Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
508052003
COSINE SPACING
-c/2 ---- c/2 0 ---- c
( ) cos
2
c
x x =
( ) sin
2
c
dx x dx =
( ) ( )
1 cos
2
c
x x =
( ) sin
2
c
dx x dx =
Vortex weight factor
n
dx
x x
dx
=
( ) sin
2
n
c
x x
N
=
( )
2
sin
2
n
c
x x
N
=
( )
2
1 cos
2
n
c
x x
N
=
( ) cos
2
c
x x =
( )
2
cos x x
c
=
( )
2
cos x x
c
=
2
2
1
2
n
c
x x
c N
| |
=
|
\ .
2
2
4
1
2
n
c
x x
c N
=
2
2
4
n
c
x x
N
=
Vortex weight factor
n
dx
x x
dx
=
( ) sin
2
n
c
x x
N
=
( )
2
sin
2
n
c
x x
N
=
( )
2
1 cos
2
n
c
x x
N
=
( ) ( )
1 cos
2
c
x x =
( )
2
1 cos x x
c
=
( )
2
cos 1 x x
c
=
2
2
1 1
2
n
c
x x
c N
| |
=
|
\ .
2
2
4 4
1 1
2
n
c
x x x
c c N
| |
= +
|
\ .
2
2
4 4
1 1
2
n
c
x x x
c c N
= +
( )
2
2
4
2
n
c
x cx x
c N
=
( )
2
2
4
2
n
c
x cx x
c N
=
( )
n
x c x
x
N
=
(Equation 72, Justin E. Kerwin)
KIVAN AL ANIL April 17, 2007
508052003
-c/2 ---- c/2 0 ---- c
The equation of a parabolic mean line with
maximum camber
0
f is
( )
2
0
2
1
x
f x f
c
(
| |
=
(
|
\ .
(
The equation of a parabolic mean line with
maximum camber
0
f is
( )
2
0
2
2
1
c
x
f x f
c
(
| | | |
(
|
|
\ .
(
= |
(
|
| (
\ .
( )
2
0
2
1
x c
f x f
c
(
| |
=
(
|
\ .
(
( )
2
0
2
1 1
x
f x f
c
(
| |
=
(
|
\ .
(
( )
2
0 2
4 4
1 1
x x
f x f
c c
( | |
= +
( |
\ .
( )
2
0 2
4 4 x x
f x f
c c
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
0
4
1
x x
f x f
c c
| |
=
|
\ .
(Equation 5.80, Katz&Plotkin)
The Slope is:
0
2
8 df f x
dx c
=
The Slope is:
0 2
4 8 df x
f
dx c c
| |
=
|
\ .
0
2
4 1
df f x
dx c c
| |
=
|
\ .
(Equation 5.81, Katz&Plotkin)
We can see from the following figures that both formulations for cosine spacing give the
same results.
KIVAN AL ANIL April 17, 2007
508052003
Figure 1. Input Window for The Parabolic Mean Line (Cosine Spacing -c/2 - c/2).
Figure 2. Input Window for The flow angle of attack (alpha in degrees) - The
default value is for CL = 1.
Figure 3. The Geometry & Results.
KIVAN AL ANIL April 17, 2007
508052003
Figure 4. Input Window for The Parabolic Mean Line (Cosine Spacing 0 - c).
Figure 5. Input Window for The flow angle of attack (alpha in degrees) - The
default value is for CL = 1.
Figure 6. The Geometry & Results.
KIVAN AL ANIL April 17, 2007
508052003
Figure 7. Input Window for The Parabolic Mean Line (Cosine Spacing 0- c).
Figure 8. Input Window for The flow angle of attack (alpha in degrees) - The
default value is for CL = 1.
Figure 9. The Geometry & Results.
KIVAN AL ANIL April 17, 2007
508052003
Figure 10. The Geometry & Results.
Figure 11. The Geometry & Results.
KIVAN AL ANIL April 17, 2007
508052003
Figure 12. Input Window for The Parabolic Mean Line (Cosine Spacing -c/2 - c/2).
Figure 13. Input Window for The flow angle of attack (alpha in degrees) - The
default value is for CL = 1.
Figure 14. The Geometry & Results.
KIVAN AL ANIL April 17, 2007
508052003
Figure 15. Input Window for The Parabolic Mean Line (Cosine Spacing 0 - c).
Figure 16. Input Window for The flow angle of attack (alpha in degrees) - The
default value is for CL = 1.
Figure 17. The Geometry & Results.
KIVAN AL ANIL April 17, 2007
508052003
Figure 18. Input Window for The Parabolic Mean Line (Cosine Spacing 0- c).
Figure 19. Input Window for The flow angle of attack (alpha in degrees) - The
default value is for CL = 1.
Figure 20. The Geometry & Results.
KIVAN AL ANIL April 17, 2007
508052003
Figure 21. The Geometry & Results.
Figure 22. The Geometry & Results.
KIVAN AL ANIL April 17, 2007
508052003
Figure 23. Input Window for The FLAT PLATE (Cosine Spacing -c/2 - c/2).
Figure 24. Input Window for The flow angle of attack (alpha in degrees) - The
default value is for CL = 1.
Figure 25. The Geometry & Results.
KIVAN AL ANIL April 17, 2007
508052003
Figure 26. Input Window for The FLAT PLATE (Cosine Spacing -c/2 - c/2).
Figure 27. Input Window for The flow angle of attack (alpha in degrees) - The
default value is for CL = 1.
Figure 28. The Geometry & Results.
KIVAN AL ANIL April 17, 2007
508052003
Figure 29. Input Window for The FLAT PLATE (Cosine Spacing 0 - c).
Figure 30. Input Window for The flow angle of attack (alpha in degrees) - The
default value is for CL = 1.
Figure 31. The Geometry & Results.
KIVAN AL ANIL April 17, 2007
508052003
2-D Vortex Lattice Method with Cosine Spacing
(13.04 LECTURE NOTES HYDROFOILS AND PROPELLERS, Justin E. Kerwin)
pages 53-54
We first define an auxiliary angular variable x such that
( ) ( )
1 cos
2
c
x x = (69)
so that 0 x = corresponds to the leading edge and x = corresponds to the trailing edge
x c = . This is the same as the change of variables introduced by Glauert, except that the x
coordinate has been shifted by c/2 to place the leading edge at 0 x = . We next divide the
chord into N equal intervals of x with common interval x N = . Point vortices
n
are
located at the mid-points of each x interval, and control points are located at the
downstream boundary of each x interval,
(70)
( ) 1 cos
2
c
c n
x n
N
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
Note that with this spacing algorithm the last control point is at the trailing edge, x c = .
The velocity induced at the nth control point is simply,
(71)
where the last equality in 71 is a statement of the boundary condition developed earlier.
Equation 71, written for each of the N control points, represents a set of simultaneous
equations for the unknown point vortex strengths
n
.
( )
( ) 1/ 2
1 cos
2
v
n c
x n
N
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
( ) ( )
1
1
2
N
m
n
m v c
df
v U
x m x m dx
(
= =
(