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Units and Conversions

Variable
Acceleration
Area
Destiny
Energy, heat, work,
internal energy, enthalpy
Flow rate

SI Units
1 m/s2
1 m2
1 kg/m3
1 kJ = 1 kPa m3 = 1,000Nm
1 kJ/kg = 1,000 m2/s2
1 kWh = 3,600 kJ
1 cal = 4.18J
1 m3/hr

Force
Heat transfer coefficient
Length

1 N = 1 kg m/s2
1 W/m2 K
1m
1 km = 1,000m

Mass

Specific heat

1 kg = 1,000g
1 metric ton = 1,000 kg
1 W = 1 J/s
1 kW = 1,000W = 1.34hp
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 kPa = 1,000 Pa
1 atm = 101.325 kPa =
1.01bars
1 kJ/kg oC

Specific volume
Temperature

1 m3/kg
T(K) = T(oC) + 273.15

Thermal conductivity
Thermal resistance
Velocity

1 W/m oC
1 oC/W = 1 K/W
1 m/s = 3.60 km/h

Viscosity, absolute
Viscosity, kinematic
Volume

1 kg/m s = 1 Pa s = 10 poise
1 m2/s = 10,000 stoke
1 m3 = 1,000 L

Power, heat transfer rate


Pressure

Metric/Imperial Units
3.28ft/s2
10.76ft2
0.0624 lbm/m3
0.948 Btu
1 Btu = 5.40psia ft3
1 Btu/lbm = 25.04 ft2/s2
1 kWh = 3412.14Btu
6.29 bbls/hr
4.40 gallon/min (GPM)
7.23 lbm ft/s2
0.176Btu/h ft2 R
3.28ft
0.621 miles
1 in = 2.54cm
2.20 lbm
1 short ton = 2,000 lbm
1 kW = 3,412.14Btu/h
1 hp = 2,544.5 Btu/h
1.45 x 10-4 psia
1 psia = 6.895 kPa
1 atm = 14.70 psia
0.239 Btu/lbm oF
1 Btu/lb mol R = 4.19kJ/kmol K
16.02 ft3/lbm
T(R) = T(oF) + 459.67 = 1.8T(K)
T(oF) = 1.8 T(oC) + 32
0.578Btu/h ft oF
0.528 oF/h Btu
3.28 ft/s
1 mi/h = 1.609 km/h
2,419.1 lbf/ft h
10.76 ft2/s
35.32 ft3 = 264.17 gal = 6.29 bbls

Friction Loss Coefficient, K


Valve Types
Gate valve
Globe valve
Ball valve
Butterfly valve
Plug valve, straightway
Plug valve, three-way thru-flo
Plug valve, branch-flo

Nominal Pipe Size (in)


1
0.18
7.8
0.07
0.41
0.69
2.07

2
0.15
6.5
0.06
0.86
0.34
0.57
1.71

4
0.14
5.8
0.05
0.77
0.31
0.51
1.53

6
0.12
5.1
0.05
0.68
0.27
0.45
1.35

8 to 10
0.11
4.8
0.04
0.63
0.25
0.42
1.26

12 to 16
0.10
4.4
0.04
0.35
0.23
0.39
1.17

18 to 24
0.10
4.1
0.04
0.30
0.22
0.36
1.08

SSU Viscosity Conversions


SSU
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
1000

cSt
1.00
4.30
7.40
10.30
13.10
15.70
18.20
20.60
43.20
65.00
87.60
110.00
220.00

Centistokes = centipoise/s.g
Centistokes = 0.22*SSU 180/SSU
SSU = Centistokes * 4.635 (> 70 centistokes)

Properties of Petroleum Fluids


Product
Specific Gravity (60 oF)
API Gravity (60 oF)
Viscosity (cSt at 60 oF)
Regular gasoline
0.7275
63.0
0.7
Premium gasoline
0.7165
58.0
0.7
No. 1 fuel oil
0.8155
42.0
2.6
No. 2 fuel oil
0.8392
37.0
3.9
Kerosene
0.7796
50.0
2.2
Jet fuel (JP-4)
0.7711
52.0
1.4
Jet fuel (JP-5)
0.8040
44.5
2.2
Diesel
0.8398
37.0
> 6.0 (+)
Super light crude (*)
0.7883
48.0
> 2.0 (+)
Light crude (*)
0.8348
38.0
> 5.0 (+)
Heavy crude (*)
0.8927
27.0
> 20.0 (+)
Super heavy crude (*)
0.9218
22.0
> 200 (+)
Water
1.0000
10.0
1.0
(*) This is a rough classification of various crude oils. For example, the API gravity of Arab super light
crude ranges between 48 and 52.
(+) The viscosity depends on the amount of impurities, particularly sulphur contents.

Thermal Conductivities
Material
Concrete
Fiber insulating board
Sandy soil, dry

Conductivity (Btu/hr/ft/ oF)


0.47 to 0.81
0.028
0.25 to 0.40

Sandy soil, moist


Sandy soil, soaked
Clay soil, dry
Clay soil, moist
Clay soil, moist to wet
River water
Air

0.50 to 0.60
1.10 to 1.30
0.20 t0 0.30
0.40 to 0.50
0.60 to 0.90
2.00 to 2.50
2.00

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