosystems is unstable: they are sensitive to pollutants even in rather low concentrations. New concepts on water self-cleaning were very useful in organization of a scientific session in 2000 in the city of Santa Fe (USA), where the author of this paper managed to unite efforts of scientists from Israel, China, The Netherlands, Russia, the USA, and FRG, and in 2001 in organization of a similar workshop in Copenhagen (Denmark). Our theory helped to predict other similar biological effects. THE MOSCOW REGION: FRESHWATER UNIONIDE MOLLUSKS The results of our studies of marine mollusks suggested that presumably this effect of surfactants could be observed with freshwater organisms as well. Our experiments (in many of them our assistant was Nataliya Kolotilova, Cand. Sc. (Biol.) from Moscow State University) with unionid bivalve mollusks Unio pictorum, inhabiting the rivers of the Moscow region, confirmed the hypothesis.

Frehswater bivalve mollusk Unio pictorum The effects of representatives of all three main classes of surfactants were tested: anionic, cationic, and nonionogenic detergents. We also tested the capacity of freshwater mollusks to extract bacteria from the water during its filtration. For this purpose, the suspension of bacteria Escherichia coli (30 ml) was added into each of two vessels with 3 l of water with the bivalves that we studied. The concentrations of the bacteria were measured after 24 h incubation. It was 150,000 cells/ml in the vessel with mollusks 5

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters and 480,000 cells/ml in the control vessel (without the bivalves). Hence, due to the presence and activity of the unionids the concentration of the bacteria in the water reduced 3-fold. Thus, one more example proved the important role of biological filter-feeders in water cleaning. It is particularly important for contemporary Russia, where the quality of reservoirs* and streams, serving as sources of drinking water for the population, does not always correspond to the hygienic standards: more than 20 percent of samples collected from them do not meet the standard requirements. KISHINEV: ZEBRA MUSSELS At one of the scientific conferences at the Moscow State University I met Yelena Zubkova, Dr. Sc. (Biol.), from the Institute of Zoology of Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Together with her team she investigated the process of metal (iron, copper, zinc, manganese, etc.) accumulation by mollusks. And our mutual efforts were focused on studies of the mollusks Dreissena polymorpha.

Figure: Freshwater bivalve mollusk, zebra mussel with Latin name Dreissena polymorpha These small mollusks, living in fresh and slightly salty waters, in rivers, reservoirs, and lakes, are characterized by a peculiar coloring of shell valves peculiar strips (given certain imagination, one can find them similar to the zebra coloring). However, they are aggressors: they rapidly occupy and populate new reservoirs and streams, their populations reaching great numbers. Let us add: zebra mussels are typical invaders , and their swift migration all over the Earth is one of the pressing ecological problems of our time. That is why comprehensive study of all aspects of life of such species is important for practice. In 2006 together with several Moldavian colleagues we studied the role of zebra mussels and other mollusks in the biogenic migration of chemical elements in aquatic ecosystems. Professor Ivan Toderash, Academician-Secretary of the Department of Biological, Chemical, and Ecological Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, took an active part in this study. One of the members of our team, Oksana Munzhiu, Dr. Sc. (Biol.), from the Institute of Zoology, the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, used the method which was suggested by me for work with mollusks, in her studies of zebra mussels. It has become clear that some heavy metals inhibited their filtration 6

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters activity. By the way, the result is in accord with my earlier data of a series of experiments on the Black Sea mussels (Latin name Mytilus galloprovincialis), carried out in 2001-2005 in Sevastopol. Collaboration with the Moldavian specialists stimulated our interest in the studies of the role of mollusks in migration of substances in the biosphere. This trend of research is focused on the details of the concepts put forward by Academician Vladimir Vernadsky in his pioneering books The Biosphere (1926) and Chemical Structure of the Earth Biosphere and Its Environment (written in 1935-1943, published in 1965) on the extremely active role of living organisms in translocation of the matter, which he called biogenic migration of atoms in the biosphere. STUDIES OF THE BIOSPHERE APPARATUS In 1986 the author of this paper published the book Introduction to Biochemical Ecology, in which our concept of the biosphere as an ecological biochemical continuum was mentioned for the first time. The word biochemical has there a new connotation, with an emphasis on interactions between a chemical substance and a biological organism. The years that had passed since confirmed that this concept of the biosphere was adequate, particularly under the conditions of anthropogenic impact numerous chemicals more and more often become involved. Some new terms were coined and introduced in that book, for example, ecological chemoregulators and ecological chemomediators, denoting a broad class of substances produced by one group of organism and capable of producing a significant biological effect on other organisms, for example, toxins, pheromones, antifeedants (the natural chemicals that decrease trophic activity of animals), phytoecdisones (the natural plant substances with hormone-like effects on animals). Fruitful studies of some of these substances (cytotoxic, antibacterial, etc.) are carried out at many institutes of the Russian Federation, for example, at the Pacific Institute of Organic Biochemistry, Far-Eastern Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Vladivostok). Recently, the idea of close interactions between different species of living organisms in communities has been developed (the synecological approach). The concept of synecological cooperation, emphasizing the significance of various forms of functional associations between different species, has been put forward by the author. The adequacy of this approach was confirmed, among other things, by detection of more and more new symbiotic associations of species in water biocenoses (natural complexes of organisms). Thus, in 2008 the book Microbiology of Biocenoses of Natural Reservoirs by Oleg Bukharin, Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, and Nataliya Nemtseva, Dr. Sc. (Med.), (Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, RAS Ural Branch), was published in Yekaterinburg. It presents many examples of symbiotic associations of several types, including algae-bacteria associations (for example, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii green algae with several species of bacteria, including Rhodococcus terrae, Micrococcus roseus, Bacillus sp.), algae-Protozoa associations (e.g., Chlorella vulgaris algae and infusorian Paramecium caudatum ), etc. Elements of our ecological theory were formulated in a series of articles published in Reports of Academy of Sciences (Doklady Akademii nauk) in 2000-2004 and several monographs: Biological Effects of Surfactants in Connection with Anthropogenic Impact on the Biosphere, 2000; Biological Effects of Surfactants on Living Organisms, 2001; Biotic Mechanism of Self-Purification of Fresh and Sea Waters. Elements of Theory and Applications, 2004; Pollution, Self-Purification , and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems, 2005 (M.: MAX-Press); Biological Effects of Surfactants (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca 7

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters Raton, London, New York, 2006); Hydrobiological Self-Purification of Waters: From Studies of Biological Mechanisms to Search for Ecotechnologies (Academic Readings series, iss. 48; M.: Neft i Gaz (Oil and Gas) Publishers, 2007). This theory systematizes the facts and concepts, showing that virtually all main groups of aquatic organisms make an important and multi-functional (polyfunctional) contribution to water purification. The efforts of mollusks in the course of water filtration activity, and their energy expenditures are so great, that we can speak about a kind of ecological tax paid by them to the ecosystem a tax for the stability of habitat. The clear-cut and mutually beneficial cooperation of aquatic organisms, excellent balance and coordination of their efforts are so high, that the author suggested the term biomachinery to denote this functional system, which was positively accepted by the international scientific community. Thus, what is the result of these studies? Speaking about theory, we can say that one of the basic results is as follows. Academician V. Vernadsky in his book The Biosphere mentioned the notion of the biosphere apparatus, formed by the multitude of living organisms and their functions. The scientist mentioned this term, but in fact he did not work out it in detail. We think that the data presented here contribute to elaborating this concept. It seems that the fragmentation of the biosphere into numerous individuals creates a basis for specialization of functions, useful for the biosphere in general. The presence of a huge number of individuals creates the base for construction of a fine multi-functional (polyfunctional) mechanism, or, to be more precise, numerous mechanisms for life maintenance. One of them is water purification with participation of invertebrate filter-feeding animals. The multiplicity of mechanisms and super-multiplicity of the organisms which are involved creates the problem of balance and regulation of this complex orchestra. At least a part of coordinating efforts is mediated by some chemicals. Sensitivity to them, in turn, creates a special type of the ecological hazards associatied with the biosphere vulnerability. This hazard consists in negative effects of man-made synthetic chemical pollutants. The above experiments proved the hazards of synthetic detergents impact on filter-feeding mollusks*. The serious danger lies in the fact that the decrease of their filtration capacity decreases the level of water cleansing. Another important fact is that mollusks release numerous pellets made from the organic matter filtered from the water. As a result, the organic material is transferred from the column of water to the bottom, where it is accumulated in great quantities. As the organic substance that is suspended in the column of water is formed during photosynthesis from CO2 dissolved in water, the entire chain of carbon transfers can be represented in the following sequence: atmospheric CO2 dissolved CO2 photosynthesis phytoplankton removal of the latter by the organisms that are filter-feeders pellets organic substance of bottom sediments . This chain is essential for maintaining a certain concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, which has key importance for the climatic system of the Earth. As a result, disorders in water filtration by invertebrates may finally create a new hazard to the stability of climate on the planet. Given the new knowledge, the network of numerous interactions between chemicals and organisms in the biosphere is better seen today. Many natural chemicals are creating an enormous number of links among living creatures. Now we see better, on the one hand, the details of the biosphere apparatus, represented by living creatures, and on the other hand, the integration of organisms into a whole. And the difference between the biospheres of the Earth and the imaginary Solyaris no longer seems so great. Such are the general theoretical results of our work. In a practical aspect, one of the results consists in creation of a more adequate system of criteria for evaluation of the hazards of anthropogenic effects 8

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters and in finding new aspects of those hazards. We mean here the disruption of links between the organisms and disactivation of their functions the functions, which are useful for maintenance of water quality and purity. I shall add in conclusion that together with Yelena Solomonova, a postgraduate student, we started developing ecotechnologies (ecological technologies) for reducing hazards of chemical pollution. Using the information and experience obtained during my business trip to the University of Georgia and the US Agency for Environment Protection (USA, 2005), we are now working on the development of a phytotechnology to treat polluted water using aquatic macrophytes (higher plants). Some students of the Biological Faculty of the Moscow State University show interest in this work. Based on our theory of self-purification of water ecosystems, we put forward a new concept of zooremediation of contaminated ecosystems use of animals (water invertebrates) in order to cleanse water. [End of the text] Illustrations supplied by the author. The list of the illustrations:

Plankton organisms serve as water filters. Mytilus edulis mussels. The mantle edges (soft tissues of the organism) and siphons are seen. Due to half-open valves, the mollusks filter the water. Water filtration by Mytilus edulis mussels. Reduction of Isochrysis galbana algae concentration. Baikal sponges. Near the shore they can filter the entire water thickness in less than 2 days, ensuring its purity. Bivalve filter mollusks: 1 Crenomytilus grayanus giant mussel; 2 Mytilus edulis edible mussel; 3 Saxidomus purpuratus; 4 Ostrea edulis common (or edible) oyster; 5 Crassotrea gigas giant oyster; 6 Crassotrea virginica Virginian oyster; 7 Ostrea denselamellosa lamellar oyster; 8 Pecten maximus; 9 Pecten yessoensis seaside commercial pecten. The rate of filtration by Ostrea edulis oysters reaches 8.8 l/h at a rate of 1 g of dry weight of their soft tissues (without shells). The rate of water filtration by mussels at increasing concentrations of an added surfactant (the first column control, further at increasing surfactant concentrations from 0.05 to 5 mg/l). Figures above the columns show percentage of control.

SOME BOOKS AND PAPERS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT OF THE PAPER ABOVE: several monographs: Biological Effects of Surfactants in Connection with Anthropogenic Impact on the Biosphere, 2000 (author: S. A. Ostroumov); Biological Effects of Surfactants on Living Organisms (author: S. A. Ostroumov), 2001; Biotic Mechanism of Self-Purification of Fresh and Sea Waters. Elements of Theory and Applications, 2004 (author: S. A. Ostroumov); 9

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters Pollution, Self-Purification, and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems, 2005 (M.: MAX-Press, author: S. A. Ostroumov); Biological Effects of Surfactants (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, London, New York, 2006); (author: S. A. Ostroumov) in English; http://www.scribd.com/doc/46637373/ Hydrobiological Self-Purification of Waters: From Studies of Biological Mechanisms to Search for Ecotechnologies (Academic Readings series, issue 48; M.: Neft i Gaz (Oil and Gas) Publishers, 2007) (author: S. A. Ostroumov). LIST OF THE KEY PUBLICATIONS OF THE AUTHOR WITH ANNOTATIONS AND SITES, THE TEXTS ARE AVAILABLE ONLINE FREE: 1. Innovative conceptualization of ecosystems biomachinery (a new scientific term that was proposed by the author; it means ecological mechanisms that include biological communities and biodiversity) which improves water quality. The innovative experimental data analysis, concepts, and generalizations in this article provide the fundamental elements of the new qualitative theory of biocontrol of water quality in a systematized form. The theory covers water self-purification in freshwater and marine ecosystems. The theory is supported by the results of the authors experimental studies of the effects exerted by some chemical pollutants including synthetic surfactants, detergents, and other xenobiotics on aquatic organisms. The new fundamental conceptualization provides a basis for remediation of polluted aquatic ecosystems including purification of water bodies and streams, and briefly present the qualitative theory of the selfpurification mechanism of aquatic ecosystems, phytoremediation and other types of technologies. Ostroumov S. A. Biocontrol of Water Quality: Multifunctional Role of Biota in Water SelfPurification. Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 2010, Vol. 80, No. 13, pp. 27542761; Abstract: http://www.chemeurope.com/en/publications/211554/biocontrol-of-water-quality-multifunctionalrole-of-biota-in-water-self-purification.html; Abstract: http://www.scribd.com/doc/75101299/ Full text: http://www.scribd.com/doc/49131150/; www.scribd.com/doc/49131150; http://www.scribd.com/doc/73175163/; DOI: 10.1134/S1070363210130086;

2. Review of ecotoxicology of nanomaterials. Ostroumov S.A., Kotelevtsev S.V. Toxicology of nanomaterials and environment. - Ecologica. 2011, vol. 18, issue 61, pp. 3-10; www.scribd.com/doc/58103094/; http://scipeople.ru/publication/102825/;

3. A new conceptualization which is based on his suggestion to identify a new type of matter in the biosphere. The author called it ex-living matter (ELM). The author discusses his experiments (together with his co-authors) which provide the factual foundation to this conceptualization;

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2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters Ostroumov S.A. Some issues of chemico-biotic interactions and the new in the teaching on the biosphere / series: Ecological Studies, Hazards, Solutions. Volume 17. Moscow, MAX Press, 2011. 20 p. ISBN 978-5-317-03710-9; http://scipeople.ru/publication/102875/; http://www.scribd.com/doc/57818520/;

4. A review of the authors studies of aquatic organisms, mainly marine and freshwater invertebrates that are filter-feeders - biological filters - as an important part of the biosphere and hydrosphere. The studies were conducted in laboratories of four countries. Ostroumov S.A. // Science in Russia. 2009. 2. P. 30-36. [The journal Science in Russia is published by the Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences, both in English and in Russian; Nauka Publishers, Moscow; ISSN 0869-7078. www.ras.ru, Russian Academy of Sciences Presidium.] http://b23.ru/n4v7;

5. This paper formulated a fundamentally new solution to the problem of selecting criteria for identification and assessing environmental hazards of chemical pollutants, toxicants; the paper explains why the currently accepted set of criteria is non-efficient and leads to mistakes; Ostroumov S. A. Criteria of ecological hazards due to anthropogenic effects on the biota: searching for a system. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2000; 371: 204-206. Doklady Biological Sciences: ISSN PRINT: 0012-4966. ISSN ONLINE: 1608-3105/. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs371p204criteria/; www.scribd.com/doc/49088234; http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs371p204criteria/; Why this paper is useful: http://www.scribd.com/doc/60891549/;

6. This paper gave a revolutionary new insight into the core functions and identity of ecosystem as a bioreactor to maintain water quality; Ostroumov S. A. An aquatic ecosystem: a largescale diversified bioreactor with a water self-purification function. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000. Vol. 374, P. 514-516. scribd.com/doc/49065542; http://www.scribd.com/doc/49069997;

7. This paper discovered the multi-faceted role of the entire broad range of aquatic organisms as a unique (both changeable and fragile) part of the mechanism of ecosystem service to improve water quality; The Concept of Aquatic Biota as a Labile and Vulnerable Component of the Water SelfPurification System. - Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 372, 2000, pp. 286289. http://www.scribd.com/doc/49069991;

8. The new authors experiments discovered that the biota-driven fluxes of the matter and chemical elements in a model ecosystem were decreased by a chemical pollutant exemplified by 11

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters a synthetic surfactant. S. A. Ostroumov and M. P. Kolesnikov. Biocatalysis of Matter Transfer in a Microcosm Is Inhibited by a Contaminant: Effects of a Surfactant on Limnea stagnalis. [Lymnaea stagnalis] - Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 373, 2000, pp. 397399. Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, Vol. 373, No. 2, 2000, pp. 278280. scribd.com/doc/49069985;

9. The paper discovered new mechanisms triggering eutrophication and as a result, a new solution to the problem of eutrophication; Ostroumov S. A. The Synecological Approach to the Problem of Eutrophication. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001, v.381, No.1-6; pp.559-562. http://www.scribd.com/doc/49065550/;

10. First measurements, first publication: New quantitative data on how aquatic mollusks drive fluxes of the chemical elements. Ostroumov S. A., M. P. Kolesnikov. Pellets of Some Mollusks in the Biogeochemical Flows of C, N, P, Si, and Al. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001, v.379, p.378-381. scribd.com/doc/49065604; http://www.scribd.com/doc/45911730; http://b23.ru/ndgz; PMID: 12918380; scribd.com/doc/49065604; http://www.scribd.com/doc/45911730; http://b23.ru/ndgz;

11. Modernization and refreshing of the most fundamental concepts, notions, and terminology of ecology; Ostroumov S.A. New Definitions of the Concepts and Terms Ecosystem and Biogeocenosis; [Doklady Biological Sciences (2002, v.383, No.1-6; pp.141-143)]. scribd.com/doc/49065580;

12. New conceptualization of how all biodiversity of the aquatic organisms functions together toward up-grading water quality; Ostroumov S.A. On the Biotic Self-purification of Aquatic Ecosystems: Elements of the Theory; [Doklady Biological Sciences (v.396, No.1-6; pp.206211)]. http://www.scribd.com/doc/48099028/;

13. New approach and innovative methodology to experimentally analyze interactions of organisms; Ostroumov S.A. Inhibitory Analysis of Regulatory Interactions in Trophic Webs. Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001, v.377, No.1-6; pp.139-141. scribd.com/doc/49065567; scribd.com/doc/49065567;.

14. Discovery of a new type of negative effects of chemical pollutants on aquatic organisms and ecosystems; Ostroumov S.A. Effect of Amphiphilic Chemicals on Filter-Feeding Marine Organisms; - [Doklady Biological Sciences; 2001, v.378, No.1-6; pp.248-250]. http://www.scribd.com/doc/49065593; http://www.scribd.com/doc/59417067/;

12

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters 15. A new fundamental concept and terminology in environmental science, in ecology: Two-Level Synergism, Synecological Summation of Anthropogenic Effects; Ostroumov S. A. The Hazard of a Two-Level Synergism of Synecological Summation of Anthropogenic Effects. - Doklady Biological Sciences 2001, v.380, No.1-6; pp.499-501. http://www.scribd.com/doc/49065634/;

16. It is the first time that some negative effect of chemical pollutant (synthetic surfactant) on feeding activity of rotifers was discovered; Ostroumov S.A., N. Walz; R. Rusche. Effect of a Cationic Amphiphilic Compound on Rotifers - Doklady Biological Sciences, v.390, No.1-6; pp.252-255; http://www.scribd.com/doc/52634169/

17. It is the first discovery of the new aspect of fundamental cause-effect link between the conservation of biodiversity and protection of water quality. This paper is the first that stresses that this is a two-way link; Ostroumov S.A. Biodiversity Protection and Quality of Water: The Role of Feedbacks in Ecosystems. - Doklady Biological Sciences, v.382, No.1-6; pp.18-21; http://www.scribd.com/doc/42558469/;

18.

The first identification of a new type of negative effect of chemical pollutants; Ostroumov S.A. A New Type of Effect of Potentially Hazardous Substances: Uncouplers of PelagialBenthal Coupling. - Doklady Biological Sciences 2002. v.383, No.1-6; pp.127-130. http://www.scribd.com/doc/45913695/;

19.

Modernization of the system of principles for conservation of biodiversity;

Formulation of a new relevant principle: conservation and protection of a key aspect of ecosystems service in up-grading water quality; an innovative suggestion to establish a special type of protected aquatoria to protect organisms that filter and purify water; Ostroumov S.A. System of Principles for Conservation of the Biogeocenotic Function and the Biodiversity of Filter-Feeders. - Doklady Biological Sciences 2002 (v.383, No.1-6; pp.147-150). http://www.scribd.com/doc/45911862; http://www.scribd.com/doc/49065586;

20. Innovative analysis of the factors that create environmental balance as related to plankton, which in turn is relevant to proper management of water resources, and water quality sustainability; Ostroumov S. A. Imbalance of Factors Providing Control of Unicellular Plankton Populations Exposed to Anthropogenic Impact; - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001, v.379, No.1-6; pp.341-343. 13

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters scribd.com/doc/49065596;

21.

New fundamental concept: Synecological Summation of Anthropogenic Effects;

Ostroumov S.A. Responses of Unio tumidus to Mixed Chemical Preparations and the Hazard of Synecological Summation of Anthropogenic Effects. - Doklady Biological Sciences, v.380, No.1-6; pp.492-495; scribd.com/doc/49065621/;

22. A new contribution to the scientific basis of phytoremediation and phytotechnology for water treatment; Lazareva E. V.; Ostroumov S.A. Accelerated decrease in surfactant concentration in the water of a microcosm in the presence of plants: Innovations for phytotechnology .- [Doklady Biological Sciences (v.425, No.1; pp.180-182)]. http://www.scribd.com/doc/60795487/; in Rus.: www.scribd.com/doc/61655262/;

23. The first discovery of the negative effect of the synthetic chemical pollutant (surfactant) on filter- feeding of zooplankton, and negative effects of the chemical of water filtering; Vorozhun I. M., S. A. Ostroumov. On studying the hazards of pollution of the biosphere: effects of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) on planktonic filter-feeders. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2009, Vol. 425, pp. 133134. ISSN 0012-4966. http://www.scribd.com/doc/45914806/; scribd.com/doc/45914806; DOI: 10.1134/S0012496609020136; http://www.springerlink.com/content/p7754h672w814m30/; Full text: http://www.scribd.com/doc/45914806;

24. It is the first paper in which a discovery of a new type of environmental hazards from chemical pollutants was made: namely, the hazards of a decrease in vital function of healthy aquatic ecosystems which maintain the proper level of cleanness (purity) of water, and improve water quality; Ostroumov S. A. Identification of a new type of ecological hazard of chemicals: inhibition of processes of ecological remediation. - Doklady Biological Sciences. 2002. 385: 377-379. In Eng.; ISSN 0012-4966. DOI 10.1023/A:1019929305267; http://scipeople.ru/users/2943391/; Full text: http://www.scribd.com/doc/45911150; http://b23.ru/n11a;

25. It is the first paper in which it was clearly proved that the synthetic chemical, when it pollutes water, produces a dangerous effect on both marine mussels and phytoplankton: it decreases 14

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters water filtration rate by the mussels, and the normal control of abundance of phytoplankton by the marine mussels, the control which is associated with the filtration of water. Ostroumov S. A. An Amphiphilic Substance Inhibits the Mollusk Capacity to Filter out Phytoplankton Cells from Water; - Biology Bulletin, 2001, v.28, No.1; pp.95-102. http://b23.ru/nbkq; www.springerlink.com/index/l665628020163255.pdf; The effect of synthetic anionic surface active substance (SAS) sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS, 4 mg/l) on the kinetics of water filtration by mussel Mytilus edulis was studied. A suspension of algae Isochrysis galbana was added to the vessel with the mussels, and their filtration activity was measured by counting the concentration of the algae cells in the experimental vessels. Algae concentration was measured every 30 min for an hour and a half. The inhibiting effect on the mollusk filtration rate (FR) was qualitatively described. After the first 30 min filtration at 4 mg/l initial SDS concentration, the cell density was 322% of the control. The inhibiting effect was observed later as well. Due to FR inhibition in the vessels with the above specified initial SDS concentration, the algae cell density was 6.4 and 14.7 times that of the control after 1 and 1.5 h, respectively. Thus, SAS SDS can decrease the natural capacity of aquatic ecosystems for self-purification and disturb other aspects of ecosystem functioning through inhibiting the filtration activity of mussels. The obtained data are discussed in the context of environment and hydrosphere protection from pollution. http://b23.ru/nbkq; www.springerlink.com/index/l665628020163255.pdf; http://www.scribd.com/doc/63444377/ ;

26. It is the first paper in which a new solution to the eternal and painful problem of missing and shortage of proper objective criteria for identification of and assessing environmental hazards of chemical pollutants; Criteria of ecological hazards due to anthropogenic effects on the biota: searching for a system. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2000; 371:2 04-206. http://www.scribd.com/doc/49088234; http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs371p204criteria/;

27. It is the first paper in which a new aspect and facet of the essence and identity of ecosystem was discovered and analyzed. In this paper, it was shown that ecosystem has attributes of a bioreactor; Ostroumov S. A. An aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale diversified bioreactor with a water selfpurification function. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000. Vol. 374, P. 514-516. scribd.com/doc/49065542; http://www.scribd.com/doc/49069997;

28. A more detailed analysis of the discovery and innovation that was made in the paper above (An aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale diversified bioreactor with a water self-purification 15

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters function. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000. 374: 514-516); a new aspect of the identity of ecosystem was discovered and analyzed: the paper showed that ecosystem has attributes of a bioreactor; Ostroumov S.A. Aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor: water purification and some other functions. - Riv Biol. 2004, 97(1):67-78. http://www.scribd.com/doc/52656760/; PMID: 15648211 [PubMed - indexed];

29. A first and unique paper which an international team of scientists of three countries formulated a short list of research priorities in ecology and environmental sciences for the current century; Ostroumov S.A., Dodson S.I., Hamilton D., Peterson S.A., Wetzel R.G. Medium-term and long-term priorities in ecological studies. - Riv Biol. [Rivista di Biologia] 2003, 96(2):327-32. PMID: 14595906 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; http://www.scribd.com/doc/48100827/3RivistaBio-96-Priorities-2; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/3RivistaBio96Priorities2.rtf ; www.scribd.com/doc/57124875/; http://www.scribd.com/doc/52655707/ ; PMID: 14595906 [PubMed];

30. A new set of criteria in order to answer the question was formulated in this paper: is a given chemical substance hazardous to environment or not? Ostroumov S.A. Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards.- Riv Biol (Rivista di Biologia) 2003, 96(1):159-169. Review. http://www.scribd.com/doc/52636721/; PMID: 12852181 [PubMed indexed; http://www.scribd.com/doc/52636721/3-System-ofCriteria;

31. More new data on how an anionic surfactant (detergent) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) decreases the removal of algal cells from aquatic medium by marine bivalve Mytilus edulis; Ostroumov S.A. [An amphiphilic substance inhibits the mollusk capacity to filter phytoplankton cells from water]. - Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol. 2001. (1):108-116. Russian. PMID: 11236572 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; http://www.scribd.com/doc/63444377;

32. It is the first paper in which a synthesis of both authors new experimental data and international literature was made, which led to a new broad picture of the role of biological filtering in self-purification and self-bioremediation of aquatic ecosystems; Ostroumov S.A. Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view. - Riv Biol. 1998; 91(2):221-232. http://www.scribd.com/doc/42830557; http://www.citeulike.org/user/ATP/article/9750710; 16

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters PMID: 9857844; PubMed indexed;

33. It is the first article in which the new experimental data of the author were analyzed to give new fresh insight into ecological mechanisms of eutrophication and abnormal increase in phytoplankton. Also, new insight in how ecosystem runs water self-purification. A fundamentally new approach and methodology to study top-down control in ecosystems: the first introduction of what the author calls inhibitory analysis; the paper presented a new insight in understanding that a decrease in activity of filter-feeders are part of the causes and mechanisms of eutrophication and algal blooms. The paper shows how to identify and measure this new factor which stimulates those negative phenomena; More comment, and about citation of this paper: http://www.scribd.com/doc/61179989; Ostroumov S.A. Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification. Hydrobiologia. 2002, vol. 469, p. 117-129; http://www.scribd.com/doc/52598579/; http://b23.ru/nwmb;

34. Innovative and multifaceted conceptualization of how almost all aquatic organisms (biological community) work together toward making water clear and clean; Ostroumov S.A. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. - Hydrobiologia. 2002. V. 469 (1-3): 203-204. http://www.scribd.com/doc/52627327/2H469p203-Polyfunctional-role-w-Addendum ; www.scribd.com/doc/52627327/;

35. New facts on how detergents slow down the filtration of water by aquatic organisms (bivalve mussels, oysters and others); Ostroumov S.A. Studying effects of some surfactants and detergents on filter-feeding bivalves // Hydrobiologia. 2003. Vol. 500. P.341-344 [including effects of surfactants TDTMA and SDS on Crassostrea gigas]. Extended abstract and some info on citation of this paper: http://www.scribd.com/doc/63898669/; Full text: http://www.springerlink.com/content/k05884h730t228w4/; scribd.com/doc/63898669/; www.citeulike.org/user/ATP/article/9737871;

36. New facts on how all three main kinds of detergent chemicals slow down the filtration of water by marine organisms (bivalve mussels of Atlantic Ocean); Ostroumov S.A., Widdows J. Inhibition of mussel suspension feeding by surfactants of three classes. Hydrobiologia. 2006. Vol. 556, No.1. P. 381 386. http://www.scribd.com/doc/45958156/; scribd.com/doc/59544597/; 17

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters

37. Unique data and analysis. A first book on environmental hazards of detergents. The book summarizes the authors 20 year long studies of new environmental hazards from synthetic detergents, and innovative methods for and data on measuring environmental toxicity of chemicals, especially surfactants and detergents; phytotoxicity and toxicity to invertebrates that are filterfeeders, especially bivalve mollusks (molluscs). Ostroumov S.A. Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. http://www.citeulike.org/user/ATP/article/9744280; http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1527248.Biolo_Eff_of_Surf; http://www.scribd.com/doc/46637373/; The book is available in libraries of Harvard, Oxford, Cambridge Universities, and MIT, as well as Library of Congress. It is also available in other libraries of North America (libraries of the U.S.A.,and Canada), Europe (national and university libraries of England, Germany; France; Switzerland; Netherlands; Sweden; Norway; Finland; Denmark; Belgium, Italy; Spain and other countries), Asia (Japan, China, Korea, and other countries), Australia, New Zealand; more detailed data on the availability in the libraries see: http://www.scribd.com/doc/77617474/;

38. New terminology was introduced in the paper: ecological tax; ecological repair of water quality; Ostroumov S.A. Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders // Hydrobiologia. 2005. Vol. 542, No. 1. P. 275 286. www.scribd.com/doc/44105992/; www.scribd.com/doc/44105992/;

39. A detailed well-structured presentation of the authors innovative and multifaceted conceptualization of how almost all aquatic organisms work together toward making water clear and clean; Ostroumov S. A. On the Multifunctional Role of the Biota in the Self-Purification of Aquatic Ecosystems. - Russian Journal of Ecology, 2005. Vol. 36, No. 6, P. 414-420. http://www.scribd.com/doc/45572968; http://www.scribd.com/doc/49131150; www.scribd.com/doc/45572968; http://www.scribd.com/doc/49131150;

40. It is the first opinion paper which a multi-aspect innovative analysis of the ecological role of organisms that filter water was given. It discovered a set of functions and mechanisms which form and improve water quality. Ostroumov S.A. Suspension-feeders as factors influencing water quality in aquatic ecosystems. In: The Comparative Roles of Suspension-Feeders in Ecosystems, R.F. Dame, S. Olenin (Eds), Springer, Dordrecht, 2004. pp. 147-164. http://b23.ru/3twe; http://books.google.ru/books/about/The_comparative_roles_of_suspension_feed.html?id=A7k_xTx3 VFYC&redir_esc=y;http://www.springerlink.com/content/q871733861050601/; 18

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters

41. A detailed well-structured presentation of the authors innovative and multifaceted conceptualization of how almost all aquatic organisms work together toward making marine and estuarine water clear and clean. ** It is the first time, a new concept and the term biomachinery is formulated; in these publication, it is the first timethat the new term 'biomachinery' was introduced; It is the first time that the new concept and term biomachinery was applied to ecosystem. It is the first time that water selfpurification in aquatic ecosystems was considered as an example of functioning of biomachinery. More comment: http://www.scribd.com/doc/61779321/; ** Ostroumov S.A. Biomachinery for maintaining water quality and natural water self-purification in marine and estuarine systems: elements of a qualitative theory // International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography. 2006. Volume 1, No.1. p.111-118. [ISSN 0973-2667]. www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/100141.pdf;

42. Long-term studies of the biological effect of surfactants, including the effect surfactants exert on filter feeders, are reviewed. The role of filter feeders in the functioning of freshwater and marine ecosystems is analyzed. New aspects in the assessment of environmental hazard due to the impact of chemical pollutants, including surfactants and detergents, are established. Ostroumov S.A. The effect of synthetic surfactants on the hydrobiological mechanisms of water self-purification. - Water Resources. 2004. Volume 31, Number 5, p. 502-510. http://www.scribd.com/doc/41169530/WR502; DOI 10.1023/B:WARE.0000041919.77628.8d. In Russian: http://www.scribd.com/doc/57648905/4VodnResursy-R; DOI 10.1023/B:WARE.0000041919.77628.8d.

43. Generalizations presented in this paper represent, in systematized form, the basic elements of the qualitative theory of water self-purification in freshwater and marine ecosystems. Recommendations are given for maintaining water quality and sustainable development of water resources. Results of experimental studies of the effect exerted by the surfactant Triton X-100 and the OMO synthetic detergent on mollusks Unio tumidus. Ostroumov S. A. On some issues of maintaining water quality and self-purification.- Water Resources, 2005. Volume 32, Number 3, p. 305-313. ISSN 0097-8078 (Print) 1608-344X (Online). http://www.scribd.com/doc/57511892/0305; DOI 10.1007/s11268-005-0039-7.

44. One of the authors of published reviews of the book called it Russian Silent Spring. One of the first books that created the fundamentals of conservation biology. This work examines the 19

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters problems arising from the deterioration of the environment and covers the issues of conservation and biodiversity protection at the molecular-genetic, the ontogenetic, the species-population and the ecosystem levels. The book offers suggestions concerning changes in practice in agriculture, industry, recreation etc. in all sectors of society life and functioning. Yablokov A.V., S.A.Ostroumov. Conservation of Living Nature and Resources: Problems, Trends, and Prospects. Berlin, New York et al. Springer. 1991. 272 p. Index of Authors: p. 249-251. Subject Index: p. 253-271. ISBN 3-540-52096-1; ISBN 0-387-52096-1. On the book: http://www.scribd.com/doc/59415099/;

45. It is the first paper in which it was clearly shown that aquatic biota (the sum of organisms) is the core part of the ecological mechanism of water self-purification in healthy aquatic ecosystems. The important attributes of this core part of the mechanism are: 1) lability; 2) vulnerability to anthropogenic impact. Another draft of the comment: The author formulated a new fundamental concept of the complex of organisms of aquatic ecosystem. According to the concept, the biota is a central, labile and vulnerable (to pollutants) part of the ecological mechanism of water self-purification and upgrade of water quality. Key words: Geoscience, water quality, assessment of biological activity of surfactants, chemical pollution, self-purification of water, aquatic organisms, contaminants, aquatic ecosystems; The Concept of Aquatic Biota as a Labile and Vulnerable Component of the Water SelfPurification System. - Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 372, 2000, pp. 286289. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs372p286biotalabil/; Russian version: Doklady Akademii Nauk, Vol. 372, No. 2, 2000, pp. 279282. Fragment of the text: Self-purication of water is a complex process including physical, chemical, and biological components [13]. The vulnerability of different components of the water self-purication system to anthropogenic factors is as yet insufciently understood.The goal of this work was to review the literature and our own unpublished experimental ndings concerning potential vulnerability of the biotic component of the water self-purication system to chemical pollutants. A new role of biota as a core, labile, vulnerable part of ecosystem and upgrade of water quality; www.scribd.com/doc/49069991;

46. It is the first study in which it was shown that the vital function of aquatic organisms (catalysis of matter transfer, and biogeochemical flows of chemical elements through the water column in the normal ecosystem) is decreased by the chemical pollutant as represented by a synthetic surfactant; S. A. Ostroumov and M. P. Kolesnikov. Biocatalysis of Matter Transfer in a Microcosm Is Inhibited by a Contaminant: Effects of a Surfactant on Limnea [Lymnaea] stagnalis. - Doklady 20

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters Biological Sciences, Vol. 373, 2000, pp. 397399. Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, Vol. 373, No. 2, 2000, pp. 278280. scribd.com/doc/49069985;

47.

New fundamental concepts were formulated in the concept:

1) a two-level synergism; 2) synecological summation of man-made effects. S.A. Ostroumov; The Hazard of a Two-Level Synergism of Synecological Summation of Anthropogenic Effects // Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001, vol.380, p.499-501; (Rus. P. 847); two-level synergism; http://www.scribd.com/doc/49065634/; http://www.scribd.com/doc/49065634/Danbio52-2001v380p847-E-2level-synergism;

48. The first data on discovery that chemical pollutants (detergents and surfactants) decreased the filtration rate by the mass freshwater mollusks, freshwater mussels Unio tumidus. A new type of complex anthropogenic effects on ecosystem was found which the author proposed to name synecological summation. S.A. Ostroumov. Responses of Unio tumidus to Mixed Chemical Preparations and the Hazard of Synecological Summation of Anthropogenic Effects; // Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001, vol. 380, p. 492-495; http://www.scribd.com/doc/49065621/; Danbio51.2001v380.E.U.tumidus;

49. The first measurements of the concentrations of the chemical elements (carbon, nitrogen, P, Si, and Al) in the pellets (biodetritus) generated by mollusks. The first quantitative assessment of the contribution of the pellets of aquatic mollusks to the biogeochemical flows of the chemical elements C, N, P, Si, and Al. S. A. Ostroumov, M. P. Kolesnikov. Pellets of some mollusks in the biogeochemical flows of C, N, P, Si, and Al. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001, v.379, p.378-381; see item 10; scribd.com/doc/49065604; http://www.scribd.com/doc/45911730; http://b23.ru/ndgz;

50. The first data on the new negative effects of organic pollutants - detergents and surfactants on functioning of marine bivalve mollusks. The first data on how the detergents and surfactants slow down (inhibit) water filtration by those bivalve mollusks, mussels and oysters which are of huge importance to aquaculture. Ostroumov S. A. Effect of Amphiphilic Chemicals on Filter-Feeding Marine Organisms. Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001, v.378, No.1-6; pp.248-250. scribd.com/doc/49065604; 21

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters http://www.scribd.com/doc/45911730; http://b23.ru/ndgz; http://www.scribd.com/doc/49065593; http://www.scribd.com/doc/59417067/;

MORE ABOUT THE PUBLICATIONS AND DISCOVERIES BY THE SAME AUTHOR: http://www.scribd.com/doc/80074854/All-About-Scientific-Results-and-Activities-of-Dr-Sergei-aOstroumov; http://b23.ru/k3th; DISCOVERIES: **EXAMPLES OF The key discoveries and innovations that were made by Dr. Sergei A. Ostroumov, and the scientific questions that were answered in his publications: http://www.scribd.com/doc/61828106/; **Discoveries (the data are presented as a table): scribd.com/doc/59437439 ** list of sites in various languages; list of one-line titles of INNOVATIONS, DISCOVERIES, in ecology, environmental sciences, biology. http://www.scribd.com/doc/83168032/

PUBLICATIONS: **Annotated English bibliography: In the form of a list; Environmental Science, Ecology. Dr. S.Ostroumov. with comments: http://www.scribd.com/doc/79546542; ** Key annotated bibliography on the most important issues of ecology, environment (the innovations authored by Dr. S. Ostroumov) with short comments on what is new, in the form of a simple table, which is easy to read and understand and use: http://www.scribd.com/doc/74026302;

THE SHORTLIST OF SOME MOST CITED PUBLICATIONS by Dr. S.A. Ostroumov in English, available online (including the websites with the full texts) relevant to filter-feeders and other organisms involved in water filtration, water self-purification, improving water quality, and other fundamental and applied issues of ecology, environment and biospheric sciences including his publications in the leading journal of the Russian Academy of Sciences entitled Reports of Academy of Sciences (Doklady Akademii nauk = Doklady Biological Sciences), and some other English publications in 2000-2009: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/409_most_cited_publications_by_Dr_SA _Ostroumov_in_English_available_online 1. book: Ostroumov S. A. Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. ISBN 0-8493-2526-9 [new facts and concepts on assessment of hazards from chemicals, new look on the factors important to water quality, to sustainability; new 22

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters priorities in environmental safety]; the table of contents see at: http://www.chipsbooks.com/biosurfc.htm; 2. Ostroumov S. A. The concept of aquatic biota as a labile and vulnerable component of the water self-purification system - Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 372, 2000, pp. 286289. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs372p286biotalabil/; 3. Ostroumov S. A., Kolesnikov M. P. Biocatalysis of Matter Transfer in a Microcosm Is Inhibited by a Contaminant: Effects of a Surfactant on Limnea stagnalis. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000, 373: 397399. Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2000, Vol. 373, No. 2, pp. 278280. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs373p397biocatallstag/ 4. Ostroumov S. A. An aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale diversified bioreactor with a water selfpurification function. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000. Vol. 374, P. 514-516. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs374p514bioreactor/ 5. Ostroumov S.A. Criteria of ecological hazards due to anthropogenic effects on the biota: searching for a system. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2000; 371:204-206. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs371p204criteria/ 6. Ostroumov S. A. An amphiphilic substance inhibits the mollusk capacity to filter out phytoplankton cells from water. - Biology Bulletin, 2001, Volume 28, Number 1, p. 95-102. ISSN 10623590 (Print) 1608-3059 (Online); DOI 10.1023/A:1026671024000; http://www.springerlink.com/content/l665628020163255/; 7. Ostroumov S. A. Inhibitory Analysis of Regulatory Interactions in Trophic Webs. -Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001, Vol. 377, pp. 139141. Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2000, Vol. 375, No. 6, pp. 847849. [In the paper, the author developed a new approach to analyze the fundamental ecological issue, the interactions between organisms in ecosystems. He suggested using the methodology of inhibitory analysis to study interactions in trophic chains. Important situation is the topdown control of plankton by benthic filter-feeders. This control, as authors experiments have shown, might be removed by chemical inhibitors (the latter may enter the ecosystem as pollutants)]. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs377p139inhibitory/; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/299_Inhibitory_Analysis_A_new_method_for_analyzing_inter actions_between_organisms_in_ecosystems; 8. Ostroumov SA. The synecological approach to the problem of eutrophication. - Dokl Biol Sci. (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 381:559-562. http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/Danbio6_2001v381n5.E.eutrophication.pdf 9. Ostroumov SA. The hazard of a two-level synergism of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. - Dokl Biol Sci. (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 380:499-501. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p499synerg/ 10. Ostroumov SA. Responses of Unio tumidus to mixed chemical preparations and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 380: 492-495. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p492unio/

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2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters 11. Ostroumov SA, Kolesnikov MP. Pellets of some mollusks in the biogeochemical flows of C, N, P, Si, and Al. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 379:378-381. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs379p378pellets/ 12. Ostroumov SA. Imbalance of factors providing control of unicellular plankton populations exposed to anthropogenic impact. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 379:341-343. http://sites.google.com/site/1dbs379p341imbalance/; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/321_Discovery_of_the_system_where_c hemical_pollution_could_impair_the_regulation_and_balance_in_the_abundance_of_phytoplankton_t hreat_to_ecological_stability_ 13. Ostroumov SA. Effect of amphiphilic chemicals on filter-feeding marine organisms. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 378:248-250. For the first time, oysters were used as the testorganisms in bioassay of synthetic surfactants and detergents. The new data revealed a novel type of hazard to mariculture. New negative effects of surfactants and chemical mixtures on water filtering activity of Crassostrea gigas were discovered. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs378p248effammaroyst/ 14. Ostroumov SA. Biodiversity protection and quality of water: the role of feedbacks in ecosystems. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 382:18-21; http://sites.google.com/site/2dbs382p18biodivers/; http://www.citeulike.org/pdf/user/ATP/article/6113559/ostroumov_02_biodiversity.pdf; 15. Ostroumov S.A. New definitions of the concepts and terms ecosystem and biogeocenosis. Doklady Biological Sciences 2002 (March), Volume 383, Numbers 1- 6, p. 141-143. Bibliogr. 15 refs. [ISSN 0012-4966 (Print) 1608-3105 (Online)]. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=997c8c86899d5a6e24531054ad1bcd1e; 16. Ostroumov SA. A new type of effect of potentially hazardous substances: uncouplers of pelagialbenthal coupling. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 383:127-130. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=d988acb599e121964c48114374a87e8d; www.springerlink.com/index/28V23JBFADL1Y100.pdf; In the paper new facts are reported that shows man-made hazards to 3 aspects of functioning of the biosphere and ecosystems: (1) formation of water quality; (2) biogeochemical flows of C, N, P and other constituents of biomass; (3) formation of deposits of organic matter as bottom sediments. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/358_Three_new_key_hazards_to_the_f unctioning_of_the_biosphere; 17. Ostroumov S. A. Identification of a New Type of Ecological Hazard of Chemicals: Inhibition of Processes of Ecological Remediation. - Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 385, 2002 (November), pp. 377 379. [Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, Vol. 385, No. 4, 2002, pp. 571573]. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=8408a7cfaa984764b812ce79c77007f2; 18. Ostroumov SA. System of principles for conservation of the biogeocenotic function and the biodiversity of filter-feeders. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 383:147-150. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=888352078b275ef40a430eb5b4d7714c; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/359_How_to_establish_a_new_type_of _reserves_to_protect_aquatic_biodiversity_and_ecosystem_services; 24

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters 19. Ostroumov S. A. Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification // Hydrobiologia. 2002. vol. 469. P.117-129. A new approach to prevent pollution, eutrophication, and algal blooms was identified and analyzed in this paper. The approach is based on efficient use of the natural mechanisms of self-regulation of ecosystem DOI 10.1023/A:1015559123646; http://www.moipros.ru/files/author_4_article_9.doc; www.springerlink.com/index/R9PTJEQ5FK8VLA6M.pdf; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/2Hydrobiologia469p117w%20Addendum.DOC; 20. Ostroumov S.A. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. - Hydrobiologia, 2002 (February), 469: 203-204. DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-1875-1; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/2H469p203.Polyfunctional.role.w.Addendum.rtf 21. Ostroumov S. A., Walz N., Rusche R. Effect of a cationic amphiphilic compound on rotifers. Doklady Biological Sciences. 2003 (May). Vol. 390. 252-255 [ISSN 0012-4966 (Print) 1608-3105 (Online)]. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=def6575c794b111fcc31275e853c2b15; 22. Ostroumov S.A. Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards. - Rivista di Biologia/Biology Forum. 2003. 96: 159-170. Review. PMID: 12852181 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-1/rivista2003criteria; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/3RB96p159Anth..Criteria.doc; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12852181; 23. Ostroumov S.A., Dodson S., Hamilton D., Peterson S., Wetzel R.G. Medium-term and long-term priorities in ecological studies // Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 2003 (May). 96: 327-332. Abstracts in Eng. and Italian (p. 332). Bibliogr. 20 ref. http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/3RivistaBio96Priorities2.rtf; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14595906 ; PMID: 14595906 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Research priorities in ecology and environmental sciences for the future are formulated. The priorities for both fundamental and applied ecology are proposed. The list of priorities includes 50 items. The priorities are relevant to terrestrial, aquatic, and general ecology. The list of priorities is helpful when grant proposals are being prepared, evaluated, and selected for funding. 24. Ostroumov S. A. On the biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: elements of the theory. Doklady Biological Sciences, 2004, Vol. 396, Numbers 1-6, p. 206-211. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=60f338228d6f3c5114d223ab81e15d3b; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/348_Useful_theory_of_natural_mechani sms_of_improving_water_quality; 25. Aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor: water purification and some other functions. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum, 2004, 97: 39-50. Abstracts in Eng. and Italian. [A fundamental concept is proposed of aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor that carries out the function of water purification in natural water bodies and streams. The ecosystem as a bioreactor has the following characteristic attributes: (1) it is a large-scale (large-volume) bioreactor; (2) it is a diversified (in terms of the number of taxa and the scope of functional activities) bioreactor; (3) it possesses a broad range of biocatalytic (chemical-transforming and degrading) capabilities. New experimental data on xenobiotics - induced inhibition of the water filtration performed by the molluscs Unio tumidus, U. pictorum, M. galloprovincialis and inhibition of feeding by Limnaea stagnalis emphasized the potential ecological 25

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters hazard from sublethal concentrations of pollutants (including those exemplified by synthetic surfactants and detergents). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15648211; PMID: 15648211 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/4Rivista.Biologia97p39Aquatic..Bioreactor.RTF; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/407_New_concept_of_ecosystem; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/410_New_Concept_of_Ecosystem; 26. Ostroumov S. A. Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders // Hydrobiologia, 2005. Vol. 542, No. 1. P. 275 286. http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/5Hydr542p275water.filt.doc 27. Ostroumov S. A., Widdows J. Inhibition of mussel suspension feeding by surfactants of three classes. // Hydrobiologia. 2006. Vol. 556, No. 1. Pages: 381 386. 3 Tables. Bibliogr. 37 refs. [For the first time the negative effects of the three surfactants on the filtration rates by marine mussels were presented in one paper. The xenobiotics tested represented anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants (tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, TDTMA, a representative of a class of cationic surfactants; sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS, a representative of anionic alkyl sulfates; and Triton X-100, a representative of non-ionic hydroxyethylated alkyl phenols). Negative effects of SDS, TDTMA, and Triton X-100 on the filtration activity of marine mussels M. edulis and M. edulis / M. galloprovincialis were discovered. All three surfactants inhibited the clearance rates. This is the first publication of the negative effects of a cationic surfactant on Atlantic mussels Mytilus. The significance of the results for the ecology of marine ecosystems is discussed]. DOI 10.1007/s10750-005-1200-7; http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-1/hydrobiologia2006ostwidd; http://sites.google.com/site/3surfactantsfiltrationmytilus/; http://scipeople.ru/uploads/materials/4389/_Hydrobiologia2006%20vol%20556%20No.1%20pages381386.pdf; http://www.springerlink.com/content/7166067538534421/ 28. Ostroumov S. A. Basics of the molecular-ecological mechanism of water quality formation and water self-purification. - Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008 (Feb), Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 147-152. [ISSN 1995-4255(Print) 1995-4263 (Online); DOI 10.1134/S1995425508010177; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=e533be77c87735c6dcc5cfdb9db96cec; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/CPEC2008BasicsMolEcol.Mech.WaterQuali(0147.pdf; 29. Ostroumov S. A. Biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: from the theory to ecotechnologies. - Ecologica, 2007. vol. 15 (50), p.15-23. (ISSN 0354-3285). Some basic elements of a new theory for the biological mechanism for water self-purification are presented. Hydrobionts (aquatic organisms) are actively involved in various processes leading to water purification. Not only microorganisms (bacteria, cyanobacteria and fungi), but also algae, plants, invertebrates, and other groups of organisms are involved, which is discussed and analyzed in the paper. Results of the author's experiments that study the effects of various pollutants on aquatic organisms (freshwater and marine bivalves) are given. The theory is an innovative basis for developing ecological technologies to clean water and to upgrade its quality by using organisms and ecosystems [http://scindeks.nb.rs/article.aspx?artid=0354-32850750015O]. 30. Ostroumov S.A., Shestakova T.V. Decreasing the measurable concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in the water of the experimental systems containing Ceratophyllum demersum: The phytoremediation potential // Doklady Biological Sciences 2009, Vol. 428, No. 1, p. 444-447.

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2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters http://sites.google.com/site/9dbs444/; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=8fd8998627b86102db72c9b237c25054; 31. Ostroumov S.A. Towards the general theory of ecosystem-depended control of water quality. Ecologica, 2009, vol. 16, No. 54, p. 25-32. (Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991 Russia). Abstract: A new set of ecological generalizations formulated in this paper represent, in a systematized form, the basic elements of the qualitative theory of biotic control of water quality and water self-purication in freshwater and marine ecosystems. The theory contributes to a better understanding of the issues of stability and regulation in the biosphere. The theory is supported by the results of the authors experimental studies of the effects exerted by surfactants, detergents and other pollutants on aquatic organisms. http://sites.google.com/site/9enecologica16p25theory/

SOME OF THE PUBLICATIONS ABOVE AND THE RESULTS IN THEM WON SOME AWARDS AND DIPLOMAS, INCLUDING: Diploma at the 1st International Forum on Conservancy of Nature (Moscow, 7-9th September 2005), signed by Co-Chairs of the Forum, Deputy Minister of Natural Resources of Russian Federation and VicePresident of the Trade Chamber of Russian Federation). Diploma of the journal 'Ecology and Life' (awarded 15 October 2005). Diploma of the competition 'Sustainable use of natural resources and environmental protection stratery of sustainable development of Russia in the 21st century' at the international conference 'Sustainable Development: Nature-Society-Man' (organized in 2006, Moscow, by the Ministry of Natural Resources) for the paper by Ostroumov S.A. and Solomonova E.A. "On studies of water self-purification and interactions between pollutants (surfactants) and biota: searching approaches to issues relevant to sustainable use of water resources " (Directive of the Ministry of Natural Resources No.126 of 02 June 2006; the Diploma was signed by the Minister). Diploma to the book 'Biotic Mechanism of Self-purification of Freshwater and Marine Water' by Dr. S. A. Ostroumov, awarded at the 7th International Conference Aquatic Ecosystems, Organisms, Innovations (2005). Diploma of the Academy of Aquatic Sciences for the series of innovative publications on aquatic ecology, interactions between chemicals and organisms, and water self-purification, including the books 'Biological Effects of Surfactants in Connection with the Anthropogenic Impact on the Biosphere'; 'Biological Effects of Surfactants on Organisms'; 'Biotic Mechanism of Self-Purification of Freshwater and Marine Water'; 'Pollution, Self-Purification and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems'; 'Biological Effects of Surfactants', (awarded in 2006). Diploma of the Academy of Aquatic Sciences 'for his innovative contribution to improvement of environmental and ecological education', including the book 'Ecology and Hydrobiology. Curricula of Lecture Courses' (awarded in 2006). Diploma of the Moscow Society of the Researchers of Nature (awarded in 2007).

FULL TEXTS OF SOME OF THE PUBLICATIONS, and SHORT CONTENTS see at:

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2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/299_Inhibitory_Analysis_A_new_method_for_analyzing_inter actions_between_organisms_in_ecosystems; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/347_Biodiversity_and_stability_of_ecos ystems; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/276_New_threat_to_water_quality_discovery_of_the_new_i mportant_type_of_hazards_from_pollution_Synecological_summation_of_effects_on_different_trophic _levels; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/255_Criteria_of_ecological_hazards_due_to_anthropogenic_e ffects_on_the_biota_Searching_for_a_system; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/262__The_Concept_of_Aquatic_Biota_as_a_Labile_and_Vuln erable_Component_of_the_Water_SelfPurification_System; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/241_innovative_concept_of_ecosystem_as_a_multifunctional _bioreactor_one_of_its_functions_is_upgrading_water_quality_ecosystem_service; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/180_A_new_type_of_effect_of_potentially_hazardous_substa nces http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/369_Vulnerability_of_Major_Plankton_Groups_Rotifers; https://www.researchgate.net/profile.ProfileBlogEntry.html?dbw=true&blogId=373; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/388_new_keys_to_prevent_pollution_e utrophication_algal_blooms; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/379_Underwater_Secrets_of_Global_Change; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/407_New_concept_of_ecosystem https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/410_New_Concept_of_Ecosystem; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/410_A_New_Concept_For_Ecosystems;

http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs371p204criteria/ http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs373p397biocatallstag/ http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs374p514bioreactor/ http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs379p378pellets/ http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs377p139inhibitory/ http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs378p248effammaroyst/ http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p499synerg/ http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p492unio/ 28

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters http://sites.google.com/site/2dbs382p18biodivers/; http://sites.google.com/site/bioeffectsofsurfactants/ http://sites.google.com/site/surfactantinhibitfilterfeed02/ http://sites.google.com/site/3surfactantsfiltrationmytilus/ http://sites.google.com/site/9dbs444/; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=8fd8998627b86102db72c9b237c25054; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/Danbio6_2001v381n5.E.eutrophication.pdf; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=d988acb599e121964c48114374a87e8d; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=888352078b275ef40a430eb5b4d7714c; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/359_How_to_establish_a_new_type_of _reserves_to_protect_aquatic_biodiversity_and_ecosystem_services; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=997c8c86899d5a6e24531054ad1bcd1e; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=e533be77c87735c6dcc5cfdb9db96cec; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/CPEC2008BasicsMolEcol.Mech.WaterQuali(0147.pdf; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/5Hydr542p275water.filt.doc; http://www.moipros.ru/files/author_4_article_9.doc; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/2Hydrobiologia469p117w%20Addendum.DOC; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/4Rivista.Biologia97p39Aquatic..Bioreactor.RTF; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/3RivistaBio96Priorities2.rtf;

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES OF RELEVANT PUBLICATIONS see: http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/ http://sites.google.com/site/bioticupgradewaterquality2008/ http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsa/ http://sites.google.com/site/biochemicalecology/ http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsapublicationsineng/ http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsapublicationsruen/ http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-that-cited-saostroumov http://sites.google.com/site/biosphereostroumov/home http://sites.google.com/site/ecologytobemostcitedtomorrow/home 29

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters http://sites.google.com/site/ecologytobemostcitedtomorrow/list-of-publications-by-sa-ostroumov http://scipeople.ru/users/2943391/ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/321_Discovery_of_the_system_where_c hemical_pollution_could_impair_the_regulation_and_balance_in_the_abundance_of_phytoplankton_t hreat_to_ecological_stability_ ;

Positive evaluations of some of the results published by S.A.Ostroumov see in: Petrosyan V.S. Review of the book: Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Ecological Studies, Hazards, Solutions, 2007. vol. 12, p. 117-119 (in English); Review of the book: Ostroumov S.A. Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. Bulletin Samarskaya Luka. - 2007. - V. 16, 4(22). - P. 864867. Bibliogr. 10 refs. http://www.ssc.smr.ru/media/journals/samluka/2007/16_4_22.pdf; Review of the book: Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. // Problems of Biogeochemistry and Geochemical Ecology. 2007. 2 (4). p.108; Review of the book: S.A.Ostroumov. Biological Effects of Surfactants (2006). - Ecologica, 2008. v.15, No. 51, p. 71-72. (ISSN 0354-3285; in English); Review of the book: Ostroumov S.A. Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. Toxicological Review [Toksikologicheskij Vestnik], 2009, No. 2, p. 40;

POSITIVE COMMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS see: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/347_Biodiversity_and_stability_of_ecosystems; https://www.researchgate.net/group/Water_quality_Water_selfpurification_role_of_biota/board/thread/4400_A_new_way_of_eutrophication_control?viewLast=true; https://www.researchgate.net/group/Water_quality_Water_selfpurification_role_of_biota/board/thread/4412_want_to_be_part_of_you?viewLast=true; https://www.researchgate.net/group/Science_Communication/board/thread/4494_New_data_help_sa ve_energy_and_effort_in_water_trea?c=16875#c16875; https://www.researchgate.net/group/Environmental_researches_malacology/board/thread/2179_Sew age_outfalls_into_water_courses?viewLast=true;

KEY WORDS: filter-feeders, suspension feeders, bivalves, Mercenaria mercenaria, synthetic surfactants, substances that inhibit the filtration activity, the mussels, Mytilus edulis, Peter Donkin, grant proposal, European Environmental Research Organization, algae, Isochrysis galbana, mussels Mytilus edulis , 30

2009.Science in Russia. Biological Filters anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, cationic surfactant TDTMA, turbidostat; the culture, rotifers, Brachionus calyciflorus, feeding on algae, Nannochloropsis limnetica, ecotoxicological, hydrobiological, and management considerations, water quality, the biosphere, global change, V.I.Vernadsky, pelagic and benthic systems, ecosystem's biomachinery, water quality, self-purification potential in aquatic systems, suspended matter, faeces, pseudofaeces, nutrient cycling, water column, benthic habitats, suspension-feeders, natural aquatic remediation systems, negative anthropogenic impacts, new effects of pollutants on the filtration rates, Solyaris, Tarkovsky, Stanislav Lem, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Black Sea, Crimea, Sevastopol, Santa Fe, ASLO, SIL, Berlin, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Coulter counter, zebra mussels, Dreissena, heavy metals, carbon biogeochemistry, phytoremediation, combating pollution, synecology, theoretical ecology, theoretical biology, sustainable development, stability, regulation, limnology, biological oceanography, environmental safety, mariculture, oysters how much water do the mollusks that inhabit 1 m2 of the bottom area filter during one day (24 h)?, ecological chemoregulators, ecological chemomediators, toxins, pheromones, antifeedants, decreasing trophic activity of animals, phytoecdisones, carbon transfer, atmospheric CO2 , dissolved CO2 , photosynthesis, ecotechnologies, reducing hazards of chemical pollution, University of Georgia, US Agency for Environment Protection, phytotechnology, polluted water, aquatic macrophytes, higher plants, ecosystems services

31