1.

BASIC PHRASES God morgon Good Morning God kvll Good Evening Hej d / Adj (more formal) Goodbye Tack (s mycket) Thank you (very much) Ja / Nej Yes / No Hur r det? / Hur har du det? How are you? Bra Good / Fine Vad heter du? What's your name? Mitt namn r... My name is... Vlkommen! Welcome! Varifrn kommer du? Where are you from? Var bor du? Where do you live? Hur gammal r du? How old are you? Talar du svenska? Do you speak Swedish? Jag kommer frn... I'm from... Jag bor i... I live in... Jag r ___ r (gammal). I am ____ years old. Jag talar [inte] engelska. I [don't] speak English. Hej / God dag Hello / Good Day God natt Good Night Snlla Please Ingen orsak / Varsgod Don't mention it / You're welcome Herr / Fru / Frken Mister / Misses / Miss Hur mr du? How are you? (How are you feeling?) Inte s bra. Not so good Jag heter... I am called... Trevligt att trffas! Pleased to meet you!

danska, norska, franska, italienska, spanska, tyska, hollndska, ryska, japanska Danish, Norwegian, French, Italian, Spanish, German, Dutch, Russian, Japanese Ja, lite grann. Yes, a little bit. Jag frstr [inte.] I [don't] understand. Urskta / Frlt Excuse me / Pardon me Vi ses senare / snart See you later / soon Jag lskar dig. I love you. Nej, inte alls. No, not at all. Jag vet [inte.] I [don't] know. Ha det s bra! Take care! Hej / Hej d Hi / Bye Jag saknar dig. I miss you. 1

Pratar du svenska? is also a common way to ask Do you speak Swedish?, though it is considered more informal. 2. PRONUNCIATION Swedish letter(s) ch ck g g g gj k q sch ti(on) tj v, w x z 3. ALPHABET a b c d e f g h i j ah bay say day ay ef gay haw ee yee k l m n o p q r s t kaw el em en oh pay koo air ess tay u v x y z ooh vay eks ew say-tah aw (with lips rounded) eh (as in bed) er (with lips rounded) English sound sh k g before a, o, u, , or unstressed e j before e, i, y, , and after l or r k before t j soft ch sound, before e, i, y, , k sh sh soft ch sound v ks s

4. NOUNS & CASES Nouns in Swedish have two genders, common and neuter, which adjectives must agree with when modifying nouns. These genders are signified by the indefinite articles: en and ett. In the vocabulary lists, a noun followed by (n) means that it is a neuter noun and it takes the indefinite article ett. The majority of nouns in Swedish are common gender, so they take the indefinite article en. The only case of nouns that is used in Swedish is the genitive (showing possession), and it is easily formed by adding an -s to the noun. This is comparable to adding -'s in English to show possession. However, if the noun already ends in -s, then you add nothing (unlike English where we add -' or -'s). Anders bok = Anders's book 5. ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVES There are two indefinite articles (corresponding to a and an) in Swedish: en and ett. En is used with most of the nouns (words denoting people almost always use en), but you will just have to learn which article goes with which noun. The definite article (the) is not a separate word like in most other languages. It is simply a form of the indefinite article attached to the end of the noun. Note that en words ending in a vowel retain that vowel and add an -n instead of adding -en. And ett words ending in -e just add a -t. En words (common) Indefinite Definite en the a banana bananen banan banana en stol en gata a chair a street stolen gatan the chair the street Ett words (neuter) Indefinite Definite ett bord a table ett kk ett pple bordet the table the kitchen

a kket kitchen

an apple pplet the apple

This, that, these and those are expressed in Swedish by using den, det or de plus the word hr (here) and dr (there). The noun is always in the definite form after these demonstratives. And if any adjectives follow the demonstrative, they must add an -a to the ending. with en words den hr biljetten - this ticket den dr biljetten - that ticket with ett words with plural words de hr biljetterna - these det hr tget - this train tickets det dr tget - that train de dr tgen - those trains

this / these that / those

6. SUBJECT & OBJECT PRONOUNS Subject & Object Pronouns jag I mig (mej) me 3

du han hon den det man vi ni de (dom)

you (singular) he she it (with en words) it (with ett words) one we you (plural) they

dig (dej) honom henne den det en oss er dem (dom)

you him her it it one us you them

Man can be translated as one, we, they or the people in general. When referring to nouns as it, you use den for en nouns, and det for ett nouns. Formerly, du was the informal you and ni was the formal, but these distinctions are rarely used anymore. The forms in parentheses are the informal ways of spelling these words, which is closer to the actual pronunciation. 7. TO BE & TO HAVE The present and past tenses of verbs in Swedish are very simple to conjugate. All the forms are the same for each personal pronoun. The infinitive of the verb to be in Swedish is vara, and the conjugated present tense form is r and the past tense is var. The infinitive of the verb to have is ha, and the conjugated present tense form is har and the past tense is hade. I am you are he is she is it is it is one is we are you are they are att vara - to be I was jag r you were du r he was han r she was hon r it was den r it was det r man r one was we were vi r you were ni r they were de r jag var du var han var hon var den var det var man var vi var ni var de var I have you have he has she has it has it has one has we have you have they have att ha - to have I had jag har you had du har he had han har she had hon har it had den har it had det har man har one had we had vi har you had ni har they had de har jag hade du hade han hade hon hade den hade det hade man hade vi hade ni hade de hade

To form the future tense of verbs, just add ska before the infinitive. Jag ska vara = I will be; hon ska ha = she will have; etc. 8. USEFUL WORDS 4

sometimes always never often usually now and but or very here there with each other

ibland alltid aldrig ofta oftast nu och men eller mycket / vldigt hr dr med varandra

already perhaps both some again between a lot, many of course a little not at all almost really? it is there is/are

redan kanske bda ngon, ngot, ngra igen, ter mellan mnga naturligtvis lite grann inte alls nstan verkligen det r det finns

9. QUESTION WORDS Who What Why When Where vem vad varfr nr var Whose Which Where to Where from How vems vilken, vilket, vilka vart varifrn hur

Which has three different forms depending on the gender and number of the noun that follows it. Vilken is used with en words, vilket is used with ett words and vilka is used with plural words. 10. CARDINAL & ORDINAL NUMBERS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 noll en, ett tv tre fyra fem sex sju tta nio tio 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th frsta andra tredje fjrde femte sjtte sjunde ttonde nionde tionde 5

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1,000 million billion trillion

elva tolv tretton fjorton femton sexton sjutton arton nitton tjugo tjugoen, tjugoett tjugotv trettio fyrtio femtio sextio sjuttio ttio nittio hundra tusen en miljon en miljard en biljon

11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th 100th 1,000th

elfte tolfte trettonde fjortonde femtonde sextonde sjuttonde artonde nittonde tjugonde tjugofrsta tjugoandra trettionde fyrtionde femtionde sextionde sjuttionde ttionde nittionde hundrade tusende

11. DAYS OF THE WEEK / VECKANS DAGAR Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday day morning afternoon evening mndag tisdag onsdag torsdag fredag lrdag sndag dag morgon eftermiddag afton (before 6 pm) / kvll 6

night today tomorrow day after tomorrow tonight yesterday day before yesterday last night week weekend daily weekly

natt idag imorgon i vermorgon ikvll igr i frrgr igr natt vecka helg daglig veckolig To say "on" a certain day, use p before the day.

12. MONTHS OF THE YEAR / RETS MANADER

January February March April May June July August September October November December month year monthly yearly

januari februari mars april maj juni juli augusti september oktober november december mnad r mnatlig / varje mnad rlig

To say "in" a certain month, use i before the month.

13. SEASONS 7

Winter Spring Summer Fall

vinter vr sommar hst

in (the) winter in (the) spring in (the) summer in (the) fall

p vintern p vren p sommaren p hsten

You can also use i before the names of the months to express this: i vinter = this winter 14. DIRECTIONS North South East West left right straight ahead 15. COLORS orange pink purple blue yellow red black brown gray white green orange, orangea rosa / skr, skrt, skra lila bl, bltt, bla gul, gult, gula rd, rtt, rda svart, svart, svarta brun, brunt, bruna gr, grtt, gra vit, vitt, vita grn, grnt, grna norr sder ster vster till vnster till hger rakt fram Northeast Northwest Southeast Southwest nordost nordvst sydost sydvst

Since colors are adjectives, most of them agree with the noun they describe. The first word is used with en words, the second with ett words and the third with plural words. Some words remain the same for all three (such as lila.)

16. TIME / TID What time is it? Vad r klockan? 8

It is 2 AM 6:20 half past 3 quarter past 4 quarter to 5 10 past 11 20 to 7 noon midnight in the morning in the evening It's exactly... About/around 8. At 8. early late(r)

Klockan r tv p natten tjugo ver sex halv fyra kvart ver fyra kvart i fem tio ver elva tjugo i sju mitt p dagen midnatt p morgonen p kvllen den r precis omkring tta klockan tta tidigt sent (senare)

Sweden uses the 24 hour clock for official times such as train schedules. 17. WEATHER / VADER How's the weather today? It's cold beautiful hot clear icy warm windy cloudy hazy muggy humid foggy It's snowing It's raining It's freezing 18. FAMILY / FAMILJ 9 Vad r det fr vder idag? det r kallt vackert / fint jttevarmt klart isigt varmt blsigt molnigt disigt rtt fuktigt dimmigt det snar det regnar det r kallt/kyligt

Parents Mother Father Son Daughter Brother Sister Grandfather Grandmother Grandson Granddaughter Niece Nephew Cousin Uncle Aunt Boy Girl Child / Baby Adult Man Woman Friend (m) Friend (f)

frldrar mamma / mor / moder pappa / far / fader son dotter bror syster farfar (father's father) / morfar (mother's father) farmor (father's mother) / mormor (mother's mother) sonson (son's son) / dotterson (daughter's son) sondotter (son's daughter) / dotterdotter (daughter's daughter) brorsdotter (brother's daughter) / systerdotter (sister's daughter) brorson (brother's son) / systerson (sister's son) kusin farbror (father's brother) / morbror (mother's brother) faster (father's sister) / moster (mother's sister) pojke flicka barn / baby / bebis / spdbarn vuxen (n) man kvinna vn vninna

19. TO KNOW PEOPLE & FACTS present (know, knows) past (knew) future (will know) knna - to know people knner knde ska knna veta - to know facts vet visste ska veta

20. FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS An en word takes one of the following endings when it is pluralized: or, ar, er. An ett word takes an n or no ending at all. 10

Indefinite Plural En words that end in -a En words that end in -e En words with stress on last vowel Ett words that end in a vowel Ett words that end in a consonant drop -a and add a watch - (some) en klocka - klockor or watches drop -e and add en pojke - pojkar a boy - (some) boys ar en kamrat a friend - (some) add -er kamrater friends a place - (some) add -n ett stlle - stllen places no ending ett rum - rum a room - (some) rooms

To form the definite plural, you must first form the indefinite plural and then add these endings to that word. Indef. Plural En words Indef. Plural Ett words that end in a vowel Indef. Plural Ett words that end in a consonant add -na add -a add -en klockor klockorna stllen stllena rum - rummen (some) watches - the watches (some) places - the places (some) rooms - the rooms

There are some nouns that change their vowel in the plural. These nouns usually take the -er ending when forming the indefinite plural. en natt - ntter en stad - stder en hand - hnder en tand - tnder en strand strnder en rand - rnder ett land - lnder a night - nights a town - towns a hand - hands a tooth - teeth a beach - beaches a stripe - stripes en bonde - bnder en ledamot - ledamter en fot - ftter en rot - rtter en bok - bcker en man - mn a farmer - farmers a member - members a foot - feet a root - roots a book - books a man - men the man - the men

a country - countries mannen - mnnen

21. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES & PRONOUNS my / mine your / yours his / her / its / their his / his her / hers its / its our / ours your / yours with en words min din sin hans hennes dess vr er with ett words mitt ditt sitt hans hennes dess vrt ert with plural words mina dina sina hans hennes dess vra era 11

their / theirs

deras

deras

deras

The same forms are used for possessive adjectives that are used directly before nouns and for possessive pronouns that replace a noun. For example, this is my car and this is mine would be translated as det hr r min bil and det hr r min. Sin, sitt and sina can only be used when the third person possessive adjective refers to the subject of the same clause. These words can be translated as his, her, its or their. Generally, if you cannot insert "own" after the possessive adjective in English, you cannot use sin/sitt/sina. Per besker sin mamma. = Per visits his (own) mother. (Sin refers back to Per.) Eva ringer hans mamma. = Eva calls his mother. (Hans refers to Per, not Eva.) 22. TO DO/MAKE & TO BECOME present past future 23. WORK actor actress author baker baker's shop bookseller bookshop businessman butcher pharmacist pharmacy cook customer dentist doctor employee engineer fisherman gardener hairdresser jeweler skdespelare skdespelerska frfattare bagare bageri bokhandlare bokaffr affrsman slaktare farmaceut apotek (n) kock, kokerska kund tandlkare lkare, doktor anstlld, arbetstagare ingenjr fiskare trdgrdsmstare hrfrisr juvelerare judge lawyer mechanic musician nurse official optician (eye doctor) painter photographer policeman postman priest publisher scientist shoemaker shop, store singer student surgeon tailor teacher domare advokat mekaniker, montr musiker sjukskterska mbetsman optiker mlare fotograf polis brevbrare prst frlggare vetenskapsman skomakare butik sngare, sngerska student kirurg skrddare lrare 12 gra - to do/make gr gjorde ska gra bli - to become blir blev ska bli

journalist

journalist

workman

arbetare

24. PREPOSITIONS vid i p hos till frn genom lngs ver mot mellan om sedan trots by, at, next to in on, in, at at the house of to from through, by along across, over towards, to between around, about, in since in spite of av bakom bland bredvid efter enligt framfr fr omkring med under utan utom t of, by, with behind among beside after, for according to in front of for, by, with around with, by under, below without except for towards, for

Vid is used to express a position next to something, but with no contact. I is used to express a position in something that is seen to have volume (room, containers, etc.); and it is also used with countries, cities, villages, etc. P is used to express a position on something that is seen as a line or surface with contact; and it is also used with islands, addresses, and particular places, such as bank, post office, cinema, hospital, library, etc. Three exceptions to using p with particular places include school, the shop and church: i skolan, i affren, i kyrkan. 25. COUNTRIES & NATIONALITIES Country Afrika Africa / African America / American Amerika Argentina / Argentina Argentinan Asien Asia / Asian Australia / Australian Australien sterrike Austria / Austrian Belgien Belgium / Belgian Brasilien Brazil / Brazilian Canada / Canadian Kanada Kina China / Chinese Danmark Denmark / Dane Egypten Egypt / Egyptian England England / English Europe / European Europa Noun afrikan amerikan argentinare asiat australiensare sterrikare belgare brasilianare kanadensare kines dansk egyptier engelsman europ Adjective afrikansk amerikansk argentinsk asiatisk australiensk sterrikisk belgisk brasiliansk kanadensisk kinesisk dansk egyptisk engelsk europeisk 13

Finland / Finnish France / French Germany / German Great Britain / British Greece / Greek Netherlands / Dutch Hungary / Hungarian Ireland / Irish Italy / Italian Japan / Japanese Norway / Norwegian Poland / Polish Portugal / Portuguese Russia / Russian Scotland / Scottish Spain / Spanish Sweden / Swedish Switzerland / Swiss Turkey / Turkish United States

Finland Frankrike Tyskland Storbritannien Grekland Holland Ungern Irland Italien Japan Norge Polen Portugal Ryssland Skottland Spanien Sverige Schweiz Turkiet U.S.A.

finlndare / finne fransman tysk britt grek hollndare ungrare irlndare italienare japan norrman polack portugis ryss skotte spanjor svensk schweizare turk amerikan

finsk fransk tysk brittisk grekisk hollndsk ungersk irlndsk italiensk japansk norsk polsk portugisisk rysk skotsk spansk svensk schweizisk turkisk amerikansk

For languages, you generally add -a to the adjective: svenska is Swedish and engelska is English, etc. 26. NEGATIVE SENTENCES To make a sentence negative in Swedish, simply add inte after the verb. If there is an auxiliary verb and a main verb,inte goes between the two. In addition, if you answer "yes" to a negative question, you must use jo instead of ja. 27. SHORT ANSWERS A yes/no question can be answered with a short phrase, just as in English. The verb gra (to do/make) is used with the pronoun det and the subject of the question. Some verbs are not replaced by gra and are repeated in the short answer, such as vara and ha. This is very similar to English, except for the word order. Positive Short Answer: Ja + det + Verb + Subject Negative Short Answer: Nej + det + Verb + Subject + inte

14

Arbetar hon hr? Does she work here? Ja, det gr hon. Yes, she does. Nej, det gr hon inte. No, she doesn't. r de glada? Are they happy? Ja, det r de. Yes, they are. Nej, det r de inte. No, they are not. 28. TO COME & TO GO present past future komma - to come kommer kom ska komma g - to go gr gick ska g

29. COMMON AUXILIARY VERBS kunna - to be able to, f - to be allowed vilja - to want to can to kan vill fr kunde ville fick --- have to, must mste ---

present past

Just as in English, there is no past form of must / mste. You can either use var tvungen or behvde instead, as in jag var tvungen att ... = I had to... skola supposed to, will, should ska skulle bra- should, ought to br borde bruka - usually, used behva - need to to brukar brukade behver behvde

present past

Vi kan tala engelska. We can speak English. Han kunde inte spela. He could not play. Sven vill sova. Sven wants to sleep. Hon vill ha kaffe. She wants coffee. (When vilja is followed by a noun, ha is added before the noun.) Du fr rka. You may smoke. De mste g hem nu. They must go home now. Du fr inte rka. You must not smoke. (Must not is translated with fr inte rather than mste inte, which means don't have to.) Jag brukar dricka kaffe efter lunch. I usually drink coffee after lunch. (Brukar in the present tense means usually + main verb.) 30. CONJUGATING REGULAR VERBS (PRESENT AND PAST TENSES) Infinitives in Swedish end in -a. When conjugating verbs, the same form is used for all subject pronouns, whether singular or plural. To form the present tense of verbs, either add -r to the infinitive or remove the -a and add -er. 15

tala - to speak (-ar verb) & stnga - to close (-er verb) Present Tense jag talar I speak Past Tense jag talade I spoke you spoke he spoke she spoke Present Tense jag stnger du stnger han stnger hon stnger I close you close he closes she closes Past Tense jag stngde du stngde han stngde hon stngde vi stngde ni stngde de stngde I closed you closed he closed she closed we closed you closed they closed

du talar you speak du talade han talar hon talar vi talar ni talar he speaks she speaks we speak han talade hon talade vi talade

we spoke vi stnger we close you spoke they spoke ni stnger you close de stnger they close

you speak ni talade

de talar they speak de talade

Please note the three present tenses in English (simple, progressive and emphatic) are all translated by one verb form in Swedish. Jag talar can mean I speak, I am speaking or I do speak. Four Past Tense Conjugations To form the past tense, most verbs add -de to the present tense form of -ar verbs and to the stem of -er verbs (infinitive minus -a). But if the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (k, p, t, or s), then add -te instead. Another group of verbs, short verbs ending in a vowel, add -dde to form the past tense. (See 34. Irregular Verbs below for a longer list as many of these verbs have irregular forms in other tenses.) Infinitive arbeta Infinitive of -ar verbs; add frga -de ppna tala ringa stnga Stem of -er verbs; add -de flja bygga tnka Stem ends in k, p, t, or s; rka add -te lsa kpa tro Infinitive ends in long vowel; add -dde bo 31. REFLEXIVE VERBS 16 to work to ask to open to speak to ring to close to follow to build to think to smoke to read to buy to believe to live, dwell Present arbetar frgar ppnar talar ringer stnger fljer bygger tnker rker lser kper tror bor Past arbetade frgade ppnade talade ringde stngde fljde byggde tnkte rkte lste kpte trodde bodde

Some verbs in Swedish are reflexive verbs, in that the action by the subject is performed by itself. This is comparable to the -self or -selves pronouns used in English with some verbs, such as he behaves himself. Most of the time, verbs that are reflexive in Swedish are not reflexive in English. To conjugate these verbs, simply add these pronouns after the verb: mig (mej) dig (dej) sig (sej) myself yourself himself/herself/itself oss er sig (sej) ourselves yourselves theirselves

The forms in parentheses are used in colloquial (spoken and written) Swedish. In fact, mig, dig and sig are pronounced as if they were written mej, dej and sej. 32. COMMANDS Verbs that end in -ar in the present tense simply remove the -r to form the command (imperative). Verbs that end in -er in the present tense remove the -er to form the command. You cannot form the imperative if you only know the infinitive and not if the verb takes -ar or er in the present tense. But if you do know that an infinitive is an -ar verb, you leave the -a in the imperative, and if the infinitive is an -er verb, you remove the -a. Present Tense ppnar vntar skriver lser Imperative ppna! vnta! skriv! ls! Translation open! wait! write! read!

33. PRESENT & PAST PERFECT The present and past perfect tenses consist of two parts: har / hade and the supine form of the main verb. This is a compound tense that corresponds to has/have / had and a past participle in English. The main difference between Swedish and English in this tense, however, is that Swedish uses the supine form of the verb instead of the past participle. To form the supine, -ar verbs add -t to the infinitive; while -er verbs replace -a with -t in the infinitive. Infinitives ending in long vowels add -tt to form the supine. Infinitive arbeta frga ppna tala ringa stnga flja bygga tnka rka lsa to work to ask to open to speak to ring to close to follow to build to think to smoke to read Present arbetar frgar ppnar talar ringer stnger fljer bygger tnker rker lser Past arbetade frgade ppnade talade ringde stngde fljde byggde tnkte rkte lste Supine arbetat frgat ppnat talat ringt stngt fljt byggt tnkt rkt lst 17

kpa tro bo

to buy to believe to live, dwell

kper tror bor

kpte trodde bodde

kpt trott bott

Jag har lst boken. I have read the book. Hon hade ppnat drren. She had opened the door. 34. IRREGULAR VERBS Several verbs in Swedish are considered irregular because they do not follow the rules for the different conjugations. These forms need to be memorized since these verbs are very common. Infinitive vara ha komma gra ta sga veta lta hlla heta ka resa bra dra ligga lgga stta sl falla ta sova stjla grta slja vlja vnja svlja skilja Imperative var ha kom gr ta, tag sg vet lt hll het k res br dra, drag ligg lgg stt sl fall t sov stjl grt slj vlj vnj svlj skilj Present r har kommer gr tar sger vet lter hller heter ker reser br drar ligger lgger stter slr faller ter sover stjler grter sljer vljer vnjer svljer skiljer Past var hade kom gjorde tog sa, sade visste lt hll hette kte reste bar drog lg la, lade satte slog fll t sov stal grt slde valde vande svalde skilde Supine varit haft kommit gjort tagit sagt vetat ltit hllit hetat kt rest burit dragit legat lagt satt slagit fallit tit sovit stulit grtit slt valt vant svalt skilt Translation be have come do, make take say know let hold be called go travel carry pull, drag lie (down) put put hit fall eat sleep steal cry sell choose accustom swallow separate 18

Some -er verbs (and never -ar verbs) have irregular simple past and supine forms. Sometimes these involve a vowel change and lack of ending. Infinitive binda brinna dricka finna frsvinna hinna rinna sitta slippa spricka springa sticka vinna bita gripa lida rida skina skriva slita stiga tiga vrida bjuda ljuga sjunga skjuta bryta flyga flyta frysa knyta krypa Past band brann drack fann frsvann hann rann satt slapp sprack sprang stack vann bet grep led red sken skrev slet steg teg vred bjd ljg sjng skt brt flg flt frs knt krp Supine bundit brunnit druckit funnit frsvunnit hunnit runnit suttit sluppit spruckit sprungit stuckit vunnit bitit gripit lidit ridit skinit skrivit slitit stigit tigit vridit bjudit ljugit sjungit skjutit brutit flugit flutit frusit knutit krupit Translations to bind / bound / bound to burn / burned / burned to drink / drank / drunk to find / found / found to disappear / disappeared / disappeared to manage / managed / managed to run, flow / ran, flowed / run, flowed to sit / sat / sat to get out of / got out of / gotten out of to split / split / split to run / ran / run to stick / stuck / stuck to win / won / won to bite / bit / bitten to grip / gripped / gripped to suffer / suffered / suffered to ride / rode / ridden to shine / shone / shone to write / wrote / written to wear out / wore out / worn out to rise / rose / risen to be silent / was silent / been silent to turn / turned / turned to invite / invited / invited to lie / lied / lied (to tell a lie) to sing / sang / sung to shoot / shot / shot to break / broke / broken to fly / flew / flown to float / floated / floated to freeze / froze / frozen to tie up / tied up / tied up to crawl / crawled / crawled

A few infinitives in Swedish do not end in -a. These are short verbs and they end in a long, stressed vowel. The infinitive is the same as the imperative, and the present tense is formed by adding -r. The past tense if formed by adding -dde to the infinitive, and the supine is 19

formed by adding -tt to the infinitive. However, a few of the short verbs have an irregular form in the past. Infinitive / Imperative Present Tense

Past Tense Supine

Translation

Short verbs with a regular past: tro tror ske sker n nr bo bor m mr kl klr Short verbs with an irregular past: f fr g gr ge ger se ser d dr st str be ber 35. FOOD & MEALS bacon beef beer beverage biscuit bread breakfast butter cake cheese chicken coffee cream dessert dinner egg fried egg bacon / flsk (n) ntktt (n) l (n) dryck kaka brd (n) frukost smr (n) kaka / trta ost kyckling kaffe grdde dessert middag gg (n) stekta gg salt sandwich sauce sausage soup stew sugar supper tea veal vegetables vinegar wine basin bottle can opener coffee pot salt (n) smrgs ss korv soppa gryta socker (n) middag te (n) kalvktt (n) grnsaker ttika / vinger vin (n) skl flaska konservppnare kaffekanna 20 trodde skedde ndde bodde mdde kldde fick gick gav sg dog stod bad trott skett ntt bott mtt kltt ftt gtt gett sett dtt sttt bett believe, think happen reach live (dwell) feel (of health) dress get, receive go, walk give see die stand ask, pray

soft-boiled egg fat flour ham honey jam lunch meal meat milk mustard mutton oil omelet pepper pork roll salad

kokta gg fett (n) mjl (n) skinka honung sylt lunch mltid ktt (n) mjlk senap frktt (n) olja omelett peppar flsk (n) bulle sallad

colander corkscrew cup dish fork frying pan glass jug kettle knife lid napkin plate saucer saucepan spoon tablecloth teapot

durkslag korkskruv kopp fat (n) gaffel stekpanna glas (n) kruka kittel kniv lock (n) servett tallrik tefat (n) kastrull sked duk tekanna

If you are referring to a brand of beer, l is a neutral noun instead of common. 36. FRUITS & VEGETABLES almond apple apple tree apricot ash bark beech berry birch blackberry branch cherry cherry tree chestnut chestnut tree currant mandel pple (n) ppeltrd (n) aprikos ask bark bok br (n) bjrk bjrnbr (n) gren krsbr (n) krsbrstrd (n) kastanj kastanjetrd (n) vinbr (n) strawberry tree tree trunk vine walnut willow artichoke asparagus barley bean (broad) bean (kidney) brussel sprouts cabbage carrot cauliflower celery jordgubbe trd (n) stam vinstock valnt pil kronrtskocka sparris korn (n) bna kidneybna brysselkl kl morot blomkl selleri 21

cypress date elm fig fir fruit grapes hazelnut kernel laurel leaf lemon lime tree melon oak olive olive tree orange orange tree peach pear pear tree pine pineapple plum poplar raspberry root

cypress dadel alm fikon (n) gran frukt vindruvor hasselnt krna lagertrd (n) blad (n) citron lind melon ek oliv olivtrd (n) apelsin apelsintrd (n) persika pron (pl) prontrd tall ananas plommon (n) poppel hallon (n) rot

corn cucumber eggplant garlic herb horse-radish lentil lettuce maize mint mushroom oats onion parsley pea potato pumpkin radish rice rye sage seed spinach stalk tomato turnip wheat

majs gurka aubergine vitlk rt pepparrot lins sallad majs mynta svamp havre lk persilja rta potatis pumpa rdisa ris (n) rg salvia fr (n) spenat stjlk tomat rova vete (n)

37. CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating Conjunctions och eller men fr s som and or but because, for so as 22

antingen...eller varken...eller

either...or neither...nor Subordinating Conjunctions

att d eftersom fr att drfr att innan / frrn medan nr om fast sedan nu d

that when because, as in order to, so that because before while when if, whether (interrogation) even if, although since, as now that

38. WORD ORDER In general, the word order of Swedish is the same as English: Subject + Verb + Object. However, the word order is slightly different from English when something other than the subject of the verb begins the sentence. In declarative sentences, the main verb is always in the second position (but not necessarily the second word!). For example, if a sentence begins with an adverb or an object, the verb will be the second element in the sentence, and the subject will come after the verb. Then any other forms of verbs (such as participles or infinitives) will come after the subject. Adverb or Object I morgon I affren Main Verb ker kper Subject (Participle / Infinitive) jag jag till Sverige. brd. Translation I'm going to Sweden tomorrow. I buy bread in the store.

In sentences that begin with a subordinate clause, the second (independent) clause will have inversion of the verb and subject. The subordinate clause is the first element in the sentence, so the verb must be second, and the subject is third. Subordinate Clause Nr jag var ung, Main Verb Subject bodde jag Rest of Sentence Translation i Sverige. When I was young, I lived in Sweden.

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Nu d hon har kommit

kan

vi

brja.

Now that she's arrived we can begin.

Furthermore, adverbs that modify the entire sentence come before the verb in subordinate clauses, whereas they normally occur after the verb in regular sentences. Besides inte (not), these adverbs include: aldrig (never), alltid(always), allts (so, then), mjligtvis (maybe), grna (gladly, with pleasure), bara (only) and skert (surely). Han sger att han inte kan ka bil till Stockholm. He said that he cannot come to Stockholm by car.

39. ASKING QUESTIONS Yes/No questions: Invert the subject and verb so that the verb begins the question. Arbetar han? Does he work? Regnar det? Is it raining? Question Words: The question word begins the question, and the verb comes next, followed by the subject. Var bor Sten? Where does Sten live? Vad gr Elsa? What does Elsa do?

40. HOLIDAY PHRASES

God Jul! Gott Nytt r! Glad Psk! Grattis p fdelsedagen!

Merry Christmas! Happy New Year! Happy Easter! Happy Birthday!

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