American Revolution Causes of Revolution 1. There is discontent amongst the people of all the social classes.

Who: The American people of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia. What: Didnt want people an ocean away telling them what to do and how to live their lives. When: The time period was 1775-1783. Where: In the American colonies of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia. Why: They wanted to do things for themselves, they wanted freedom. They didnt want to be governed by England anymore. 2. People feel restless and held down by unacceptable restrictions in society, religion, the economy or the government. Who: The American People. What: They were restricted in power, like the lack of American voice in the Parliament taxation without representation. When: This happened around the 1750s to the 1760s. Where: In the American colonies of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia. Why: They were restricted in power because England wanted to have full control of them, and wanted to tax them unfair taxes to help pay for the debt of the French and Indian War. 3. People are hopeful about the future, but they are being forced to accept less than they had hoped for. Who: The Pilgrims who first moved to the Americas. What: They were hopeful that if they moved, they would be able to escape tyranny from England. However, they were wrong. When: The first permanent settlements were made in the early 1600s. Where: This happened in the American colonies of (in order) Virginia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Maryland, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Georgia. Why: They were wrong because even though they moved to the Americas, England still persecuted them by demanding taxes and controlling them through the Parliament. They didnt let them participate in the Parliament either. 4. People are beginning to think of themselves as belonging to a social class, and there is a growing bitterness between social classes. Who: The people of the American colony of Virginia- elite slave owning planters, the middleling yeomen, landless indentured servants, and other groups. What: They couldnt work as a cohesive unit to fight the British. Instead, they fought with each other, argued, and bickered. Even though the government tried to get them to work together, they refused.

When: This happened in the middle 1700s. Where: This mostly happened in the first colony ever created in the Americas, Virginia. Why: The people of Virginia fought with each other because they refused to work together as one because of their distinct social classes. They let their classes get in the way of the bigger picture. 5. The social classes closest to one another are the most hostile. Who: The family members and servants of those in service - soldiers wives. Also, the officers wives, who were called ladies. What: They were close on the social pyramid, and were ladies who presented themselves at the camps where the soldiers and armies lived to help out. They caused a struggle of the pyramid structure during the Revolution. When: This happened during the American Revolution - 1775-1783. Where: These women followed wherever the army went, and to the camps they stayed in. Why: They were the most hostile because when too many camp followers arose, the army had to decide between the two on which ones had to leave. This caused both competition and hostility between them, and thus caused a struggle of the pyramid structure during the Revolution. 6. The scholars and thinkers give up on the way their society operates. Who: The scholars and thinkers of the time period. What: During a Revolution, people tend to review where they stand in the context of the government. They gave up trying to think of why and how their society operates and just the logic on how everybody is thinking. When: This happened during the American Revolution - 1775-1783. Where: This was happening all over the 13 American colonies of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia. Why: They gave up because everything was so chaotic that they didnt know what to think anymore. They start to question everything in society that they used to think they knew for certain. 7. The government does not respond to the needs of its society. Who: The British government. What: The American colonists were demanding a fair say in the decisions of colonial taxation, however the government didnt respond to what the colonists were demanding. When: This happened during the 1760s. Where: This happened over in England, while they were ruling the colonies. Why: The British were taxing them because of the $700,000,000 debt from the French and Indian War. To pay off this debt, they started taxing the colonists with outrageous taxes that infuriated the colonists. 8. The leaders of the government and the ruling class begin to doubt themselves. Some join with the opposition groups. Who: The loyalists of the American colonies. What: They wanted to maintain the status quo, however, over time some of them realized that the revolution was going to take place with or without their cooperation. When: This happened during the early parts of the Revolution.

Where: In the American colonies of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia. Why: No one wanted to be on the outnumbered side, so some of them switched over from being loyalists to patriots. 9. The government is unable to get enough support from any group to save itself. Who: The British government. What: They werent able to get a lot of support from the colonists because the taxes that they were imposing on the American colonies were not in the colonists favours. When: This happened during the early parts of the Revolution. Where: In the American colonies of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia. Why: The loyalists were put into jails, killed, or moved from their colonies because they were majorly outnumbered by the outraged patriots. This further lowered the support that the British government had to save itself. 10. The government cannot organize its finances correctly and is either going bankrupt or trying to tax heavily and unjustly. Who: The British government. What: They imposed unjust taxes such as the Sugar Act, Quartering Act, and Stamp Act onto the colonists. When: Before the start of the Revolutionary War in the 1760s. Where: These heavy taxes were imposed on the American colonies of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia. Why: The British were taxing them because of the $700,000,000 debt from the French and Indian War. To pay off this debt, they started taxing the colonists with outrageous taxes that infuriated the colonists. The Stages of Revolution 1. Impossible demands made of government which, if granted, would mean its end. Who: The American colonists. What: They wanted to have a right in the formation of law. They basically wanted to be part of the parliament. The British refused because if granted, it would be a very bad outcome for them. When: Before the Revolution started in the 1760s. Where: In the American colonies of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia. Why: This would cause a bad outcome for the British because if the colonists had a say in the parliament, they would stop the harsh taxes imposed on them. If the taxes were stopped, then the British wouldnt be able to pay off their debt, and they would be in ruins. 2. Unsuccessful government attempts to suppress revolutionaries. Who: The British Parliament.

What: Passed the four laws called the Intolerable Acts, which were intended to make an example of the people of Massachusetts for their disobedience. When: These laws were passed in 1774. Where: They were passed in England onto the American colonies of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia. Why: They were supposed to discourage other colonies from opposing British rule. However, they had the opposite effect and united the colonies together against Britain.

3. Revolutionaries gain power and seem united. Who: The colonists of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia. What: After the hearing about the Intolerable Acts that are passed, the Revolutionaries gain power by uniting together. When: This happened after the laws were passed in 1774. Where: In the American colonies of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia. Why: After seeing something that was supposed to stop them from opposing Britain, they showed their opposition even more to Britain by joining together. In order to discuss the issues, the patriot leaders call for a meeting, in which the colonies all unite. 4. Once in power, revolutionaries begin to quarrel among themselves, and unity begins to dissolve. Who: Daniel Shay and his forces (Shaysites). What: Otherwise known as Shays rebellion, he led a surprise attack on the government. When: This happened in January of 1787. Where: This happened in the colony of Massachusetts. Why: He rebelled because the farmers of West Massachusetts were getting heavy mortgages; he being one of the farmers. He led the farmers in a rebellion, because so many farmers began to lose their farms, and everything that they had. 5. The moderates gain the leadership but fail to satisfy those who insist on further changes. Who: The delegates of the Constitutional Convention. What: Reached an agreement called the Three-Fifths Compromise in which slaves were counted as three-fifths of a human being for the purpose of taxation and representation in Congress. However, as the Southerners and slave owners were happy about this, the Northerners were insisting on further changes. When: This agreement was reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Where: This agreement was between the Southern and Northern States. Why: The Northerners werent happy about this because now the Southern states would get more representation in Congress, which would solidify their power in Congress. 6. Power is gained by progressively more radical groups until finally a lunatic fringe gains almost complete control. Who: The federalists and the anti-federalists.

What: The federalists supported the new constitution and the anti-federalists were against it. The federalists wanted a single nation with different states while the anti-federalists wanted separate nations within each state. When: The Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787. Where: In the American colonies of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia. Why: The federalists defeated the anti-federalists because it was more practical to have the states as one nation rather than different nations. 7. A strong man emerges and assumes great power. Who: A Continental Army Commander-in-Chief named George Washington. What: He became President after attending both Continental Congresses and becoming the president of the Constitutional Convention. When: He became president April 30, 1789. Where: He was announced as President on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York. Why: During the Philadelphia Convention, the nationalists wanted him to be the first president, and the monarchists wanted him to be the first King. So he universally was admired and liked by everyone and was bound to become a leader of some sort. 8. The extremists try to create a "heaven on earth" by introducing their whole program and by punishing all their opponents. Who: The anti-federalists. What: They didnt want a new constitution, they wanted each of the 13 states to be their own separate nations. However, they didnt get their way. When: This happened in the early 1780s. Where: In the American colonies of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia. Why: They didnt get their way because the federalists and their idea of a constitution and one nation was the more favoured idea. 9. A period of terror occurs. Who: Between the 13 colonies and Britain. What: A war broke out called the American Revolutionary War. When: This war fought between the years of 1775-1783. Where: This war was fought in Virginia and ended in York town. Why: The leaders of the 13 colonies thought that they were not getting the true respect that they deserved from the Leaders of Parliament in England.

10. Moderate groups regain power. The revolution is over. Who: The moderates of the 13 colonies. What: Gained the addition of the Bill of Rights to be added into the Constitution. When: The bill of rights was added on Dec. 15, 1791. Where: It was added to the Constitution at the first United States Congress. They met first at Federal Hall in New York City and later at Congress Hall in Philadelphia.

Why: It was added because it was a compromise between the Federalists and the AntiFederalists. Was it a Revolution? 1. Did the ideals of the revolution change as its leadership changed? Initially protestors have certain ideals in mind, however, after the government is in place, pragmatic thinking often replaces initial ideology. People tend to go with the opinions of their leader, so when the federalists took leadership, the ideals did change. So yes, the ideals of the revolution change as its leadership changed. They always do. 2. Were the original goals of the revolution achieved? At what point? Were these achievements conserved? Yes, the original goals of the revolution were achieved. The original goal was to become independent from Britain and the Parliament, which is exactly what happened. This happened when they created the Constitution . Yes these achievements were definitely conserved. They were preserved in the Constitution. 3. Which social classes gained most from the revolution? Which lost? Did the original ruling group or individuals from this group return to power? I think mostly all social classes gained a lot from the revolution, not just one. However, I do think that the women gained a lot from the revolution because they gained many rights that they didnt have. I dont think any social class lost from the revolution besides the Parliament in Britain. The original ruling group definitely didnt return to power. Britain no longer controlled America, America finally could control itself. 4. How was the old political, social, and economic order of society [Ancient Regime] changed as a result of the revolution? Before the American Revolution, the American colonies were ruled under the British Parliament. They had no say in the taxes that were put on them, and everything else as well. After the revolution, the colonists definitely had a say in their government. They created the Constitution which was the basis of their laws and freedom. So the political, social, and economic orders of society were definitely changed for the better after the American Revolution.

French Revolution Causes of Revolution

1. There is discontent amongst the people of all the social classes. Who: In general, the poor people of France. What: People had no food and were suffering from both hunger and mal nutrition. When: This happened in the late 1780s. Where: All throughout France, mostly the poorer parts of France. Why: The prices of bread were continually rising, after several years of poor grain harvests. 2. People feel restless and held down by unacceptable restrictions in society, religion, the economy or the government. Who: The poor people of France. What: Felt that their needs were being totally ignored and the richer people like the royal court at Versailles were being indifferent to their hardships. When: This happened in the many years before the Revolution started. Where: Throughout the poorer parts of France. Why: People in the royal court at Versailles couldnt care less about the poorer people with no say in anything, so the royal court would isolate themselves away. 3. People are hopeful about the future, but they are being forced to accept less than they had hoped for. Who: The people of France. What: They were hopeful that the government and rulers would listen to their cries out for help due to their underprivileged lives. When: This happened in the many years before the Revolution started. Where: This happened throughout France. Why: The people realized that their pleas were not being heard, and that the royal people and government couldnt care less about the troubles that they were in. So they were forced to accept that they had to do something on their own, because no one else would help them. 4. People are beginning to think of themselves as belonging to a social class, and there is a growing bitterness between social classes. Who: Peasants, independent farmers, sharecroppers, renters, urban dwellers, and other people of France. What: They began to think of themselves as classified into different social classes, mainly the 3 orders: The clergy, the nobility, and the common people. This social distinction caused a growing bitterness between all of them. When: This happened in the 1780s. Where: This happened throughout the lands of France. Why: This caused bitterness between the classes because the nobles dominated the clergy, but the majority of representatives came from two privileged orders, even though they only stood for 5 percent of the population. This allowed the nobility to have 2 of three votes. 5. The social classes closest to one another are the most hostile. Who: The nobles and the commoners. What: They are the most hostile because nobles ruled over the commoners; however certain individuals or groups of commoners enjoyed privileges that no one else had. These privileges were passed through family, so there was basically no social mobility. When: This happened in the 1780s. Where: This happened throughout the lands of France.

Why: Since some people were more privileged than others and there was no social mobility, people got very hostile. They wondered why some people had better privileges than they had, which caused hostility. 6. The scholars and thinkers give up on the way their society operates. Who: The scholars, thinkers, and writers of not only France, but Europe. What: They were criticizing the French monarchy and were exposing democratic, liberalist, nationalist, and socialist ideas. When: During the Age of Enlightenment in the 1740s. Where: This happened throughout the lands of both France and Europe. Why: During this period of Enlightenment, people began to question society and the usual way it operates. The scholars, thinkers, and writers gave up on how their society operates, and tried to come up with new ideas in hopes of it bettering their society. 7. The government does not respond to the needs of its society. Who: The French government. What: Did not respond to their urban poor about their cries of hunger and lack of money. The government completely ignored their pleas, and went on with their lives of royalty. When: This happened in the early 1700s. Where: This happened in throughout the lands of France. Why: The royal people and government do not respond because they do not care. They are contempt with what they have, and couldnt care less about people that dont have the riches that they have. 8. The leaders of the government and the ruling class begin to doubt themselves. Some join with the opposition groups. Who: King Louis XVI. What: He began to doubt both himself and his power to control the economy of France. He proceeded to call in financial advisors to review the weakened French treasury. When: This happened in the late 1700s. Where: This happened in France. Why: The economic crisis was getting way out of hand, so King Louis XVI had to call in for help. He didnt know what to do anymore, and he doubted himself. 9. The government is unable to get enough support from any group to save itself. Who: King Louis XVI. What: He noted that there was a downward economic spiral, and brought in financial advisors to review the French treasury. Each advisor had the same conclusion, that France needed a huge change in the way they taxed people, so he kicked every one of them out. When: This happened during in the late 1700s. Where: This happened in France. Why: He realized that France was in an economic crisis, so he called in help. However, he didnt like their conclusion that they came to, so he kicked them out. In the end, he was unable to save himself or France because he didnt like the truth.

10. The government cannot organize its finances correctly and is either going bankrupt or trying to tax heavily and unjustly.

Who: King Louis XVI and Charles de Calonne. What: The king realized that there was a huge taxation problem, so he appointed a new controller of general finance, Charles de Calonne. Calonne suggested beginning taxing the previously exempt nobility. His plan didnt work out. When: This happened throughout 1783-1787. Where: This happened in France. Why: Calonne came up with the idea, which was a good idea, however the nobility refused. He pleaded with them during the Assembly of Notables, however they refused again. After they denied his idea, financial ruin seemed almost positive. The Stages of Revolution 1. Impossible demands made of government which, if granted, would mean its end. Who: The Third Estate. What: Called for recognition of its powers and statuses, and declared for a National Assembly of the people. However Louis XVI attempted to prevent the meeting of the National Assembly. When: This happened in 1789. Where: This happened in France. Why: Louis XVI tried to prevent this from happening because he didnt want the Third Estate to grow in power. He was afraid that if that happened, then he would lose power. 2. Unsuccessful government attempts to suppress revolutionaries. Who: The National Assembly. What: Were influenced by the enlightenment, and they were eager to change the government. However the King ordered the estates general to follow medieval rules. When: This happened from the late 1780s to the early 1790s. Where: This happened in France. Why: The King didnt want the Third Estate to gain more power than they already had, so he sided with the nobles and tried to limit their power. He even locked them out of their meeting room. 3. Revolutionaries gain power and seem united. Who: The National Assembly. What: Adopted the Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen which was modeled on the U.S. Declaration of Independence. When: This was made on August 26, 1789. Where: This happened in France were the National Assembly had meetings. Why: This made them gain power because it tried to give individual rights to the people, so they can feel like they are more like noticed citizens than just unnoticed regular people under a corrupt government. 4. Once in power, revolutionaries begin to quarrel among themselves, and unity begins to dissolve. Who: The National Assembly. What: Split into three groups, the radicals, the moderates, and the conservatives. The radicals were the lower class that wanted more change from the revolution. The conservatives wanted the old regime back. When: This happened in the 1790s.

Where: This happened in France. Why: They split into the three groups because they were under a lot of stress from major problems including debt and food shortages. 5. The moderates gain the leadership but fail to satisfy those who insist on further changes. Who: The moderates. What: They formed a limited monarchy and created the Legislative Assembly, further enhancing their power. When: This happened from 1791-1799. Where: This happened throughout France. Why: They wanted to create a liberal constitutional monarchy and was a much more radical body than the National Assembly had been. However, they had a hard time trying to satisfy the needs of everyone in France and the radicals demand further action. 6. Power is gained by progressively more radical groups until finally a lunatic fringe gains almost complete control. Who: The moderates and the Jacobins. What: The moderates dissolve the National Assembly, abolish the monarchy, and declare French a republic. Louis XVI is then beheaded and the Jacobins take power. When: Between the years of 1792-1793. Where: This happened throughout France. Why: They realized that in order for France to be in order, changes had to be made. The Jacobins established a manifesto and became one of the most widespread and powerful groups in all of France. 7. A strong man emerges and assumes great power. Who: Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins. What: Led the Jacobins and wrestled power from their rival Girondists in the National Convention and launched the Reign of Terror. When: This happened in the early 1790s. Where: This happened in during the National Convention in France. Why: He commanded attention as soon as he stepped into the National Convention. His influence grew daily, and the mob frantically admired his ideas. 8. The extremists try to create a "heaven on earth" by introducing their whole program and by punishing all their opponents. Who: Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins. What: Robespierre and the Jacobins used the propaganda and the press to spread positive messages of their Republic. They introduced conscription to aid with the invasions of foreign armies. They didnt like when people disagreed with their ideas. When: They ruled France from July 1793 - July 1794. Where: This happened all throughout France. Why: They hated when people went against what they said. They overpowered the Girondists because they had opposite ideas. They also introduced the Law of Suspects which permitted the arrest of anyone suspected of speaking against the Revolution. 9. A period of terror occurs.

Who: Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins. What: The Reign of Terror was a period of about 12 months during the French Revolution when struggles between rivals led to mutual radicalization. This took on a violent spin with mass executions by the guillotine. When: This happened from September 5 1793 July 28 1794. Where: This happened all throughout France. Why: Instilling terror into the people was needed to put the social radicalism of the Jacobins into effect. They felt that terror was the only way to further instill their power over France.

10. Moderate groups regain power. The revolution is over. Who: The moderates of the National Convention. What: They turn on Robespierre and executed him. They then draft a new constitution which gave power to the middle class. When: This happened in the year of 1794. Where: This happened in France. Why: The moderates realized that this Reign of Terror had to stop, so they decided to do something about it. France was getting too out of control, and they had to put an end to it. Was it a Revolution? 1. Did the ideals of the revolution change as its leadership changed? The ideals of the revolution definitely did change as its leadership changed. Between Louis XVI, Napoleon Bonaparte, Marie-Antoinette, Maximilien Robespierre, and other leaders, they all had extremely different opinions and ideas. So definitely as each leader changed, the ideals of its leadership changed. 2. Were the original goals of the revolution achieved? At what point? Were these achievements conserved? Yes the original goals of the revolution were achieved. They were achieved at the end of the Revolution. They finally got rid of the leaders that were ripping the people off. These achievements were sort of conserved, but corruption in that government still existed after the Revolution. 3. Which social classes gained most from the revolution? Which lost? Did the original ruling group or individuals from this group return to power? The poorer social classes definitely gained the most from the revolution. I think the upper class royalty lost the most, since they were the ones originally holding the power. The lower classes revolted against them, and in the end gained a lot. The original ruling individuals from this group did not return to power.

4. How was the old political, social, and economic order of society [Ancient Regime] changed as a result of the revolution? Before, France was ruled under absolutism. After the Revolution, it changed to Republicanism, Nationalism, and the belief that the country does not belong to one sole ruler, but to the people. Also, after the Revolution, occupations and the military were open to all male applicants. The French Revolution inspired many other revolutions, and slavery was abolished.